Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods

Academic literature on the topic 'Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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Li, Hui Xing, Xing Zhi Zheng, Guo Hui Feng, and Chi Hong Cao. "Different Heating Methods of Rural Northern Indoor Thermal Environment Simulation Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.629.

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With the rapid development of the rural economy, social progress and indoor heating methods also will be diversified, but given the limitations of technical means, resulting in lower rural energy efficiency, energy consumption is rising. To achieve the purpose of building energy efficiency in rural areas, two common ways of heating in rural areas are to compare. Select the same farm house kang - firewall and kang - soil heating in two different heating methods comparative analysis and apply fluid dynamics software to simulate two heating methods on the indoor temperature field, comparing two ways of heating of the room temperature at different heights .Kang firewall in a joint operation is better than kang - soil heating joint operation on indoor temperature distribution ,it was more uniform high comfort, you can save about 424Kg of standard coal annually. Compared to soil heating that firewall has a higher thermal efficiency and it is an energy efficient way of heating buildings in rural. Firewall heating consistent with sustainable development concept, which use renewable energy as fuel for lower cost. In-depth study can be important for social, environmental and economic value.
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Duan, Qiuhua, Enhe Zhang, Laura Hinkle, and Julian Wang. "Parametric Energy Simulation Methods for Solar-NIR Selective Glazing Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012129.

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Abstract Solar near-infrared (NIR) selective glazing systems have been proposed by incorporating photothermal effects (PTE) of a nanoparticle film into building windows. From an energy efficiency perspective, the nanoscale PTE forms unique inward-flowing heat by heating up the window interior surface temperature under solar near-infrared, significantly improving the window thermal performance. Also, the PTE-driven solar heat gains are dynamic upon solar radiation and weather conditions. However, the PTE on annual building energy use has not been investigated thoroughly, due to the lack of an accurate and appropriate energy simulation method. In this study, we used the EnergyPlus energy management system to develop a parametric energy model and simulation approach in which a solar-temperature-dependent thermal model was embedded into the parametric energy simulation workflow. Applying this method, we examined the solar near-infrared-dependent PTE-induced thermal performances of glazing systems and their effects on annual heating energy use in representative cold climates (i.e., Zones 4, 5, and 6). The results show that the dynamic model considering the PTE demonstrated more heating energy savings, up to 11.64% in cold climates, as opposed to the baseline model that ignored the PTE. This work presents a method to model and simulate the dynamic thermal performance of windows with PTE.
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Muresan, Vlad, Balan Radu, Donca Radu, and Laura Pacurar. "A Detached House Simulation Using the International Building Physics Toolbox in Matlab\Simulink." Applied Mechanics and Materials 162 (March 2012): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.162.567.

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Energy savings are an important issue in the context of climate change. The main goal of researchers is to study and develop new methods of improving energy efficiency in household heating. In this paper a Matlab toolbox is presented and explained. The toolbox is developed for researchers and students interested in simulating building energy behavior. A test room is developed and simulated and a radiator model is implemented. Two types of heating are used during the simulation: a radiant floor heating and a panel radiator. A simple on-off control is used for each heating system. The goal of the paper is to study the impact on energy consumption of each heating system used and their impact on energy consumption when the two heating systems are used in different configurations.
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Ayaz, Murat, Volkan Aygül, Ferhat Düzenli˙, and Erkutay Tasdemi˙rci˙. "Comparative Study on Control Methods for Air Conditioning of Industrial Paint Booths." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2454.

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It is of great importance that each product in industrial production facilities is to be produced in the same quality and standard. Especially in the automotive industry, the painting process needs to be done under certain environmental conditions according to the paint properties used. Therefore, the temperature, humidity and air quality values of the paint booth are very important for a quality painting operation. In this study, adaptive control has been proposed to control of one-zone heating-ventilation system for the paint booths. The system has been modelled by using the Matlab/Simulink. Performance of the proposed control method has been compared with conventional control methods such as On/Off, PID, fuzzy logic in terms of accuracy, efficiency and response time. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive control is effective in the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems temperature control applications. In addition, energy efficiency in HVAC systems has been provided with the proposed control model. Furthermore, thermal analysis of the system has been done to corroborate simulation results.
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Ding, Longting, Xuancang Wang, Wengang Zhang, Shuai Wang, Jing Zhao, and Yongquan Li. "Microwave Deicing Efficiency: Study on the Difference between Microwave Frequencies and Road Structure Materials." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122360.

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A method of deicing using microwave heating is proposed to make scientific and economical road deicing in a cold area, and to make up for deficiencies in the existing methods for melting snow and ice. This paper proposes to define microwave deicing efficiency as the heating rate of a concrete surface when heated to 0 °C (the efficiency of deicing is equal to the difference divided by heating time, which is between 0 °C and the initial temperature at the junction of ice and concrete). Based on the mechanism of microwave heating and deicing, a method combining the finite element simulation model with indoor experiments was proposed to study the deicing efficiency of microwaves, and the effects of different microwave frequencies and different road structure materials on microwave deicing efficiency were analyzed. The results show that the microwave frequency and road structure materials have a great influence on microwave deicing. For asphalt concrete, the ice melting efficiency of 5.8 GHz is 4.31 times that of 2.45 GHz, but the heating depth is less than that of 2.45 GHz. At 2.45 GHz, the melting efficiency of cement concrete is 3.89 times that of asphalt concrete. At 5.8 GHz, the melting efficiency of cement concrete is 5.23 times that of asphalt concrete. Through the consistency of the simulation and experimental results, the validity of the simulation model based on the finite element theory is verified. The results provide theoretical guidance and a practical basis for future applications of microwave deicing.
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Abildinova, Saule K., and Stanislav V. Chicherin. "District heating system simulation considering consumer and pump operation features." Vestnik MGSU, no. 6 (June 2019): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.6.748-755.

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Introduction. The purpose of this investigation is to show what changes introduced in the mathematical model of a district heating system are capable of considerable improving the convergence of simulation results and actual data. The study evaluates the work of heating supply establishments with their customers as well as analysis of the ways of enhancing pump equipment efficiency that allows saving electric energy or increasing output at the same energy consumption. Materials and methods. Engineering acceptance of newly introduced and reconstructed facilities is conducted, heat loads are corrected, disconnections and recurrent connections of indebted consumers are carried out. Studying data submitted by a local heat supply establishment shows that pump seals made from iron and steel are subject accelerated wear in the course of operation. Results. Three variants of the problem solution are suggested: making seals from bronze or stainless steel, prevention of unjustified increase of seal clearances as well as using labyrinth pump seals. This will allow increasing pump equipment efficiency by 5 to 7 % and save about 2 × 105 kW∙h of electrical energy for every pump or increase of output at the same energy consumption. Taking into account that a pump station is a part of the district heating system and unmachined inner surfaces of the pumps have a significant roughness, grinding of these surfaces can improve their hydraulic characteristics of the pumps. In the scope of the suggested method, the entire district heating system is considered not in the situation when actual load is equal to the sum of all the design loads and the pump equipment has manufacturer’s parameters, but accounting actual loads and characteristics. Conclusions. Mathematical model of district heating system heating and hydraulic mode that takes issues mentioned above into consideration would allow simulating joint operation of the heating and hot water supply systems at transient operation modes with higher accuracy.
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Spirin, V. A., V. E. Nikol’skii, D. V. Vokhmintsev, A. A. Moiseev, P. G. Smirnov, and A. G. Platashov. "Perfection of technology and equipment for heating of steel ladles lining at horizontal stands." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-2-187-192.

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To change or repair sliding gates, steel ladles are installed in horizontal position, in which they are heated to keep a working temperature of lining. Peculiarities of a steel ladle heating in horizontal position considered. Description of the lining heating process presented, necessity of elaboration a method of its numeral simulation justified. The method should enable to make studies of influence of various methods of burner location on the ladle cover and torch parameters on efficiency of heating for a particular ladle and time available for the heating. A method of mathematical simulation of heat- and mass-exchange processes of lining heating in nonstationary conditions described. Based on examples of various variants of torch power calculation, dynamics of a ladle walls heating was shown. Results of calculation of temperature distribution over a ladle lining presented, as well as the map of gases flow in the ladle volume for various parameters of torch and heating process stages. Taking into consideration, that calculation costs related to simulation of nonstationary ladle heating are very high, a simplified one-dimensional model of calculation of lining heating process was elaborated. In the model correction factors are used, obtained as a result of numeral simulation. The model enables to make calculations in real time conditions and to use them for control at a practical steel ladle heating in horizontal position at a modern automized heating facility.
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Jankovic, Ljubomir. "Improving Building Energy Efficiency through Measurement of Building Physics Properties Using Dynamic Heating Tests." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081450.

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Buildings contribute to nearly 30% of global carbon dioxide emissions, making a significant impact on climate change. Despite advanced design methods, such as those based on dynamic simulation tools, a significant discrepancy exists between designed and actual performance. This so-called performance gap occurs as a result of many factors, including the discrepancies between theoretical properties of building materials and properties of the same materials in buildings in use, reflected in the physics properties of the entire building. There are several different ways in which building physics properties and the underlying properties of materials can be established: a co-heating test, which measures the overall heat loss coefficient of the building; a dynamic heating test, which, in addition to the overall heat loss coefficient, also measures the effective thermal capacitance and the time constant of the building; and a simulation of the dynamic heating test with a calibrated simulation model, which establishes the same three properties in a non-disruptive way in comparison with the actual physical tests. This article introduces a method of measuring building physics properties through actual and simulated dynamic heating tests. It gives insights into the properties of building materials in use and it documents significant discrepancies between theoretical and measured properties. It introduces a quality assurance method for building construction and retrofit projects, and it explains the application of results on energy efficiency improvements in building design and control. It calls for re-examination of material properties data and for increased safety margins in order to make significant improvements in building energy efficiency.
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Iakovlev, Leonid, and Ian Morozov. "Evaluation of liquid non-freezing conditions in large vessels with local heating scheme using the Ansys Fluent software." Energy Systems 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2022.4.002.

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A computer simulation of an operating water storage tank, RGSn-100, with mortise electric heating elements, for specified conditions was carried out using Finite Element Analysis software ANSYS 2021 R1. The ANSYS Fluent software package was used to solve a three-dimensional numerical simulation of natural convective flows of a viscous incompressible fluid and heat exchange processes with local heating and cooling in a large volume. Several approaches were used to select optimal methods describing convective flows in a large volume most accurately with limited resources. The influence of the heating scheme and cold bridges on the heating efficiency and the risk of freezing is considered. The article provides examples of calculations and gives specific instructions for solving problems of natural convection in large volumes using software tools - models, functions, acceptable simplifications.
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Lundström, Lukas, Jan Akander, and Jesús Zambrano. "Development of a Space Heating Model Suitable for the Automated Model Generation of Existing Multifamily Buildings—A Case Study in Nordic Climate." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030485.

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Building energy performance modeling is essential for energy planning, management, and efficiency. This paper presents a space heating model suitable for auto-generating baseline models of existing multifamily buildings. Required data and parameter input are kept within such a level of detail that baseline models can be auto-generated from, and calibrated by, publicly accessible data sources. The proposed modeling framework consists of a thermal network, a typical hydronic radiator heating system, a simulation procedure, and data handling procedures. The thermal network is a lumped and simplified version of the ISO 52016-1:2017 standard. The data handling consists of procedures to acquire and make use of satellite-based solar radiation data, meteorological reanalysis data (air temperature, ground temperature, wind, albedo, and thermal radiation), and pre-processing procedures of boundary conditions to account for impact from shading objects, window blinds, wind- and stack-driven air leakage, and variable exterior surface heat transfer coefficients. The proposed model was compared with simulations conducted with the detailed building energy simulation software IDA ICE. The results show that the proposed model is able to accurately reproduce hourly energy use for space heating, indoor temperature, and operative temperature patterns obtained from the IDA ICE simulations. Thus, the proposed model can be expected to be able to model space heating, provided by hydronic heating systems, of existing buildings to a similar degree of confidence as established simulation software. Compared to IDA ICE, the developed model required one-thousandth of computation time for a full-year simulation of building model consisting of a single thermal zone. The fast computation time enables the use of the developed model for computation time sensitive applications, such as Monte-Carlo-based calibration methods.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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Dowrani, Ali Akbar Gharooni. "Efficiency of air cooler coil defrost methods and the effect of these methods on the refrigeration cycle performance." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316876.

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Partain, Seth Collins. "Fused deposition modeling with localized pre-deposition heating using forced air." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/partain/PartainS0507.pdf.

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Meng, Yao. "Assessing the effect of new control and payment methods on heating energy consumption and occupant behaviour in Chinese dwellings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25749.

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Energy demand reduction has become a global issue involving all countries, including China. As major energy consumers in today s society, the need for buildings to be built and operated more energy efficiently is well recognized. In 1995, the national standard on building energy efficiency in China (JGJ 26-95) was refined and updated to become the new residential Buildings standard (JGJ 26-2010) published in 2010. In the new version, many changes have been made to support the construction of more energy efficient buildings in China. For example, in the new standard, all buildings are highly recommended to install personal control on the heating system, such as by Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs), together with pay for what you use tariffs. Previous practice comprised uncontrolled heating with payment based on floor area. In order to reduce building energy consumption, Chinese government has revised the Chinese building design standard. In the new guide the use of individual room temperature control is highly recommended for new and refurbishment buildings. However, evidence to quantify the extent to which this improvement impact upon on the building energy consumption is currently lacking. This thesis evaluates the impact of updated building design standards on thermal conditions and energy consumption in Chinese residential buildings. In order to evaluate the impact on the building energy consumption, two types of residential buildings have been chosen, one complying with the old Chinese building design standard, while the other complies with the new standard. The study was carried out in seven apartments in each type of building, a total of fourteen apartments and comprised with a longitudinal monitoring of indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, window position and energy consumption of each apartment. The impact of the new design standard has been evaluated in relation to a number of aspects, that include building construction, indoor thermal environment, occupant behaviour, thermal comfort and building energy consumption. It is concluded that updating the building design standard has had a positive influence on the building conditions and energy consumption. Furthermore, a thermal comfort survey was carried out in both new and old apartments according to updated standards. The results show that the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model has a efficiently adequate predictor of occupants thermal comfort in both type of apartments. Thereby allowing confirmation that the new control refine did not compromise on thermal comfort. The percentage of acceptable of occupants is higher in new apartments compared with the old apartments.
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Widström, Torun. "Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Preservation of Historic Buildings : Methods and Tools for Modeling." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102544.

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As the environmental impacts of the energy usage of the world today becomes more and more evident, enhancement of energy performance of the already existing building stock becomes more urgent. Buildings belonging to the cultural heritage are often the ones that are most difficult to deal with in this context. The subject of this thesis is the use of building simulation of historic buildings. The task here is to identify and when necessary develop simulation tools and methods that are suitable for planning of retrofitting strategies in historic buildings, and to identify and analyze what demands such tools and methods would have to fulfill, in what contexts different simulation strategies are suitable, how the demands on the tools might be met and what results and how the results would facilitate the decision making process in the most optimal way. A powerful means to acquire such analyses is the use of whole-building simulation. In the case of historical buildings there are several aspects to take into consideration, determining the choice of simulation tool and method. This thesis includes Investigation of the variability of the demands on simulation tools and methods that the historic buildings pose, and its implication on complexity of the simulation process, and suggestion of a complexity index tool. Investigation of the whole-building simulation process and how it complies with the demands identified, and how the exergy concept can be used, exemplified by a case study. Identification of a need for a tool and method for a large amount of cases not easily covered by abundantly available tools and methods Suggestion of a tool and method to address these cases, and presentation of a case study where the suggested tool and method have been applied, with good agreement between the simulated and measured values. One important feature of the suggested tool is the Very Small Wall-part Method, that includes the assessment of especially damage prone points into the whole-building simulation model, otherwise unable to accommodate these points. Another is the damage risk assessment feature where a mould risk prediction tool is presented.

QC20120920

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Vadambacheri, Manian Karthik. "Novel Methods to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Multi-core Synchronization Primitives." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511858440610247.

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Nilsson, Daniel. "Analysis and simulation of systems for delivery of fuel straw to district heating plants /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5721-1.pdf.

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Ertem-Müller, Senem [Verfasser]. "Numerical Efficiency of Implicit and Explicit Methods with Multigrid for Large Eddy Simulation in Complex Geometries / Senem Ertem-Müller." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1181602696/34.

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Mason, Kevin Richard. "Development of numerical schemes to improve the efficiency of CFD simulation of high speed viscous aerodynamic flows." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678434.

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Starke, Martin, Benjamin Beck, Denis Ritz, Frank Will, and Jürgen Weber. "Frequency based efficiency evaluation - from pattern recognition via backwards simulation to purposeful drive design." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71072.

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The efficiency of hydraulic drive systems in mobile machines is influenced by several factors, like the operators’ guidance, weather conditions, material respectively loading properties and primarily the working cycle. This leads to varying operation points, which have to be performed by the drive system. Regarding efficiency analysis, the usage of standardized working cycles gained through measurements or synthetically generated is state of the art. Thereby, only a small extract of the real usage profile is taken into account. This contribution deals with process pattern recognition (PPR) and frequency based efficiency evaluation to gain more precise information and conclusion for the drive design of mobile machines. By the example of an 18 t mobile excavator, the recognition system using Hidden – Markov - Models (HMM) and the efficiency evaluation process by means of backwards simulation of measured operation points will be described.
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Sakellari, Dimitra. "Modelling the dynamics of domestic low-temperature heat pump heating systems for improved performance and thermal comfort : a systems approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-269.

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Books on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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Zurada, Jacek M., and Boris Igelnik. Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2013.

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Dutré, W. L. A European transient simulation model for thermal solar systems, EMGP2. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Pub. Co. for the Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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Brandt, Achi. Recent advances in achieving textbook multigrid efficiency for computational fluid dynamics simulations. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 2002.

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Persily, Andrew K. A modeling study of ventilation in manufactured houses. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.

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Pakanen, Jouko. An ARMAX-model approach for estimating static heat flows in buildings: A methods for computerised energy allocation systems. Espoo [Finland]: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2002.

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Palmiter, Larry S. SUNDAY calibration: Informal progress report. Seattle, WA: Ecotope, 1998.

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Brandt, Achi. Barriers in achieving textbook multigrid efficiency (TME) in CFD. Hampton, Va: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Institution of Engineering and Technology. Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control. Stevenage: IET, 2003.

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Modeling, analysis, and optimization of process and energy systems. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Brandshaug, Terje. Stability of disposal rooms during waste retrieval. Washington, DC: Division of High-Level Waste Management, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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Stauffer, Dietrich, Friedrich W. Hehl, Nobuyasu Ito, Volker Winkelmann, and John G. Zabolitzky. "Methods of Higher Accuracy (and Efficiency)." In Computer Simulation and Computer Algebra, 19–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78117-9_3.

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Sharad, Shekhar A., and Sandeep Kumar Shukla. "Optimizing System Models for Simulation Efficiency." In Formal Methods and Models for System Design, 317–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8052-4_12.

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Rostek, Katarzyna, and Radosław Zając. "Simulation Modeling to Verify the Efficiency of Information Transfer." In Experimental and Quantitative Methods in Contemporary Economics, 217–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30251-1_16.

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Samawi, Hani Michel. "Improving the Efficiency of the Monte-Carlo Methods Using Ranked Simulated Approach." In Monte-Carlo Simulation-Based Statistical Modeling, 17–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3307-0_2.

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Peluchetti, Stefano, and Gareth O. Roberts. "A Study of the Efficiency of Exact Methods for Diffusion Simulation." In Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2010, 161–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27440-4_7.

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Grigorieff, Rolf Dieter, and Ralf Köcher. "Modelling and Numerical Simulation of District Heating Networks with Time-Saving Solution Methods." In Mathematics — Key Technology for the Future, 252–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55753-8_21.

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Du, Guangyue. "Study of Measurement and Inverse Prediction Methods of Heat Storage Efficiency for the Wood Heating Floor." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 377–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82562-1_35.

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Tenente, Marcos, Carla Henriques, Álvaro Gomes, Patrícia Pereira da Silva, and António Trigo. "Multiple Impacts of Energy Efficiency Technologies in Portugal." In Springer Proceedings in Political Science and International Relations, 131–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18161-0_9.

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AbstractPortuguese programs aimed at fostering Energy Efficiency (EE) measures often rely on cost–benefit approaches only considering the use phase and neglecting other potential impacts generated. Therefore, this work suggests a novel methodological framework by combining Hybrid Input–Output Lifecycle Analysis (HIO-LCA) with the Portuguese seasonal method for computing the households’ energy needs. A holistic assessment of the energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts connected with the adoption of EE solutions is conducted aimed at supporting decision-makers (DMs) in the design of suitable funding policies. For this purpose, 109,553 EE packages have been created by combining distinct thermal insulation options for roofs and façades, with the replacement of windows, also considering the use of space heating and cooling and domestic heating water systems. The findings indicate that it is possible to confirm that various energy efficiency packages can be used to achieve the best performance for most of the impacts considered. Specifically, savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), Greenhouse gases (GHG), and energy payback times (GPBT and EPBT) present the best performances for packages that exclusively employ extruded polystyrene (XPS) for roof insulation (packages 151 and 265). However, considering the remaining impacts created by the investment in energy efficiency measures, their best performances are obtained when roof and façades insulation is combined with the use of space heating and cooling and DHW systems to replace the existing equipment. If biomass is assumed to be carbon–neutral, solution 18,254 yields the greatest reduction in GHG emissions. Given these trade-offs, it is evident that multiobjective optimization methods employing the impacts and benefits assessed are crucial for helping DMs design future EE programs following their preferences.
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Biesinger, Andreas, Ruben Pesch, Mariela Cotrado, and Dirk Pietruschka. "Increased Efficiency Through Intelligent Networking of Producers and Consumers in Commercial Areas Using the Example of Robert Bosch GmbH." In iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City, 105–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_9.

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AbstractEnergy-efficient heating and cooling systems as well as intelligent systems for energy distribution are urgently required in order to be able to meet the ambitious goals of the European Union to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present article is intended to show that intelligent system extensions for the area of heating, cooling and electricity production for the industrial sector can lead to significant increase in efficiency. For this purpose, a simulation study for the expansion of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with 2 MW thermal output using a 1.4 MW absorption chiller has been carried out. This shows that a heat-controlled CHP unit can significantly increase its running time. A system model was created for the initial situation and validated with existing measurement data. In the second step, this model was expanded to include the ACM module. The simulation was able to prove that in the event of a system expansion, the run time of the CHP unit can be increased by 35%. In addition to then increase of energy efficiency in the supply system, the analysis also focuses on the efficiency of the energy distribution via thermal networks in an industrial environment. The presented paper therefore also highlights the optimization potentials in the operation of thermal supply networks for industrial applications. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed which in addition to the components of the thermal network itself also comprises the producers and consumers. The specific construction of thermal networks for the supply of industrial properties requires adapted solutions for the simulation of such systems. Therefore, amongst other things, in the paper, solutions are shown for the modelling of direct flow local heating networks as well as for the operation of a cascade-controlled pump group.
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Chen, Ding-Geng. "Statistical Meta-Analysis and Its Efficiency: A Real Data Analysis and a Monte-Carlo Simulation Study." In Modern Biostatistical Methods for Evidence-Based Global Health Research, 137–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11012-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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SAMESHIMA, TOSHIYUKI, T. Kikuchi, T. Uehara, T. Arima, M. Hasumi, T. Miyazaki, G. Kobayashi, and I. Serizawa3. "MICROWAVE RAPID HEATING SYSTEM USING CARBON HEATING TUBE." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9756.

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We report a microwave heating system with a carbon heating tube (CHT) made by a 4-mm diameter quartz tube filled carbon particles and Ar gas at 1400 Pa. 2.45-GHz microwave at 200 W was introduced to a 300-dimameter metal cavity, in which 60-mm-long CHT was set at the central position. The numerical simulation with a finite element moment method resulted in the standing wave of the electric field caused by three dimensional Fresnel interference effect with low high electric field intensity ranging from from 1 to 6 kV/m because of effective absorption of microwave power by the CHT. The lowest average electrical field intensity of 5 kV/m in the cavity space was given by the electrical conductivity of carbon ranging from 10 to 55 S/m. The CHT with 55 S/m heated to 1200oC by microwave irradiation at 200 W. This heating method was applied to activate 1.0x1015-cm-2 boron and phosphorus implanted regions in n-type crystalline silicon substrate to fabricate pn junction and solar cells. The CHT heating at 1200oC realized decrease in the sheet resistivity to 146 Ω/sq, decrease in the density of defect states to 1.3x1011 and 9.2x1010 cm-2 for boron (p+) and phosphorus (n+) implanted surfaces, and solar cell characteristic with a conversion efficiency of 15% under illumination of air mass 1.5 at 0.1 W/cm2.
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Behrens, Fabian, Stefan Leiprecht, Jonas Brantl, and Matthias Finkenrath. "Temporal Fusion Transformer for thermal load prediction in district heating and cooling networks." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192047.

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Accurate forecasting of thermal loads is a critical factor for operating district heating and cooling networks economically, efficiently and with minimized emissions. If thermal loads are known with high accuracy in advance, use of renewable energies can be maximized, and fossil generation, in particular in peaking units, can be avoided. Machine learning has already proven to be an efficient tool for time series forecasting in this context. One recent advancement in machine learning is the "Temporal Fusion Transformer" (TFT), which shows especially good results in the area of time series forecasting. This paper examines the performance of TFT in the concrete context of thermal load forecasting for district heating and cooling networks. First, a brief summary of differences between TFT and other machine learning methods is given. Secondly, it is described how the method can be adopted to train a machine learning model for thermal load forecasting. The data to train and evaluate the neural network is based on 8 years of hourly operating data made available from the district heating network of the city of Ulm in Germany. The presented technique is used to produce 72 hours of heating load forecasts for three different district heating grids in the city of Ulm. The results are compared to forecasts of other machine learning methods that have been previously made as part of the publicly funded research project "deepDHC", in order to evaluate if TFT is an improvement to further reduce forecasting uncertainties.
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LeBlanc, S. A., Y. Gao, and K. E. Goodson. "Thermoelectric Heat Recovery From a Tankless Water Heating System." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68860.

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Thermoelectric cogeneration promises to recover waste heat energy from a variety of combustion systems. There is a need for computationally efficient simulations of practical systems that allow optimization and illustrate the impact of key material and system parameters. Previous research investigated thermoelectric material enhancement and thermoelectric system integration separately. This work connects material parameters and system integration. We develop a thermal simulation for a 15kW tankless, methane-fueled water heater with thermoelectric modules embedded within a cross-flow heat exchanger. The simulation employs a finite volume method for the two fluids. It links external convection with a surface efficiency of 85%, internal convection for laminar flow, and conduction through the system in order to determine power generation within the thermoelectric. For a single pipe in the water heater system, 126 W of electrical power can be generated, and a typical system could yield 370 W. Realization of effective cogeneration systems hinges on investigating the impact of thermoelectric material parameters coupled with system parameters, so the impact of varying flow rate, convection coefficient, TEM thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal interface materials are investigated. While varying parameters can improve thermoelectric output by over 50%, thermal interface materials can severely limit cogeneration system power output.
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Popescu, D., and F. Ungureanu. "Prediction of Space Heating Consumption in District Heated Apartments." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64422.

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Enhancing energy efficiency from the producer to the end-users is a prioritized objective of European energy policies. The most difficult element to understand and to control is the last link, the consumer. Most simulation tools for the estimation of heat demand in buildings are based on the input parameters according to environmental conditions and the features of the materials and equipments. Studies have revealed that even if sophisticated programs are used, a gap between calculated and post occupancy space heating consumption rates occurs. Based on billing history, the present paper proposes a cluster analysis method to identify the grouping trends of habitants’ consumption. For modeling the heat consumption at end-user level and predicting the trends of energy demand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique was used. Unlike most prediction methods that have the entire building in view, the proposed technique can be applied to individual apartments situated in condominiums.
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Xie, Gongnan, Jian Liu, Weihong Zhang, and Bengt Sunden. "Simulation and Thermal Analysis on Temperature Fields During Composite Curing Process in Autoclave Technology." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85918.

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Autoclave process is a widely-used method of composite materials manufacturing. The uniformity of temperature fields during the composite curing process has an important effect on the component and then product quality. Previous simulations on composite curing temperature field had some limitations, because either in the thickness direction of thick composite component or under a rather simple external environment was only considered into the simulations, thereby leading to deviations from the actual composite curing process. In this study, taking into considerations of factors such as auxiliaries, mold and forced convection phenomenon inside autoclave, a refined simulation method has been established on composite curing temperature field in autoclave technology. On this basis, simulation and thermal analysis of the curing temperature field with regard to composite structure and material system in the aviation industry have been performed. The variables such as the time of heat preservation, heating rate are also controlled, so that the improvements of heating efficiency and uniformity of temperature field are achieved.
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Murray, Daniel, and Jose´ L. Lage. "A 3D Numerical Simulation of a Cylindrical Towel Heater With Symmetric and Asymmetric Heating." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44638.

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In this study a cylindrical towel heater filled with air is simulated numerically in three-dimensions, with the cylinder being heated electrically from the side. The objective is to investigate the efficiency of the heating process as to maintain the towel at a certain temperature, higher than the ambient temperature (ambient temperature outside the heating cylinder), with the heating being symmetric or asymmetric. The process is modeled analytically assuming the towel as a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium, saturated with air, and enclosed by the cylinder. The cylinder wall is heated with a constant, symmetric or asymmetric heat flux, with the bottom surface assumed adiabatic and the top isothermal in equilibrium with the ambient air. The porous-continuum mass, momentum and energy equations for the natural convection inside the cylinder, derived through volume averaging the continuum equations with appropriate closure equations, are written in nondimensional form and solved numerically using the finite-volume method. A parametric study is then performed, after identifying suitable ranges for the parameters involved, to identify the effects of the several controlling parameters, namely the cylinder heating strength (the Rayleigh number), the towel permeability (the Darcy number), form coefficient (the dimensionless form coefficient), and thermal diffusivity (modified Prandtl number). The results, in terms of volume-averaged and surface-averaged temperatures and Nusselt numbers, indicate that the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers have a predominant effect on the natural convection process inside the cylinder, with the inertia coefficient and the modified Prandtl number having lesser influence on the results. For the asymmetric heating configuration, the resulting Nusselt number is higher while the volume-averaged temperature is lower, as compared to the symmetric heating. Hence, a symmetric heating is preferable if a high average towel temperature is the objective of the heater. If a more efficient heating process is sought, on the other hand, than the asymmetric option should be the best alternative.
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Mrozek, Krzysztof. "Optimization of Injection Mold Design Through Application of External Selective Induction Heating." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46440.

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The aim of the presented research project is to optimize the injection mold for a better quality of thin-walled moldings without significant increase in cycle time, through application of external selective induction heating. The injection process of thin-walled parts is one of the most problematic procedures in plastics processing. Most commonly occurring defects of said parts are: short shots, diesel effect, welding lines, excessive internal stresses and warping. In order to reduce the number of these deficiencies, electromagnetic induction heating in concern with water cooling has been proposed to achieve rapid temperature cycling during the injection process. High-frequency induction is one of the most efficient methods of injection mold surface heating, by virtue of electromagnetic induction effect. The present study investigates selective induction heating of the cavity surface for three different thin-walled parts. Feasibility of the localized heating method was investigated through simulation of melt flow through the heated areas. The latter were selected on the basis of defects occurrence. To evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the induction heating process (within an area of 32×20 mm), a the plate with cooling channels and a movable heated insert were constructed. During the heating process, an inductor with a concentrator and a 10 kW generator. The measurement was performed by means of the Flir T620 thermographic camera and a Pt100 temperature sensor. Preliminary results allowed continuation of the experiment. For this purpose, an injection mold, consisting of three exchangeable cavity inserts on the stamp and matrix side, was assembled. In order to evaluate the applicability of induction heating, the injection process was carried out and its results were compared to those obtained through utilization of conventional means. The investigation showed that selective heating of the cavity surface to 150 °C afforded elimination of the majority of defects.
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Fu, Lin, Zhonghai Zheng, Hongfa Di, and Yi Jiang. "Urban Building Energy Planning With Space Distribution and Time Dynamic Simulation." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54221.

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It’s important to deal with building energy-saving in one city level and plan the energy system from one building to one city level. It’s suggested strongly to conduct urban building energy planning in urban planning system in China. There are two main characteristics of urban building energy system. That is, firstly, the terminal building energy demand is dynamic timely, such as the heating, cooling, gas and electricity load of 8760 hours a year with peak and valley load. Secondly, the energy demand, energy sources supply, energy equipments and networks of heating, cooling, gas and electricity are distributed in urban space. It’s meaningful to conduct an innovative urban energy planning with space distribution and time dynamic simulation. In this paper, the energy planning method with space and time characteristics is presented and analyzed briefly. In the meanwhile, to meet the same energy demand in buildings, such as heating, air conditioning, gas and electricity, different energy equipments such as boiler, CHP, CCHP and heat pump based on different energy sources such as coal, gas and electricity can be planned and should be alternative among those energy sources and equipments. Thus, a well alternative urban energy system with high energy efficiency and low environmental emission should be simulated. Therefore, an urban building energy planning (UBEP) simulation tool developed by our research group is introduced. And finally, a case of energy planning in Beijing City in 2010 for heating and air conditioning system is simulated dynamically and analyzed.
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Moon, Seong Won, and Tong Seop Kim. "Simulation of Optimizing the Partial Load Performance of a Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Using Exhaust Heat Recuperation and Inlet Bleed Heating." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15764.

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Abstract Extending the operating range and improving the partial load efficiency of the gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) is becoming increasingly important. This paper proposes a novel method to achieve the two goals simultaneously. To fulfill the research objective, the combination of exhaust heat recuperation and inlet bleed heating (IBH) was adopted and evaluated. A cycle simulation was conducted to confirm whether the research goal could be achieved. A recuperator was installed between the compressor and combustor of the gas turbine, and the degree of heat recuperation was modulated during partial load operation to enhance the cycle efficiency compared to the conventional GTCC plant. In contrast to the conventional GTCC plant, the recuperation ratio was modulated before control of the variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) began. This means that the recuperation control covers the high partial load regime. The gas turbine power remained almost constant in this regime because the inlet flow rate and turbine inlet temperature were kept constant. In contrast, the power of the bottoming cycle decreased with increasing recuperation ratio due to the decrease in exhaust gas energy. After the recuperation ratio reached a limit, the load control was the same, as in conventional plants: VIGV control followed by fuel only control. The purpose of using IBH was to reduce CO emissions in the low load regime. Some of the compressor discharge air was recirculated to the compressor inlet, and the combustion temperature was maintained at a high level. The simulation showed that both IBH and recuperation are effective in extending the operating range. The predicted reduction in the turndown ratio was approximately 10%p. The partial load efficiency improvement by the recuperation was sensible. The efficiency remained higher than the full load efficiency over a wide partial load range. The efficiency of the recuperated GTCC was 4.1%p higher at 50% power than that of the conventional GTCC.
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Yepifanov, Sergiy V., Roman L. Zelenskyi, and Igor Loboda. "Modeling the GTE Under Its Dynamic Heating Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26258.

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A modern gas turbine engine (GTE) is a complex non-linear dynamic system with the mutual effect of gas-dynamic and thermal processes in its components. The engine development requires the precise real-time simulation of all main operating modes. One of the most complex operating modes for modeling is “cold stabilization”, which is the rotors acceleration without completely heated up the turbine elements. The dynamic heating problem is a topical practical issue. Solving the problem requires coordinating a gas-path model with heat and stress models, which is also a significant scientific problem. The phenomenon of interest is the radial clearances change during engines operation and its influence on engines static and dynamic performances. To consider the clearance change, it is necessary to synthesize the quick proceeding stress-state models (QPSSM) of a rotor and a casing for the initial temperature and dynamic heating. The unique feature of the QPSSM of GTEs is separate equation sets, which allow the heat exchange between structure elements and the gas (air) and the displacements of the turbine rotor and the casing. This ability appears as a result of determining the effect of each factor on different structural elements of the engine. The presented method significantly simplifies the model identification, which can be performed based on a precise calculation of the unsteady temperature fields of the structural elements and the variation of the radial clearance. Thus, the present paper addresses a new method to model the engine dynamics considering its heating up. The method is based on the integration of three models: the gas-path dynamics model, the clearance dynamics model and the model of the clearance effect on the efficiency. The paper also comprises the program implementation of the models. The method was tested by applying to a particular turbofan engine.
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Reports on the topic "Heating – Efficiency – Simulation methods"

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Kurnik, Charles W., David Jacobson, and Jarred Metoyer. Chapter 4: Small Commercial and Residential Unitary and Split System HVAC Heating and Cooling Equipment-Efficiency Upgrade Evaluation Protocol. The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408083.

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Cary, John R. FINAL Report on Analysis and direct numerical simulation of RF heating processes and advanced computational methods for fusion application. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170537.

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J. Case and D. Buesch. Simulation of Ventilation Efficiency, Temperatures, and Relative Humidities in Emplacement Drifts at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, Using Monte Carlo and Composite Thermal-Pulse Methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837500.

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Lvov, Michael S., and Halyna V. Popova. Simulation technologies of virtual reality usage in the training of future ship navigators. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3758.

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Research goal: the research is aimed at the theoretical substantiation of the application of virtual reality technology simulators and their features in higher maritime educational institutions. Research objectives: to determine the role and place of simulation technology in the educational process in the training of future ship navigators in order to form the professional competence of navigation. Object of research: professional training of future ship navigators in higher maritime educational institutions. Subject of research: simulation technologies of virtual reality as a component of the educational process at higher educational maritime establishments. Research methods used: theoretical methods containing the analysis of scientific sources; empirical methods involving study and observation of the educational process. Research results: the analysis of scientific publications allows to define the concept of virtual reality simulators, their application in the training of future navigators, their use for assessing the acquired professional competence of navigation. Main conclusions: introduction of simulation technologies of virtual reality in the educational process in higher maritime educational institutions increases the efficiency of education, promotes the development of professional thinking of students, enhances the quality of professional competence development.
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Birchmore, Roger. Medium-density Dwellings in Auckland and the Building Regulations. Unitec ePress, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.0822.

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National thermal standards have historically been set to minimise winter heating energy in detached houses. It is uncertain whether these standards are optimal for the increasing number of joined, medium-density dwellings when summer and winter conditions are considered. Using freely available software, annual heating energy use and summertime peak temperatures were calculated for a number of versions of detached and joined dwellings offering the same occupied volume and window areas. Initial results indicated that, as expected, the joined dwellings required less heating energy. The detached house exhibited a higher peak summertime temperature but a lower overall average daily temperature. Interventions such as changing insulation, glazing areas and ventilation were calculated to reduce summertime temperatures in the joined dwelling. Increasing ventilation provided the greatest improvement particularly during the sensitive sleeping hours. Changes to clauses H1 Energy Efficiency, G4 ventilation and G6 Airborne and Impact Sound are recommended if these early findings are confirmed in a more complex simulation.
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Tawfik, Aly, Deify Law, Juris Grasis, Joseph Oldham, and Moe Salem. COVID-19 Public Transportation Air Circulation and Virus Mitigation Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2036.

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COVID-19 may have forever changed our world. Given the limited space and air circulation, potential infections on public transportation could be concerningly high. Accordingly, this study has two objectives: (1) to understand air circulation patterns inside the cabins of buses; and (2) to test the impact of different technologies in mitigating viruses from the air and on surfaces inside bus cabins. For the first objective, different devices, metrics and experiments (including colored smoke; videotaping; anemometers; pressure differentials; particle counts; and 3D numerical simulation models) were utilized and implemented to understand and quantify air circulation inside different buses, with different characteristics, and under different operating conditions (e.g. with windows open and shut). For the second objective, three different live prokaryotic viruses were utilized: Phi6, MS2 and T7. Various technologies (including positive pressure environment inside the cabin, HEPA filters with different MERV ratings, concentrated UV exposure with charged carbon filters in the HVAC systems, center point photocatalytic oxidation technology, ionization, and surface antiviral agents) were tested to evaluate the potential of mitigating COVID-19 infections via air and surfaces in public transportation. The effectiveness of these technologies on the three live viruses was tested in both the lab and in buses in the field. The results of the first objective experiments indicated the efficiency of HVAC system designs, where the speed of air spread was consistently much faster than the speed of air clearing. Hence, indicating the need for additional virus mitigation from the cabin. Results of the second objective experiments indicated that photocatalytic oxidation inserts and UVC lights were the most efficient in mitigating viruses from the air. On the other hand, positive pressure mitigated all viruses from surfaces; however, copper foil tape and fabrics with a high percentage of copper mitigated only the Phi6 virus from surfaces. High-temperature heating was also found to be highly effective in mitigating the different viruses from the vehicle cabin. Finally, limited exploratory experiments to test possible toxic by-products of photocatalytic oxidation and UVC lights inside the bus cabin did not detect any increase in levels of formaldehyde, ozone, or volatile organic compounds. Implementation of these findings in transit buses, in addition to the use of personal protective equipment, could be significantly valuable for protection of passengers and drivers on public transportation modes, possibly against all forms of air-borne viruses.
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Tawfik, Aly, Deify Law, Juris Grasis, Joseph Oldham, and Moe Salem. COVID-19 Public Transportation Air Circulation and Virus Mitigation Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2036.

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COVID-19 may have forever changed our world. Given the limited space and air circulation, potential infections on public transportation could be concerningly high. Accordingly, this study has two objectives: (1) to understand air circulation patterns inside the cabins of buses; and (2) to test the impact of different technologies in mitigating viruses from the air and on surfaces inside bus cabins. For the first objective, different devices, metrics and experiments (including colored smoke; videotaping; anemometers; pressure differentials; particle counts; and 3D numerical simulation models) were utilized and implemented to understand and quantify air circulation inside different buses, with different characteristics, and under different operating conditions (e.g. with windows open and shut). For the second objective, three different live prokaryotic viruses were utilized: Phi6, MS2 and T7. Various technologies (including positive pressure environment inside the cabin, HEPA filters with different MERV ratings, concentrated UV exposure with charged carbon filters in the HVAC systems, center point photocatalytic oxidation technology, ionization, and surface antiviral agents) were tested to evaluate the potential of mitigating COVID-19 infections via air and surfaces in public transportation. The effectiveness of these technologies on the three live viruses was tested in both the lab and in buses in the field. The results of the first objective experiments indicated the efficiency of HVAC system designs, where the speed of air spread was consistently much faster than the speed of air clearing. Hence, indicating the need for additional virus mitigation from the cabin. Results of the second objective experiments indicated that photocatalytic oxidation inserts and UVC lights were the most efficient in mitigating viruses from the air. On the other hand, positive pressure mitigated all viruses from surfaces; however, copper foil tape and fabrics with a high percentage of copper mitigated only the Phi6 virus from surfaces. High-temperature heating was also found to be highly effective in mitigating the different viruses from the vehicle cabin. Finally, limited exploratory experiments to test possible toxic by-products of photocatalytic oxidation and UVC lights inside the bus cabin did not detect any increase in levels of formaldehyde, ozone, or volatile organic compounds. Implementation of these findings in transit buses, in addition to the use of personal protective equipment, could be significantly valuable for protection of passengers and drivers on public transportation modes, possibly against all forms of air-borne viruses.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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