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Journal articles on the topic 'Heavy ion beam'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Dietrich, K. G., K. Mahrt-Olt, J. Jacoby, E. Boggasch, M. Winkler, B. Heimrich, and D. H. H. Hoffmann. "Beam–plasma interaction experiments with heavy-ion beams." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 4 (December 1990): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009010.

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The progress of the experimental research program at GSI for studying beam-plasma interaction phenomena is reported. Heavy-ion beams from the new accelerator facility SIS/ESR at GSI-Darmstadt are now available for experiments, and will soon deliver ≥ 109 particles per pulse in 100 ns. Focused on a small sample of matter, the beams will be able to produce a high-density plasma and to permit investigation of interaction processes of heavy ions with hot ionized matter.For the intense beam from the new heavy-ion synchrotron (SIS), a fine-focus system has been designed to produce a high specific deposition power beam for target experiments with a beam-spot radius of 100 μm. We further discuss improvements of this lens system by nonconventional focusing devices such as plasma lenses.Intense-beam experiments at the RFQ Maxilac accelerator at GSI have already produced the first heavy-ion-induced plasma with a temperature of 0.75 eV. New diagnostic techniques for investigating ion-beam-induced plasmas are presented. The low-intensity beam from the GSI UNILAC has been used to measure energy deposition profiles of heavy ions in hot ionized matter. In this experiment an enhancement of the stopping power for heavy ions was observed. The current experimental research program tests basic plasma theory and addresses key issues of inertial confinement fusion driven by intense heavy-ion beams.

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2

Someya, Tetsuo, Aleksandar Ogoyski, Shigeo Kawata, and Toru Sasaki. "Heavy Ion Beam Illumination Uniformity in Heavy Ion Beam Inertial Confinement Fusion." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 1 (2004): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.85.

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3

Ulrich, A., B. Busch, H. Eylers, W. Krötz, R. Miller, R. Pfaffenberger, G. Ribitzki, J. Wieser, and D. E. Murnick. "Lasers pumped by heavy-ion beams." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 4 (December 1990): 659–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009071.

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General aspects of the excitation of matter with heavy-ion beams are discussed. Lasers in the wavelength region between 1 and 3 μm in rare-gas mixtures pumped with 1.9-GeV xenon, 100-MeV sulphur, 3.6-MeV argon, and 3.3-MeV helium ions are described as examples for lasers pumped by heavy-ion beams. The beam power ranges from a few watts (dc) to about 1 MW during short pulses of about 1-ns length. Optical gain can be measured with an intracavity method. Data on the shape of the volume excited by a 100- MeV 32S beam are shown. An experimental setup for time-resolved optical spectroscopy in a wide wavelength region between a few nanometers and about 700 nm is described. Emission spectra of rare gases excited by heavy-ion beams are discussed and optical gain on ion lines and excimer bands is estimated for different target and beam parameters. Collisional processes in the target gas were studied by time-resolved optical spectroscopy. Population densities of selected 3p levels in Ne I, II, and IV and rate constants for collisional depopulation of excited levels were determined. Experiments planned at the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt are discussed.

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4

Rubbia, Carlo. "Heavy-ion accelerators for inertial confinement fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004985.

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Two concepts have been applied to the classical problem of accelerators for the ignition of indirectly driven inertial fusion. The first is the use of non-Liouvillian stacking based on photoionisation of a singly charged ion beam. A special FEL appears the most suited device to generate the appropriate light beam intensity at the required wavelength. The second is based on the use of a large number of (>1000) beamlets–or “beam straws”–all focussed by an appropriate magnetic structure and concentrated on the same spot on the pellet. The use of a large number of beams–each with a relatively low-current density–elegantly circumvents the problems of space charge, making use of the non-Liouvillian nature of the stopping power of the material of the pellet. The present conceptual design is based on a low-current (〈i〉 ≈ 50 mA) heavy-ion beam accelerated with a standard LINAC structure and accumulated in a stack of rings with the help of photoionisation. Beams are then extracted simultaneously from all the rings and further subdivided with the help of a switchyard of alternate paths separating and synchronising the many bunches from each ring before they hit the pellet. Single beam straws carry a reasonable number of ions: Beams and technology are directly relatable to the ones presently employed, for instance, at the CERN-PS. Space-charge-dominated conditions arise only during the last few turns before extraction and in the beam transport channel to the reaction chamber. In a practical example, we aim at a peak power of 500 TW delivered to the pellet for a duration of 10–15 ns. High-energy (10 GeV) beam straws of Ba doubly ionised ions are concentrated on several (four) focal spots of a radius of about 1 mm. The power density deposited on these tiny cylindrical absorbers inside a hermetic “hohlraum” is about 2.5 × 1016 w/g. These conditions are believed to be optimal for X-ray conversion, i.e., with an estimated conversion efficiency of about 90%.

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5

BRÄUNING, H., A. DIEHL, K. v. DIEMAR, A. THEIß, R. TRASSL, E. SALZBORN, and I. HOFMANN. "Charge-changing ion–ion collisions in heavy ion fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602203262.

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In heavy ion fusion, the compression of the DT pellet requires high intensity beams of ions in the gigaelectron volt energy range. Charge-changing collisions due to intrabeam scattering can have a high impact on the design of adequate accelerator and storage rings. Not only do intensity losses have to be taken into account, but also the deposition of energy on the beam lines after bending magnets, for example, may be nonnegligible. The center-of-mass energy for these intrabeam collisions is typically in the kiloelectron volt range for beam energies in the order of several gigaelectron volts. In this article, we present experimental cross sections for charge transfer and ionization in homonuclear collisions of Ar4+, Kr4+, and Xe4+, and for charge transfer only in homonuclear collisions of Pb4+ and Bi4+. Using a hypothetical 100-Tm synchrotron as an example, expected particle losses are calculated based on the experimental data. The results are compared with expectations for singly charged Bi+ ions, which are usually considered for heavy ion fusion.

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6

Okamura, Masahiro, Megumi Sekine, Shunsuke Ikeda, Takeshi Kanesue, Masafumi Kumaki, and Yasuhiro Fuwa. "Preliminary result of rapid solenoid for controlling heavy-ion beam parameters of laser ion source." Laser and Particle Beams 33, no. 2 (March 13, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461500004x.

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AbstractTo realize a heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF) driver, we have studied a possibility of laser ion source (LIS). A LIS can provide high-current high-brightness heavy-ion beams; however, it was difficult to manipulate the beam parameters. To overcome the issue, we employed a pulsed solenoid in the plasma drift section and investigated the effect of the solenoid field on singly charged iron beams. The rapid ramping magnetic field could enhance limited time slice of the current and simultaneously the beam emittance changed accordingly. This approach may also be useful to realize an ion source for HIF power plant.

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7

Bock, R. "German heavy-ion ICF activities: Status and prospects." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 4 (December 1990): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008995.

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The main goals of the German program are the study of key issues of inertial fusion with intense beams of heavy ions. The completion of the new heavy-ion synchrotron and storage ring facility SIS/ESR at GSI opens new directions for experimental investigations on beam dynamics at high intensity and on beam/target interaction. In addition, new accelerator scenarios will be investigated based on non-Liouvillean beam-handling techniques.

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8

Niu, K., P. Mulser, and L. Drska. "Beam generations of three kinds of charged particles." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002391.

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Analyses are given for beam generations of three kinds of charged particles: electrons, light ions, and heavy ions. The electron beam oscillates in a dense plasma irradiated by a strong laser light. When the frequency of laser light is high and its intensity is large, the acceleration of oscillating electrons becomes large and the electrons radiate electromagnetic waves. As the reaction, the electrons feel a damping force, whose effect on oscillating electron motion is investigated first. Second, the electron beam induces the strong electromagnetic field by its self-induced electric current density when the electron number density is high. The induced electric field reduces the oscillation motion and deforms the beam.In the case of a light ion beam, the electrostatic field, induced by the beam charge, as well as the electromagnetic field, induced by the beam current, affects the beam motion. The total energy of the magnetic field surrounding the beam is rather small in comparison with its kinetic energy.In the case of heavy ion beams the beam charge at the leading edge is much smaller in comparison with the case of light ion beams when the heavy ion beam propagates in the background plasma. Thus, the induced electrostatic and electromagnetic fields do not much affect the beam propagation.

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9

NEFF, S., R. KNOBLOCH, D. H. H. HOFFMANN, A. TAUSCHWITZ, and S. S. YU. "Transport of heavy-ion beams in a 1 m free-standing plasma channel." Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 1 (March 2006): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034606060125.

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The transport of high-current heavy-ion beams in plasma channels is a promising option for the final transport in a heavy-ion fusion reactor, since it simplifies the construction of the reactor chamber significantly. Our experiments at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung demonstrate the creation of 1 m long stable plasma channels and the transport of heavy-ion beams. The article outlines the experimental setup used at GSI and reports the results of beam transport measurements using these long channels. The experiments demonstrate good beam transport properties of the channel, indicating that channel transport is a viable alternative to neutralized-ballistic transport.

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10

KAWATA, Shigeo, Tatsuya KUROSAKI, Shunsuke KOSEKI, Kenta NOGUCHI, Daisuke BARADA, Alexander Ivanov OGOYSKI, John J. BARNARD, and B. Grant LOGAN. "Wobbling Heavy Ion Beam Illumination in Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion." Plasma and Fusion Research 8 (2013): 3404048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.8.3404048.

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11

MUSTAFIN, E., O. BOINE-FRANKENHEIM, I. HOFMANN, and P. SPILLER. "Beam losses in heavy ion drivers." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602204310.

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While beam loss issues have hardly been considered in detail for heavy ion fusion scenarios, recent heavy ion machine developments in different labs (European Organization for Nuclear Research(CERN), Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC)) have shown the great importance of beam current limitations due to ion losses. Two aspects of beam losses in heavy ion accelerators are theoretically considered: (1) secondary neutron production due to lost ions, and (2) vacuum pressure instability due to charge exchange losses. Calculations are compared and found to be in good agreement with measured data. The application to a Heavy-Ion Driven Inertial Fusion (HIDIF) scenario is discussed.

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12

Bozyk, L., D. H. H. Hoffmann, H. Kollmus, and P. Spiller. "Development of a cryocatcher prototype and measurement of cold desorption." Laser and Particle Beams 34, no. 3 (May 4, 2016): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000240.

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AbstractThe superconducting synchrotron SIS100 of the FAIR accelerator project will provide heavy ion beams of highest intensities. SIS100 is the first synchrotron with a special design, optimized for the control of ionization beam loss. Ionization beam loss is the most pronounced loss mechanism at operation with high-intensity, intermediate charge state heavy ions. The new synchrotron layout comprises an ion catcher system, which in combination with a charge separator lattice shall suppress dynamic vacuum effects.A prototype cryogenic ion catcher, including a dedicated cryostat has been designed, manufactured, and tested under realistic conditions with beams from the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 at GSI. The gas desorption induced by the impact of heavy ions on this cryocatcher has been measured. For the very first time, a rise of desorption yield with increasing beam energy has been observed. However, measurements at room temperature have confirmed the known decrease of the pressure rise in the investigated energy regime. A transition temperature of 18 K, underneath hydrogen is adsorbed, could be verified several times. The results are significant and used to predict the ionization beam loss at operation of SIS100 at full-beam intensity.

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13

Murnick, D. E., and A. Ulrich. "Heavy ion beam pumped lasers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 9, no. 4 (July 1985): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(85)90407-0.

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14

WELCH, D. R., D. V. ROSE, W. M. SHARP, C. L. OLSON, and S. S. YU. "Effects of preneutralization on heavy ion fusion chamber transport." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602204279.

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Beams for heavy ion fusion are likely to require at least partial neutralization in the reactor chamber. Present target designs call for higher beam currents and smaller focal spots than most earlier designs, leading to high space-charge fields. Focusing is complicated by beam stripping in the low-pressure background gas expected in chambers. One method proposed for neutralization is passing an ion beam through a plasma before the beam enters the chamber. In this article, the electromagnetic particle-in-cell code LSP is used to study the effectiveness of this form of preneutralization for a range of plasma and beam parameters. For target chamber pressures below a few milliTorr of flibe gas, preneutralization is found to significantly reduce the beam emittance growth and spot size in the chamber.

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15

Katayama, T., A. Itano, A. Noda, M. Takanaka, S. Yamada, and Y. Hirao. "Design study of a heavy ion fusion driver, HIBLIC." Laser and Particle Beams 3, no. 1 (February 1985): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600001221.

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A heavy ion fusion (HIF) system, named HIBLIC (Heavy Ion Beam and LIthium Curtain) is conceptually designed. The driver system consists of RF linacs (RFQ linacs, IH linacs and Alvarez linacs), storage rings (one accumulator ring and three buncher rings) and beam transport lines with induction beam compressors. This accelerator complex provides 6 beams of 15 GeV208Pb1+ ions to be focused simultaneously on a target. Each beam carries 1·78 kA current with 25 ns pulse duration, i.e., the total incident energy on the target is 4 MJ, 160 TW per shot. Superconducting coils are used in most parts of the magnet system to reduce power consumption.

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16

HOFFMANN, D. H. H. "BEAM-PLASMA INTERACTION EXPERIMENTS WITH HEAVY ION BEAMS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 49, no. C7 (December 1988): C7–159—C7–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988718.

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17

QIN, HONG, RONALD C. DAVIDSON, EDWARD A. STARTSEV, and W. WEI-LI LEE. "δf simulation studies of the ion–electron two-stream instability in heavy ion fusion beams." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602211052.

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Ion–electron two-stream instabilities in high intensity heavy ion fusion beams, described self-consistently by the nonlinear Vlasov–Maxwell equations, are studied using a three-dimensional multispecies perturbative particle simulation method. Large-scale parallel particle simulations are carried out using the recently developed Beam Equilibrium, Stability, and Transport (BEST) code. For a parameter regime characteristic of heavy ion fusion drivers, simulation results show that the most unstable mode of the ion–electron two-stream instability has a dipole-mode structure, and the linear growth rate decreases with increasing axial momentum spread of the beam particles due to Landau damping by the axial momentum spread of the beam ions in the longitudinal direction.

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18

Herrmannsfeldt, W. B., and Denis Keefe. "Induction linac drivers for heavy ion fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600007849.

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The Heavy Ion Fusion Accelerator Research (HIFAR) program of the U.S. Dept. of Energy has for several years concentrated on developing linear induction accelerators as Inertial Fusion (IF) drivers. This accelerator technology is suitable for the IF application because it is readily capable of accelerating short, intense pulses of charged particles with good electrical efficiency. The principal technical difficulty is in injecting and transporting the intense pulses while maintaining the necessary beam quality. The approach used has been to design a system of multiple beams so that not all of the charge has to be confined in a single beam line. The beams are finally brought together in a common focus at the target. This paper will briefly present the status and future plans of the program, and will also briefly review systems study results for HIF.

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19

Noda, Koji. "Development of heavy-ion radiotherapy technology with HIMAC." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 44 (January 2016): 1660219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516602192.

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Since 1994, HIMAC has carried out clinical studies and treatments for more than 9000 cancer patients with carbon-ion beams. During the first decade of the HIMAC study, a single beam-wobbling method, adopted as the HIMAC beam-delivery technique, was improved for treatments of moving tumors and for obtaining more conformal dose distribution. During the second decade, a pencil-beam 3D scanning method has been developed toward an “adaptive cancer treatment” for treatments of both static and moving tumors. A new treatment research facility was constructed with HIMAC in order to verify the developed 3D scanning technology through a clinical study that has been successfully conducted since 2011. As the next stage, a compact heavy-ion rotating gantry with a superconducting technology has been developed for the more accurate and shorter-course treatments. The twenty-year development of the heavy-ion radiotherapy technologies including accelerator technologies with HIMAC is reviewed.

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20

Ulrich, A., B. Busch, W. Krötz, G. Ribitzki, J. Wieser, and D. E. Murnick. "Heavy-ion beam pumping as a model for nuclear-pumped lasers." Laser and Particle Beams 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600005164.

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Heavy-ion accelerators can provide various beams from protons to uranium ions with energies ranging from a few keV/u to more than 1 GeV/u. The Munich Tandem van de Graaff accelerator has been used for most of the experiments described in this article. It can provide continuous or pulsed beams of almost all elements with particle energies of about 3.5 MeV/u. The pulse width is typically 2 ns. Maximum DC-beam currents of the order of 10 μA can be obtained, for example, for 32S ions. When the beam is focused to a beam spot of about 3 mm diameter, the flux of the ions is comparable to the flux of fission fragments used for nuclear-pumped lasers. Ion beam pumping is therefore well suited for model experiments of nuclear-pumped lasers. Technical aspects of ion beam-pumped lasers are discussed and the results of the lasers that have thus far been pumped by this method aresummarized. As ion beams are available either continuous or at high-pulse repetition rates ranging from tens of kHz to MHz, detailed spectroscopic and time-resolved studies of the emission of light induced by heavy-ion excitation of the target material can easily be performed. Experiments in which the emission by rare gas excimers and line radiation from atoms and ions has been studied are described. Lifetime measurements of excited levels at different target densities were used to measure collisional rate constants.

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21

KAWATA, SHIGEO, TETSUO SOMEYA, TAKASHI NAKAMURA, SHUJI MIYAZAKI, KOJI SHIMIZU, and ALEKSANDAR I. OGOYSKI. "Heavy ion beam final transport through an insulator guide in heavy ion fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602211064.

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Key issues of heavy ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) include an efficient stable beam transport, beam focusing, uniform fuel pellet implosion, and so on. To realize a HIB fine focus on a fuel pellet, space-charge neutralization of incident focusing HIB is required at the HIB final transport just after a final focusing element in an HIB accelerator. In this article, an insulator annular tube guide is proposed at the final transport part, through which a HIB is transported. The physical mechanism of HIB charge neutralization based on an insulator annular guide is as follows: A local electric field created by HIB induces local discharges, and plasma is produced on the insulator inner surface. Then electrons are extracted from the plasma by the HIB net space charge. The electrons emitted neutralize the HIB space charge well.

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22

Ma, Xiaoyun, Mengling Zhang, Wanbin Meng, Xiaoli Lu, Ziheng Wang, and Yanshan Zhang. "Analysis of the Dose Drop at the Edge of the Target Area in Heavy Ion Radiotherapy." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (November 11, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4440877.

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Background. The dose distribution of heavy ions at the edge of the target region will have a steep decay during radiotherapy, which can better protect the surrounding organs at risk. Objective. To analyze the dose decay gradient at the back edge of the target region during heavy ion radiotherapy. Methods. Treatment planning system (TPS) was employed to analyze the dose decay at the edge of the beam under different incident modes and multiple dose segmentation conditions during fixed beam irradiation. The dose decay data of each plan was collected based on the position where the rear edge of the beam began to fall rapidly. Uniform scanning mode was selected in heavy ion TPS. Dose decay curves under different beam setup modes were drawn and compared. Results. The dose decay data analysis showed that in the case of single beam irradiation, the posterior edge of the beam was 5 mm away, and the posterior dose could drop to about 20%. While irradiation in opposite direction, the posterior edge of the beam was 5 mm away, and the dose could drop to about 50%. In orthogonal irradiation of two beams, the posterior edge of the beam could drop to about 30-38% in a distance of 5 mm. Through the data analysis in the TPS, the sharpness of the dose at the back edge of the heavy ion beam is better than that at the lateral edge, but the generated X-ray contamination cannot be ignored. Conclusions. The effect of uneven CT value on the dose decay of heavy ion beam should also be considered in clinical treatment.

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23

Vormann, H., W. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, M. Vossberg, and S. Yaramyshev. "High current heavy ion beam investigations at GSI-UNILAC." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012037.

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Abstract The GSI Universal Linear Accelerator UNILAC and the synchrotron SIS18 will serve as injector for the upcoming FAIR-facility. The UNILAC-High Current Injector will be improved and modernized until FAIR is commissioned and the Alvarez post stripper accelerator is replaced. The reference heavy ion for future FAIR-operation is uranium, with highest intensity requirements. To re-establish uranium beam operation and to improve high current beam operation, different subjects have been explored in dedicated machine investigation campaigns. After a beam line modification in 2017 the RFQ-performance had deteriorated significantly; new rods have been installed and the RF-working point has been redefined. Also the Superlens-performance had become unsatisfactory; improved with a modified RF-coupler. With a pulsed hydrogen gas stripper target the uranium beam stripping efficiency could be increased by 65%. Various work has already been carried out to establish this stripper device in routine operation. With medium heavy ion beams a very high beam brilliance at the end of transfer line to SIS18 was achieved. Results of the measurement campaigns and the UNILAC upgrade activities will be presented.

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24

Masugata, Katsumi, and Hiroaki Ito. "Intense Pulsed Heavy Ion Beam Technology." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 130, no. 10 (2010): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.130.879.

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25

Ulrich, A., J. Wieser, A. Brunnhuber, and W. Krötz. "Heavy ion beam pumped visible laser." Applied Physics Letters 64, no. 15 (April 11, 1994): 1902–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111763.

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26

Schoch, P. M., J. C. Forster, W. C. Jennings, and R. L. Hickok. "TEXT heavy ion beam probe system." Review of Scientific Instruments 57, no. 8 (August 1986): 1825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139141.

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27

Connor, K. A., T. P. Crowley, R. L. Hickok, A. Carnevali, P. M. Schoch, J. Resnick, V. Simcic, et al. "Advances in heavy‐ion beam probing." Review of Scientific Instruments 59, no. 8 (August 1988): 1673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140129.

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28

Ulrich, Andreas. "Heavy-Ion Beam Pumped UV Laser." Nuclear Physics News 18, no. 1 (March 21, 2008): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10506890701751838.

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29

Hallock, G. A., R. L. Hickok, and R. S. Hornady. "The TMX heavy ion beam probe." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 22, no. 4 (1994): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.310639.

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30

Nesprías, F., M. Venturino, M. E. Debray, J. Davidson, M. Davidson, A. J. Kreiner, D. Minsky, M. Fischer, and A. Lamagna. "Heavy ion beam micromachining on LiNbO3." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 267, no. 1 (January 2009): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.10.083.

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31

Magelssen, G. R. "Heavy ion beam target coronal physics." Nuclear Fusion 28, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/28/6/002.

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32

Dong, Xicun, Xia Yan, and Wenjian Li. "Plant Mutation Breeding with Heavy Ion Irradiation at IMP." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 5 (April 13, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n5p34.

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<p>The Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) is one of the ion-beam acceleration facilities intensively used at IMP, founded as national laboratory and opened for user in world from 1992. Since then, a lot of experiments irradiated by heavy ion beam have been carried out in the HIRFL, including plant mutation breeding. In this review, the biological effects induced by heavy ions and their corresponding mechanisms were reported from the point of view of cytological, morphological and molecular levels. To date, a large number of mutants were isolated using heavy ion irradiation IMP, such as early maturity, flower color and shape, high yield and disease resistant. In conclusion, heavy ion beam irradiation is an efficient mutagen and has significant phenotypic variations in plant. Our research will be further focused on transformation of scientific and technological achievements and mutagenic mechanism of heavy ion beam on high plant at the molecular level in the recent future.</p>

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33

GRISHAM, L. R. "Potential roles for heavy negative ions as driver beams." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 4 (October 2003): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603214117.

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We have performed an initial assessment of the feasibility of producing heavy negative ion beams as drivers for an inertial confinement fusion reactor. Negative ion beams offer the potentially important advantages relative to positive ions that they will not draw electrons from surfaces and the target chamber plasma during acceleration, compression, and focusing, and they will not have a low energy tail. Intense negative ion beams could also be efficiently converted to atomically neutral beams by photodetachment prior to entering the target chamber. Depending on the target chamber pressure, this atomic beam will undergo ionization as it crosses the chamber, but at chamber pressures at least as high as 1.3 × 10−4 torr, there may still be significant improvements in the beam spot size on the target, due to the reduction in path-averaged self-field perveance. The halogens, with their large electron affinities, are the best negative ion candidates. Fluorine and chlorine are the easiest halogens to use for near-term source experiments, whereas bromine and iodine best meet present expectations of driver mass. With regard to ion sources and photodetachment neutralizers, this approach should be feasible with existing technology. Except for the target chamber, the vacuum requirements for accelerating and transporting high energy negative ions are essentially the same as for positive ions.

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Träbert, E. "Precise atomic lifetime measurements with stored ion beams and ion traps." Canadian Journal of Physics 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-123.

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For many years, atomic lifetime measurements on multiply-charged ions have been done almost exclusively by beam-foil spectroscopy. For low ion charges, however, spin-changing "intercombination" transitions have a rate that renders them too slow for traditional fast-beam techniques. Here ion traps and fast-ion beams have been combined in the concept of heavy-ion storage rings. These devices have permitted not only an extension of intercombination lifetime measurements down to singly charged ions, but they also facilitated similar measurements on electric-dipole forbidden transitions. The electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) complements the storage-ring work for work on highly charged ions. Achievements, technical issues, and prospects are outlined. PACS Nos.: 32.70Cs, 32.30Jc, 34.50Fa

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35

Eylon, S., and E. Henestroza. "A high charge state heavy ion beam source for heavy ion fusion." Fusion Engineering and Design 32-33 (November 1996): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(96)00499-1.

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36

Kawata, S., K. Miyazawa, A. I. Ogoyski, T. Someya, and T. Kikuchi. "Robust heavy-ion-beam illumination in direct-driven heavy-ion inertial fusion." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 577, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.024.

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37

Fischer, Wolfram, and John M. Jowett. "Ion Colliders." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 07 (January 2014): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626814300047.

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High energy ion colliders are large research tools in nuclear physics for studying the quark–gluon–plasma (QGP). The collision energy and high luminosity are important design and operational considerations. The experiments also expect flexibility with frequent changes in the collision energy, detector fields, and ion species. Ion species range from protons, including polarized protons in RHIC, to heavy nuclei like gold, lead, and uranium. Asymmetric collision combinations (such as protons against heavy ions) are also essential. For the creation, acceleration, and storage of bright intense ion beams, limits are set by space charge, charge change, and intrabeam scattering effects, as well as beam losses due to a variety of other phenomena. Currently, there are two operating ion colliders: the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.

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EFTHIMION, PHILIP C., ERIK GILSON, LARRY GRISHAM, PAVEL KOLCHIN, RONALD C. DAVIDSON, SIMON YU, and B. GRANT LOGAN. "ECR plasma source for heavy ion beam charge neutralization." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602211088.

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Highly ionized plasmas are being considered as a medium for charge neutralizing heavy ion beams in order to focus beyond the space-charge limit. Calculations suggest that plasma at a density of 1–100 times the ion beam density and at a length ∼0.1–2 m would be suitable for achieving a high level of charge neutralization. An Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) source has been built at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) to support a joint Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to study ion beam neutralization with plasma. The ECR source operates at 13.6 MHz and with solenoid magnetic fields of 1–10 gauss. The goal is to operate the source at pressures ∼10−6 Torr at full ionization. The initial operation of the source has been at pressures of 10−4–10−1 Torr. Electron densities in the range of 108 to 1011 cm−3 have been achieved. Low-pressure operation is important to reduce ion beam ionization. A cusp magnetic field has been installed to improve radial confinement and reduce the field strength on the beam axis. In addition, axial confinement is believed to be important to achieve lower-pressure operation. To further improve breakdown at low pressure, a weak electron source will be placed near the end of the ECR source. This article also describes the wave damping mechanisms. At moderate pressures (> 1 mTorr), the wave damping is collisional, and at low pressures (< 1 mTorr) there is a distinct electron cyclotron resonance.

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39

Ozawa, Kyoichiro, Kazuya Aoki, Shin-ichi Esumi, Taku Gunji, Takashi Hachiya, Hiroyuki Harada, Yudai Ichikawa, et al. "The J-PARC heavy ion project." EPJ Web of Conferences 271 (2022): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227111004.

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A project to study high-density nuclear matter using heavy ion collisions in a beam energy range of few GeV is being prepared at J-PARC. The goal of the project is to perform experiments with beam energies of 1-12 AGeV/c and the collision rate of 1011 Hz. The project is divided into two phases. For the first stage, measurements with a limited beam intensity will be performed with upgraded spectrometer of an on-going experiment. Full performance will be implemented at the second phase to study in detail the high density matter and light hypernuclei. Feasibility of measurements for both phases are being evaluated.

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40

Kanesue, T., E. Beebe, B. Coe, S. Ikeda, S. Kondrashev, A. Lopez-Reyes, M. Okamura, R. Schoepfer, and T. Rodowicz. "Operation experience of LION and RHIC-EBIS for RHIC and NSRL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012101.

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Abstract LION is a laser ablation ion source to provide singly charged heavy ions of various species for RHIC-EBIS. High charge state heavy ion beams from RHIC-EBIS are used for RHIC physics experiments and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) quasi-simultaneously. The demands for heavy ion beams are growing and more ion species are available and more NSRL beam time is used because of unique capability and flexibility of the sources. With the combination of LION and RHIC-EBIS, ion species can be switched on a pulse-by-pulse basis without the effect of previously used species. The present performance and operation experiences of LION and RHIC-EBIS are shown.

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41

Wieser, J., A. Ulrich, B. Busch, R. Gernhäuser, W. Krötz, G. Ribitzki, M. Salvermoser, and D. E. Murnick. "Heavy-ion beam-pumped lasers: Optical gain on the 476.5-nm Ar II transition." Laser and Particle Beams 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600005188.

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The possibility of heavy-ion beam-pumped ion lasers is demonstrated by observation of optical gain on the 476.5-nm Ar II 4p–4s ion laser transition in argon gas excited by 2.5–ns pulses of 110–MeV 32S ions with repetition rates up to 156 kHz. The particle energy per pulse was about 20 μJ. The projectiles were stopped in the target at pressures between 5 and 35 kPa. The beam from an argon ion probe laser operated at 476.5 nm was used to determine gain amplitude and time structure from a measured transient increase of the probe laser intensity when target excitation by the ion beam was present. The maximum gain observed was (0.5 ± 0.1) x 10-3 at a target gas pressure of 5 kPa. The optical gain observed in argon is consistent with calculations based upon an analysis of spectroscopic studies of rare gas targets excited by heavy-ion beams.

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VARENTSOV, D., P. SPILLER, N. A. TAHIR, D. H. H. HOFFMANN, C. CONSTANTIN, E. DEWALD, J. JACOBY, et al. "Energy loss dynamics of intense heavy ion beams interacting with solid targets." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602203250.

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At the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI, Darmstadt) intense beams of energetic heavy ions have been used to generate high-energy-density (HED) state in matter by impact on solid targets. Recently, we have developed a new method by which we use the same heavy ion beam that heats the target to provide information about the physical state of the interior of the target (Varentsov et al., 2001). This is accomplished by measuring the energy loss dynamics (ELD) of the beam emerging from the back surface of the target. For this purpose, a new time-resolving energy loss spectrometer (scintillating Bragg-peak (SBP) spectrometer) has been developed. In our experiments we have measured energy loss dynamics of intense beams of 238U, 86Kr, 40Ar, and 18O ions during the interaction with solid rare-gas targets, such as solid Ne and solid Xe. We observed continuous reduction in the energy loss during the interaction time due to rapid hydrodynamic response of the ion-beam-heated target matter. These are the first measurements of this kind. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations were carried out using the beam and target parameters of the experiments. The conducted research has established that the ELD measurement technique is an excellent diagnostic method for HED matter. It specifically allows for direct and quantitative comparison with the results of hydrodynamic simulations, providing experimental data for verification of computer codes and underlying theoretical models. The ELD measurements will be used as a standard diagnostics in the future experiments on investigation of the HED matter induced by intense heavy ion beams, such as the HI-HEX (Heavy Ion Heating and EXpansion) EOS studies (Hoffmann et al., 2002).

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Yin, D. Y., J. Liu, G. D. Shen, H. Du, J. C. Yang, L. J. Mao, F. C. Cai, and W. P. Chai. "Longitudinal Beam Dynamics for the Heavy-Ion Synchrotron Booster Ring at HIAF." Laser and Particle Beams 2021 (November 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6665132.

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To accelerate high-intensity heavy-ion beams to high energy in the booster ring (BRing) at the High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) project, we take the typical reference particle 238U35+, which can be accelerated from an injection energy of 17 MeV/u to the maximal extraction energy of 830 MeV/u, as an example to study the basic processes of longitudinal beam dynamics, including beam capture, acceleration, and bunch merging. The voltage amplitude, the synchronous phase, and the frequency program of the RF system during the operational cycle were given, and the beam properties such as bunch length, momentum spread, longitudinal beam emittance, and beam loss were derived, firstly. Then, the beam properties under different voltage amplitude and synchronous phase errors were also studied, and the results were compared with the cases without any errors. Next, the beam properties with the injection energy fluctuation were also studied. The tolerances of the RF errors and injection energy fluctuation were dictated based on the CISP simulations. Finally, the effect of space charge at the low injection energy with different beam intensities on longitudinal emittance and beam loss was evaluated.

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Shaharuddin, S., J. Stuchbery, E. C. Simpson, Z. K. Gan, A. C. Green, A. Cho, and E. Lu. "External beam for the Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility." EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023201005.

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Radiotherapy using protons and heavier ions is emerging as an alternative to traditional photon radiotherapy for cancer treatment. Ions have a depth-dose profile that results in high energy deposition at the end of the particle’s path, with a relatively low dosage elsewhere. However, the specifics of ion interactions with cellular biology are not yet fully understood. To study the induced biological effects of the ions on cell cultures, an external beam is required as biological specimens cannot be placed in vacuum. The Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) at the Australian National University hosts accelerators for a wide variety of ion-beam research applications. However, HIAF does not currently have an external beam capability. Here, we present an initial design for a radiobiological research capability at HIAF. A systems engineering approach was used to develop the architecture of the apparatus and determine the feasibility of adapting the current facilities to external beam applications. This effort included ion optics calculations, coupled to a Geant4 simulation, to characterise ion beam transitions through a thin window into the air. The beam spread, intensity distributions, and energy of proton and carbon ions were studied as a function of distance travelled from the window, as well as the effects of alternative window materials and thicknesses. It was determined that the proposed line at the HIAF would be suitable for the desired applications. Overall, this feasibility study lays the foundations of an external beam design, a simulation test framework, and the basis for a grant application for an external beam at the HIAF.

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45

Tauschwitz, A., E. Boggasch, D. H. H. Hoffmann, J. Jacoby, U. Neuner, M. Stetter, S. Stöwe, R. Tkotz, M. De Magistris, and W. Seelig. "Heavy-ion beam focusing with a wall-stabilized plasma lens." Laser and Particle Beams 13, no. 2 (June 1995): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009344.

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Focusing of heavy-ion beams is an important issue for ion beam-driven inertial confinement fusion. For the experimental program to investigate matter at high energy densities at GSI, the application of a plasma lens has attractive features compared to standard quadrupole lenses. A plasma lens using a wall-stabilized discharge has been systematically investigated and optimized for this purpose. Different lenses were tested in several runs at the GSI linear accelerator UNILAC and at the SIS-synchrotron. A remarkably high accuracy and reproducibility of the focusing were found. The focal spot size was mainly limited by the beam emittance. A summary of experimental results and important limitations of the focal spot size is given.

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46

Basko, M. M. "Preheating of heavy-ion-beam targets by secondary particles." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004316.

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The contribution of different sorts of secondary particles to the preheating of thermonuclear targets driven by heavy-ion beams is analyzed. Two types of illumination geometry are considered: side-on and face-on locations of the fuel with respect to the ion beam. It is shown that a substantial preheating can be expected from (1) nuclear fission fragments for the face-on fuel position and (2) δ-electrons and low-Z nuclear fragments for the side-on fuel location. All the X-ray and gamma photons of various origin are shown to produce a negligible fuel heating.

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47

Funayama, Tomoo. "Heavy-Ion Microbeams for Biological Science: Development of System and Utilization for Biological Experiments in QST-Takasaki." Quantum Beam Science 3, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs3020013.

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Target irradiation of biological material with a heavy-ion microbeam is a useful means to analyze the mechanisms underlying the effects of heavy-ion irradiation on cells and individuals. At QST-Takasaki, there are two heavy-ion microbeam systems, one using beam collimation and the other beam focusing. They are installed on the vertical beam lines of the azimuthally-varying-field cyclotron of the TIARA facility for analyzing heavy-ion radiation effects on biological samples. The collimating heavy-ion microbeam system is used in a wide range of biological research not only in regard to cultured cells but also small individuals, such as silkworms, nematode C. elegans, and medaka fish. The focusing microbeam system was designed and developed to perform more precise target irradiation that cannot be achieved through collimation. This review describes recent updates of the collimating heavy ion microbeam system and the research performed using it. In addition, a brief outline of the focusing microbeam system and current development status is described.

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BARNARD, J. J., L. E. AHLE, F. M. BIENIOSEK, C. M. CELATA, R. C. DAVIDSON, E. HENESTROZA, A. FRIEDMAN, et al. "Integrated experiments for heavy ion fusion." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 4 (October 2003): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603214130.

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We describe the next set of experiments proposed in the U.S. Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory, the so-called Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX). The purpose of IBX is to investigate in an integrated manner the processes and manipulations necessary for a heavy ion fusion induction accelerator. The IBX experiment will demonstrate injection, acceleration, compression, bending, and final focus of a heavy ion beam at significant line charge density. Preliminary conceptual designs are presented and issues and trade-offs are discussed. Plans are also described for the step after IBX, the Integrated Research Experiment (IRE), which will carry out significant target experiments.

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Mark, James W. K. "Recent Livermore research on ion beam fusion targets: Utilization of direct-drive efficiency during optimization of symmetry and utilization of polarized DT fuel." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 3 (September 1991): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003724.

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We investigated several examples of ion beam targets that utilize the energy efficiency of direct drive while optimizing on the symmetry requirements. Heavy-ion beams of charge state Z ≥ 3 at 5–10 GeV have ≲15–20 m bending radii with 3.5-T fields. Beams like these could be used with targets involving direct drive. Control of asymmetries in direct-drive ion beam targets depends on control of the effects of residual target asymmetries after an appropriate illumination scheme has been adopted. In this paper, we outline results of our investigations into ion beam target concepts in which the effects of residual asymmetries are ameliorated. The beams are placed according to our axially symmetric Gaussian-quadrature illumination scheme (Mark 1986). The targets survive the effects of residual asymmetries in our recent 2-D hydrodynamic simulations. We also briefly discuss the additional positive effects of polarized DT fuel on ion beam targets.

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Okamura, M. "Laser ion source for high brightness heavy ion beam." Journal of Instrumentation 11, no. 09 (September 5, 2016): C09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/c09004.

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