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Hällman, Oscar. "DC Charging of Heavy Commercial Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119618.
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A solution to reduce exhaust emissions from heavy commercial vehicles are to haul the vehicles completely or partially electric. This means that the vehicle must contain a significant electric energy source. The large capacity of the energy source causes the vehicle to either sacrifice a large part of its up time to charge the source or apply a higher charge power at the cost of power losses and lifetime of the energy source. This thesis contains a pre-study of high-power DC-charge of hybrid batteries from existing infrastructure suited to electric hybrid cars. Following parts are included in the thesis: modeling of a battery pack and a DC-DC converter, formulation of a MPC controller for the battery pack, analysis of charging strategies and battery restrictions through simulations. The thesis results shows that a longer charging time increases the energy efficiency and reduces the degradation in the battery. It also shows that a charging strategy similar to constant-current-constant-voltage charging should be used for a full charge of an empty battery.
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Winkler, Torsten, Zaaijer Rik de, and Christian Schwab. "Energy-efficient steering systems for heavy-duty commercial vehicles." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-199785.
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Besides the braking system the steering system is one of the most important systems on vehicles. The reliability and the performance of a steering system decides on the controllability of the vehicle under normal conditions as well as emergency situations. In everyday use the characteristics, the connectivity to assistance systems and the energy efficiency of the steering system become more and more important to fulfill the increasing demands regarding fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and comfort. To meet these demands, new steering systems must be implemented and new technologies have to be developed. This contribution compares different approaches regarding functionality and energy efficiency to give an indication which system is the most promising solution for future front axle steering systems as well as rear steered axles (tag- or pusher axle) on trucks.
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Nennelli, Anjali Devi. "Simulation of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2259.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87).
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Marmaras, Charalampos. "Charging of electric vehicles at commercial buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100406/.
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The objective of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of EV charging management for reducing the electricity cost of commercial buildings. A predictive model was developed to assist the commercial building manager reduce its energy bills by predicting the “triad” peak dates and the building’s energy demand. Real weather data were analysed and considered to increase the accuracy of the forecast. The model was evaluated using real “triad” peak, weather and energy consumption data from a commercial building facility in Manchester. To enable the building manager reduce the EV charging costs, a charging control algorithm was developed and its impact on the demand profile and daily electricity cost of a commercial building facility were studied. The predictive model and the charging control algorithm were integrated into a cloud-based Local Energy Management System (LEMS) for the aggregation and flexible demand management of buildings, energy storage units and EVs. The operation of the LEMS was demonstrated through simulation scenarios using real data from a commercial building facility in Manchester. To fully understand the EV integration consequences, the behaviour of the EV drivers and its impact on the road transport and electric power system has been studied. A multi-agent simulation model was developed to simulate the charging and routing behaviour of the EV drivers. The EV drivers were simulated as autonomous agents in a complex environment consisted of an electric power and road transport network. Different behavioural profiles were considered to describe the way an EV driver deals with the everyday challenges.
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Smith, Jonathan Burke. "Optimum hybrid vehicle configurations for heavy duty applications." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1985.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 109 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72).
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Gustafsson, Tobias. "In-Vehicle Execution Environment for Diagnostic Scripts on Heavy Commercial Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192155.
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Today the importance and complexity of vehicle diagnostics are increasing and more systems uses remote diagnostics. Remote diagnostics involves an off-board server that uses a wireless connection to access the diagnostic services inside a vehicle on a remote location. Problems occur because of the remote connections limitations in speed and reliability. This can be solved by executing tasks on an Electrical Control Unit (ECU) inside the vehicle. However, implementing new software in an ECU is time consuming and expensive. An in-vehicle execution environment for diagnostic scripts can make it possible to send these tasks from the off-board systems and execute them on-board the vehicle. This thesis investigates that possibility. A set of requirements for an in-vehicle execution environment are identified together with important decisions that affects them. Restricting the diagnostic services to only passive scripts reduces the requirements. Using a higher abstraction level in the scripts to send diagnostic commands makes it easier to develop scripts, but requires more software to be implemented on the ECU. The choice of script engine is also important and a survey and evaluation of different script engines is performed. Python, Lua, mRuby and ChaiScript are compared and Lua is selected for an implementation used in a case study where the results are validated. This case study shows that the requirements are sufficient to create an in-vehicle execution environment that can execute advanced diagnostic tasks. An in-vehicle script executes more than eight times faster than the same task on the off-board system and decreases the amount of data in the remote communication. Development of a script is more than 20 times faster compared to the development of ECU system software. Before this in-vehicle execution environment can be used on a population of vehicles, investigations needs to be done regarding the requirements for the off- board systems and how the development and usage of scripts should be organized.Idag ökar vikten och komplexiteten hos fordonsdiagnostik och fler system använder fjärrdiagnostik. Fjärrdiagnostik innebär att en server använder en trådlös anslutning för att komma åt de diagnostiska tjänsterna i ett fordon på en avlägsen plats. Problem uppstår på grund av begränsningar i hastighet och tillförlitlighet hos fjärranslutningarna. Detta kan lösas genom att köra uppgifter i fordonet. Men att göra ny programvara i ett fordon är tidskrävande och dyrt. En exekveringsmiljö för diagnostiska skript kan göra det möjligt att skicka dessa uppgifter från de externa systemen och köra dem ombord på fordonet. I den här avhandling undersöks denna möjlighet. En uppsättning krav för en exekveringsmiljö för diagnostiska skript har identi- fieras. Att begränsa de diagnostiska tjänsterna till endast passiva skript minskar kraven. Med hjälp av en högre abstraktionsnivå för att skicka diagnostiska kommandon blir det lättare att utveckla skript, men detta kräver att mer programvara är implementerad i fordonet. Valet av skriptmotorn är också viktigt och en undersökning och utvärdering av olika skriptmotorer har utförs. Python, Lua, mRuby och ChaiScript har jämförts och Lua valts för en implementering som används i en fallstudie där resultaten har validerats. Denna fallstudie visar att kraven är tillräckliga för att skapa en exekveringsmiljö som kan utföra avancerade diagnostiska uppgifter. Ett skript som körs i fordonet körs mer än åtta gånger snabbare än samma uppgift på som körs på de externa systemet och minskar också mängden data i fjärrkommunikationen. Utveckling av ett skript är mer än 20 gånger snabbare jämfört med utvecklingen av systemprogramvaran i fordonet. Innan en exekveringsmiljö kan användas på en population av fordon måste undersökningar göras om kraven för de externa system som ska hantera skripten och hur utvecklingen och användningen av skript ska organiseras.
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Samarukha, Iryna. "Recycling strategies for End-of-Life Li-ion Batteries from Heavy Electric Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Energisystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280418.
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The master thesis tackles the problem of recycling of end-of-life Li-ion batteries from heavy electric vehicles. The comparative analysis includes review of current global situation with batteries wastes and projections of materials that may be recovered. The transportation, pre-processing and two alternatives of recycling are considered. The modelling includes the evaluation of both economic parameters (revenue streams, costs breakdown) and environmental footprint (energy consumption and sources, water consumption, and emissions breakdown). The costs analysis has shown that transportation of spent LIBs as a hazardous wastes are 5.39 €/(t cells∙km) on distance up to 200 km and 3.60 €/(t cells∙km) if transportation distance is over 200 km. Modelling of recycling alternatives for different battery chemistries shows that the highest revenue is generated from NMC111 batteries in the hydrometallurgical recycling, Batteries without Cobalt and Nickel in electrode composition (LMO and LFP) generate comparably low revenue due to low value of recovered materials. The negative environmental impact of hydrometallurgical recycling, particularly, in emission of GHGs, energy and water use is more higher comparing to pyrometallurgical recycling. However, hydrometallurgy results in recovery of broader spectrum of materials of high quality.Examensarbetet hanterar problemet med återvinning av uttjänta Li-ion-batterier från tunga elektriska fordon. Den jämförande analysen inkluderar en översikt över den nuvarande globala situationen med batteriavfall och utsprång av material som kan återvinnas. Transport, förbehandling och två alternativ för återvinning övervägs. Modelleringen inkluderar utvärdering av både ekonomiska parametrar (inkomstflöden, kostnadsfördelning) och miljöavtryck (energiförbrukning och källor, vattenförbrukning och uppdelning av utsläpp). Kostnadsanalysen har visat att transport av förbrukade LIB som farligt avfall är 5,39 € / (t-celler ∙ km) på avstånd upp till 200 km och 3,60 € / (t-celler ∙ km) om transportavståndet är över 200 km. Modellering av återvinningsalternativ för olika batterikemikalier visar att de högsta intäkterna genereras från NMC111-batterier i den hydrometallurgiska återvinningen, Batterier utan kobolt och nickel i elektrodkomposition (LMO och LFP) genererar jämförelsevis låga intäkter på grund av lågt värde på återvunna material. Den negativa miljöpåverkan av hydrometallurgisk återvinning, särskilt i utsläpp av växthusgaser, energi- och vattenanvändning är högre jämfört med pyrometallurgisk återvinning. Hydrometallurgi resulterar dock i återvinning av ett bredare spektrum av material av hög kvalitet.
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Khiabani, Amir, and Alanis Daniel Acebo. "Cooling Fan Optimization for Heavy Electrified Vehicles : A study on performance and noise." Thesis, KTH, Flygdynamik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280145.
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Vehicle electrification plays a significant role in the effort to reduce the environmental impact of the automotive industry. Scania is one of the leading manufacturers ofheavy vehicles which is currently moving towards a sustainable transport system by manufacturing a new generation of heavy vehicles powered by batteries. Oneof the major concerns with these vehicles is related to the noise generated by the electric axial fans used in the cooling system. This project was conducted with thepurpose of investigating the factors that positively affect both noise and performance in the electric fans. Based on two different blade design methods and several noisecontrol techniques, 11 fan models were developed. The fan models created with design method 1 are equipped with cambered-plate blades, while the models madewith design method 2 consist of airfoil-shaped blades. Moreover, the performance of these models was analyzed by using theoretical methods and Computational FluidDynamics (CFD). In addition, two empirical approaches were used to estimate the acoustic energy emitted by the fan models. Furthermore, the developed modelswere compared with two commercially available fans. It was found that both design methods provide similar performance in low pressure differences. On the other hand,the efficiency and acoustic energy are influenced by the choice of the noise control methods.Fordonselektrifiering har en väsentlig roll i arbetet med att minska bilindustrins miljöpåverkan. Scania är en av de ledande tillverkarna av tunga fordon som för närvarandegår mot ett hållbart transportsystem, genom att tillverka en ny generation tunga fordon drivna med batterier. Ett stort bekymmer med dessa fordon är relaterattill det ljud som genereras av de elektriska axialfläktarna som används i kylsystemet. Detta projekt genomfördes i syfte till att undersöka de faktorer som positivtpåverkar både buller och prestanda hos de elektriska fläktarna. Baserat på två olika bladdesignmetoder och flera brusstyrningstekniker, utvecklades 11 fläktmodeller.Fläktmodellerna som är utformade med konstruktionsmetod 1 är utrustade med krökformade plattor, medan modellerna som skapades med designmetod 2 bestårav vingprofil blad. Dessutom analyserades prestandan för dessa modeller med användning av teoretiska metoder och strömningsmekaniska beräkningar. Ytterligaretvå empiriska tillvägagångssätt användes för att uppskatta den akustiska energin som släppts ut av fläktmodellerna. Utöver det jämfördes de utvecklade modellernamed två kommersiellt tillgängliga fläktar. Detta visade att båda konstruktionsmetoderna resulterar i liknande prestanda vid lågtrycksskillnader, däremot påverkasverkningsgraden och den akustiska energin av valet av brusstyrningsmetoder.
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Malviya, Vihar. "Effects of a novel aerodynamic intervention for heavy commercial vehicles on fuel saving and stability." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2011. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9707/.
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This thesis presents the research carried out to develop and optimise a novel aerodynamic add-on device for commercial vehicles which would reduce overall fuel consumption without any impact of vehicle aerodynamic stability. A prototype of such a device has been manufactured with existing legal and operational restrictions in view. Additionally, effects of such a device on the rollover stability of a commercial vehicle have been investigated and quantified. This has been done by developing a set of analytical methods to first quantify aerodynamic forces in terms of vehicle shape and flow conditions and then to predict the stability of road vehicles, both using mathematical models formulated using available data.
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Eriksson, Mikael, and Daniel Olovsson. "An Alternative Variable Valve Timing System for Heavy Duty Vehicles." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60153.
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The ability to control engine valve timing has the potential to alter the engine performance over the entire operating range. The outcome of valve timing technology enables the possibility to increase efficiency, lowering emissions, increase engine torque, etc. One of the simplest ways to obtain a variable valve timing is to use cam phasers. The dynamics of a hydraulic cam phaser has been studied, three concepts with the purpose to control such an element has been developed using simulation driven product development. Focus have been on robustness, simplicity and implementation. A final concept using on/off solenoids to control a torque driven cam phaser has been designed and simulated in GT-SUITE which validated its performance and functionality. A dynamic model was built in Simulink which simulated the behaviour of the cam phaser and provided tools for optimizing the rotor design. By combining the knowledge of mechanical- and control engineering at Scania, the development process of such machine elements was effective. The outcome of this thesis has given a new perspective in understanding these components and their potentials.
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Madireddy, Madhava Rao. "Analytical design of a parallel hybrid electric powertrain for sports utility vehicles and heavy trucks." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175278829.
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Hanowski, Richard J. "The Impact of Local/Short Haul Operations on Driver Fatigue." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28416.
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Massie, Blower, and Campbell (1997) indicate that trucks that operate less than 50 miles from the vehicle's home base comprise 58% of the trucking industry. However, despite being the largest segment, research involving local/short haul (L/SH) operations has been scant. In fact, little is known about the general safety issues in L/SH operations.
As a precursor to the present research, Hanowski, Wierwille, Gellatly, Early, and Dingus (1998) conducted a series of focus groups in which L/SH drivers provided their perspective on safety issues, including fatigue, in their industry. As a follow-up to the Hanowski et al. work, the effort presented here consisted of an on-road field study where L/SH trucks were instrumented with data collection equipment. Two L/SH trucking companies and 42 L/SH drivers participated in this research. To the author's knowledge, this is the first in-situ data collection effort of its kind with L/SH drivers.
The analyses focused on determining if fatigue is an issue in L/SH operations. Of primary interest were critical incidents (near-crashes) where drivers were judged to be at fault. The results of the analyses indicated that fatigue was present immediately prior to driver involvement in at-fault critical incidents. Though it is difficult to determine why fatigue was present, the results seem to indicate that much of the fatigue that the drivers' experienced was brought with them to the job, rather than being caused by the job.
There are four basic outputs of the Phase II research: (1) a description of the L/SH drivers who participated, (2) a description of critical incidents, (3) a determination if fatigue is an issue in L/SH trucking, and (4) the validation of the fatigue factors cited in Hanowski et al. (1998) using a proposed fatigue model. These four outputs culminate in a set of pragmatic guidelines to address fatigue and other safety issues in L/SH operations. Five guidelines are proposed that are directed at: (1) driver education with regard to on-the-job drowsiness/inattention, (2) driver education with regard to sleep hygiene, (3) driver training, particularly for novice L/SH truck drivers, (4) driver screening, and (5) public monitoring of L/SH driver performance.Ph. D.
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Svens, Pontus. "Methods for Testing and Analyzing Lithium-Ion Battery Cells intended for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145166.
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Lithium-ion batteries designed for use in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles are continuously improved in terms of performance and longevity, but they still have limitations that need to be considered when developing new hybrid vehicles. The aim of this thesis has been to study and evaluate potential test and analysis methods suitable for being used in the design process when maximizing lifetime and utilization of batteries in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. A concept for battery cell cycling on vehicles has been evaluated. The work included development of test equipment, verification of hardware and software as well as an extended period of validation on heavy-duty trucks. The work showed that the concept has great potential for evaluating strategies for battery usage in hybrid vehicles, but is less useful for accelerated aging of battery cells. Battery cells encapsulated in flexible packaging material have been investigated with respect to the durability of the encapsulation in a demanding heavy-duty hybrid truck environment. No effect on water intrusion was detected after vibration and temperature cycling of the battery cells. Aging of commercial battery cells of the type lithium manganese oxide - lithium cobalt oxide / lithium titanium oxide (LMO-LCO/LTO) was investigated with different electrochemical methods to gain a deeper understanding of the origin of performance deterioration, and to understand the consequences of aging from a vehicle manufacturer's perspective. The investigation revealed that both capacity loss and impedance rise were largely linked to the positive electrode for this type of battery chemistry. Postmortem analysis of material from cycle-aged and calendar-aged battery cells of the type LMO-LCO/LTO and LiFePO4/graphite was performed to reveal details about aging mechanisms for those cell chemistries. Analysis of cycle-aged LMO-LCO/LTO cells revealed traces of manganese in the negative electrode and that the positive electrode exhibited the most severe aging. Analysis of cycle-aged LFP/graphite cells revealed traces of iron in the negative electrode and that the negative electrode exhibited the most severe aging.Litiumjonbatterier anpassade för användning i tunga hybridfordon förbättras kontinuerligt med avseende på prestanda och livslängd men har fortfarande begränsningar som måste beaktas vid utveckling av nya hybridfordon. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att studera och utvärdera potentiella prov- och analysmetoder lämpliga för användning i arbetet med att maximera livslängd och utnyttjandegrad av batterier i tunga hybridfordon. Ett koncept för battericykling på fordon har utvärderats. Arbetet innefattade utveckling av testutrustning, verifiering av hårdvara och mjukvara samt en längre periods validering på lastbilar. Arbetet har visat att konceptet har stor potential för utvärdering av strategier för användandet av batterier i hybridfordon, men är mindre användbar för åldring av batterier. Batterier kapslade i flexibelt förpackningsmaterial har undersökts med avseende på kapslingens hållbarhet i en krävande hybridlastbilsmiljö. Ingen påverkan på fuktinträngning kunde påvisas efter vibration och temperaturcykling av de testade battericellerna. Åldring av kommersiella battericeller av typen litiummanganoxid - litiumkoboltoxid/litiumtitanoxid (LMO-LCO/LTO) undersöktes med olika elektrokemiska metoder för att få en djupare förståelse för prestandaförändringens ursprung och för att förstå konsekvenserna av åldrandet ur en fordonstillverkares användarperspektiv. Undersökningen visade att både kapacitetsförlust och impedanshöjning till största delen var kopplat till den positiva elektroden för denna batterityp. Post-mortem analys av material från cyklade och kalenderåldrade kommersiella battericeller av typen LMO-LCO/LTO och LiFePO4/grafit utfördes för att avslöja detaljer kring åldringsmekanismerna för dessa cellkemier. Vid analys av cyklade LMO-LCO/LTO celler påvisades mangan i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den positiva elektroden kraftigast åldring. Vid analys av cyklade LFP/grafit celler påvisades järn i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den negativa elektroden kraftigast åldring.
QC 20140520
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Namakian, Mohsen. "Mild Hybrid System in Combination with Waste Heat Recovery for Commercial Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93997.
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Performance of two different waste heat recovery systems (one based on Rankine cycle and the other one using thermoelectricity) combined with non-hybrid, mild-hybrid and full hybrid systems are investigated. The vehicle under investigation was a 440hp Scania truck, loaded by 40 tons. Input data included logged data from a long haulage drive test in Sweden.All systems (waste heat recovery as well as hybrid) are implemented and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Almost all systems are modeled using measured data or performance curves provided by one manufacturer. For Rankine system results from another investigation were used.Regardless of practical issues in implementing systems, reduction in fuel consumption for six different combination of waste heat recovery systems and hybrid systems with different degrees of hybridization are calculated. In general Rankine cycle shows a better performance. However, due to improvements achieved in laboratories, thermoelectricity could also be an option in future.This study focuses on “system” point of view and therefore high precision calculations is not included. However it can be useful in making decisions for further investigations.
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Gelpke, Svenja. "Powertrain of heavy electric vehicles: : Analysis of the production chain and impact on environment and industry." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245219.
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Elektrifiering av bilar och mindre transportfordon pågår och flottaaktier ökar men diskussionen om elektrifiering av långdistanstransport är relativt ny. Elektriska lastbilar som använder fossila bränslen och som produceras med förnybara energikällor är lovande, särskilt i länder med en ren elmix. I Sverige befinner sig två av de största trucktillverkarna som spelar en viktig roll i landets socioekonomi med mer än 100 000 jobb inom bilindustrin och bidrar cirka 14% av landets exportintäkter. Skiftet till elektriska fordon kan kraftigt påverka nationalekonomin. En ny drivlina design med elektrisk motor och batterier som ersätter traditionella motorer, växellådor och differentialer lovar betydande förändringar av tillverkningen och produktionskedjorna av tunga fordon. Nya processer och nya material kräver nya kompetenser. En litteraturstudie av produktionsteknik och konventionell tillverkning utfördes för att undersöka nuvarande skillnader. Processer inom elektrisk drivlinetillverkning skiljer sig betydligt från konventionella produktionsprocesser och en överföring av nuvarande produktionsteknologier är endast i liten skala möjlig. Nya produktionslinjer kräver ytterligare investeringar som utvärderades utifrån en marknadsundersökning för specifika scenariefall. Litiumjon (Li-ion) batterier kräver investeringar av cirka 225 miljoner euro, härefter hänvisad till som maskininvesteringar. Utrustning för produktion av en induktionsmotor (IM) i massskala, ökar inköpskostnad för maskiner med ytterligare 15 miljoner euro. Nya drivline konstruktioner hotar därmed den nuvarande försörjningskedjan hos originalutrustningstillverkare (OEM) som har viktiga och värdeskapande kompetenser i produktionen av komplexa växellådor och motorer. Produktionen av battericeller, batteripack och storskalig elmotorer är inte lika etablerade i Europa som i Asien. Detta möjliggör en relativt enkel tillgång för bilindustrin i Europa för nya spelare. Tidig positionering och leveranskedjans anpassningar är därför avgörande för OEM:er att behålla dess marknadsandel. Förutom påverkan på den svenska fordonsindustrin, visar det betydlig påverkning av miljön och samhället av tillverkningen av elmotorer för tunga fordon. Dessa konsekvenser har analyserats genom att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) och ytterligare litteraturforskning för att utvärdera råmaterialproduktionen och kopplade effekter på lokalsamhället. Speciellt så behöver batteriproduktionen råmaterial som kobolt och grafit vilket bidrar till politisk instabilitet i producerande länder samt dåliga arbetsförhållanden, vilket resulterar i konfliktpotential. Båda materialen klassificeras därför som kritiska och potentiella mineraler av EU. Användningen av dessa råvaror i länder där de utvinns och bearbetas bidrar financiering till lokala konflikter. LCA påpekade en negativ inverkan på miljön som orsakades av produktionen av batteripaket och elmotorer. Miljöpåverkan orsakas primärt av utvinning av råmaterial och bearbetning av ingående material som behövs för tillverkning av drivlinor. Speciellt gruvdrift visar en stor negativ inverkan orsakad av fossila energikällor i tillverkarländerna. Att byta produktion till länder med en ren energimix, som Sverige, kan därför bidra till att minska de negativa effekterna på miljön. Eftersom råvaror distribueras globalt och endast få länder har tillgång till dessa resurser, kan utbudet av ren energi i dessa länder förbättra miljöbalansen. Effekten av batteriproduktionen visar sig vara den största negativa faktorn som påverkar hållbarheten. Därför är andra elektriska fordonskoncept som inte behöver batterier för strömförsörjningen värda att undersöka. Att tillhandahålla konstant elkraft genom överliggande elektriska linjer eller bränsleceller är alternativ som bör vara i fokus för framtidlig forskning.Electrification of cars and smaller transport vehicles has been ongoing and fleet shares are increasing. The discussion to electrify long-distance transport is however relatively new. Electric trucks using fossil-free fuels produced with renewable energy sources is promising, especially in countries with a clean electricity mix. Sweden is hosting two of the biggest truck manufacturers, which play an important role in the socio-economy of the country. Providing more than 100,000 jobs in the automotive sector and contributing around 14% to the export revenues, that sector plays an important role within the Swedish industry. The shift from conventional to electric trucks could therefore heavily influence the national economy. A new powertrain design, where electric motor and batteries replace the engine, gearbox and differentials, is linked to a significant change in the heavy vehicle manufacture and production chains. New processes using materials, differing from established ones in the powertrain sector, require new competences from employees. A literature study on production technologies of conventional and electric powertrain manufacturing was performed to assess the differences between them. Processes used for electric powertrain manufacturing differ considerably from conventional production processes and a transfer of current production technologies is only in a small scale possible. New production lines will require additional investments, which were assessed based on a market study for specific scenario cases. To establish a battery pack production on a mass scale referring to prismatic Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells, makes 225 Mio. € necessary, hereby only referring to machine investment. Equipment for an induction motor (IM) production on a mass scale, adds another 15 Mio. € to machine purchase cost. The shift in powertrain design is additionally threatening the current supply chain of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), having the key competence and main value creation in the manufacture of complex gearboxes and engines. Battery cell and pack production and large-scale electric motor production are not as established in Europe as they are in Asia. This enables a relatively easy access to the automotive industry in Europe for new players. Early positioning and supply chain adaptations are therefore crucial for OEMs to keep their relevant market share. Next to influences on the Swedish automotive industry, the manufacturing of electric powertrains for heavy vehicles, shows an impact on the environment and society. Those impacts were analysed by performing an Lifecycle assessment (LCA) and an additional literature research to evaluate the raw material production and linked influences on the local society. Especially the battery production requires critical raw materials like cobalt and graphite. This refers to political instability in producing countries as well as poor working conditions, which result in a conflict potential. Both materials are therefore classified as critical and potential conflict minerals by the EU. Buying these materials as supply for battery pack production, consequently helps financing conflicts in areas where the raw material is extracted and processed. The LCA pointed out a negative effect on the environment caused by the production of the battery pack and electric motor. The environmental impact is mainly caused by raw material extraction and processing of input materials needed in powertrain manufacturing. Especially mining shows a big negative impact, mainly caused by fossil energy sources in the producing countries. Shifting the production to countries with a clean energy mix, like Sweden, could therefore help to decrease the negative impact on the environment. Since raw materials are distributed globally and only few countries have access to those resources, the supply of clean energy in those countries could improve the environmental balance as well and should therefore be promoted. The impact of battery production was found to be the biggest negative factor affecting sustainability. Therefore, other electric truck concepts that do not need batteries for the power supply, are worth investigation. Providing constant power through overhead electric lines or usage of fuel cells are promising alternatives and should be in focus for future research.
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DAHLSTRAND, MARCUS. "Visual Quality and Sustained Competitive Advantage The case of appearance approval validation of Scania’s commercial heavy vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223975.
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Globisch, Joachim, Elisabeth Dütschke, and Martin Wietschel. "Adoption of electric vehicles in commercial fleets: Why do car pool managers campaign for BEV procurement?" Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72191.
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We use regression analysis to study what motivates car pool managers to campaign for BEV procurement using primary data from 229 car pool managers including adopters and non-adopters of EVs. Key findings are that a personal interest in EVs due to technophilia increases the intention to start procurement initiatives for BEVs. These findings underpin the fact that the attitudes of single individuals can influence internal organizational decision processes and therefore play an important role in explaining BEV adoption in commercial fleets. Other factors that foster initiatives for BEV procurement are organizational innovativeness, and the expectation of environmental benefits and positive effects on employee motivation. The fear of mobility constraints and doubts about the reliability of BEVs counteract the intention to campaign for their procurement.
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Khodabakhshian, Mohammad. "Improving Fuel Efficiency of Commercial Vehicles through Optimal Control of Energy Buffers." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181071.
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Fuel consumption reduction is one of the main challenges in the automotiveindustry due to its economical and environmental impacts as well as legalregulations. While fuel consumption reduction is important for all vehicles,it has larger benefits for commercial ones due to their long operational timesand much higher fuel consumption. Optimal control of multiple energy buffers within the vehicle proves aneffective approach for reducing energy consumption. Energy is temporarilystored in a buffer when its cost is small and released when it is relativelyexpensive. An example of an energy buffer is the vehicle body. Before goingup a hill, the vehicle can accelerate to increase its kinetic energy, which canthen be consumed on the uphill stretch to reduce the engine load. The simplestrategy proves effective for reducing fuel consumption. The thesis generalizes the energy buffer concept to various vehicular componentswith distinct physical disciplines so that they share the same modelstructure reflecting energy flow. The thesis furthermore improves widely appliedcontrol methods and apply them to new applications. The contribution of the thesis can be summarized as follows: • Developing a new function to make the equivalent consumption minimizationstrategy (ECMS) controller (which is one of the well-knownoptimal energy management methods in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs))more robust. • Developing an integrated controller to optimize torque split and gearnumber simultaneously for both reducing fuel consumption and improvingdrivability of HEVs. • Developing a one-step prediction control method for improving the gearchanging decision. • Studying the potential fuel efficiency improvement of using electromechanicalbrake (EMB) on a hybrid electric city bus. • Evaluating the potential improvement of fuel economy of the electricallyactuated engine cooling system through the off-line global optimizationmethod. • Developing a linear time variant model predictive controller (LTV-MPC)for the real-time control of the electric engine cooling system of heavytrucks and implementing it on a real truck.QC 20160128
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Vasilevich, Liliya. "Li-ion titanate technology for SLI battery applications in commercial vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298354.
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Litiumjon-batterier har blivit väldigt populära för tillämpning i fordon. Den här teknologin har fler olika kemier att erbjuda som kontinuerligt förbättras. Litium-titanat-oxid-batterier använder (LTO) LTO som anod och erbjuder långt cyklingsliv samt minskar risk för SEI-bildning och litiumplätering. Det här examensarbetet siktade på att undersöka om LTO-batterier kan användas som startbatterier i kommersiella fordon. Metodologin inkluderade två motorstart försök med en kommersiell 12s1p LTO-modul, laddnings/urladdningtester med en kommersiell LTO-cell med nominell spänning 2.3V samt överurladdningstester med byggda pouchceller. Materialet för pouchceller extraherades från en kommersiell LTO-cell och sedan studerades med SEM-EDX före och efter överurladdningstesterna. Resultatet visade att LTO-batterier kan användas som startbatterier i en diesel V8 motor även vid 39%SoC. Dessutom visade simuleringar att LTO-batterier kan användas inom Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) tillämpning och behålla 60% SoC efter 500 laddning/urladdnings cykler. Resultaten från både KERS och motorstarterna visade att LTO är en lovande kandidat för ersättning av blybatterier. Laddnings/urladdnings tester visade att en kommersiell 12s1p LTO modul kan maximalt uppnå 73%SoC när den laddas med fordon-liknande strömmar. Däremot var SoC oberoende av laddningsström. Överurladdningstester med pouchceller visade att det är relativt ofarligt att urladda LTO 0.4V under spänningsgränsen utan stora ökningar i impedans eller stor kapacitetsförlust. Största förluster kopplades till åldring av NMC-baserade positiva elektroden.Lithium ion batteries have become quite popular in vehicle applications in the past few decades. This technology offers multiple chemistries to choose from, that are continuously studied and improved. Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) batteries use LTO material as an anode, providing long cycling life, as well as essentially eliminating risk for SEI formation and lithium plating. This Master thesis project aimed to investigate how well LTO-based lithium-ion batteries can perform in Start Ignition Lighting (SLI) application in commercial vehicles. The methodology included two engine crank tests with a commercial 12s1p LTO module, charge/discharge tests on a commercial LTO cell with nominal voltage 2.3V, as well as overdischarge cycling tests on assembled pouch cells. The materials for the pouch cells were extracted from a commercial LTO cell and later analysed with SEM-EDX before and after overdischarge tests. The results demonstrated that LTO-based Li-ion batteries can be successfully start a diesel V8 engine even at 39% SoC. Furthermore, when simulating an urban vehicle with an implemented Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) application, a commercial cell LTO cell achieved and retained around 60\%SoC throughout 500 charge/discharge cycles. Combined results from KERS and engine start tests imply that LTO is a strong candidate for replacing lead-acid in these applications. Charge/discharge tests showed that commercial 12s1p LTO cell can maximum reach around 73%SoC when charged in a vehicle-like way. However, this maximum SoC limit was more or less independent of applied charging current. Furthermore, electrochemical overdischarge tests on the pouch cells demonstrated that it is relatively safe to overdischarge the cell 0.4V below the specified safety limit without significant rise in impedance or capacity fade. Major performance losses were attributed to the aging of the NMC-based positive electrode.
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Schücking, Maximilian [Verfasser], and W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Fichtner. "Techno-economic optimization and environmental evaluation of electric vehicles in commercial fleets / Maximilian Schücking ; Betreuer: W. Fichtner." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229713778/34.
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Taylor, Graham John. "The application of global positioning systems to the monitoring of heavy vehicle compliance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.
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Pehrson, Ida. "Integrating planetary boundaries into the life cycle assessment of electric vehicles : A case study on prioritising impact categories through environmental benchmarking in normalisation and weighting methods when assessing electric heavy-duty vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281862.
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The transport sector is facing great challenges for achieving development within the Earth’s boundaries. Currently, LCA studies on heavy- and medium-duty vehicles have mainly assessed the ‘well-to-wheel’ stage and the impact category climate change. To understand the full range of environmental impacts from a truck, a holistic view needs to be adopted, to acknowledge several sustainability dimensions. The development of new vehicle technologies, such as battery electrical vehicles (BEV), the impact will mainly occur in the production and end-of-life stage, thereby it is crucial to adapt a cradle-to-grave approach in LCA. This thesis have interpret Scania’s current LCA results through normalization and weighting. The normalization and weighting methods used have been based on the planetary boundaries (PBs) and other scientific thresholds of earth’s carrying capacity. The normalised results display that considering a heavy-duty truck with diesel (B5) climate change is the major impact, but for BEV with EU electricity mix it is freshwater ecotoxicity, stratospheric ozone formation and climate change that are the main impacts to consider. For the BEV with wind electricity, it is freshwater ecotoxicity and climate change which are the major impacts. According to the weighed results, the impact on ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́ are most important for diesel (B5) and considering BEV with EU mix it is the impact categories of ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource depletion ́ followed by ́mineral resource scarcity ́. Considering BEV with wind electricity it is ́mineral resource scarcity ́ followed by ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́. The weighted results also display that the impact categories, ‘human toxicity cancer’, ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’, ‘particulate matter’ and ‘water resource scarcity’ are important to consider in an LCA of a BEV. Concludingly, it is a need for future research in the area of connecting the PBs with the LCA framework. Moreover, it is a need to develop normalisation reference (NR) and weighting factors (WF) based on a company and sectorial allowances of the carrying capacity to understand a product or company’s environmental impact in absolute terms.Transportsektorn står inför stora utmaningar för att nå en utveckling inom planetens gränser. I nuläget har LCA studier för tunga och medeltunga transporter fokuserat på ‘well-to-wheel’ vilket är stegen bränsleproduktionen (från källan till tanken) och konsekvenserna av fordonets användning (från tank till hjul) och påverkanskategorin klimat. För att förstå fordonets totala miljöpåverkan, behövs ett holistiskt synsätt för att förstå flera hållbarhetsdimensioner av fordonets miljöpåverkan. Utvecklingen av nya fordonstekniker, så som batterifordon, kommer leda till att miljöpåverkan möjligen främst uppstår i produktions och avfallsfasen av livscykeln, det är därav viktigt att analysera ett fordon från ́vaggan till graven ́. Denna uppsats har analyserat Scanias LCA resultat genom normalisering och viktning. Normaliserings- och viktningsmetoderna som används är baserade på dom planetära gränserna och andra tröskelvärden för planetens bärkapacitet. Det normaliserade resultatet visar att för en diesel lastbil är klimat en betydande påverkanskategori, dock för en BEV (”Battery Electric Vehicle”) med EU elektricitet är det sötvattentoxicitet, stratosfärisk ozonbildning och klimat som är dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Det normaliserade resultatet för BEV med vindenergi visar att det är sötvattentoxicitet och klimat som dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Enligt den valda viktningsmetoden framgår det att klimat och fossil resursutarmning är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna för en diesel lastbil. För en BEV med EU mix är den viktigaste klimat och fossil resursutarmning följt av mineralresursbrist. För BEV laddad med energi från vindkraft, är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna mineralresursbrist, klimat och fossil resursutarmning. Det viktade resultatet visade även att påverkanskategorierna, humantoxicitet cancer, sötvatten ekotoxicitet, partiklar och vattenresursbrist bör tas i beaktning i en LCA av en BEV. Slutligen behövs det mer forskning kring sammankoppling av planetära gränser och LCA ramverket, även utveckling av normaliseringsreferenser och viktningsfaktorer som är baserat på företags- och sektorsnivåer för utsläppsrätter behövs för att ett företag ska förstå produkters absoluta miljöpåverkan.
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GHAZARIAN, DANIEL. "Estimating the energy consumption of steering assist systems in commercial hybrid electric vehicles : A basis for utilization strategies." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299354.
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The commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania CV AB has introduced a new steering functionality called Redundant Brake Steering (RBS) in vehicles with batteries as energy storage, i.e. hybrid-electric and electric vehicles. Although, the primary steering system in Scania’s electrified vehicles consists of an electrohydraulic steering system (EHS) and an electrical active steering system (EAS). The purpose of introducing RBS is to facilitate the implementation of the EAS as a secondary steering system according to current laws. Consequently, a major benefit is that the conventional back-up hydraulic steering system can be removed. By replacing the back-up system with the active steering system and RBS an entire auxiliary system in the vehicle is eliminated. One of the main ambitions of this study has been to investigate whether the new steering functionality could lead to reduced energy consumption related to steering systems. The approach in this thesis included a literature study of steering systems, brake-steering concepts and available vehicle data to establish methods to quantify the energy consumption of the involved systems. The methods were used to develop a numerical model in the software Matlab which could use collected vehicle data to estimate the energy consumption of the steering systems. To facilitate the data collection a case study was performed using a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) at Scania’s test track in Södertälje, Sweden. The results suggested that the combination of EAS and RBS has potential to assist as primary steering as the energy consumption related to steering could be decreased by up to 90.6%. Also, the results indicated that the load on the vehicle’s electrical circuit could be reduced significantly, while the main drawback is increased steering effort by the driver.Lastbils -och busstillverkaren Scania CV AB har nyligen introducerat ett system vid namnet Redundant Brake Steering (RBS) för elektrifierade fordon. Det primära styrsystemet i dessa fordon består av ett elektro-hydraliskt system (EHS) samt ett elektriskt aktivt styrsystem (EAS). Bakgrunden till att introducera RBS har varit grundat i att kunna implementera EAS som sekundärt styrsystem för att tillfredställa nuvarande lagkrav. Utfallet har blivit att det sekundära hydrauliska styrsystemet har kunnat ersättas med bromsstyrningssystem (RBS) samt EAS. Den grundläggande ambitionen för denna studie har varit at utforska ifall det nya bromsstyrningssystemet kan bidra till minskad energiförbrukning av fordonets styrsystem. Denna studie har bland annat innefattat en litteraturstudie av styrsystem, koncept som berör bromsstyrning samt tillgänglig fordonsdata för att kunna utveckla beräkningsmetoder av energiförbrukning av respektive system. Metoderna användes för att utveckla en beräkningsmodell i mjukvaran Matlab som med hjälp av fordonsdata kunde uppskatta energiförbrukningen av styrsystemen. Fordonstester utfördes i en fallstudie för att kunna samla in mätningar av fordonsdata. Detta gjordes med hjälp av ett plug-in hybrid fordon (PHEV) på Scania’s provbana i Södertälje, Sverige. Resultaten indikerade att en kombination av EAS och RBS har potential att bistå som primärt styrsystem sett till energiförbrukningen vilken kunde reduceras med upp till 90.6%. Vidare visade resultaten att påfrestningen på fordonets elektriska system kunde minskas, dock med nackdelen att förarens ansträngning ökar.
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Camilleri, Pierre. "What future for electric light commercial vehicles ? : a prospective economic and operational analysis of electric vans for business users, with a focus on urban freight." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1105/document.
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Le marché des véhicules électriques est animé par une dynamique très positive. Il s'agit cependant essentiellement d'un marché de niche. Il est donc légitime de s’interroger quant à son avenir.D'une part, cette dynamique est portée par de fortes préoccupations environnementales et bénéficie d'un large soutien des autorités publiques. Les constructeurs automobiles ont ces dernières années fortement investi dans cette technologie, les progrès technologiques sont rapides et offrent des perspectives intéressantes.D'autre part, des subventions conséquentes sont aujourd’hui nécessaires pour permettre aux véhicules électriques d’être compétitifs. Il est inévitable que ces subventions diminuent si le marché grandit. Deux mécanismes opposés sont donc en jeu et rendent incertain le développement du marché des véhicules électriques pour les années à venir.Notre recherche propose d'analyser ces mécanismes pour les véhicules utilitaires légers, et plus particulièrement pour le transport urbain de marchandises. Les besoins des entreprises de transport de marchandises sont évalués à travers une quarantaine d'entretiens, menés dans quatre pays européens et analysés à la lumière de la théorie de la diffusion de l'innovation. Ces entretiens mettent en évidence les obstacles opérationnels et économiques à l'utilisation de véhicules électriques, qui sont liés à la technologie elle-même mais aussi à sa nouveauté.Une approche quantitative complète cette étude. Elle s’appuie sur un modèle de prédiction de parts de marché, qui quantifie la façon dont les contraintes économiques et opérationnelles évoluent avec les développements technologiques. Ces contraintes sont mesurées par deux indicateurs: l'adéquation de l'autonomie du véhicule avec son usage et les comparaisons de coûts totaux de possession (TCO). Une originalité du modèle est qu’il traite le montant des subventions à l’achat d’un véhicule électrique comme une variable endogène, qui s’adapte dynamiquement aux évolutions du marché.Afin de compenser le manque de données disponibles sur les usages des véhicules utilitaires, un modèle statistique a été développé. Ce modèle permet d’exploiter au mieux les données d'une enquête sur les véhicules utilitaires légers en France, menée par le service de la donnée et des études statistiques (SDES) du Ministère de la Transition Écologique et SolidaireFreight transport. The needs of freight transport companies are assessed through some forty interviews conducted in four European countries and analyzed in the light of innovation diffusion theory. These interviews highlight the operational and economic obstacles to the use of electric vehicles, which are linked to the technology itself but also to its novelty.A quantitative approach completes this study. It is based on a market share prediction model, which quantifies how economic and operational constraints evolve with technological developments. These constraints are measured by two indicators: the vehicle's range adequacy given its use and total cost of ownership (TCO) comparisons. An original feature of the model is that it treats the amount of subsidies for the purchase of an electric vehicle as an endogenous variable that dynamically adapts to market developments.In order to compensate for the lack of available data on commercial vehicle uses, a statistical model has been developed. This model makes the best use of data from a survey on light commercial vehicles in France, conducted by the statistical department of the Ministry of the Environment (SDES).These analyses confirm that the development of the electric vehicle market is not certain and that it is currently extremely dependent on public support. Even in scenarios of continued financial support from public administrations, exponential market growth is unlikely. Rather, the market will grow slowly for many years to come, the time for technology to overcome its8dependence on public financial support. For example, our reference scenario forecasts a 13% market share for electric vans in 2032
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Tiffin, Daniel Joseph. "Orbital Fueling Architectures Leveraging Commercial Launch Vehicles for More Affordable Human Exploration." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1575590285930015.
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Clevenger, Jeremy, Kenneth McGraw, and Billy Kelley. "Cost analysis of utilizing electric vehicles and photovoltaic solar energy in the United States Marine Corps commercial vehicle fleet." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10393.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedMBA Professional Report
The purpose of this MBA project is to examine the upfront cost associated with purchasing electric vehicles and installing photovoltaic (PV) solar energy for the Federal Fleet at Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) Barstow. The goal of this project is to provide a present value acquisition cost analysis for implementing Low Speed Vehicle (LSV), Pure Electric Vehicles (PEV), and PV solar electric energy in the United States Marine Corps commercial vehicle fleet at Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow.
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Clevenger, Jeremy Kelley Billy McGraw Kenneth. "Cost analysis of utilizing electric vehicles and photovoltaic solar energy in the United States Marine Corps commercial vehicle fleet." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FClevenger%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009."Advisor(s): Apte, Aruna ; Laverson, Alan. "December 2009." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Sustainable Fleet, Low Speed Vehicles, Pure Electric Vehicles, Photovoltaic Electric Energy, Acquisition, Commercial Vehicle Federal Fleet, MCLB Barstow. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73). Also available in print.
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Namayantavana, Sanaz. "Reliability Study of SiC-Based Power Electronic Devices in DC-DC Converter Used in Heavy-Duty Electric and Hybrid Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235192.
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A DC-DC converter is used in electrified and hybrid vehicles to supply powerto the low voltage (ex. 24V) system including headlights, horn, air conditioningsystem, wipers, radio, etc. The converter is fed from a high voltage (ex. 650V)battery, which is available in electric/hybrid vehicles, and transfers a relativelyhigh power. SCANIA’s conventional converters, used so far, have silicon-basedswitches, i.e., Si IGBT; and there is an intention to replace the converter with theupgraded counterpart in which SiC-based transistors (SiC-MOSFET) are usedinstead. Wide band-gap silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor material offers possibilitiesof faster switching, high-temperature operation, and higher breakdownvoltage for power transistors. SCANIA is investigating the reliability of thesecond generation converter in which the Si IGBT transistors are replaced bySiC-MOSFET transistors. In this thesis, the reliability of a SiC-based switchesused in DC-DC converter of electrified trucks is investigated. The investigationis principally based on different reliability tests results carried out in both switchand converter levels.To investigate the reliability of SIC MOSFET transistors, first different failuremechanisms, such as gate oxide layer degradation, high-frequency side effects,etc., are introduced, and corresponding test results are presented and discussed.On converter level, the reliability study of SCANIA’s first generation converteris considered, and the weak components in the converter are identified.In this thesis, the test results provided by SiC-MOSFET and converter suppliersare analyzed and compared with the similar test results conducted on the Sibasedconverter. In additions, SCANIA performs some particular tests based onits own standardization related to different environmental working conditions,such as high ambient temperature and high vibration situation, to assure thematurity and robustness of the SiC-based converter. These test results arepresented and discussed.By comparing investigation outcomes acquired from different suppliers and customers,it is shown that the SiC MOSFET transistor is more efficient that Sibasedtransistor. It is also demonstrated that SiC MOSFET is more robust andreliable in high power, high voltage, and high switching frequency applications.The SCANIA’s second generation DC-DC converter has shown advantages overthe first generation; it is more efficient, lighter, and more compact. From thereliability point of view, the second generation has passed almost all relevanttests.En DC-DC-omvandlare används i elektrifierade fordon för att ge ström åt dess lågspänningssystem (ex. 24V) vilket kan omfatta bl.a. inklusive strålkastare, horn, luftkonditioneringssystem, vindrutetorkare, radio etc. Omvandlaren matas från fordonets högspänningsbatteri (ex 650VDC) och överför en relativt hög ef- fekt till lågspänningssystemet. SCANIAs befintliga omvandlare använder sig av kiselbaserade transistorer (Si IGBT), och det finns en avsikt att ersätta omvandlaren med en uppgraderad motsvarighet vid vilken kiselkarbidbaserade transistorer (SiC MOSFET) används istället. SiC-baserade halvledarmaterial erbjuder bl.a. möjlighet till högre switch-frekvenser, högre drifttemperatur och högre spänningstålighet. I denna avhandling utreds tillförlitligheten av SiC-baserade transistorer som används i DC-DC-omvandlare inom elektrifier- ade fordonsbranschen. Undersökningen baseras huvudsakligen på resultat från olika tillförlitlighetstester utförda på både transistor- och omvandlarnivå. För att undersöka och analysera tillförlitligheten hos SiC MOSFET-transistorer har olika felmekanismer såsom nedbrytning av ”gate oxid”-skiktet, högfrekventa biverkningar, etc., presenterats och diskuterats tillsammans med motsvarande testresultat. För jämförelse har man på omvandlarnivå, utrett tillförlitligheten av Scania’s befintliga omvandlare och identifierat dess svaga komponenterna. I denna studie har testresultaten, som tillhandahålls av leverantörer av SiC- MOSFET transistorer, analyserats och jämförts med liknande testresultat som har genomförts på Si-baserade omvandlare. Utöver det utför Scania vissa speci- fika tester som är baserade på egna standardiserade prover, för att försäkra sig om omvandlarens mognad och robusthet. Dessa är relaterade till olika miljöförhållanden, t.ex. hög omgivningstemperatur och hög vibrationsnivå. Testresultaten presenteras och diskuteras i avhandlingen. Genom att jämföra testresultat från olika leverantörer kan man dra slutsatsen att SiC MOSFET-transistorer är effektivare än Si-transistorer. Dessutom visade sig att SiC MOSFET är mer robust och tillförlitlig i applikationer som kräver högre effekter, högre spänningar och högre switching-frekvenser. Den andra generationen av Scania’s DC-DC-omvandlare har visat flera förde- lar över den första generationen; nämligen att den är mer effektiv, lättare, mer kompakt och billigare. Från ett tillförlitlighetsperspektiv har den andra generationen har passerat nästan alla relevanta tester.
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Martinez, Pancorbo Pablo. "Cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment of future materials for commercial lithium-ion batteries : Raw Materials issues." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27987.
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Current private transportation remains very harmful for the environment, especially the non-electric vehicles. This report proposes five novel type of nanomaterials-based Li-ion batteries to improve substantially the electric vehicle battery properties along with a substantial reduction of the environmental impact of its commercial counterparts. To address the problem, a cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment has been performed in which the biggest emphasis has been focused on the energy and materials inputs and outputs during the raw materials extraction. We show how the analyzed Ni-doped graphene battery and Fe3O4-based Cu battery are the most environmentally friendly, stable, reliable and improved batteries among the five cases of study. These results can open new horizons for future advances in the implantation of an electromobility transportation.I presented my work via Skype while sharing the screen.
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Sehar, Fakeha. "An Approach to Mitigate Electric Vehicle Penetration Challenges through Demand Response, Solar Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Applications in Commercial Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86654.
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are active loads as they increase the demand for electricity and introduce several challenges to electrical distribution feeders during charging. Demand Response (DR) or performing load control in commercial buildings along with the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) and ice storage systems at the building level can improve the efficiency of electricity grids and mitigate expensive peak demand/energy charges for buildings. This research aims to provide such a solution to make EV penetration transparent to the grid.
Firstly, this research contributes to the development of an integrated control of major loads, i.e., Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), lighting and plug loads while maintaining occupant environmental preferences in small- and medium-sized commercial buildings which are an untapped DR resource. Secondly, this research contributes to improvement in functionalities of EnergyPlus by incorporating a 1-minute resolution data set at the individual plug load level. The research evaluates total building power consumption performance taking into account interactions among lighting, plug load, HVAC and control systems in a realistic manner.
Third, this research presents a model to study integrated control of PV and ice storage on improving building operation in demand responsive buildings. The research presents the impact of deploying various combinations of PV and ice storage to generate additional benefits, including clean energy generation from PV and valley filling from ice storage, in commercial buildings.
Fourth, this research presents a coordinated load control strategy, among participating commercial buildings in a distribution feeder to optimally control buildings' major loads without sacrificing occupant comfort and ice storage discharge, along with strategically deployed PV to absorb EV penetration. Demand responsive commercial building load profiles and field recorded EV charging profiles have been added to a real world distribution circuit to analyze the effects of EV penetration, together with real-world PV output profiles. Instead of focusing on individual building's economic benefits, the developed approach considers both technical and economic benefits of the whole distribution feeder, including maintaining distribution-level load factor within acceptable ranges and reducing feeder losses.Ph. D.
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Grelet, Vincent. "Rankine cycle based waste heat recovery system applied to heavy duty vehicles : topological optimization and model based control." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1006/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’évolution croissante du prix des carburants ainsi que les normes antipollution de plus en plus drastiques obligent les fabricants de véhicules commerciaux à développer des solutions innovantes pour réduire la consommation de carburant. Dans cet objectif, comme une grande partie de l’énergie contenue dans le carburant est directement relâchée à l’ambient sous forme de chaleur, celle-ci peut être valorisée et transformée via un cycle thermodynamique secondaire. Dans ce cadre, l’importante utilisation du cycle de Rankine à travers le monde en font un candidat naturel pour une implémentation dans un véhicule. Mais contrairement à une utilisation stationnaire, de nombreux obstacles se dressent pour une intégration totale dans un poids lourd. De nombreuses études ont été menées ces trente dernières années afin de déterminer le potentiel réel d’un tel système une fois embarqué à bord d’un véhicule. Les nombreuses sources de chaleur valorisables, les contraintes inhérentes à l’application embarquée ou encore les forts régimes transitoires induits par l’utilisation du camion doivent mener à une optimisation à la fois de l’architecture du système ainsi que de son système de contrôle. L’optimisation du système mène à un choix en terme de sources chaudes et froides, de topologie, de fluide de travail ainsi que de dimensionnement des composants afin de maximiser les performances. Le système de contrôle joue lui un rôle primordial afin de tirer un bénéfice maximum d’un tel système connaissant ses limites physiques ainsi que d’assurer une utilisation efficace. Dans cette thèse, une méthodologie de conception d’un système de valorisation des rejets thermiques est proposée. En se basant sur des simulations du véhicule complet basées sur un modèle détaillé, les thématiques de la sélection du fluide de travail, des sources chaudes et froides ainsi que l’optimisation des composants et du cycle sont approchées. Par la suite, le problème de contrôle en ligne de la surchauffe à la sortie de l’évaporateur est formalisé. En tenant compte des contraintes numériques d’implémentation, différentes stratégies de commande sont mises en place, allant du contrôleur PID à des structures plus avancées telle que la commande prédictive par modèle ou une loi de commande basée sur un observateur. La plupart de ces stratégies sont validées expérimentalement sur un banc d’essai mis en place durant la thèseThe constant evolution of oil prices and the more and more stringent automotive emission standards force the original engine manufacturers to search for innovative solutions in order to reduce oil consumption. As an important part of the energy contained in the primary carrier (the fuel) is lost to the ambient through heat, it seems convenient to recover a part of this thermal energy and to turn it into fuel consumption reduction. Thermodynamic bottoming cycle such as the Rankine cycle could be used to meet this objective. Its popular use throughout the world for electricity generation makes it a natural candidate for on-board implementation in vehicles. However, a certain number of hurdles are still present before the system can be efficiently applied to heavy-duty trucks. In the last thirty years, numerous studies heave been carried out to evaluate the real potential of that kind of system on a vehicle but nothing has yet been commercialized. The heat sources to recover from, the constraints relative to the on-board application and the long and frequent transient behavior of the vehicle mean both the system architecture and its control strategy need to be optimized. The system optimization leads to a choice in terms of working fluid, heat sources and sinks, and components sizing in order to maximize power recovery and hence the fuel saving. The control plays a major role by using the capability of such a system to ensure an efficient and safe operation and limiting the interactions with the other vehicle sub-systems. In this thesis, a system design methodology is introduced to optimize the system architecture using complete model-based vehicle simulation. The constraints relative to the mobile application are taken into consideration to evaluate the potential of such a system. Modelbased control strategies for on controlled variable, namely the superheat level, are developed. Constrained by the implementation platform, different control frameworks ranging from PID to model predictive controllers or observer based controllers are developed to fit into a normal automotive electronic control unit. Most of these novel strategies were experimentally validated on a test rig developed during the thesis
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Arasu, Mukilan T. "Energy Optimal Routing of Vehicle Fleet with Heterogeneous Powertrains." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566150970771138.
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Slepánek, David. "Návrh řídícího algoritmu ABS pro nákladní vozidlo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378485.
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This thesis is concerned with ABS algorithm project for commercial vehicles. In the first part the reader is introduced to the history and first usage of the anti-blocking system, its principles and main functions. There are also driving algorithms and functionality system control. The second part is dedicated to the dynamic model, programs and ADAMS Car and MATLAB Simulink interfaces. It also contains the description of the algorithm, its parameters and basic functionality assay. Simulation, program interlink, testing and tuning are also described. The concluding part deals with results and their assessment.
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Mandana, Raghav Somayya. "Policy Tools for the Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299857.
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There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices. This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions. Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba.Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen. Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna. Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.
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Ekström, Amelie, and Jessica Wänlund. "Nätanslutning av en framtida elväg : En kartläggning av anslutningsmöjligheter för E4an mellan Gävle och Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439941.
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The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads. The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.
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Wänlund, Jessica, and Amelie Ekström. "Nätanslutning av en framtida elväg : En kartläggning av anslutningsmöjligheter för E4an mellan Gävle och Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439942.
Full textAbstract:
The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads. The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.
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Wu, Jie-Ning, and 吳婕寧. "A Planning Distribution Method of Urban Logistics Under Considering Traffic Congestion Using Commercial Electric Vehicles Fleet." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32426421300937506406.
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碩士國立中央大學
企業管理學系
104
In response to climate change and energy security issues, electric vehicles have become the development trend of countries in the world. In recent years, particularly in the large shipping market–Logistic Industry intended to replace some of the petroleum-based vehicles into electric-based vehicles. In this study, Considering the Capacitates Location Problem (CLR) is defined and formulated for performing distribution task in city logistic, develop a new model suitable inner city can be simulated used by commercial electric fleet. Methods in the study modified based on approximation algorithms proposed by be Harks, König, & Matuschke (2013) as a prototype, and combined with the concept of knapsack problem. The new method can overcome when the vehicle delay the delivery time because of traffic congestion. Therefore, the study in the performing of distribution daily task process not only seeks for minimize-cost routes, but also expects to achieve value maximization task. Executing greedy strategy that is abandon the lower value of the customer measures could effectively improve cost-effectiveness. Finally, the paper takes the 7-Eleven in New Taipei city, Taiwan as a study case to demonstrate the result of the present algorithm.
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Lin, Hsin-Wei, and 林信瑋. "The Influence of Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty on Repurchase Intention: Take Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicles for Example." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2t39qv.
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碩士龍華科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
106
Taiwan officially joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) on November 13, 2001. It has experienced industrial outflows, credit crunches, high raw material prices, high oil prices, and global financial tsunami storms. Because of the reasons, heavy-duty commercial vehicle market has faced the recession and competition pressure. The situation is even worse when Taiwan implemented the fifth phase of environmental pollution discharge standards to diesel vehicles on January 1, 2012, followed by the implementation of the sixth phase of the environmental pollution discharge standards in 2019, as well as China’s import to Taiwan. Taiwan’s heavy-duty commercial vehicle market is no longer dominated by the Japanese, but it is subject to competition from various brands, and each auto company is facing great market share pressure. In recent years, the development of network information has led to a rapid rise in consumer awareness, and the overall competition in the market for transparent commercial vehicles has become more intense and complex. Taiwan is a small island, so the market for heavy-duty commercial vehicles is relatively small, compared to other countries. Consequently, once more brand cars, more competition in price, and more promotional activities. The focus of heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers has changed from the new car sales to after-sales services that are less affected by the economy and profitability. This operation is basically difficult, so how the dealers meet the diverse needs of customers in this low-profit market, how they control and win the competition, create higher profits, improve customers’ satisfaction to benefits the company and enhance customers’ loyalty and purchase intention are become important issues. This study focused on these issues for domestic heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers and hopes to provide empirical and practical suggestions for heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers and manufacturers.
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huei-mei, Liu, and 劉惠美. "Research on Coordination of Governmental Policies and Industrial Commercial Pattern for New Startups－Case of Electric Vehicles." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cax4k6.
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博士國立中央大學
企業管理學系
105
The new global climate agreement “Paris Agreement” established in the Paris Conference of 2015 (COP21) took effect on November 4th, 2016, which follows the Kyoto Protocol to continue the climate actions after 2020. The contracting countries have agreed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. In order to fulfill the proposal of zero emission specified in the agreement, they plan to prohibit complete the production and sales of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles, which is estimated to stimulate the growth of the global market of electric vehicle. In the future, the trend of electronic vehicles permeating the mass market is inevitable. However, the achievement of promoting the electronic vehicles in Taiwan is limited since the price of an electronic vehicle is high and the establishment of infrastructure for battery charging has not been completed yet. The market of the electronic vehicles, thus grows slowly. The main sales targets of the electronic vehicles are the organizations such as government institutions that may use the electronic vehicles as the government vehicles. Accordingly, the research aims at conclude the directions of the commercial patterns of electronic vehicle in different countries by analyzing the customer value proposition, profit formula, key resources and key procedure of these patterns. It refers to the commercial patterns of different countries and looks for the coordination between Taiwan’s electronic vehicle industry and the commercial pattern based on Taiwan’s governmental policies, the decrees and the relevant supports. It also seeks for the operation pattern that may create a win-win situation for the customer value and the manufacturer’s profit and for establishment of battery charging stations as the key resources and procedure to the expansion of the electronic vehicle industry. The battery charging stations may serve separately or cooperate with the service providers such as parking lots and gas stations to create the brand-new service and commercial pattern of strategic alliances.
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(5929763), Vaidehi Y. Hoshing. "Augmented Framework for Economic Viability-Based Powertrain Design and Emissions Analysis of Medium/Heavy-Duty Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being considered as an alternative to conventional medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) commercial vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions. Lithium ion batteries, which are used in PHEVs due to their high energy density, are expensive. The battery contributes significantly towards the life-cycle cost of MD/HD PHEVs, as these vehicles, due to high mass and aggressive battery usage, require multiple battery replacements over their lifetime. Smaller batteries increase the fuel consumption and need more replacements, while bigger batteries increase the initial system cost. Powertrain design from a life-cycle cost perspective is required to explore this trade-off and maximize the economic gains obtained from PHEVs.
Powertrain design entails component sizing, control strategy selection as well as architecture selection. Different powertrain designs yield different lifetime economic gains. A variety of applications exist for MD/HD vehicles, which differ in their ways of powertrain usage, due to variations in required acceleration, available braking, and average and maximum speeds. Therefore, different powertrain designs are needed depending on the application and usage scenario. The powertrain design space needs to be explored, and solutions that maximize the economic gains within the specified constraints need to be chosen.
This dissertation compares the economic viability of two PHEV applications (MD Truck and HD Transit Bus), with options of series and parallel hybrid architectures, over multiple drivecycles, for four economic scenarios (years 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030). It is shown that hybridizing the transit bus achieves payback sooner than hybridizing the truck. Further, the results for the transit bus application, over the Manhattan drivecycle, show that implementation of the parallel architecture is economically viable in the 2015(present) scenario, while the series architecture becomes viable in 2020, due to significantly lower initial costs involved in the parallel architecture.
A methodology to select a solution out of the explored design space that maximizes the economic gains is demonstrated. Variations in the economic and vehicle usage conditions for which this solution is designed, can be expected. It is therefore necessary to check the robustness of this solution to change in external factors such as vehicle mass, annual vehicle miles travelled (AVMT), component and fuel costs. It is shown that the economic gains are affected by the battery cost, fuel cost, AVMT and vehicle mass, while the number of battery replacements are affected by AVMT and vehicle mass.
A probability-based approach is demonstrated to obtain confidence in the economic and battery life predictions. Specifically, probability-based variations are provided to variables such as miles traveled between recharge, recharge C-rate and battery temperature. It is shown that battery life is affected the most by battery temperature.
A battery heating/cooling system is required to maintain constant battery temperature of operation during all seasons, but these systems incur additional fuel costs. A framework that utilizes just the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the heating/cooling system to calculate the excess fuel cost is proposed and demonstrated. An increase of 0.9-1.8\% in fuel consumption is shown, depending on the drivecycle and ambient temperature.
Further, the well-to-wheel (WTW) fuel-cycle emissions from conventional and PHEV transit buses operating in Indiana and California are assessed using the ``Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation'' (GREET) Model 2017, developed by Argonne National Labs. It is shown that 59% and 63% greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions can be achieved in Indiana and California respectively, along with reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides NOx, particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 microns PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions for both the states. However, an increase in sulfur oxides SOx emissions for both the states, and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 microns PM10 increase for Indiana, are observed.