Journal articles on the topic 'Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods'
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1
Li, Hui Xing, Xing Zhi Zheng, Guo Hui Feng, and Chi Hong Cao. "Different Heating Methods of Rural Northern Indoor Thermal Environment Simulation Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.629.
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With the rapid development of the rural economy, social progress and indoor heating methods also will be diversified, but given the limitations of technical means, resulting in lower rural energy efficiency, energy consumption is rising. To achieve the purpose of building energy efficiency in rural areas, two common ways of heating in rural areas are to compare. Select the same farm house kang - firewall and kang - soil heating in two different heating methods comparative analysis and apply fluid dynamics software to simulate two heating methods on the indoor temperature field, comparing two ways of heating of the room temperature at different heights .Kang firewall in a joint operation is better than kang - soil heating joint operation on indoor temperature distribution ,it was more uniform high comfort, you can save about 424Kg of standard coal annually. Compared to soil heating that firewall has a higher thermal efficiency and it is an energy efficient way of heating buildings in rural. Firewall heating consistent with sustainable development concept, which use renewable energy as fuel for lower cost. In-depth study can be important for social, environmental and economic value.
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Duan, Qiuhua, Enhe Zhang, Laura Hinkle, and Julian Wang. "Parametric Energy Simulation Methods for Solar-NIR Selective Glazing Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012129.
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Abstract Solar near-infrared (NIR) selective glazing systems have been proposed by incorporating photothermal effects (PTE) of a nanoparticle film into building windows. From an energy efficiency perspective, the nanoscale PTE forms unique inward-flowing heat by heating up the window interior surface temperature under solar near-infrared, significantly improving the window thermal performance. Also, the PTE-driven solar heat gains are dynamic upon solar radiation and weather conditions. However, the PTE on annual building energy use has not been investigated thoroughly, due to the lack of an accurate and appropriate energy simulation method. In this study, we used the EnergyPlus energy management system to develop a parametric energy model and simulation approach in which a solar-temperature-dependent thermal model was embedded into the parametric energy simulation workflow. Applying this method, we examined the solar near-infrared-dependent PTE-induced thermal performances of glazing systems and their effects on annual heating energy use in representative cold climates (i.e., Zones 4, 5, and 6). The results show that the dynamic model considering the PTE demonstrated more heating energy savings, up to 11.64% in cold climates, as opposed to the baseline model that ignored the PTE. This work presents a method to model and simulate the dynamic thermal performance of windows with PTE.
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Muresan, Vlad, Balan Radu, Donca Radu, and Laura Pacurar. "A Detached House Simulation Using the International Building Physics Toolbox in Matlab\Simulink." Applied Mechanics and Materials 162 (March 2012): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.162.567.
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Energy savings are an important issue in the context of climate change. The main goal of researchers is to study and develop new methods of improving energy efficiency in household heating. In this paper a Matlab toolbox is presented and explained. The toolbox is developed for researchers and students interested in simulating building energy behavior. A test room is developed and simulated and a radiator model is implemented. Two types of heating are used during the simulation: a radiant floor heating and a panel radiator. A simple on-off control is used for each heating system. The goal of the paper is to study the impact on energy consumption of each heating system used and their impact on energy consumption when the two heating systems are used in different configurations.
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Ayaz, Murat, Volkan Aygül, Ferhat Düzenli˙, and Erkutay Tasdemi˙rci˙. "Comparative Study on Control Methods for Air Conditioning of Industrial Paint Booths." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2454.
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It is of great importance that each product in industrial production facilities is to be produced in the same quality and standard. Especially in the automotive industry, the painting process needs to be done under certain environmental conditions according to the paint properties used. Therefore, the temperature, humidity and air quality values of the paint booth are very important for a quality painting operation. In this study, adaptive control has been proposed to control of one-zone heating-ventilation system for the paint booths. The system has been modelled by using the Matlab/Simulink. Performance of the proposed control method has been compared with conventional control methods such as On/Off, PID, fuzzy logic in terms of accuracy, efficiency and response time. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive control is effective in the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems temperature control applications. In addition, energy efficiency in HVAC systems has been provided with the proposed control model. Furthermore, thermal analysis of the system has been done to corroborate simulation results.
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Ding, Longting, Xuancang Wang, Wengang Zhang, Shuai Wang, Jing Zhao, and Yongquan Li. "Microwave Deicing Efficiency: Study on the Difference between Microwave Frequencies and Road Structure Materials." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122360.
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A method of deicing using microwave heating is proposed to make scientific and economical road deicing in a cold area, and to make up for deficiencies in the existing methods for melting snow and ice. This paper proposes to define microwave deicing efficiency as the heating rate of a concrete surface when heated to 0 °C (the efficiency of deicing is equal to the difference divided by heating time, which is between 0 °C and the initial temperature at the junction of ice and concrete). Based on the mechanism of microwave heating and deicing, a method combining the finite element simulation model with indoor experiments was proposed to study the deicing efficiency of microwaves, and the effects of different microwave frequencies and different road structure materials on microwave deicing efficiency were analyzed. The results show that the microwave frequency and road structure materials have a great influence on microwave deicing. For asphalt concrete, the ice melting efficiency of 5.8 GHz is 4.31 times that of 2.45 GHz, but the heating depth is less than that of 2.45 GHz. At 2.45 GHz, the melting efficiency of cement concrete is 3.89 times that of asphalt concrete. At 5.8 GHz, the melting efficiency of cement concrete is 5.23 times that of asphalt concrete. Through the consistency of the simulation and experimental results, the validity of the simulation model based on the finite element theory is verified. The results provide theoretical guidance and a practical basis for future applications of microwave deicing.
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Abildinova, Saule K., and Stanislav V. Chicherin. "District heating system simulation considering consumer and pump operation features." Vestnik MGSU, no. 6 (June 2019): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.6.748-755.
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Introduction. The purpose of this investigation is to show what changes introduced in the mathematical model of a district heating system are capable of considerable improving the convergence of simulation results and actual data. The study evaluates the work of heating supply establishments with their customers as well as analysis of the ways of enhancing pump equipment efficiency that allows saving electric energy or increasing output at the same energy consumption. Materials and methods. Engineering acceptance of newly introduced and reconstructed facilities is conducted, heat loads are corrected, disconnections and recurrent connections of indebted consumers are carried out. Studying data submitted by a local heat supply establishment shows that pump seals made from iron and steel are subject accelerated wear in the course of operation. Results. Three variants of the problem solution are suggested: making seals from bronze or stainless steel, prevention of unjustified increase of seal clearances as well as using labyrinth pump seals. This will allow increasing pump equipment efficiency by 5 to 7 % and save about 2 × 105 kW∙h of electrical energy for every pump or increase of output at the same energy consumption. Taking into account that a pump station is a part of the district heating system and unmachined inner surfaces of the pumps have a significant roughness, grinding of these surfaces can improve their hydraulic characteristics of the pumps. In the scope of the suggested method, the entire district heating system is considered not in the situation when actual load is equal to the sum of all the design loads and the pump equipment has manufacturer’s parameters, but accounting actual loads and characteristics. Conclusions. Mathematical model of district heating system heating and hydraulic mode that takes issues mentioned above into consideration would allow simulating joint operation of the heating and hot water supply systems at transient operation modes with higher accuracy.
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Spirin, V. A., V. E. Nikol’skii, D. V. Vokhmintsev, A. A. Moiseev, P. G. Smirnov, and A. G. Platashov. "Perfection of technology and equipment for heating of steel ladles lining at horizontal stands." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-2-187-192.
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To change or repair sliding gates, steel ladles are installed in horizontal position, in which they are heated to keep a working temperature of lining. Peculiarities of a steel ladle heating in horizontal position considered. Description of the lining heating process presented, necessity of elaboration a method of its numeral simulation justified. The method should enable to make studies of influence of various methods of burner location on the ladle cover and torch parameters on efficiency of heating for a particular ladle and time available for the heating. A method of mathematical simulation of heat- and mass-exchange processes of lining heating in nonstationary conditions described. Based on examples of various variants of torch power calculation, dynamics of a ladle walls heating was shown. Results of calculation of temperature distribution over a ladle lining presented, as well as the map of gases flow in the ladle volume for various parameters of torch and heating process stages. Taking into consideration, that calculation costs related to simulation of nonstationary ladle heating are very high, a simplified one-dimensional model of calculation of lining heating process was elaborated. In the model correction factors are used, obtained as a result of numeral simulation. The model enables to make calculations in real time conditions and to use them for control at a practical steel ladle heating in horizontal position at a modern automized heating facility.
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Jankovic, Ljubomir. "Improving Building Energy Efficiency through Measurement of Building Physics Properties Using Dynamic Heating Tests." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081450.
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Buildings contribute to nearly 30% of global carbon dioxide emissions, making a significant impact on climate change. Despite advanced design methods, such as those based on dynamic simulation tools, a significant discrepancy exists between designed and actual performance. This so-called performance gap occurs as a result of many factors, including the discrepancies between theoretical properties of building materials and properties of the same materials in buildings in use, reflected in the physics properties of the entire building. There are several different ways in which building physics properties and the underlying properties of materials can be established: a co-heating test, which measures the overall heat loss coefficient of the building; a dynamic heating test, which, in addition to the overall heat loss coefficient, also measures the effective thermal capacitance and the time constant of the building; and a simulation of the dynamic heating test with a calibrated simulation model, which establishes the same three properties in a non-disruptive way in comparison with the actual physical tests. This article introduces a method of measuring building physics properties through actual and simulated dynamic heating tests. It gives insights into the properties of building materials in use and it documents significant discrepancies between theoretical and measured properties. It introduces a quality assurance method for building construction and retrofit projects, and it explains the application of results on energy efficiency improvements in building design and control. It calls for re-examination of material properties data and for increased safety margins in order to make significant improvements in building energy efficiency.
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Iakovlev, Leonid, and Ian Morozov. "Evaluation of liquid non-freezing conditions in large vessels with local heating scheme using the Ansys Fluent software." Energy Systems 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2022.4.002.
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A computer simulation of an operating water storage tank, RGSn-100, with mortise electric heating elements, for specified conditions was carried out using Finite Element Analysis software ANSYS 2021 R1. The ANSYS Fluent software package was used to solve a three-dimensional numerical simulation of natural convective flows of a viscous incompressible fluid and heat exchange processes with local heating and cooling in a large volume. Several approaches were used to select optimal methods describing convective flows in a large volume most accurately with limited resources. The influence of the heating scheme and cold bridges on the heating efficiency and the risk of freezing is considered. The article provides examples of calculations and gives specific instructions for solving problems of natural convection in large volumes using software tools - models, functions, acceptable simplifications.
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Lundström, Lukas, Jan Akander, and Jesús Zambrano. "Development of a Space Heating Model Suitable for the Automated Model Generation of Existing Multifamily Buildings—A Case Study in Nordic Climate." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030485.
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Building energy performance modeling is essential for energy planning, management, and efficiency. This paper presents a space heating model suitable for auto-generating baseline models of existing multifamily buildings. Required data and parameter input are kept within such a level of detail that baseline models can be auto-generated from, and calibrated by, publicly accessible data sources. The proposed modeling framework consists of a thermal network, a typical hydronic radiator heating system, a simulation procedure, and data handling procedures. The thermal network is a lumped and simplified version of the ISO 52016-1:2017 standard. The data handling consists of procedures to acquire and make use of satellite-based solar radiation data, meteorological reanalysis data (air temperature, ground temperature, wind, albedo, and thermal radiation), and pre-processing procedures of boundary conditions to account for impact from shading objects, window blinds, wind- and stack-driven air leakage, and variable exterior surface heat transfer coefficients. The proposed model was compared with simulations conducted with the detailed building energy simulation software IDA ICE. The results show that the proposed model is able to accurately reproduce hourly energy use for space heating, indoor temperature, and operative temperature patterns obtained from the IDA ICE simulations. Thus, the proposed model can be expected to be able to model space heating, provided by hydronic heating systems, of existing buildings to a similar degree of confidence as established simulation software. Compared to IDA ICE, the developed model required one-thousandth of computation time for a full-year simulation of building model consisting of a single thermal zone. The fast computation time enables the use of the developed model for computation time sensitive applications, such as Monte-Carlo-based calibration methods.
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Liu, Hao, Li Liang Chen, and Jian Xin Zhou. "Numerical Simulation of Induction Heating Process of Continuous Casting Slab." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.37.
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Compared with traditional blazing furnace, the Continuous Casting-Direct Rolling is an advanced manufacturing steel technology, which can reduce energy waste, decrease pollution and enhance efficiency. The characteristics of steels during induction heating are complex, the change of material properties with temperature makes exact analysis methods very difficult to implement. Therefore, a powerful computer aided numerical tool (i.e., finite difference analysis) is selected to numerically model the induction heating process in this paper. The mathematic model coupling with electromagnetic field and thermal field was established, and it was solved by finite difference method (FDM), thus the slab temperature distribution and its variation with time were obtained, and the characteristics in whole induction heating process were studied. To validate the program feasible, the results were evaluated and compared with experiment results, which showed that the simulation results are reliable and effective. The skin effect in heating process from the two results was studied and demonstrated, the temperature change caused by different parameters such as the induced power intensity and the corner radian were also presented, which indicate that the slab temperature can be heated uniformly through adjusting these parameters, thus the continuous casting slab can meet the rolling requirement.
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Vu, Hien, and Donghwa Shin. "Scheduled Pre-Heating of Li-Ion Battery Packs for Balanced Temperature and State-of-Charge Distribution." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092212.
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Lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant performance degradation such as power/energy capacity loss and life cycle reduction in low-temperature conditions. Hence, the Li-ion battery pack is heated before usage to enhance its performance and lifetime. Recently, many internal heating methods have been proposed to provide fast and efficient pre-heating. However, the proposed methods only consider a combination of unit cells while the internal heating should be implemented for multiple groups within a battery pack. In this study, we investigated the possibility of timing control to simultaneously obtain balanced temperature and state of charge (SOC) between each cell by considering geometrical and thermal characteristics of the battery pack. The proposed method schedules the order and timing of the charge/discharge period for geometrical groups in a battery pack during internal pre-heating. We performed a pack-level simulation with realistic electro-thermal parameters of the unit battery cells by using the mutual pulse heating strategy for multi-layer geometry to acquire the highest heating efficiency. The simulation results for heating from −30 ∘ C to 10 ∘ C indicated that a balanced temperature-SOC status can be achieved via the proposed method. The temperature difference can be decreased to 0.38 ∘ C and 0.19% of the SOC difference in a heating range of 40 ∘ C with only a maximum SOC loss of 2.71% at the end of pre-heating.
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Szodrai, F., and á. Lakatos. "Simulations of the changes o f the heating energy demand and transmission losses of buildings in central European climate: Combination of experiments and simulations." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 2015): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2015.6.2.6.
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Recently, it has become extremely important to reduce the heating energy demand and the CO2 emission of buildings. This reduction can easily be achieved by insulating the shell of buildings. By thermal insulation not only the heating energy demand can be reduced but also higher thermal efficiency can be reached. Therefore, measurements, calculations and simulations are carried out on the energy efficiency of buildings. Furthermore, the combination of methods is of great importance. Combination of experiments with building simulations solution can make design practices and sizing processes easier in the investigation of building performance. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the energy balance of a building can be changed in function of the wet building envelope in the Central European Region. A real and available building (old family house) was tested and it was placed (hypothetically) in three different countries (Austria, Hungary and Slovakia). In this study two types of load-bearing structures (brick and concrete) covered with four different types of insulations (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, graphite-doped expanded polystyrene, and extruded polystyrene) were tested. The change in the heating energy of the building in three different countries by the function of measured water contents of the thermal insulators was simulated by CASAnova simulation software.
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Aflyatunov, Radmir, Petr Vasilyev, Roman Kirillov, and Regina Khazieva. "STUDY OF THE FILTER-COMPENSATING FUNCTION OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL INTEGRATED ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPONENT AS A PART OF THE INDUCTION HEATING SYSTEM." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 1 (2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-1-95-106.
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Relevance The need for computer simulation is due to the modes of operation of induction heating systems and the high cost of the element base. This avoids the cost of expensive components. The use of a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component is justified by the cost of individual discrete components that make up the induction heating system, as well as by the provision of the functionality of filter compensating devices. The use of a multifunctional electromagnetic component makes it possible to achieve a reduction in the resource intensity of the circuit, its cost, and to increase the reliability of the device. Aim of research This article discusses the design of an induction heating system with the function of a filter-compensating device, made on the basis of a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component for an induction heating system that implements the technology of locally associated heating of an extended pipeline. The main task is to determine the electrical circuit of the filter-compensating device operating as part of an induction heating system of locally associated heating and the analytical calculation of the parameters of a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component. Research methods In this study, the following methods were used: patent review, study of scientific literature, computer simulation performed in the ELCUT 6.4 software package. Results The authors have developed a scheme of an induction heating system with the function of a filter compensating device based on a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component for an induction heating system that implements the technology of locally associated heating of an extended pipeline using functional integration methods. A study was made of the technology of locally associated thermal impact on an extended pipeline. In the ELCUT 6.4 software package, a computer model of the system was developed, and the efficiency of the filter-compensating device during the heating process was evaluated. As a result of the simulation, the characteristics of the magnetic field of the system were obtained and the thermal problem was solved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the technology of locally associated heating.
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Krumins, Andris, Kristina Lebedeva, Antra Tamane, and Renars Millers. "Possibilities of Balancing Buildings Energy Demand for Increasing Energy Efficiency in Latvia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0009.
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Abstract Nowadays national and international directives have focused on improving energy efficiency in the building sector. According to them, energy consumption and emissions of buildings must be reduced. This can be achieved by balancing energy demand in buildings. In this context, this paper proposes a buildings’ energy demand balancing method using the building energy consumption simulation program IDA ICE and real measurements. A 3D model of the building was developed, energy consumption and indoor climate of the building was monitored throughout the year, the behaviour of the occupants (a survey was conducted) was analysed, dynamic change of the weather was studied and all data were integrated into IDA ICE simulation. In order to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, the possibilities of optimization of heat production equipment and heating devices, as well as inspecting and optimization of ventilation and cooling equipment were considered. By adjusting the parameters of the heating system of the researched object, the energy consumption of the auto centre decreased to 39.3 kWh/m2 per year. One of the most popular methods of balancing energy demand in recent years – the creation of smart grids – is also considered.
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Szyszka, Jerzy. "Simulation of modified Trombe wall." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900114.
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Passive systems are becoming increasingly popular among designers, which is reflected in their frequent use in the construction of modern buildings. The prevailing material in façade design is glass which enables i.a. photothermal conversion of solar energy either in the so-called direct systems or in one of a number of the collector-and-storage Trombe wall variants. In order to estimate how the aforementioned passive solutions affect the energy balance of a building, the efficiency of such solutions needs to be determined first. This paper presents the research proposal that would use a simple-structure laboratory simulator. The proposed method is based on the analogy of supplying heat into the TW itself with an internal heat source. In order to simulate the absorption of solar radiation that takes place in the absorber, the heat was produced by the heating cable embedded in such an absorber. The results of tests carried out according to one of the Design of Experiments (DOE) methods enabled the development of an empirical model showing the operation efficiency of the originally modified Trombe wall.
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Li, Zhenxia, Tengteng Guo, Yuanzhao Chen, Wenping Yang, Shengquan Ding, Menghui Hao, Xu Zhao, and Jinyuan Liu. "Electrode Layout Optimization and Numerical Simulation of Cast Conductive Asphalt Concrete Steel Bridge Deck Pavement." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 7033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15197033.
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In order to obtain the optimal electrode layout and ice melting effect of cast conductive asphalt concrete steel bridge deck pavement, firstly, pouring conductive asphalt concrete was prepared; secondly, different electrode materials and layout methods were selected to test the heating rate of the specimen from start to 120 min, and the electrode materials and layout methods were optimized. Then, the finite element analysis software ANSYS was used to build the model for heating and ice melting simulation, and the indoor test was used to further verify the ice melting effect of the cast conductive asphalt coagulation with or without the insulation layer. Finally, the thermal-structural coupling analysis of cast conductive asphalt concrete steel bridge deck pavement was carried out using ANSYS finite element software. The results showed that the stainless steel electrode material had the best heating effect, and the electrode thickness in the range of 0.1~3 mm had no effect on the heating effect. The intermediate heating rate of the upper surface of the stainless steel sheet electrode cast conductive asphalt concrete in the left and right external electrodes was 8 ∘C/h, while the intermediate heating rate of the upper surface of the stainless steel mesh electrode cast conductive asphalt concrete was 12.9 ∘C/h. The layout of the left and right buried stainless steel metal mesh was able to effectively improve the snow melting efficiency; ANSYS finite element ice melting simulation was used to obtain the variation law of ice melting efficiency and a temperature field of cast conductive asphalt concrete. The indoor ice melting test showed that when melting the same thickness ice layer at 50 V voltage, it took 240 min with an insulation layer and 720 min without an insulation layer, which was three times that of the ice with an insulation layer, which further verifies the superiority of its ice melting effect. The most unfavorable load position of pavement under load and temperature field was determined. The maximum tensile stress and compressive stress of the pavement surface were transverse, and the maximum shear stress of the pavement bottom was transverse.
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Pangaribawa, Muttaqin Rahmat, Sunardi Wiyono, Sarjito, Niko Aji Sutopo, and Fiki Amirul Khusaini. "Numerically Detection Fluid Characteristic Effects in Porous Media for Plastic Manufacturing Process Reconstruction." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 749–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2022.7.5.049.
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Research work aimed to prove the cooling effectiveness and efficiency of heating numerically. It was carried out by reconstructing the mold to reduce condensation while keeping the production cycle time. The simulation was done using CFD Fluent, Finite Volume Method (FVM) with a solution method of pressure-velocity, SIMPLE coupling, and second-order upwind discretization scheme. The model's boundary condition represents plastic packaging's production process. The simulation was done to optimize performance during production. Reconstruction and simulation were undertaken. The initial investigation was to produce data for cooling time versus the whole production time. The research result indicated that the average cooling time was 3/5 of the total production time. There were 15.5706 of 26.4206 sec and 15.641 of 26.491 sec, respectively. Further investigation was focused on investigating heat absorption and transfer through cells in the matrix. The porous effect showed temperature gradient reduction between cooled and cooler temperatures by simulation in color. The phenomenon predicted that the Ra contributed to the rate of temperature decrease revealed. There is also an apparent increase in temperature interfaces is evidence. The porous media application with The Rayleigh Number ≥ 105 retained the potential cooling effectivity and heating efficiency. By simulation, a series of discussions of the result of research, the potential may apply in the plastic mold to reconstruct the space and its methods using filling-porous. It is relevant because the heating ability in the phase change of fluid that creates particular characteristics has the potential to make effective cooling.
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Jeon, Sangjun, Jaekyung Kim, and Daejong Yang. "Design of Large-Scale Microwave Cavity for Uniform and Efficient Plastic Heating." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030541.
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To reduce carbon emissions during heating in the manufacturing processes, microwave technology has attracted significant attention. Microwaves have considerable advantages over traditional heating methods, including more rapid heating, lower thermal damage, and eco-friendly processes. To apply microwaves to the manufacturing process, uniform and efficient heating is required. We analyzed the effect of various design parameters for uniform and efficient heating by changing the cavity heights, application of the reflector, and number and positions of waveguides. We conducted a numerical simulation and verified the findings by experiments. The results showed that a slight change in the cavity height altered the electromagnetic field distribution and heating parameters, such as the coefficient of variance and power absorption efficiency. With reflectors installed, 66% of cases exhibited better comprehensive evaluation coefficient (CEC) with consideration of uniform heating and power absorption. The spherical reflector showed 81% of cases, better than those of the ordinary model without a reflector. Furthermore, when double waveguides were installed, the average coefficient of variance (COV) was improved by 22%, and power absorption efficiency was increased by 53% compared to the single waveguide case. When the power applied to the waveguides was doubled, the average COV values improved by 18%. This large-scale analysis will be helpful in applying microwaves to actual industrial sites.
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Mans, Michael, Tobias Blacha, Thomas Schreiber, and Dirk Müller. "Development and Application of an Open-Source Framework for Automated Thermal Network Generation and Simulations in Modelica." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124372.
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District heating and cooling (DHC) networks, and in particular, the fifth generation of DHC networks, offer great potential in increasing the overall system efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions in the heating and cooling of urban districts. Due to the growing complexity of these energy systems, the use of new planning methods, such as the use of dynamic simulation models based on Modelica, becomes more important. However, especially with large, complex thermal networks, there is a high effort for manual model construction and parameterization. For this reason, we present a framework for automated model generation of DHC networks based on simulation models in Modelica written in Python. The core function of the Python framework is to transform a graph representation of a district heating network into a dynamic simulation model. The authors briefly describe the workflow and demonstrate its applicability with three different use cases. We investigate the impact of different design decisions, e.g., comparing the difference between central and decentral pumps as well as a combination of both in one network. In addition, we present the results of evaluating the impact of different network temperature levels or pipe insulation compared to the overall energy supplied to the network, leading to the conclusion that the presented framework is capable of reducing the manual effort for performing DHC network simulations with Modelica and allows to easily perform parameter studies in an early planning phases in the future.
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Li, Yang. "Application of energy-saving structural design under numerical simulation in solar heating buildings." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191221130l.
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The research is to explore the changes in solar heating buildings under energy-saving structural design. This paper analyzes the changes in solar heating buildings under energy-saving structural design by constructing a numerical simulation method. It mainly studies the effects of the space temperature of the house, different thermal insulation methods, and wall thermal resistance on solar heating buildings. The energy-saving structural design mainly includes expanding the area of exterior windows, increasing heat retainers, adopting energy-saving walls, and improving the building envelope. The results show that after the energy-saving structural design, the indoor temperature of the solar heating building after the renovation has been greatly increased, with an average increase of about 6 ?C. Compared with the external insulation and internal insulation modes, the solar heating building under the sandwich insulation mode has the best effect, and the room temperature increases the most. Also, it shows that the east wall, west wall, and north wall of the building are increasing the energy saving per unit area of the wall as the wall thermal resistance increases. The difference is that the increasing range of the north wall has significant advantages over the east wall and the west wall. The energy-saving structural design for solar heating buildings under the numerical simulation method has significantly improved the utilization efficiency of solar energy. It reduces the consumption of traditional fossil resources and improves the quality of the environment. This paper?s research has a positive effect on subsequent research.
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Zoder, Marius, Janosch Balke, Mathias Hofmann, and George Tsatsaronis. "Simulation and Exergy Analysis of Energy Conversion Processes Using a Free and Open-Source Framework—Python-Based Object-Oriented Programming for Gas- and Steam Turbine Cycles." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102609.
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State-of-the-art thermodynamic simulation of energy conversion processes requires proprietary software. This article is an attempt to refute this statement. Based on object-oriented programming a simulation and exergy analysis of a combined cycle gas turbine is carried out in a free and open-source framework. Relevant basics of a thermodynamic analysis with exergy-based methods and necessary fluid property models are explained. Thermodynamic models describe the component groups of a combined heat and power system. The procedure to transform a physical model into a Python-based simulation program is shown. The article contains a solving algorithm for a precise gas turbine model with sophisticated equations of state. As an example, a system analysis of a combined cycle gas turbine with district heating is presented. Herein, the gas turbine model is validated based on literature data. The exergy analysis identifies the thermodynamic inefficiencies. The results are graphically presented in a Grassmann chart. With a sensitivity analysis a thermodynamic optimization of the district heating system is discussed. Using the exergy destruction rate in heating condensers or the overall efficiency as the objective function yields to different results.
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Obstawski, Paweł, Tomasz Bakoń, and Dariusz Czekalski. "Comparison of Solar Collector Testing Methods—Theory and Practice." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111340.
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One of the most important problems of operating solar heating systems involves variable efficiency depending on operating conditions. This problem is more pronounced in hybrid energy systems, where a solar installation cooperates with other segments based on conventional carriers of energy or renewable sources of energy. The operating cost of each segment of a hybrid system depends mainly on the resulting efficiency of solar installation. For over 40 years, the procedures of testing solar collectors have been undergoing development, testing, comparison and verification in order to create a procedure that would allow determining the thermal behavior of a solar collector without performing expensive and complicated experimental tests, usually based on the steady state condition. The proper determination of the static and dynamic properties of a solar collector is of key significance, as they constitute a basis for the design of a solar heating installation, as well as a control system. It is therefore important to conduct simulating and operating tests enabling the performance of a comparative analysis intended to indicate the degree to which the static and dynamic properties of a solar collector depend on the method used for their determination. The paper compares the static and dynamic properties of a flat solar collector determined by means of various methods. Based on the produced results, it has been concluded that the static and dynamic properties of a collector determined using various methods may differ from each other even by 50%. This means that it is possible to increase the efficiency of a solar heating installation via the use of an adaptive control algorithm, enabling real-time calculation of the values of characteristic parameters of solar installation, e.g., the time constant under operating conditions.
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Oh, Jewon, Daisuke Sumiyoshi, Masatoshi Nishioka, and Hyunbae Kim. "Examination of Efficient Operation Method of ATES System by Comparison Operation with WTES System of Existent Heat Storage System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 10321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110321.
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Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system is widely used mainly in Europe and USA. In this paper, we examined the efficient operation method of ATES by comparing it with the water thermal energy storage (WTES) system of an existent thermal energy storage (TES) system using simulation. This study uses three aquifers: pumping wells, thermal storage wells, and reducing wells. The initial temperature is 19.1 °C groundwater from the surrounding area. ATES systems use the same operating methods as WTES systems to reduce heat storage efficiency and increase energy consumption. The operation that combines the ATES system with the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil can be used for air conditioning operation even if the heat storage diffuses or the pumping temperature changes. The aquifer heat storage system was used for the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil, and the cooling power consumption was reduced by 20%. The heating operation could not maintain heat for a long time due to the influence of groundwater flowing in from the surroundings. Therefore, it is recommended to use the stored heat as soon as possible. When energy saving is important by introducing a pre-cooling/pre-heating coil, the operation is performed by storing heat at a low temperature close to geothermal heat and also using groundwater heat. In addition, if the reduction of peak power in the daytime is important, it is appropriate to operate so that the heat stored in the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil is used up as much as possible. As a result, it was found that it is effective to operate the ATES system in combination with a pre-cooling/pre-heating coil. In cooling operation, ATES-C1-7 was the lowest at coefficient of performance (COP) 2.4 and ATES-C2-14 was the highest at COP 3.7. In heating operation, ATES-H1-45 was the lowest at COP1.2, and in other cases, it was about the same at COP2.4-2.8. In terms of energy efficiency, the heating operation ATES-H1-45 had a low energy efficiency of 4.1 for energy efficiency ratio (EER) and 3.9 for seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). In other cases, the energy efficiency was 8.2–12.4 for EER and 8.7–15.3 for SEER.
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Schwab, Julian, Markus Bernecker, Saskia Fischer, Bijan Seyed Sadjjadi, Martin Kober, Frank Rinderknecht, and Tjark Siefkes. "Exergy Analysis of the Prevailing Residential Heating System and Derivation of Future CO2-Reduction Potential." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103502.
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The residential heating sector accounts for a large share of the worldwide annual primary energy consumption. In order to reduce CO2-emissions, it is therefore particularly important to analyse this sector for potential efficiency improvements. In Europe, natural gas boilers are the most widely used heating technology since they are cost-effective and can be installed in any type of building. The energy efficiency of these boilers is already high. However, in their internal process, heat is generated at a high temperature level which is only used for space heating and therefore a high amount of exergy remains unused. This research aims to develop the potential of using the exergy to further improve the efficiency of the systems. A novel combination of methods is applied to analyse the thermodynamic behaviour of gas-fired boilers in detail and over the cycle of a year. The analysis is performed in two steps: In the first step a system is examined in stationary operating points. This is carried out through an experimental setup and a three-dimensional numerical simulation. In the second step, the obtained data is applied to a transient annual building simulation. The results show the temporal distribution and total amount of the annual exergy loss for a common residential building. The exergy loss accumulates to 16,271 kWh per year, which shows the high potential to partially convert the exergy to electrical energy and significantly reduce the external electricity demand and CO2-emissions of the building. Based on this, new technologies such as Thermoelectric Generators can be developed, which can enable this potential.
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Zuev, Andrey, Andrey Ivashko, and Denis Lunin. "METHODS OF COMPENSATION OF MICROBOLOMETER MATRIСES SELF-HEATING IN THE PROCESSING OF THERMAL IMAGES." Advanced Information Systems 6, no. 2 (July 14, 2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2022.2.11.
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The sources of noise and artifacts arising during thermal imaging and the methods for thermal images filtering, including methods specific for processing of images generated by infrared sensors, are considered. In particular, distortions caused by the process of microbolometrer matrices self-heating due to internal and external heating sources and the methods for compensating such distortions are studied. The purpose of the study is to create a mathematical model of a bolometric matrix self-heating based on heat transfer equations and to develop an algorithm for suppressing of distortions introduced into thermal images by self-heating. The exponential models describing the propagation of heat in the microbolometer matrix are proposed and it is shown that the coefficients of the models after logarithming can be determined by the least squares method. For real thermal images, the coefficients of the model are determined, and situations are considered when the base temperature of the object is known and when it is necessary to restore it, and modifications of the exponential model in the form of an exponent from a complete and incomplete square are proposed. Computer simulation of the proposed distortion compensation algorithm has been carried out, a set of thermal images before and after processing has been presented, and a quantitative estimation of the degree of noise suppression caused by heating of bolometric arrays has been obtained. Based on the results of the work, it was determined that the exponential model provides a sufficient degree of closeness of the experimental and theoretically predicted temperature data, and the degree of difference between the data and the model was estimated. Recommendations are developed for the application of the proposed methods at known and unknown base temperature of the matrix. Proposals have been developed for further improving the mathematical model, including the situation of temperature changes over time, and for improving the efficiency of self-heating noise suppression algorithms.
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Allymehr, Ehsan, Geir Skaugen, Torsten Will, Ángel Álvarez Pardiñas, Trygve Magne Eikevik, Armin Hafner, and Lena Schnabel. "Numerical Study of Hydrocarbon Charge Reduction Methods in HVAC Heat Exchangers." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154480.
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Required refrigerant charge in heat pump systems with propane is analyzed. Two systems are compared: the first a direct heat pump, with fin-and-tube heat exchangers, and the second an indirect system, with plate heat exchangers with an additional brine-to-air heat exchanger. Each system was considered to be able to work reversibly, with 5 kW design cooling capacity in summer and 8 kW design heating capacity in winter. Two separately developed simulation codes were used to calculate the required refrigerant charge and the efficiency of each of the systems. The charge was reduced by the use of microfinned tubes up to 22% in direct system reduced using microfinned tubes compared to the smooth tube. For the indirect system using specially designed plate heat exchangers with the minimum internal volume, their charge was reduced by up to 66% compared to normal plate heat exchangers.
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Hopkins, Philip F., Michael Y. Grudić, Andrew Wetzel, Dušan Kereš, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, Xiangcheng Ma, Norman Murray, and Nathan Butcher. "Radiative stellar feedback in galaxy formation: Methods and physics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 3702–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3129.
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ABSTRACT Radiative feedback (RFB) from stars plays a key role in galaxies, but remains poorly understood. We explore this using high-resolution, multifrequency radiation-hydrodynamics (RHD) simulations from the Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. We study ultrafaint dwarf through Milky Way mass scales, including H+He photoionization; photoelectric, Lyman Werner, Compton, and dust heating; and single+multiple scattering radiation pressure (RP). We compare distinct numerical algorithms: ray-based LEBRON (exact when optically thin) and moments-based M1 (exact when optically thick). The most important RFB channels on galaxy scales are photoionization heating and single-scattering RP: in all galaxies, most ionizing/far-UV luminosity (∼1/2 of lifetime-integrated bolometric) is absorbed. In dwarfs, the most important effect is photoionization heating from the UV background suppressing accretion. In MW-mass galaxies, metagalactic backgrounds have negligible effects; but local photoionization and single-scattering RP contribute to regulating the galactic star formation efficiency and lowering central densities. Without some RFB (or other ‘rapid’ FB), resolved GMCs convert too-efficiently into stars, making galaxies dominated by hyperdense, bound star clusters. This makes star formation more violent and ‘bursty’ when SNe explode in these hyperclustered objects: thus, including RFB ‘smoothes’ SFHs. These conclusions are robust to RHD methods, but M1 produces somewhat stronger effects. Like in previous FIRE simulations, IR multiple-scattering is rare (negligible in dwarfs, $\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of RP in massive galaxies): absorption occurs primarily in ‘normal’ GMCs with AV ∼ 1.
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Zhang, Min, Xiubo Jia, Zhixiang Tang, Yixuan Zeng, Xuejiao Wang, Yi Liu, and Yuqing Ling. "A Fast and Accurate Method for Computing the Microwave Heating of Moving Objects." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082985.
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In this paper, we show a fast and accurate numerical method for simulating the microwave heating of moving objects, which is still a challenge because of its complicated mathematical model simultaneously coupling electromagnetic field, thermal field, and temperature-dependent moving objects. By contrast with most discrete methods whose dielectric parameters of the heated samples are updated only when they move to a new position or even turn a circle, in our simulations a real-time procedure is added to renew the parameters during the whole heating process. Furthermore, to avoid the mesh-mismatch induced by remeshing the moving objects, we move the cavity instead of samples. To verify the efficiency and accuracy, we compared our method with the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method, one of the most accurate methods for computing this process until now. For the same computation model, our method helps in decreasing the computing time by about 90% with almost the same accuracy. Moreover, the influence of the rotational speed on the microwave heating is systematically investigated by using this method. The results show the widely used speed in domestic microwave ovens, 5 rpm, is indeed a good choice for improving the temperature uniformity with high energy efficiency.
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Razali, Che Munira Che, Shamsul Faisal Mohd Hussein, Nolia Harudin, and Shahrum Shah Abdullah. "Estimation of Building Energy Efficiency Performance Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23102.
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Since a pass few decades up to recent, building energy efficiency performance is the top priority due to the sustainability of energy and quality of life. According to recent study related to computer experiment, there are various types of the model has been proposed by the researcher to improve the performance of building energy efficiency. However, there is no empirical evidence to prove the best method in prediction and estimation of energy efficiency that ensure adequate energy to meet todays and future needs. The objective of this paper is to propose Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) for estimating the heating load and cooling load of a residential building. This study set out to evaluate different estimation methods of residential building energy efficiency using RBFNN. The data of residential building are obtained from UCI Machine Learning Repository. The dataset of simulation using Ecotect consists of 768 samples with 8 input features and 2 output variables were used to train and test the algorithm of RBFNN. The input variables involved in this experiment are relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area, and glazing area distribution of a building, while the output variables are heating and cooling loads of the building. The analytical result of the proposed method shows that RBFNN produces better result and performance compared with the previous researches.
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Guo, Pei, Jiri Zhou, Rongjiang Ma, Nanyang Yu, and Yanping Yuan. "Dynamic Heating System of Multiphase Flow Digester by Solar-Untreated Sewage Source Heat Pump." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (August 3, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821687.
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The traditional biogas heating system has the disadvantages of a low energy efficiency ratio and high energy consumption. In this study, a solar-untreated sewage source heat pump system (SUSSHPS) was developed for heating a 12 m3 multiphase flow digester (MFD) in Suining, China. To investigate the operating effects, two modes were defined according to the solar fractions in different regions. On the basis of experimental data, thermodynamic calculations and operating simulation analysis were performed, and the solar collector area (Ac) and the minimum length of the sewage double-pipe heat exchanger (lmin) for the two modes were calculated. The results indicated that the Ac and lmin of mode 2 were larger than those of mode 1 at different solar fractions. Additionally, the results suggested that mode 1 can be used at a solar fraction of <0.33, and mode 2 can be used at a solar fraction of >0.5. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation of different biogas heating systems was performed. Two evaluation methods were used for modeling calculations, and the results of the two methods were consistent. The SUSSHPS had the largest comprehensive evaluation value among the four systems. The proposed SUSSHPS can play a significant role in improving current biogas heating systems and promoting the development of biogas projects.
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Fořt, Jan, Jiří Šál, Jan Kočí, and Robert Černý. "Energy Efficiency of Novel Interior Surface Layer with Improved Thermal Characteristics and Its Effect on Hygrothermal Performance of Contemporary Building Envelopes." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082012.
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Facing the consequences of climate change and fuel price rises, the achievement of the requirements for low-energy consumption of buildings has become a challenging issue. On top of that, increased demands on indoor hygrothermal conditions usually require the utilization of additional heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to maintain a comfortable environment. On this account, several advanced and modern materials are widely investigated as a promising way for reduction of the buildings’ energy consumption including utilization of passive heating/cooling energy. However, the efficiency and suitability of passive strategies depending on several aspects including the influence of location, exterior climatic conditions, load-bearing materials used, and insulation materials applied. The main objective of this study consists of the investigation of the energy performance benefits gained by the utilization of advanced materials in plasters by computational modeling. Results obtained from a computational simulation reveal the capability of the studied passive cooling/heating methods on the moderation of indoor air quality together with the reduction of the diurnal temperature fluctuation. Achieved results disclose differences in terms of energy savings for even small variation in outdoor climate conditions. Additionally, the effectivity of passive cooling/heating alters considerably during the summer and winter periods. Based on the analysis of simulated heat fluxes, the potential energy savings related to improved thermal properties of the applied plaster layer reached up to 12.08% and thus represent an interesting passive solution towards energy sustainability to meet the criteria on modern buildings.
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Voicu, M. C., B. Lammen, R. Schmidt, and I. Maniu. "Simulation of Bending Vibrations of a Roller System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 162 (March 2012): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.162.47.
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To improve the efficiency of printing or coating processes for paper products the velocity of the web and the roller width can be increased. However, these measures cause deformations of the rollers, heating effects and streak print defects due to undesirable oscillations. The vibration characteristic is significant for the quality and efficiency of the printing or coating processes. Approved methods like balancing of the rollers and maximizing the bending stiffness have come to technical limits. This paper describes a new promising technology for further optimization of printing and coating machines. Piezoelectric actuators are integrated in the bearings of a roller of a flexographic printing machine and generate counterforces to compensate undesired bending vibrations. Strain gauges applied on the roller measure the vibrations. A simulation model of the mechatronic overall-system has been developed to design the control strategy. The oscillations of roller systems in printing machines and other industrial applications are mainly stimulated by disturbances that occur periodically with each rotation. A feedback control strategy combined with a feed forward compensation of predictable disturbances has shown promising results in simulation and experiments. Due to the fact that the excitations of the oscillations are periodically with the rotation of rollers, another approach for vibration reduction has been developed. The forces for vibration reduction are not generated by an active mechatronic system but by passive profile rings.
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Kalabin, D. A., A. Yu Lipovka, and Yu L. Lipovka. "Computer simulation and full-scale measurements of the load flow in a functioning heating network." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-1-44-56.
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The article aims to identify patterns in the distribution of heating energy to consumers with a varying availability of regulation equipment under real conditions of a central heating network, as well as to compare the results of computer simulation with full-scale measurements. For computer simulation, well-known mathematical methods for calculating the load flow in hydraulic circuits were used. Experimental studies of the operation modes of heat supply systems were carried out using the data of the control and monitoring systems of thermal power plants using the Siemens Simatic PCS7 software, a Portaflow 300 ultrasonic flow meter, stationary electromagnetic flow transducers, verified and certified manometers and thermometers. The graphs of the actual hydrodynamic modes of the heating network under study were obtained at outdoor air temperatures from +8 to -37°C, as well as under abnormal conditions (temperature drop in the supply pipeline and pressure drop at the heating network input). It was proposed to use jointly the simulation by means of the JA_Net software and full-scale measurements of the thermohydraulic operating modes of a centralised heat supply system, whose consumers have a various degree of regulation equipment. It was shown that the proposed complex method of qualitative and quantitative assessment of the efficiency of district heating networks makes it possible to identify the features of control of their hydraulic modes when connecting new consumers with a varying degree of automation. According to the obtained characteristics of changes in the flow rate of the coolant in the consumers’ internal systems depending on the pressure drop at the tie-in point, the lack of response to emergency situations on part of the consumers whose heat supply systems are equipped with the means of qualitative and quantitative regulation of the heat load, is associated with the process of automatic adjustment of the degree of opening of flow controllers and control valves at individual points. In future work, we will develop guidelines for levelling the imbalance of the heating network under the conditions of uneven provision of facilities with automation equipment when implementing projects for the complex modernisation of heat consumers or connecting new facilities to existing heat supply networks.
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Klyuchareva, S. V., Igor V. Ponomarev, and A. E. Pushkareva. "Numerical Modeling and Clinical Evaluation of Pulsed Dye Laser and Copper Vapor Laser in Skin Vascular Lesions Treatment." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2019.07.
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Introduction: Different yellow lasers have been successfully used for the treatment of vascular lesions. This study is aimed to ascertain the role and efficiency of copper vapor lasers (CVLs) and pulsed dye lasers (PDLs) for the treatment of vascular lesions using numerical modeling and to compare results with our clinical experience. In this study we aimed to develop criteria for the choice of more efficient laser exposure mode, investigate more relevant modes of laser irradiation to ensure selective photothermolysis of target vessels, and compare the CVL and PDL efficiency in the course of patients with skin vascular lesions (SVL) treatment. Methods: We performed numerical simulation of the processes of heating a vessel with CVL and PDL to temperatures at which its coagulation could occur. Calculated fluencies were compared with clinical results of laser therapy performed on 1242 patients with skin hemangiomas and vascular malformations (SHVM), including 635 patients treated with CVL and 607 patients treated with PDL. PDL and CVL provided excellent results in 40 and ten days after treatment. The treatment was not painful. Patients did not need anesthesia. Postoperative crusts were greater with PDL than with CVL. Results: Results of computer simulation of a selective vessel heating using PDL and CVL radiation are presented. By results obtained, depth of the location and sizes of vessels that could be selectively heated to more than 75°C are determined. Conclusion: Based on calculated and clinical data, the heating mode for dysplastic vessels using a series of CVL micropulses could be regarded to be safer and more efficient than the mode of a PDL short, powerful pulse.
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Lee, Haksung, Akihito Ozaki, Younhee Choi, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Performance Improvement Plan of Air Circulation-Type Solar Heat-Storage System Using Ventilated Cavity of Roof." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2021): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061606.
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Indoor solar-heating systems that use ventilated roofs have drawn attention in recent years. The effectiveness and efficiency of such air-heating systems vary depending on the design and operation methods. In Japan, by introducing outside air into a ventilated roof cavity and circulating the air indoors, systems that simultaneously obtain ventilation, solar heating, and heat-storage effects have been actively developed. The conventional systems intake a large volume of outside air to increase the solar heat collection effect. However, there is a risk of heat loss and over-drying when a large amount of cold dry air during winter is introduced. In this paper, plans are presented for improving these solar heating and heat-storage effects by preventing over-drying using indoor air circulation via ventilated cavities in the roof and indoor wall. By comparing the results of the proposed system with those of the conventional system via numerical simulation, the heating load is found to be reduced by 50% or more by circulating indoor air to the ventilated roof and storing the heat in the indoor wall. Moreover, an increased relative humidity of approximately 10% was confirmed by reducing the intrusion of the outside air and keeping the moisture indoors.
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Karampelas, K., T. Van Doorsselaere, and M. Guo. "Wave heating in gravitationally stratified coronal loops in the presence of resistivity and viscosity." Astronomy & Astrophysics 623 (March 2019): A53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834309.
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Context. In recent years, coronal loops have been the focus of studies related to the damping of different magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) surface waves and their connection with coronal seismology and wave heating. For a better understanding of wave heating, we need to take into account the effects of different dissipation coefficients such as resistivity and viscosity, the importance of the loop physical characteristics, and the ways gravity can factor into the evolution of these phenomena. Aims. We aim to map the sites of energy dissipation from transverse waves in coronal loops in the presence and absence of gravitational stratification and to compare ideal, resistive, and viscous MHD. Methods. Using the PLUTO code, we performed 3D MHD simulations of kink waves in single, straight, density-enhanced coronal flux tubes of multiple temperatures. Results. We see the creation of spatially expanded Kelvin–Helmholtz eddies along the loop, which deform the initial monolithic loop profile. For the case of driven oscillations, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability develops despite physical dissipation, unless very high values of shear viscosity are used. Energy dissipation gets its highest values near the apex, but is present all along the loop. We observe an increased efficiency of wave heating once the kinetic energy saturates at the later stages of the simulation and a turbulent density profile has developed. Conclusions. The inclusion of gravity greatly alters the dynamic evolution of our systems and should not be ignored in future studies. Stronger physical dissipation leads to stronger wave heating in our set-ups. Finally, once the kinetic energy of the oscillating loop starts saturating, all the excess input energy turns into internal energy, resulting in more efficient wave heating.
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Guo, Zhe, Hanxian Fang, and Farideh Honary. "A Novel Method to Identify the Physical Mechanism and Source Region of ELF/VLF Waves Generated by Beat-Wave Modulation Using Preheating Technique." Universe 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020043.
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One of the most important effects of ionospheric heating by HF (high-frequency) waves is the generation of ELF/VLF (extremely low-frequency/very low-frequency) waves by modulated heating. An important limitation of amplitude modulation (AM) is its dependence on ionospheric electrojet, which means to achieve better modulation effect, some strict spatio-temporal conditions must be met. To solve this problem, some possible methods have been proposed including beat-wave (BW) modulation. However, due to the controversy of its mechanism and the source region of the stimulated ELF/VLF waves, it is not clear whether it is an electrojet-independent method or not, which has become one of the hot topics in recent years. In this paper, we found that the effect of preheating on modulation efficiency of BW based on different theories is the opposite. We suppose the opposite character of the influence and effect on the efficiency of BW in D region and F region as a base for a novel method to identify the physical mechanism and source region of BW. This method can be feasible to solve the controversy of BW. The feasibility of this method is verified by simulation results in the paper.
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Pefanis, Gerasimos, Nikolaos Maniotis, Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla, Antonios Makridis, Theodoros Samaras, and Mavroeidis Angelakeris. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Variations during the Application of Safety Protocols in Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030554.
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Unavoidably, magnetic particle hyperthermia is limited by the unwanted heating of the neighboring healthy tissues, due to the generation of eddy currents. Eddy currents naturally occur, due to the applied alternating magnetic field, which is used to excite the nanoparticles in the tumor and, therefore, restrict treatment efficiency in clinical application. In this work, we present two simply applicable methods for reducing the heating of healthy tissues by simultaneously keeping the heating of cancer tissue, due to magnetic nanoparticles, at an adequate level. The first method involves moving the induction coil relative to the phantom tissue during the exposure. More specifically, the coil is moving symmetrically—left and right relative to the specimen—in a bidirectional fashion. In this case, the impact of the maximum distance (2–8 cm) between the coil and the phantom is investigated. In the second method, the magnetic field is applied intermittently (in an ON/OFF pulsed mode), instead of the continuous field mode usually employed. The parameters of the intermittent field mode, such as the time intervals (ON time and OFF time) and field amplitude, are optimized based on the numerical assessment of temperature increase in healthy tissue and cancer tissue phantoms. Different ON and OFF times were tested in the range of 25–100 s and 50–200 s, respectively, and under variable field amplitudes (45–70 mT). In all the protocols studied here, the main goal is to generate inside the cancer tissue phantom the maximum temperature increase, possible (preferably within the magnetic hyperthermia window of 4–8 °C), while restricting the temperature increase in the healthy tissue phantom to below 4 °C, signifying eddy current mitigation.
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Irshad, Kashif, Md Hasan Zahir, Mahaboob Sharief Shaik, and Amjad Ali. "Buildings’ Heating and Cooling Load Prediction for Hot Arid Climates: A Novel Intelligent Data-Driven Approach." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101677.
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An important aspect in improving the energy efficiency of buildings is the effective use of building heating and cooling load prediction models. A lot of studies have been undertaken in recent years to anticipate cooling and heating loads. Choosing the most effective input parameters as well as developing a high-accuracy forecasting model are the most difficult and important aspects of prediction. The goal of this research is to create an intelligent data-driven load forecast model for residential construction heating and cooling load intensities. In this paper, the shuffled shepherd red deer optimization linked self-systematized intelligent fuzzy reasoning-based neural network (SSRD-SsIF-NN) is introduced as a novel intelligent data-driven load prediction method. To test the suggested approaches, a simulated dataset based on the climate of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia will be employed, with building system parameters as input factors and heating and cooling loads as output results for each system. The simulation of this research is executed using MATLAB software. Finally, the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the presented techniques. In terms of Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Regression (R) values, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and other metrics, their prediction performance is compared to that of other conventional methods. It shows that the proposed method has achieved the finest performance of load prediction compared with the conventional methods.
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Cornick, S. M., P. C. Thomas, and D. K. Prasad. "Predicting the Effects of Changes in Thermal Envelope Characteristics on Energy Consumption: Application and Verification of a Simple Model for Australian and Canadian Climates." Energy & Environment 7, no. 1 (February 1996): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9600700101.
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A simple energy model was used for determining thermal envelope characteristics and building envelope trade-off procedures for the new Canadian and Australian energy efficiency codes for new buildings. The model relates heating and cooling system loads to envelope thermal characteristics. It was developed from thousands of DOE2.1E simulation runs. Two separate databases, one containing 25 Canadian locations and the other containing 9 Australian locations were created. The heating and cooling models were developed from these databases. The model is shown to give consistent results although there are significant differences in climate, construction of the building envelope, building operational schedules and HVAC system configurations. This paper briefly describes the DOE2.1E models used for the study in each country, highlighting similarities and differences. The consistency of results predicted by the model is discussed for typical climatic locations in both countries. The methods for predicting heating and cooling system loads are shown to produce good results over a wide range of climates and for different system configurations. The paper also discusses the development of climate correlations to extend the range of the models to include locations not in the original databases.
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Brożek, Piotr, Ewelina Złoczowska, Marek Staude, Karolina Baszak, Mariusz Sosnowski, and Katarzyna Bryll. "Study of the Combustion Process for Two Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Streams Using Statistical Methods and Heat Recovery Simulation." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249560.
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This study characterises materials that belong to the group of refuse-derived fuels (RDF). This group of materials regarded as an alternative fuel is derived from industrial, municipal solid and commercial wastes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of waste composition, demonstrate statistically different values and the energy efficiency of the fuel derived from waste. Data on incinerated waste were collected from two different sources. The basic physical and chemical parameters of waste include density and water content. The lower heating value (LHV) of waste, chlorine concentration and ash content of two groups of incinerated waste were also evaluated and compared for a given period of time (one year, with monthly breakdown). Statistical analysis indicated the differences in the combustion of waste groups, visualized by box plots and other diagrams to show the distribution of the results. An analysis of exhaust gas parameters was carried out, both in terms of chemical composition and energy parameters. The RDF combustion process was presented through simulations for the adopted conditions of heat recovery. It was found that for each kilogram of RDF, about 3.85 kWh (13,860 kJ) of heat can be obtained. The combustion process was simulated using Aspen Plus software.
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Nolan, David S., Yumin Moon, and Daniel P. Stern. "Tropical Cyclone Intensification from Asymmetric Convection: Energetics and Efficiency." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 3377–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3988.1.
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Abstract Prior studies of the linear response to asymmetric heating of a balanced vortex showed that the resulting intensity change could be very closely approximated by computing the purely symmetric response to the azimuthally averaged heating. The symmetric response to the purely asymmetric part of the heating was found to have a very small and most often negative impact on the intensity of the vortex. This result stands in contrast to many previous studies that used asymmetric vorticity perturbations, which suggested that purely asymmetric forcing could lead to vortex intensification. The issue is revisited with an improved model and some new methods of analysis. The model equations have been changed to be more consistent with the anelastic approximation, but valid for a radially varying reference state. Expressions for kinetic and available potential energies are presented for both asymmetric and symmetric motions, and these are used to quantify the flow of energy from localized, asymmetric heat sources to kinetic energy of the wind field of the symmetric vortex. Previous conclusions were based on simulations that used instantaneous temperature perturbations to represent rapid heat release in cumulus updrafts. Purely asymmetric heat sources that evolve over time and move with the local mean wind are shown to also cause vortex weakening. Weakening of the symmetric vortex is due to extraction of energy by the evolving asymmetries that undergo significant transient growth due to downgradient transport of momentum across the radial and vertical shears of the symmetric wind field. While much of this energy is returned during the axisymmetrization of the resulting potential vorticity anomalies, there is typically a net loss of energy for the symmetric vortex. Some variations on the rotation rate and duration of the heat sources can lead to intensification rather than weakening, as does a deeper (more barotropic) vertical structure of the symmetric vortex. However, it is reaffirmed that these asymmetrically forced changes are small compared to the response to the azimuthally averaged heating of an isolated heat source. Following the work of Hack and Schubert, the efficiency of the intensification process, defined as the ratio of injected heat energy to the kinetic energy change of the symmetric vortex, is computed for vortices of different sizes and strengths. In the limit of small perturbations, the efficiency does not depend on the temporal distribution of the heating. The efficiency is shown to increase with the intensity of the vortex and with the Coriolis parameter, with substantial efficiency increases for weak vortices. Potential applications of these results for predicting tropical cyclone formation and rapid development are discussed.
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Parzinger, Michael, Lucia Hanfstaengl, Ferdinand Sigg, Uli Spindler, Ulrich Wellisch, and Markus Wirnsberger. "Residual Analysis of Predictive Modelling Data for Automated Fault Detection in Building’s Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 6758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176758.
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Faults in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems affect the energy efficiency of buildings. To date, there rarely exist methods to detect and diagnose faults during the operation of buildings that are both cost-effective and sufficient accurate. This study presents a method that uses artificial intelligence to automate the detection of faults in HVAC systems. The automated fault detection is based on a residual analysis of the predicted total heating power and the actual total heating power using an algorithm that aims to find an optimal decision rule for the determination of faults. The data for this study was provided by a detailed simulation of a residential case study house. A machine learning model and an ARX model predict the building operation. The model for fault detection is trained on a fault-free data set and then tested with a faulty operation. The algorithm for an optimal decision rule uses various statistical tests of residual properties such as the Sign Test, the Turning Point Test, the Box-Pierce Test and the Bartels-Rank Test. The results show that it is possible to predict faults for both known faults and unknown faults. The challenge is to find the optimal algorithm to determine the best decision rules. In the outlook of this study, further methods are presented that aim to solve this challenge.
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Chen, Yizhe, Beichen Xie, Huijuan Ma, Hui Wang, Yulong Zhou, Jie Chen, and Lin Hua. "Production Scheduling Optimization during Thermoforming of Ring Forgings Based on Genetic Algorithms." Metals 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101631.
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In the aerospace industry, many important components are made of ring forgings with characteristics of multi-variety and multi-batch. Such components have many steps and complex parameters in the thermoforming process. The process orders are dynamic and time-varying, and, thus, optimizing the total production time and energy consumption is difficult. To solve the mentioned troublesome and time-consuming problem, this work transformed the workpiece’s required heating temperature and time index into the furnace temperature change and holding time index. Based on a genetic algorithm, an integrated production scheduling optimization of ring forging heating and model forming was established. The genetic algorithm for model improvement was optimized. The optimization objective was changed by using different fitness calculation methods. A multi-time simulation algorithm was designed to calculate each heating furnace’s time and furnace temperature. The proposed optimization method was used for a thermoforming process of ring forgings. When the optimization objective was designed to consider energy consumption and time consumption comprehensively, the average time saving was 6.93%, and the average energy saving was 12.99%. When the optimization objective was designed to prioritize energy consumption, the average time saving was 3.89%, and the average energy saving was 16.53%. When the optimization objective was designed to prioritize time consumption, the average time saving was 10.35%, and the average energy saving was 10.63%. Using the scheduling results for production, compared with the practical factory data, the errors in the simulation time and energy consumption were 2.4% and 1.6%. The results show that the scheduling efficiency of integrated thermoforming production is significantly improved by using this optimization model, and the simulation results have high reliability. The energy consumption of orders is greatly reduced, and the total production time is greatly shortened.
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Zahiri, Sahar, and Hasim Altan. "Improving energy efficiency of school buildings during winter season using passive design strategies." Sustainable Buildings 5 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sbuild/2019005.
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Passive building design can improve energy efficiency of buildings, while providing comfortable indoor environment for occupants with minimum mechanical energy use. The foundation of passive design depends on natural sources of energy, which uses building architecture and surrounding environment to minimise heating and cooling loads of buildings with minimum operating and maintenance costs. The correlation of local climate with shape and thermal performance of buildings is one of the main considerations of passive design approach to reduce energy use and increase thermal comfort of occupants. This paper focuses on a series of field studies and building simulation analysis to improve thermal performance of female secondary school buildings in the city of Tehran in Iran during winter season using passive design strategies. The field studies included measuring indoor air temperature, as well as a questionnaire-based survey in a cold winter season in a typical female secondary school building. The on-site monitoring assessed indoor air temperature of classrooms while the occupants completed questionnaires covering their thermal sensations and thermal preferences. Moreover, building thermal simulation analysis were carried out using DesignBuilder tool to evaluate and improve thermal performance of classrooms based on students' thermal requirements and passive design strategies. The simulation analysis started from the basic school building model, investigating various passive design strategies to predict the optimum design strategies for the case study. The simulation results determined how to provide classrooms that are more comfortable for students with minimum energy use. The results of the field studies indicated that indoor thermal environment were usually comfortable for female students based on 7-point ASHRAE scale. However, most of the occupants preferred their indoor thermal environment to be improved. Moreover, simulation results showed that building fabrics and thermal properties, as well as glazing and orientation had significant impacts on indoor air temperature and thermal comfort and using appropriate passive design strategies could improve energy efficiency of the building considerably. Therefore, in order to enhance indoor thermal environment and to increase learning performance of students, it is necessary to use appropriate low energy methods, which can reduce the needs for mechanical energy systems and hence save energy.
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Kusuma Apsari, Venda, Machrus Ali, Hidayatul Nurohmah, and Rukslin Rukslin. "Desain Optimasi PID Controller Pada Temperatur Heating Furnace Berbasis Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO)." Jurnal FORTECH 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56795/fortech.v2i2.204.
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A furnace is a tool for heating materials, oil, and so on, which usually uses gas, coal, and oil as fuel. Temperature is the main parameter that needs to be controlled in order to remain stable, precise, and of course improve fuel efficiency. As technology develops, there are several methods that can be used to control temperatures that are more reliable than conventional controls. The technology is Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers have been proven to be the best controllers and are widely used in industry. But to determine the gain from the PID value is still not accurate and can affect temperature stability, the response is also still slow to reach the desired set point. Therefore, this paper is to simulate a better PID gain value by using the artificial intelligence tuning method. The artificial intelligence method is Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The simulation results and discussion show that the best design is PID-ACO with 0.0081 overshot, no undershot, and the fastest settling time is 35 seconds
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Martínez-Gracia, Amaya, Sergio Usón, Mª Teresa Pintanel, Javier Uche, Ángel A. Bayod-Rújula, and Alejandro Del Amo. "Exergy Assessment and Thermo-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Solar Systems with Seasonal Storage and Heat Pump Coupling in the Social Housing Sector in Zaragoza." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051279.
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A real case study of an energy system based on a Solar Assisted Heat Pump (SAHP) fed by hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels (PVT) and seasonal storage (SS) is presented in this paper. Exergy and exergy cost analyses are proposed as complementary methods for the assessment and better understanding of the efficiency of this cogeneration solar configuration. The system performance takes advantage of storage heat in summer, when the solar resource is high in Spain, and is then later consumed during the cold winter (heating season). The building is devoted to social housing, and it is currently under construction. The assessment is based on simulations developed using TRNSYS, a dynamic simulation software for energy systems. Results show that the unit exergy cost of the solar field is around 6. The cost of the seasonal storage is higher, about 13, and its formation is affected both by its own irreversibility and by the irreversibility of the PVT solar field. The cost of the heat delivered by the heat pump is around 15, being affected by all the upstream units and even by the grid. Besides, the analysis points out strategies for improving the system efficiency, such as increasing the size of the storage tank or improving the control strategy of the boiler.
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Kurkin, A. S. "Study of isothermal decomposition of austenite using methods of mathematical modeling." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 87, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-6-25-32.
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The capabilities of the numerical simulation of technological processes are limited by the accuracy and efficiency of determining the properties of materials which continuously change with repeated heating and cooling. The parameters of structural transformations are the principal factors affecting the properties of alloyed steels. We present a method for determining the parameters of formulas describing C-shaped curves of experimental diagrams of isothermal decomposition of austenite. The proposed approach makes it possible to reconstruct the entire C-shaped curve using a relatively small fragment near the «nose» (by three points). Joint processing of a series of curves provided determination of the parameters of ferritic, pearlitic and bainitic transformation kinetics. However, it is important to take into account the features of the diffusion decomposition of austenite. For example, ferrite and pearlite are formed in overlapping temperature ranges and have similar mechanical properties, but their combining into a single ferrite-pearlite structure complicates the construction of a mathematical model of transformation. The bainitic transformation has a transient character from diffusion to diffusionless one. As for the transformation temperature range, the limiting degree is a function of temperature (as in the case of martensitic transformation). It was shown that for ferrite-pearlite transformation the best results are obtained by the Kolmogorov – Avrami equation, and for the bainitic one — by the Austin – Rickett equation modified with allowance for an incomplete transformation.
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Cojbasic, Zarko, Milan Ristanovic, Nemanja Markovic, and Stefan Tesanovic. "Temperature controller optimization by computational intelligence." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 5 (2016): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci16s5541c.
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In this paper a temperature control system for an automated educational classroom is optimized with several advanced computationally intelligent methods. Controller development and optimization has been based on developed and extensively tested mathematical and simulation model of the observed object. For the observed object cascade P-PI temperature controller has been designed and conventionally tuned. To improve performance and energy efficiency of the system, several metaheuristic optimizations of the controller have been attempted, namely genetic algorithm optimization, simulated annealing optimization, particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization. Efficiency of the best results obtained with proposed computationally intelligent optimization methods has been compared with conventional controller tuning. Results presented in this paper demonstrate that heuristic optimization of advanced temperature controller can provide improved energy efficiency along with other performance improvements and improvements regarding equipment wear. Not only that presented methodology provides for determination and tuning of the core controller, but it also allows that advanced control concepts such as anti-windup controller gain are optimized simultaneously, which is of significant importance since interrelation of all control system parameters has important influence on the stability and performance of the system as a whole. Based on the results obtained, general conclusions are presented indicating that meta-heuristic computationally intelligent optimization of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning control systems is a feasible concept with strong potential in providing improved performance, comfort and energy efficiency.