Journal articles: 'Heating – Design and construction'

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Abu-Mallouh, R., O. Badran, S. Abdallah, and Y. Abdellatif. "Design, Construction and Operation of Solar Heating Coil." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.03.01.008.

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Villalobos, Felipe A., Stefan Hay, Ingo Weidlich, and Ingo Wolf. "Design, Construction, and Operation of a Monitored District Heating Pipeline System." Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice 10, no. 3 (August 2019): 04019018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000388.

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Işik, Hakan. "Design and Construction of Thermoelectric Footwear Heating System for Illness Feet." Journal of Medical Systems 29, no. 6 (December 2005): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-005-6131-3.

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Cavalieri, Stefano, Roberto Pini, Renzo Salimbeni, Umberto Vanni, Matteo Vannini, Pio Burlamacchi, and Lorenzo Fini. "Analysis, design and construction of copper vapor laser system." Laser and Particle Beams 7, no. 2 (May 1989): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460000608x.

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In this work construction characteristics and performance of a small scale self-heating copper vapor laser are presented. Analytical design of the thermal isolator is reported in some detail. Particular attention has been given to the knowledge of power deposition in the discharge to evaluate the component losses. In the optimized conditions the laser mean power is over 5 W, confirming the expected values. Details of the measurements on the system are also reported.

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Wang, Xue Ying, Ya Jun Wu, and Dong Xu. "Passive Solar House Design Strategy in the North-East of China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.61.

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Proceed with basic passive solar construction parts,analysis and state thermal storage,heating accumulation and consumption process of passive solar energy.Put forward several effective measures to strengthen thermal storage and heating accumulation and reduce thermal loss in the northeast area.Lay the foundation for the green house design in the north-east of China.

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Baek, Sanghoon, and Jin Chul Park. "Proposal of a PCM Underfloor Heating System Using a Web Construction Method." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2693526.

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Apartment buildings in Korea have adopted underfloor heating systems using web construction methods based on concrete and hot water systems. However, since such systems consume significant amounts of energy for heating owing to their low thermal storage performance, it is necessary to develop a new system that can minimize energy consumption by improving concrete thermal storage performance. This study proposes a phase-change material (PCM) underfloor heating system to reduce energy consumption in apartment buildings. An optimal design for a PCM underfloor heating system is proposed, and thermal storage performance of the proposed system is evaluated experimentally. The temperature range of the PCM for underfloor heating is also calculated considering the proposed design and comfortable heating conditions for domestic apartment buildings. Results indicate that a PCM underfloor heating system can be constructed in the following order: (1) a 210 mm concrete slab, (2) a 20 mm cushioning material, (3) 40 mm of mortar including a 10 mm PCM thermal storage container, and (4) 40 mm of finishing mortar including wire mesh and hot water pipes. The temperature range of the PCM used for underfloor heating in domestic apartment buildings is 32–45°C. Experimental tests reveal that thermal storage performance of underfloor heating systems that apply 35, 37, 41, and 44°C as representative PCM temperatures is superior to existing systems.

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Seltzman, Andrew, Jay Anderson, and Cary Forest. "Construction of an EBW Heating System for the MST RFP." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920302010.

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The first observation of rf heating in a reversed field pinch (RFP) using the electron Bernstein wave (EBW) has been demonstrated on Madison Symmetric Torus (MST). The design of the RF heating system used in this experiment is described. Klystron and antenna limitations are examined during launch into the plasma.

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PAVLOV, Alexey Aleksandrovich. "DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION FENCES WITH PRODUCTS FROM MODIFIEND FIBERS." Urban construction and architecture 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2014.02.16.

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New design models of walls with products of modifi ed fi bers in present conditions of design and operation according with new requirements of building regulations in the light of saving energy resources are viewed. Theory and results of heating calculation of construction fences are provided.

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Pedraza Yepes, Cristian Antonio, Oscar Fabian Higuera Cobos, José Daniel Hernández Vásquez, Nelson Jesús De La Hoz Muñoz, and Habib Naizir Julio Gonzalez. "Design, construction and evaluation of a Fresnel Linear Concentrator for Oil Heating." Scientia et technica 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/23447214.20671.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el diseño y desarrollo de un concentrador lineal de Fresnel que pueda concentrar las radiaciones solares hacia un tubo receptor con una relación de concentración de 11,54. La metodología aplicada permitió analizar el espaciado, las inclinaciones y los anchos adecuados de los espejos más convenientes para obtener el mayor factor de concentración solar y las pérdidas ópticas y térmicas mínimas. El diseño del colector de concentración solar consistió en un sistema de 3.5 m x 3.0 m x 2.65 m con 15 espejos, cada uno de 0.12 m de ancho, y una altura central de recepción de 2.0 m. Los resultados experimentales confirmaron que se alcanzó la temperatura máxima del proceso 140 °C. Además, el almacenamiento de aceite térmico fue de 995 kJ-h disponibles en 6 horas (desde las 9: 00h hasta las 15: 00h). Las pruebas de rendimiento del sistema se realizaron en la ciudad de Barranquilla, con las condiciones ambientales locales. Las pruebas experimentales del prototipo permitieron validar el diseño propuesto en este trabajo.

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Hernández, E., G. A. Bautista, and I. L. Ortiz. "Design, construction and evaluation of a system of forced solar water heating." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 138 (July 2016): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/138/1/012021.

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Dixon, E., R. Richman, and K. Pressnail. "Nested Thermal Envelope Design construction: Achieving significant reductions in heating energy use." Energy and Buildings 54 (November 2012): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.027.

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Pan, Wente, and Hongyuan Mei. "A Design Strategy for Energy-Efficient Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 6481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186481.

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In the past decade, Chinese urban areas have seen rapid development, and rural areas are becoming the next construction hotspot. The development of rural buildings in China has lagged behind urban development, and there is a lack of energy-efficient rural buildings. Rural houses in severe cold regions have the characteristics of large energy exchange, a long heating cycle, and low construction costs. Energy consumption is a crucial issue for rural houses in severe cold regions. How to balance the energy efficiency and building cost become a crucial problem. To solve this problem, we investigate the energy consumption of rural housing in cold regions, using Longquan Village in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, as a case study. A low-energy design framework is established that considers the spatial layout, building type, enclosure system, and heating system. With the support of project funds, a demonstration house is constructed, and the energy savings performance of the building is investigated during the heating period. The results indicate that the energy savings rate of the demonstration house is 66%. The demonstration building enables local residents to learn construction methods for low-energy houses and promotes energy efficiency.

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Albatayneh, Aiman. "Optimising the Parameters of a Building Envelope in the East Mediterranean Saharan, Cool Climate Zone." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020043.

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Enhancing the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of buildings is a significant global aim. New construction regulations are, therefore, geared specifically towards low-emission and energy-efficient projects. However, there are numerous and typically competitive priorities, such as making the most of energy usage in residential buildings. This leads to the complex topic of multi-objective optimisation. The primary aim of this research was to reduce the energy consumed for heating and cooling loads in residential buildings in Ma’an City, which is located in the Jordanian Saharan Mediterranean, a cool climate zone. This was achieved by optimising various design variables (window to wall percent, ground floor construction, local shading type, infiltration rate (ac/h), glazing type, flat roof construction, natural ventilation rate, window blind type, window shading control schedule, partition construction, site orientation and external wall construction) of the building envelope. DesignBuilder software (version 6.1) was utilised to run a sensitivity analysis (SA) for 12 design variables to evaluate their influence on both heating and cooling loads simultaneously using a regression method. The variables were divided into two groups according to their importance and a genetic algorithm (GA) was then applied to both groups. The optimum solution selected for the high-importance variables was based on minimising the heating and cooling loads. The optimum solution selected for the low-importance variables was based on the lowest summation of the heating and cooling loads. Finally, a scenario was devised (using the combined design variables of the two solutions) and simulated. The results indicate that the total energy consumption was 1186.21 kWh/year, divided into 353.03 kWh/year for the cooling load and 833.18 kWh/year for the heating load. This was compared with 9969.38 kWh/year of energy, divided into 3878.37 kWh/year for the heating load and 6091.01 kWh/year for the cooling load for the baseline building. Thus, the amount of energy saved was 88.1%, 94.2% and 78.5% for total energy consumption, cooling load and heating load, respectively. However, implementing the modifications suggested by the optimisation of the low-importance variables was not cost-effective, especially the external wall construction and partition construction, and therefore these design variables can be neglected in future studies.

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Hou, Cai Qin, Hui Hou, and Chun E. Li. "Application of Solar Thermal Utilization in New Rural Construction in Lanzhou Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3062.

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Solar energy is clean and reproducible energy,it has an important advantage when we use solar energy in heating,supplying hot water and drying in residential buildings.Practical experience confirms that appropriate design of these systems can achieve good results to use solar energy if they compared with conventional system.This paper aims to investigate the good use for solar energy in new rural construction of Lanzhou, we integrate traditional passive solar house, solar heating, solar drying into a new classified system ,design the versatile system for lowtemperature radiant floor heating,supplying hot water and crops drying.Meanwhile, control method and handling precautions are improved.Through further analysis on economic efficiency comparison with solar floor heating and conventional heat source with new rural residential integrated energy price method,analysis on energy-saving and environmental benefit.At last we come to the conclusion the system is worth popularizing in new rural construction.

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Bennett, George. "Heating systems through the lens of the boiler: Detailed case studies to inform current and future heating system design." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419893662.

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Boilers in hydronic heating systems are the norm in the UK. Through case study analysis, covering four houses with gas central heating systems for over one year and utilising novel monitoring of the on-board diagnostic data of the boilers, performance issues were identified in this mature technology. ON/OFF cycling behaviour and oversizing were prevalent with boilers consistently unable to modulate low enough to match the building space heating demand. Cycling behaviour resulted, known to be detrimental to efficiency, with the majority of boiler operations lasting less than 10 min. Targeted case study analysis of incumbent technologies, such as boilers, utilising the latest in data collection techniques and connected appliances provides a cost effective insight to broader issues. Implications for domestic energy demand range from incremental improvements in boiler system efficiency by addressing cycling to the updating of building energy assessment models (e.g. Standard Assessment Procedure) to reflect and reward the benefits of good installation practices. An improved understanding of boiler operation may support improved product design and installation practices and are beneficial to the next generation of domestic heat, such as heat pumps. By undertaking continued in situ analysis of the incumbent technology, a more thorough foundation for the future can be ascertained. Fundamental issues of oversizing and detrimental cycling behaviour are persisting in the industry. Practical steps can be taken immediately to avoid oversizing of boilers. Building an awareness of performance penalties associated with poorly planned heating installations will have added benefit for more dynamically sensitive technologies in the future, such as heat pumps.

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Verbeke, Stijn, Amaryllis Audenaert, and Ivan Verhaert. "Interlinking the effect of thermal mass and temperature control strategies in dwellings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104065.

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Exposed heavyweight constructions with a high specific heat capacity can dampen and delay transient heat flows in buildings. This paper explores the dynamic effects of various construction assemblies and explores the effect of different temperature control strategies in relation to the thermal mass. The thermal inertia of a building not only affects the pace of heating up a thermal zone, but also the temperature set-back that can be attained with an intermittent heating regime, and thus the setpoints of control regimes. Based on a simulation study, it is demonstrated that the impact of the thermal mass on the heating demand of dwellings is rather limited in a temperate climate. Lightweight timber frame construction can display an annual heating energy demand of up to 6.6% higher compared to a heavy mass concrete and limestone construction in case of fixed thermostat setpoints. If a different control strategy with a highly intermittent thermostat schedule is implemented, the energy use of the lightweight construction can conversely have a lower heating energy expenditure, with a reduction of up to -4.5%. Modelling assumptions on the HVAC system capacity, the timing of the start-up moment of intermittent heating and the type of thermostat control – either based on air temperature or operative temperature – can have a significant influence on the simulation outcomes. Depending on the modelling assumptions and temperature control strategies implemented, the detailed dynamic simulations display that heavy mass buildings will not necessarily yield a lower heating demand as would be predicted by simplified monthly quasi-steady state calculations. In general, it is advocated that a better understanding of control strategies and resulting comfort sensations is required in building design and performance simulation.

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Brown, M. Judson. "Optimization of Thermal Mass in Commercial Building Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929934.

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Based on results from a one-year intensive monitoring project of a Northern New York commercial building with energy-conserving design features, a thermal storage project was undertaken to optimize the design of a thermal mass storage system for a moderately sized commercial building and transfer the technology to the commercial building sector. A generic commercial building design of 27,000 square feet (2508 m2) was selected for the optimization project. Several different types of thermal mass designs were considered as potentially practical for a commercial building. These included a “sandmass” design such as the mass incorporated in the previously monitored commercial building mentioned above, a foundation slab of sufficient thickness to serve as a significant building thermal mass, and the use of poured cement in interior wall and floor construction. Five different office building thermal designs were selected which represented various thermal storage features and two different building insulation levels (R10 and R20). Energy performance of the five thermal designs was modeled in building energy simulations using DOE 2.1C (Department of Energy 2.1C) energy simulation code. Results of the simulations showed a reduction in peak heating and cooling loads would be experienced by the HVAC equipment. The reduction in peak heating and cooling loads was anticipated because thermal mass within a building serves to average peak heating and cooling loads due to the capacity of the thermal mass to store and release heat from all building heat sources over a period of time. Peak heating loads varied from 1972 kBtuh (578 kW) for the R-10 light construction base case to a minimum of 980 kBtuh (287 kW) for the R-20 heavy construction sandmass storage case. Peak cooling loads dropped from 772 kBtuh (226 kW) for the R-20 light construction case to 588 kBtuh (172 kW) for the R-20 heavy construction sandmass storage case. Results of the simulations also showed annual energy savings for the high thermal mass designs. Energy savings varied from 20 percent [16.0 kBtu/ft2 (50 kWh/m2)] for the R-10 high thermal mass design in comparison to its base case to 18 percent [12.2 kBtu/ft2 (39 kWh/m2)] for the R-20 high thermal mass design in comparison to its base case. The annual energy savings are due to the ability of the thermal mass to absorb heat from all sources of heat generation (lights, occupancy, solar, and auxiliary) during occupied periods and release the heat during unoccupied periods. An optimized thermal design was developed based on results from the DOE 2.1C simulations. The initial cost for the optimized thermal storage design is lower than the initial costs for light construction office buildings, since the lower initial cost of the down-sized HVAC system for the optimized thermal storage design more than offsets the increased cost of wall and floor systems incorporated in the optimized design. Annual energy savings are realized from the high thermal mass system in both cooling and heating modes due to the interaction of building HVAC systems operation in the simulated 27000 ft2 (2508 m2) office building. Annual operating savings of $3781 to $4465 per year are estimated based on simulation results.

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Liu, Chao Ying. "Seeking Feasible Low-Carbon Residential Design Strategies According to the Energy Consuming Sources of the Residential Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.624.

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According to Xuanmei Yang and other scholars’ study, space heating and cooling together with water heating consist the majority of domestic energy consumption. This article analyzes the seven aspects of domestic energy consumption by heating or cooling. From the building envelope technology and low-carbon technology aspects, it provides numbers of feasible strategies to attain low-carbon residential design adapting to the energy consuming sources of the residential construction.

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Lapidus, Azarij, Vadim Fedoseev, Alexander Sokolov, Julia Ostryakova, and Vladimir Voronov. "Organizational and technological aspects of the design and construction of heat supply systems based on heat pumps in low-rise construction." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302025.

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There are most of the energy`s costs are accounted for by heating and hot water supply in communal housing conditions. Every day there is a growing need for the development and development of alternative options for energy generation technology. In the field of alternative energy, the most popular solution is a heat supply system based on air heat pumps (HP). Construction and installation work is simplified for integrated heat pump systems, but the question of the organization of design for these devices remains not fully resolved. The purpose of the work is to study the features and patterns of design and construction works with heat pump systems built into the premises in the field of low-rise construction and to develop measures to reduce the time and cost of such works. Heat engineering calculations for integrated heat pump systems that take into account climatic features, architectural and construction elements and parameters of engineering networks of the construction object, increase the complexity, cost and duration of design work. The research methods used are the analysis of the entire design process and in particular the section “heating and ventilation”, further modeling through network planning of the design process and comparison of the obtained data. The results of the study are calendar schedules of the design process of integrated heat pump systems on the example of a cottage structure with an area of 150 m2. For further analysis, the parameters of the time reserves of the working processes of the obtained network graphs are calculated. The section of heating, ventilation and heat supply (S) for integrated heat pump systems of heat supply is compared with the classical one, where the heat generator is an electric boiler. As a result of the study, a scheme for organizing design work is proposed, which allows you to plan the design of the section S without affecting the overall terms of execution of project documentation and the growth of its cost.

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Kazyaev, M. D., D. M. Kazyaev, E. V. Kiselev, A. M. Vokhmyakov, and D. I. Spitchenko. "THERMAL WORK OF CHAMBER FURNACE FOR HEATING FOR HARDENING OF THIN STEEL SHEET." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-803-809.

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Increasing performance of steelmaking units is possible with changing methods of steel production. Such variances entail serio us changes in the subsequent redistributions: in metals processing by pressure and in thermal treatment of finished metal products. It is known that these two metallurgical processes are equipped with a large number of heating and thermal furnaces, and their thermal work does not always meet increased requirements for products quali ty. Issues of improving thermal performance of furnaces are also relevant in mechanical engineering. High technological requirements are associa ted with very strict environmental ones. Therefore, a new concept is needed for the design and construction of modern highly automated industrial heating furnaces. In order to improve the design and technical and economic indicators, technical obsolescence and the construction of new industrial furnaces are carried out. In design and construction of furnaces, fuel-burning devices of new designs and modern materials are used. In turn, this necessitates the use of new approaches to working space and heating system design of the furnace, taking into account arrangement of heated products charge. Such events are carried out, as a rule, in operating workshops, that causes certain difficulties due to limited space provided for placement of new furnaces and equipment for their operation and maintenance. A complex study was made of the design and thermal performance of a block of three chamber thermal furnaces. They were built in a limited space of the workshop with specific loading and delivery of heated thin sheet.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Construction and Operation of Solar Energy Dish for Water Heating." Baghdad Science Journal 14, no. 4 (December 3, 2017): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.14.4.797-800.

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Construction and operation of (2 m) parabolic solar dish for hot water application were illustrated. The heater was designed to supply hot water up to 100 oC using the clean solar thermal energy. The system includes the design and construction of solar tracking unit in order to increase system performance. Experimental test results, which obtained from clear and sunny day, refer to highly energy-conversion efficiency and promising a well-performed water heating system.

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Dazhong, Wang. "The design characteristics and construction experiences of the 5 MWt Nuclear Heating Reactor." Nuclear Engineering and Design 143, no. 1 (August 1993): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(93)90273-c.

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Romanska-Zapala, A., M. Bomberg, M. Fedorczak-Cisak, M. Furtak, D. Yarbrough, and M. Dechnik. "Buildings with environmental quality management, part 2: Integration of hydronic heating/cooling with thermal mass." Journal of Building Physics 41, no. 5 (October 27, 2017): 397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117735465.

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The quest for a sustainable built environment brought dramatic changes to architectural design because of the integrated design process. The integrated design process is the modern way to realize “performance architecture,” that is, design with a view to field performance. Integrated design process permits merging of concepts from passive-house designs, solar engineering, and an integration of the building enclosure with mechanical services. In part 1 of this series, the emergence of many new multi-functional materials was discussed. Yet, current innovation is guided by lessons from history. Thermal mass in heavy masonry buildings allowed periodic heating. The authors postulate integration of a hydronic heating system with the walls and the use of smart temperature control of the heating system to modify and optimize the thermal mass contribution. To use the mass of a building, one must accept transient temperature conditions where the indoor temperature varies but is confined by comfort requirements for both summer and winter conditions. On the other side, resiliency requirements dictate that in the absence of electricity the air temperature does not fall below about 12°C over a period of several hours. This requirement implies that summer cooling will likely be separated from the heating systems and that operation of a low-energy building is heavily dependent on the design of smart control systems. Analysis of control systems provided in this article for earth-to-air heat exchangers and cooling of houses with lightweight walls lead us to the requirements of separation between heating and ventilation and needs for different sources of fresh air. Finally, a new concept emerges.

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Liu, Qing. "Study on the Oil Pipeline Design of R Oil Field." Frontiers Research of Architecture and Engineering 3, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/frae.v3i3.2453.

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It’s a compressive article consists of three parts, an overview of pipeline development in China, oil pipeline design for R oilfield and pipeline management suggestions. First, this article introduces the current status of pipeline construction, oil pipeline technology and gas pipeline technology in China in recent years. The current status of China’s pipeline construction is divided into three stages. In terms of construction, pipeline construction is developing in the direction of intelligence and modernization. Long-distance oil pipelines require technical breakthroughs in two aspects. One is the sequential oil product delivery technology to improve the type of oil that can be delivered sequentially; the second is the viscosity reduction delivery technology for heavy oil. Gas transmission pipelines are developing in the direction of high pressure, large diameter and high steel grade. Secondly, based on all the pipeline development above, in order to meet the development of R oil field, an oil-water two-phase pipeline transportation design and a pipeline crossing river design were carried out. Under the condition of the design pressure of the pipeline of 5.5MPa, it is preferable to produce a pipeline of φ219×6.5mm, and the steel grade of the pipeline is L360. A heating station and pumping station are needed in the transportation process, and the heating station and pumping station are combined for one construction. Considering that the strata of the river crossing section are mainly gravel sand layer, clay layer and non-lithological stratum, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is adopted for river crossing, and suggestions are made for the construction process. Finally, after the pipeline was put into production, the corresponding auxiliary production system and supporting engineering suggestions were put forward.

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Ahmad Gondal, Irfan. "Design and experimental analysis of a solar thermoelectric heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system as an integral element of a building envelope." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418814067.

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This study presents an innovative concept of a compact integrated solar-thermoelectric module that can form part of the building envelope. The heating/cooling modes use the photovoltaic electrical current to power the heat pump. The experimental analysis was carried out and the results of coefficient of performance were in the range 0.5–1 and 2.6–5 for cooling and heating functions, respectively. The study demonstrates that thermoelectric cooler can effectively be used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning applications by integrating with solar panels especially in cooling applications. The system is environmentally friendly and can contribute in the implementation of zero energy buildings concept. Practical application: In order to help address the challenge of climate change and associated environmental effects, there is continuous demand for new technologies and applications that can be readily integrated into day-to-day life as a means of reducing anthropogenic impact. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, as one of the largest energy consumers in buildings, is the focus of many researchers seeking to reduce building energy use and environmental impact. This article proposes using facades and windows that have an integrated modules of solar photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric devices that are able to work together to achieve heating and cooling effects as required by the building without requiring any external operational power.

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Xu, Dong, Ya Jun Wu, and Xue Ying Wang. "Application Research of Solar Energy Technology in Liaoning Rural House." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.161.

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In the construction of new socialist countryside strategic decision background, in view of China's energy shortage and the present situation of the huge energy consumption, and puts forward the development through solar house to solve the problem of heating in northern rural residents, at the same time, reduce energy consumption level and Improve construction of solar and other renewable energy sources. Combined with the characteristics of the northern countryside, from construction design principle, energy-saving design, construction of building plane made profile design introduced the rural north solar house construction optimization design ideas and points. In liaoning province for ecological rural construction laid solid foundation, and for solar house in north China rural development provides a certain basis.

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Schuetze, Thorsten. "Wood Constructions for Sustainable Building Renovation." Advanced Materials Research 1150 (November 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1150.67.

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This paper discusses the potentials of different wood constructions for the renovation and extension of existing buildings for sustainable urban renewal. The renovation and extension of existing buildings with wood constructions can contribute significantly to sustainable urban redevelopment. The renovation of building envelopes, such as façades and roofs, with highly insulated wooden components, can reduce the transmission heat losses and related heating energy demand of existing buildings significantly. The extension of existing buildings contributes to the redensification of urban areas and can create synergies with the improvement of existing buildings’ performances. The manifold advantages of specific wooden constructions can be related to different aspects, such as construction type and material properties, building execution, design, logistic and sustainability. The results of this research discuss the architectural design and planning relevant properties of specific timber construction types, such as wood frame, cross-laminated timber (CLT), massive timber, and hybrid timber-concrete, considering the properties of different soft (such as spruce) and hard (such as beech) construction timber species. Timber constructions are compared with conventional massive constructions out of concrete and steel. The results confirm the significant advantages of timber constructions regarding all aspects.

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Neale, A. J., R. F. Babus'Haq, S. D. Probert, and M. J. Shilston. "Thermal design of district-heating distribution networks." Applied Energy 28, no. 4 (January 1987): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(87)90031-6.

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Ince, Caner-Veli, Anna Chugreeva, Christoph Böhm, Fadi Aldakheel, Johanna Uhe, Peter Wriggers, Bernd-Arno Behrens, and Annika Raatz. "A design concept of active cooling for tailored forming workpieces during induction heating." Production Engineering 15, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01027-5.

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AbstractThe demand for lightweight construction is constantly increasing. One approach to meet this challenge is the development of hybrid components made of dissimilar materials. The use of the hybrid construction method for bulk components has a high potential for weight reduction and increased functionality. However, forming workpieces consisting of dissimilar materials requires specific temperature profiles for achieving sufficient formability. This paper deals with the development of a specific heating and cooling strategy to generate an inhomogeneous temperature distribution in hybrid workpieces. Firstly, the heating process boundaries with regard to temperature parameters required for a successful forming are experimentally defined. Secondly, a design based on the obtained cooling strategy is developed. Next a modelling embedded within an electro-thermal framework provides the basis for a numerical determination of admissible cooling rates to fulfil the temperature constraint. Here, the authors illustrate an algorithmic approach for the optimisation of cooling parameters towards an effective minimum, required for applicable forming processes of tailored forming.

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Zwarycz-Makles, Katarzyna, and Sławomir Jaszczak. "DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF SINGLE-STAGE SIX-BED ADSORPTION HEAT PUMP." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.728.

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The construction and automatic control of single-stage six-bed adsorption heat pump for heating and cooling purposes is discussed. The presented device is design to simulate operating conditions as well as temperature and uptake changes in the adsorbers/desorbers and consequently to describe the performance of the six–bed adsorption heat pump. The authors focus on advanced operation and strategy of multi-bed heat pump adsorber/desorber performance configuration. Through the use of a sequential system of sorption columns operation, the continuous character of the gained power of device in a wide range is obtained. It is possible as a result of using in the device the quantitative control of the pump by switching sequentially columns (sequential control), quality control by changing the temperature of heating/cooling water flowing in series or parallel through sorption columns and by changing the time parameter of sorption process (adsorption/desorption time) of the bed.

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Wang, Hang Bing, Dong Dong Lou, Ya Song Wang, and Hua Rong Sun. "Research and Application of Monitoring and Control Technology for District Heating System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.294.

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This paper systematically presents a thorough analysis on the construction of the heating monitoring system in Nanjing General Hospital, China. The monitoring method and strategy of were discussed in detail. Besides, the optimization design of the simple closed loop control system was conducted. Finally, an optimal operation analysis system consisting of the heating host machine, costumer thermal monitoring system, and outside environment monitoring system for the heating room was established. As a result, the heating quality, the heating efficiency, and the relationship with costumer were greatly improved.

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Tokbolat, Serik, and Rajnish Kaur Calay. "Passive Design Techniques and Potentials of Application in Kazakhstan." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1592.

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Kazakhstan has intensive building construction program which offers an opportunity to construct energy efficient buildings in the country and contribute towards global CO2 emissions targets. There are several energy efficient technologies and sustainable green design features available which construction industry can adopt. However, there are no proper guidelines on green or passive design features in the country. This paper outlines building design measures based on passive design principles specifically for cold climate and can be cost effectively used in Kazakhstan. It is shown that two basic and simple passive design strategies which include site selection, building orientation and proper insulation, can significantly reduce heating loads of a building and its overall energy consumption.

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Albatayneh, Aiman, Tarek Tayara, Mustafa Jaradat, Murad Al-Omary, Muna Hindiyeh, Dariusz Alterman, and Manal Ishbeytah. "Optimum Building Design Variables in a Warm Saharan Mediterranean Climate Zone." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672260.

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This research contributes to making residential buildings more efficient in the city of Azraq, Jordan, which is located in a warm climate zone in the Saharan Mediterranean region (classified as a hot desert climate according to the Köppen climate classification). It involved the optimisation of several envelope parameters with the aim of reducing the usage of energy within a normal structure occupying an area of 186 m2 without the occupants’ involvement in saving energy in the building to solely measure the building envelope’s thermal performance. The DesignBuilder software was used for the sensitivity analysis using 12 design variables, which enabled their significance for both cooling and heating loads. The selected variables were separated into two categories based on their level of significance: a group with higher importance (window to wall %, local type of shading, ground floor building, natural rate of ventilation, rate of infiltration, kind of glazing, and flat roof structure) as well as a group with lower importance (partition construction, site position, construction of outside walls, kind of window blinds, and window shade control timetable); these variables will save a significant amount of heating and cooling energy.

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Revell, Kirsten M. A., and Neville A. Stanton. "Mental model interface design: putting users in control of home heating." Building Research & Information 46, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1377518.

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Turcsányi, Peter, and Anna Sedláková. "Assessment of two different methods of calculating a heating demand." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2019-0017.

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AbstractPhenomenon of today′s era is lowering overall energy performance and greenhouse gas emissions. European Union and its members came from an “uncontrollable” fossil fuel usage to an era of dependence reduction from fossil fuel usage. EU industry is now in era of utilizing renewable energy sources. Construction industry is responsible for 40% of total energy performance of EU; hence the great emphasis on energy effective design on new buildings as well as importance on energy effective renovation of already constructed buildings. Effort on lowering total energy performance in construction industry has signed on research on new project solutions, new insulation materials and new building services technologies which are maximizing energy gain from renewable energy sources. Simulation software and different engines are more than helpful tool when predicting building thermal behaviour. That is why simulation software is used more often in the process of designing energy efficient buildings or in the process of energy performance optimization of existing buildings. simulation and analytics itself, is dealing with simulation of chosen buildings (family houses) on heating demand based on the newest knowledge of constructions and materials. Results of heating demands of different family houses were confronted against heating demands calculated according national standards – using non-variable conditions. Next, the differences between two calculation approaches were characterized in percentages.

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Honig, Jeffrey M., Zachary S. Harper, and Gary R. Consolazio. "Influence of Thermal Sweep on Girder Stability during Construction." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 41 (May 4, 2018): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118768527.

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During construction, girder stability of precast, prestressed concrete bridge girders is adversely affected by fabrication imperfections. Consequently, limits on lateral sweep imperfection caused by fabrication tolerances are imposed by design standards, thus reducing the possibility of girder instability and rollover. However, thermal sweep, induced by solar heating during early stages of construction, can add to pre-existing fabrication tolerances thereby amplifying girder imperfections and reducing stability. In the present study, lateral thermal gradients available in the literature were adopted and enhanced for purposes of computing thermal girder sweep. A variety of girder types—PCI BT-63, Florida-I Beams, and AASHTO Type-V—were then investigated to quantify the influence that lateral thermal sweep has on the stability of individual precast concrete bridge girders under lateral wind load. Previously validated finite element analysis modeling and analysis techniques were used to conduct a parametric study that included 10 girder types, varying span lengths, and five geographic locations. Results revealed that thermal sweep may cause wind carrying capacity reductions of the order of 30 to 60% for typical span lengths, and even greater reductions at span lengths that approach maximum design limits. Consequently, it is crucial that thermal sweep, caused by environmental solar-heating conditions, be considered in construction-stage girder stability analyses.

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Lau, A. K., and L. M. Staley. "Solar Heating Systems Design Procedure for Greenhouse With Internal Collection and Sensible Heat Storage." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268303.

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A simplified design procedure for solar heating systems for greenhouses is presented. Computer modeling and simulations were carried out to analyze the effects of design variations in greenhouse construction and storage characteristics on long-term average system thermal performance. The key performance indices were defined in terms of the total solar contribution and solar heating fraction. The results of many simulations were transformed into correlations between monthly solar load ratio and the performance indices. Knowing monthly average meteorological data, designers and engineers can readily extract the necessary technical information for subsequent economic analysis to select the most cost-effective solution for a given design problem.

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Kudryavtcev, S. A., and T. U. Valtseva. "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE LAYING OF HEATING MAINS ON THE STATE OF THE BASE PAVEMENT AUTOMOBILE ROAD." Construction and Geotechnics 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2019.4.03.

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This article includes the way to prevent deformation of linear constructions which can due to the laying of the heating network because heating promotes ice formation. The considered design of the pavement cover during the laying of the heating network is being built on a section of the road on Pionerskaya street, which belongs to the roads of the third category. There are results of scientific research and engineering calculations of options for rational design of roads when laying the heating network and the example of the Far Eastern section of the road. The development is a generalization of the results of solving engineering, scientific, and settlement applied objectives. There is heating network is being laid, in the area under considerationwhich will subsequently warm up the outer surface of the asphalt concrete due to the heat generation of the pipes. It will cause the formation of ice on the outer surface of the asphalt concrete during period with negative temperatures. This construction imitaties plate in the rubble layers by using an integrated biaxial geogrid, as well as the laying of the heat insulation layer. The analysis of the initial data, as well as during the realization of the work, has established that, in order to be able to evaluate and compare the various indicators, it is necessary to provide calculated and theoretical studies for several construction options. Analysis of possible methods and means for determining rational structure parameters showed that it would be advisable to use geotechnical software systems «FEM models» and «Termoground». These software systems are able to jointly simulate the work of structures by its stress state, as well as by the ongoing thermodynamic processes in the annual freeze-thaw cycle. Numerical simulation of the structure operation using this software geotechnical complex allowed us to estimate the stability of the structure deformations, as well as to limit the heating of the asphalt concrete surface.

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Chen, Yao, Zhiwei Wang, and Peng Wei. "Climatic zoning for the building thermal design in China's rural areas." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (April 4, 2021): 567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211008116.

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Building climatic zoning is a prerequisite for implementing building energy efficiency technology, which can help code makers and architects have an accurate understanding of the local climatic conditions. It takes the extreme monthly average temperature as the zoning index in the existing climatic zoning of rural areas in China. There will be unreasonable design phenomena of insufficient or excessive thermal insulation for a building envelope in rural areas. Aiming at the above problems, this paper modifies the current zoning. This research established the cooling and heating degree-day indexes HDD14 and CDD30 based on the thermal comfort characteristics of rural occupants and used the threshold method to subdivide rural areas into eight sub-zones. The results show that the problem of insufficient or excessive thermal insulation in rural areas can be effectively solved by replacing the extreme monthly average temperature index with the degree day index and the annual cumulative building load can be reduced by 6.4% on average without increasing the insulation cost. After more detailed zoning, the variance within the group is reduced and it accurately describes climate diversity, which is conducive to implementing climate-responsive energy-saving design in each subzone. Practical application: The major purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of unreasonable climate zone boundaries specified in the existing Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Rural Residential Buildings. The existing zoning has led to conflicts between the actual heating demand and the building envelope thermal parameter limits specified in the standard. This work redefines the boundaries of the existing map using more up-to-date weather data to provide the right guidance for architectural designers.

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Sajjadian, Seyed Masoud, John Lewis, and Stephen Sharples. "Heating and Cooling Loads in High Performance Construction Systems- Will Climate Change Alter Design Decisions?" Procedia Engineering 118 (2015): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.467.

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Xu, Bin, Yu Ding, and Wei Ju Yang. "Research on Climate-Adaptable Passive Design Strategies of Rural Buildings in South of the Yangtze River Region of China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.241.

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This paper studies the energy saving on the rural housing of the Jiangnan Region in China, by introducing the coupling analysis of climate response design method and orthogonal test method into the passive optimal design. Six design factors influencing energy consumption of rural buildings in this region are screened, combining with the energy consumption simulation and analysis software. Meanwhile, the analysis on climate-adaptable strategies, influence trend and importance on cooling & heating load of rural buildings imposed by various design factors, as well as the combination mode of design factors achieving the optimal cooling & heating load are obtained in order to play a certain guiding role in construction of rural buildings in this region.

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Bian, Li, Bao Lin Zhu, Tong Wang, and Dao Xin Wei. "Optimized Design of Plant-Mixed Recycled Materials with High Blending Ratio of RAP." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.151.

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Analyze two problems why blending ratio of plant-mixed RAP generally cannot be more than 40% to 50%. Prove pre-heating and sieving of RAP is a key technology to solve the problems. The test of blending ratio and construction of testing road has proved that applied ratio of RAP in hot recycling plant can be increased to more than 70%.

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Wang, Mei Shen, Hong Ru Wang, and Shuang Peng. "Problems and Countermeasures of the Safety Engineering Design Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.209.

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Liquids and gases are referred to as fluids. Fluid mechanics is a branch of mechanics, which studies the fluid stationary and moving mechanical laws and its application in engineering technology. Fluid is very extensively applied in the project. Such as: heating ventilation and gas engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, construction, civil engineering, municipal engineering, urban flood control engineering. They all take fluid as the working medium, and effectively organize it through various physical effects of the fluid. Therefore, it is particularly important to well learn hydrodynamics.

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Elkhuizen, P. A., H. C. Peitsman, and W. J. Wienk. "A new design guideline for the heating and cooling curve in AHU units of HVAC systems." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 24, no. 3 (August 2003): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0143624403bt071oa.

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Mésároš, Peter, Marcela Spišáková, Tomáš Mandičák, Jozef Čabala, and Milan M. Oravec. "Adaptive Design of Formworks for Building Renovation Considering the Sustainability of Construction in BIM Environment—Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020799.

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Progressive technologies and practices are shifting the possibilities of building design and improving work efficiency. Constantly changing site conditions require different procedures and designs that take into account these changing conditions, whether it is a design solution, a change in environmental conditions, or just sustainability factors. Adaptive building design offers opportunities to cope with changing factors to achieve the ähighest possible level of building quality. This case study deals with the topic of adaptive formwork design for building renovation, taking into account sustainability. The aim of the article is an investigation and demonstration of the building information modeling (BIM) environment used for the adaptive design of formwork elements for the building renovation in the context of sustainability. The object of the case study is a building in the center of Kosice, Slovakia. The BIM environment allows prompt and correct adaptation of the formwork design to changing lighting conditions, ventilation, heating and temperature during the design of the building.

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DANILUShKIN, A. I., and V. A. DANILUShKIN. "MODELLING OF INDUCTION HEATING OF EXTRUDER BARREL DURING MANUFACTURING EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE SLABS." Urban construction and architecture 1, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.01.25.

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The mathematical models of the process of indirect induction heating of granulated polystyrene in extruder during manifacturing of expanded polystyrene slabs are viewed. The proposed models are used to design energy-efficient construction of induction heaters in extrusion- type line for the production of expanded polystyrene slabs.

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Martinaitis, Vytautas. "THE DEMAND FOR EXERGY DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF DWELLING HOUSES/TIPINIŲ DAUGIABUČIŲ PASTATŲ GYVAVIMO CIKLO EKSERGIJOS POREIKIŲ ĮVERTINIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 1 (February 28, 1999): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531433.

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The heat demand for heating and ventilation of dwelling houses depends on the climate and thermal characteristics of buildings. Energy is consumed not only in the process of maintenance of a building, but also for constructing it. The aim of current research is to assess the needs of a building life cycle (constructing, maintenance, demolition) expressed in energy units. In order to determine the energy demand of the building life cycle, lasting from a few decades to a century, the thermodynamic methodology is used. The chosen method is based on a systematic approach, applying analysis through combination of approaches such as thermodynamics exergic approach and method of an economic life cycle. The exergic method describes the energy of different types not only by its quantity, but also by the quality, ie it evaluates different forms of energy and its sources by the same quality criteria. According to the design data of four main types of blocks of flats, based on splitting the thermodynamic model into special stages and analysing data of the primary energy consumption of material processing, and the stages of it, the comparative primary energy consumption levels are defined for the principal building material production and the construction process. Primary energy consumption for typical block of flats construction material processing (forming construction goals, planning, research, coordination, designing, management of the construction process, labour force costs, service costs, transportation, use of machinery, energy and fuel consumption) is different as regards the design variations and construction work technology. For the concrete panel five-storey building it amounts to 4,42 kWh/m2, for a nine-storey building 4,36 kWh/m2, for a five-storey brick house 6,35 kWh/m2, and 11,59 kWh/m2for a nine-storey building. Regular primary energy consumption needs (maintenance and repairs) for a concrete panel five-storey building are 35,45 kWh/m2, for a nine-storey building 39,77 kWh/m2, for a five-storey brick house 44,83 kWh/m2, and 52,54 kWh/m2 for a nine-storey building. 40 per cent of the consumed energy is used for heating and ventilation, the rest of it is used for hot water preparation, lighting, home appliances and repairs. Two renovations and demolition of a building (manufacture of materials and products for renovation, research, designing, realization of the projects, demolition of the building, regeneration of the territory and the waste, systemating the data, development of a new technology) need within the building life cycle from 5 to 12 kWh/m2 of energy. In the existing blocks of flats almost three fourths of energy are used for microclimate and comfort systems, whereas heating and conditioning require one third of primary energy used within the building life cycle. The main strategy for diminishing the level of primary energy consumption in dwelling houses is aimed at developing of technical, mostly thermodynamic, features of heating systems and considering nominal power of those systems and the heating characteristics of exterior surfaces, the optimal coordination of building life cycle energy demands.

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Sun, Jiaqiang, Zheng Chen, Yingying Xue, and Jiangang Chen. "Design and construction of Ni3−xCoxO4 nanorods grown on Ni foam for tuning synthetic natural gas heating values." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 4 (2018): 2743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03904b.

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Jamaluddin, Khairulnadzmi, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Zainuddin Abdul Manan, Khaidzir Hamzah, and Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. "A Process Integration Method for Total Site Cooling, Heating and Power Optimisation with Trigeneration Systems." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061030.

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Research and development on integrated energy systems such as cogeneration and trigeneration to improve the efficiency of thermal energy as well as fuel utilisation have been a key focus of attention by researchers. Total Site Utility Integration is an established methodology for the synergy and integration of utility recovery among multiple processes. However, Total Site Cooling, Heating and Power (TSCHP) integration methods involving trigeneration systems for industrial plants have been much less emphasised. This paper proposes a novel methodology for developing an insight-based numerical Pinch Analysis technique to simultaneously target the minimum cooling, heating and power requirements for a total site energy system. It enables the design of an integrated centralised trigeneration system involving several industrial sites generating the same utilities. The new method is called the Trigeneration System Cascade Analysis (TriGenSCA). The procedure for TriGenSCA involves data extraction, constructions of a Problem Table Algorithm (PTA), Multiple Utility Problem Table Algorithm (MU PTA), Total Site Problem Table Algorithm (TS PTA) and estimation of energy sources by a trigeneration system followed by construction of TriGenSCA, Trigeneration Storage Cascade Table (TriGenSCT) and construction of a Total Site Utility Distribution (TSUD) Table. The TriGenSCA tool is vital for users to determine the optimal size of utilities for generating power, heating and cooling in a trigeneration power plant. Based on the case study, the base fuel source for power, heating and cooling is nuclear energy with a demand load of 72 GWh/d supplied by 10.8 t of Uranium-235. Comparison between conventional PWR producing power, heating and cooling seperately, and trigeneration PWR system with and without integration have been made. The results prove that PWR as a trigeneration system is the most cost-effective, enabling 28% and 17% energy savings as compared to conventional PWR producing power, heating and cooling separately.

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Rasheed, Kashif, Shimza Jamil, Muhammad Ramzan, and Muhammad Zulqarnain. "Thermal Analysis of an Educational Building with Different Construction Materials." Journal of Art, Architecture and Built Environment 01, no. 02 (December 2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.12.05.

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The energy consumption has been increased to an alarming rate in the current world. This scenario has raised many problems like depletion of energy resources, energy supply difficulties and increased carbon footprint (global warming, climate change). The objective of this research is to minimize the energy consumption in educational institutions. This study will help us in reducing the heating and cooling loads of building and resulting to saving cost. A prototype building was modelled in Autodesk Software, Ecotect 2011 for the climatic zone of Multan to examine the thermal performance with different construction materials. The building studied with different aspects including passive and active techniques, planning and design. These aspects were analyzed and results were evaluated. Various construction materials were listed and examined for the development of energy efficient envelope. The results showed 11.86 % decrease in energy usage including 11.76% decrease in cooling load and 46.59% in heating load with locally available building materials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heating – Design and construction'

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