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Journal articles on the topic 'Heating cartridge'
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1
Liu, Changchun, Michael G. Mauk, Robert Hart, Xianbo Qiu, and Haim H. Bau. "A self-heating cartridge for molecular diagnostics." Lab on a Chip 11, no. 16 (2011): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1lc20345b.
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Garnett, M. H., and C. Murray. "Processing of CO2 Samples Collected Using Zeolite Molecular Sieve for 14C Analysis at the NERC Radiocarbon Facility (East Kilbride, UK)." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200057532.
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Cartridges containing a zeolite molecular sieve are used for the field collection of CO2 from a variety of environments (e.g. atmosphere, soil respiration, evasion from surface waters) for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis by the NERC Radiocarbon Facility. Previously, sample CO2 was recovered from the sieves by heating under vacuum prior to cryogenic purification and graphitization. An additional heating and evacuation stage was used to prepare the cartridge for the next sample. We have recently developed an alternative method using heating and purging with nitrogen gas to remove sample CO2 from the molecular sieve. An infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) is used to continuously monitor CO2 content in the purge gas. The preparation of the molecular sieve cartridge for the next use is performed simultaneously and the IRGA reading is used to verify that all sample CO2 has been removed from the sieve, ensuring insignificant carryover of CO2 into the next sample. We present the results of a suite of standards of distinctly different 14C and stable-carbon isotope composition, which we used to confirm the reliability of the new procedure. The new method has considerably reduced the time required to process a single sample from at least 2 hr to less than 40 min, and reduced the minimum sample size by 50%.
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Waldmann, Andreas D., Edward A. Rose, and Michael J. Pedro. "Fluid warming with parylene-coated enFlow cartridge: Bench and pilot animal study of aluminum extraction due to prolonged use." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212110268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211026849.
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Objectives: Intravenous fluid warming devices with surface heating systems transfer heat using aluminum blocks, which if uncoated elute toxic levels of aluminum into the infusate. This study examined extractable aluminum detected from prolonged use of the updated version of the enFlow® cartridge, which uses a parylene-coated aluminum heating block. Methods: In dynamic bench tests, we measured the concentration of aluminum that leached into three solutions (Sterofundin ISO, Plasma-Lyte 148, and whole blood) that were continuously pumped (0.2 and 5.5 mL min−1) and warmed to 40°C by the enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) for 5 h. Prolonged quasi-static bench tests measured aluminum concentration in 16 solutions which were gently rocked within the enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) for 72 h at 40°C. Aluminum concentrations were measured using inductively coupled mass spectroscopy and matrix blank corrected. Measured aluminum concentrations were compared to a Tolerable Exposure limit to calculate Margins of Safety based on the US Food and Drug Administration maximum recommended concentration in parenteral fluids (25 μg L−1). A parallel pilot in vivo animal study was performed using mice injected with fluids warmed for 72 h by the enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated). Results: The enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) demonstrated low toxicological risks in all tests. Sterofundin ISO resulted in the highest aluminum concentration after simulated prolonged use of the enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) (3.11 μg device−1), which represents a 99.2% decrease from the enFlow cartridge (uncoated) and Margin of Safety of 1.7. Dynamic tests at two different flow rates with three challenge solutions resulted in concentrations less than the method detection limits (20.6 or 41.2 μg L−1) of the analysis method. The animals in the in vivo study showed no evidence of toxicity. Conclusion: Observed toxicological risk levels associated with the enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) intravenous fluid warmer were below those set by the Food and Drug Administration and suggest that the use of enFlow cartridge (parylene-coated) is safe with a variety of intravenous solution types and in different therapeutic scenarios.
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Ichikawa, Tomohiro, Tomohiro Matsuo, Takumu Tachikawa, Wataru Teranishi, Tsuyoshi Yamada, Yoshinari Sawama, Yasunari Monguchi, and Hironao Sajiki. "Microwave-Mediated Continuous Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction from 2-PrOH Catalyzed by Platinum on Carbon Bead." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080655.
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We developed a microwave-mediated continuous hydrogen production method from 2-PrOH using platinum on a spherical carbon-bead catalyst. The catalyst cartridge consisted of helical glass part, and straight glass part (helix−straight cartridge) was newly developed for the effective microwave heating of 2-PrOH in the presence of 5% Pt/CB. The microwave resonance was properly adjusted within 2.4−2.5 GHz using the helix−straight cartridge with the glass resonance-adjuster tube. The reaction was conducted by the irradiation of only 10 W of single-frequency microwaves and the catalyst was used continuously for at least 13 h without any loss of catalyst activity.
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Wagner, Jeff, Wenhao Chen, and Gordon Vrdoljak. "Vaping cartridge heating element compositions and evidence of high temperatures." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): e0240613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240613.
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Park, Gyujin, and Changhee Lee. "Numerical Study on Thermal Design of a Large-Area Hot Plate with Heating and Cooling Capability for Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 3100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153100.
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A numerical study is conducted on the thermal performance of a large-area hot plate specifically designed as a heating and cooling tool for thermal nanoimprint lithography processes. The hot plate has the dimensions 240 mm × 240 mm × 20 mm, in which a series of cartridge heaters and cooling holes are installed. Stainless steel has been selected to endure the high molding pressures. A numerical model based on ANSYS Fluent is employed to predict the thermal behavior of the hot plate in both the heating and cooling phases. The proportional–integral–derivative (PID) thermal control of the device is modeled by adding user defined functions. The results of the numerical computations demonstrate that the use of cartridge heaters provides sufficient heat-up performance and the active liquid cooling in the cooling holes provides the required cool-down performance. However, a crucial technical issue is raised, namely that the proposed design poses a large temperature non-uniformity in the steady heating phase and in the transient cooling phase. As a remedy, a new hot plate in which heat pipes are installed in the cooling holes is considered. The numerical results show that the installation of heat pipes could enhance the temperature uniformity both in the heating and cooling phases.
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Wang, Sen, Wen Tong Xin, Li Feng Qu, Yi Ying Wu, and Jian Dong Yang. "Study on Length of Cartridge how to Affects Cutting Capability of the Combustion Cutting Ammunition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2248.
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A type of cutting technology of manual thermite cutting technology is developed which is meet the incise requirements in especial environmental .The combustion cutting ammunition is made from cutting medicament, cartridge, nozzle. There are two synchronism courses of events to form the hole. Firstly, specimen is melted by megathermal jet stream, and then heating specimen to its burning point so that it burns with oxygen which is from jet stream and reduces melting point of specimen with alloy agent. The bright and clean hole comes into being after blowing off the slag by high-speed airflow. The paper ensured proper length of the cartridge and analyzed burning characteristics of cutting medicament by different length. The best cutting Performance be obtained While the length of cartridge is up to 90mm test on steel of Q235 which area is 2800mm2 and thick is 20mm.
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Tambunan, Ansel Fabianta, Irene Angela, Imam Basori, and Bondan Tiara Sofyan. "Effect of Cold Rolling and Annealing Temperature on the Characteristics of Cu-28Zn-1.1Bi Alloy Produced by Gravity Casting." Materials Science Forum 939 (November 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.939.73.
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The microstructures, mechanical properties, deformation mechanism, and recrystallization behavior of Cu-Zn-Bi alloys for cartridge case application have been investigated in this research. Cu-28Zn-1.1Bi wt. % alloys were produced by gravity casting and subjected to a homogenization – cold rolling – annealing sequences with variations on reduction level and annealing temperature. Samples characterizations were done through optical emission spectroscopy, optical microscopy, SEM-EDS imaging, and X-ray mapping modes, while hardness measurements were performed using micro Vickers method. The presence of Bi was found to increase cartridge brass hardness through a dispersoid strengthening mechanism in which dislocation movements are rendered by Bi particles. Higher deformation levels resulted in higher microhardness of the alloy. Recrystallization took place at grain boundaries and areas surrounding Bi dispersoid at 400 °C, while further heating resulted in grain growth phenomenon. Bismuth addition accelerated the recrystallization process in cartridge brass by a particles stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism.
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Louie, Richard F., Stephanie L. Sumner, Shaunyé Belcher, Ron Mathew, Nam K. Tran, and Gerald J. Kost. "Thermal Stress and Point-of-Care Testing Performance: Suitability of Glucose Test Strips and Blood Gas Cartridges for Disaster Response." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, no. 1 (March 2009): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e3181979a06.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices are deployed in the field for emergency on-site testing under a wide range of environmental conditions. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of glucose meter test strips and handheld blood gas analyzer cartridges following thermal stresses that simulate field conditions.Methods: We evaluated electrochemical and spectrophotometric glucose meter systems and a handheld blood gas analyzer. Glucose test strips were cold-stressed (–21°C) and heat-stressed (40°C) for up to 4 weeks. Blood gas cartridges were stressed at –21°C, 2°C, and 40°C for up to 72 hours. Test strip and cartridge performance was evaluated using aqueous quality control solutions. Results were compared with those obtained with unstressed POCT strips and cartridges.Results: Heated glucose test strips and blood gas cartridges yielded elevated results. Frozen test strips and cooled cartridges yielded depressed glucose and blood gas results, respectively. Frozen cartridges failed.Conclusions: The performance of glucose test strips and blood gas cartridges was affected adversely by thermal stresses. Heating generated elevated results, and cooling depressed results. Disaster medical assistance teams and emergency medical responders should be aware of these risks. Field POCT devices must be robust to withstand adverse conditions. We recommend that industry produce POCT devices and reagents suitable for disaster medical assistance teams. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:13–17)
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Ahn, Chi-hyung, and Jong Wan Hu. "Experimental Field Tests and Finite Element Analyses for Rock Cracking Using the Expansion of Vermiculite Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7531642.
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In the previous research, laboratory tests were performed in order to measure the expansion of vermiculite upon heating and to convert it into expansion pressure. Based on these test results, this study mainly focuses on experimental field tests conducted to verify that expansion pressure obtained by heating vermiculite materials is enough to break massive and hard granite rock with an intention to excavate the tunnel. Hexahedral granite specimens with a circular hole perforated in the center were constructed for the experimental tests. The circular holes were filled with vermiculite plus thermal conduction and then heated using the cartridge heater. As a result, all of hexahedral granite specimens had cracks in the surface after 700-second thermal heating and were finally spilt into two pieces completely. The specimen of larger size only requires more heating time and expansion pressure. The material properties of granite rocks, which were obtained from the experimental tests, were utilized to produce finite element models used for numerical analyses. The analysis results show good agreement with the experimental results in terms of initial cracking, propagation direction, and expansion pressure.
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Park, Gyujin, and Changhee Lee. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Characteristics of the Thermal Design of a Large-Area Hot Plate for Nanoimprint Equipment." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 4795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174795.
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A numerical study was conducted on the thermal performance of a large-area hot plate specifically designed as a heating and cooling tool for thermal nanoimprint lithography processes. The hot plate had the dimensions 240 mm × 240 mm × 20 mm, in which a series of cartridge heaters and cooling holes were installed. Stainless steel was selected to endure the high molding pressures. To examine the hot plate’s abnormal thermal behavior, ANSYS Fluent V15.0, which is commercial CFD code, was used to perform computational analysis. A numerical model was employed to predict the thermal behavior of the hot plate in both the heating and cooling phases. To conduct the thermal design of a large-area hot plate for nanoimprint equipment, we selected the model to be studied and proposed a cooling model using both direct and indirect cooling methods with and without heat pipes. In addition, we created a small hot plate and performed experimental and computational analyses to confirm the validity of the proposed model. This study also analyzed problems that may occur in the stage prior to the large-area expansion of the hot plate. In the case of a stainless steel (STS304) hot plate for large-area hot plate expansion, the heat pipes were inserted in the direction of the cartridge heaters to address the problems that may occur when expanding the hot plate into a large area. As a result, the heating rate was 40 °C/min and the temperature uniformity was less than 1% of the maximum working temperature of 200 °C. For cooling, when considering pressure and using air as the coolant for the ends, a cooling rate of 20 °C/min and thermal performance of less than 13.2 °C (less than 7%) based on the maximum temperature were obtained. These results were similar to the experimental results.
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Ma, Chuan, Li Jun Liu, Zhong Hua Dai, and Xiao Yan Liu. "Thermal Insulating System Design for the Wellhead of the Snubbing Service Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2235.
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The unsteady state mathematic model was utilized to compute the transient temperature field and determine the heating power, and then a set of thermal insulating system for the wellhead of the snubbing service equipment was designed and manufactured based on the mapping of the material object. The result shows that the numerical results of the cartridge heater’s temperature field agree with the testing values. The thermal insulating system for the wellhead of the snubbing service equipment meets the needs of the snubbing service in the winter; the system possesses the merits of rapid rate of temperature rise, well thermal insulating, safety and convenience.
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Nakano, Shigekazu, Tomoko Fukuhara, and Masami Hiasa. "PTSA (pressure and thermal swing adsorption) method to remove trihalomethanes from drinking water." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 7 (April 1, 1997): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0283.
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It has been widely recognized that trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water pose a risk to human health. THMs can be removed to a certain extent by the conventional point-of-use (POU) unit which is composed of activated carbon (AC) and microfilter. But it's life on THMs is relatively shorter than on residual chlorine or musty odor. To extent the life of AC adsorber, pressure and thermal swing adsorption (PTSA) was applied by preferential regeneration of chloroform. PTSA was effective to remove THMs, especially chloroform. Adsorption isotherms of chloroform at 25 and 70°C showed a remarkable difference so that thermal swing was considered effective. Chloroform was also desorbed by reducing pressure. By vacuum heating at 70°C, chloroform was almost desorbed from AC and reversible adsorption was considered possible. A prototype of POU unit with PTSA was proposed. Regeneration mode would consist of dewatering, vacuum heating and cooling (backwashing). The unit was maintained in bacteriostatic condition and could be used for a long time without changing an AC cartridge.
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Pouliot, Yves, Marcel Boulet, and Paul Paquin. "Experiments on the heat-induced salt balance changes in cow's milk." Journal of Dairy Research 56, no. 3 (May 1989): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029009.
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SummaryThe heat-induced changes in sait balance between the colloidal phase of milk and its serum were studied using an ultrafiltration technique. Milk permeate was isolated at the heating temperature by means of a hollow fibre ultrafiltration cartridge coupled with a stainless steel heat exchanger unit. The milk samples initially at 4 °C were heated to 20, 40, 60, 80 or 90 °C. Ca, P, Mg and citrate contents of the permeates were determined. The decreases in Ca and P were proportional to the increase in temperature. Smaller losses in Mg and citrate were observed. An initial sharp decrease in concentration occurred within the first seconds of holding time and was followed by a slower and smaller decrease. The possible occurrence of a two-stage mechanism for the heat-induced salt precipitation is discussed. The precipitation of dicalcium phosphate is believed to occur together with some tricalcium citrate precipitation.
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Rasstegaev, A. N., A. M. Gonopolsky, K. V. Tarantsev, V. V. Golubovsky, and K. R. Tarantseva. "Process and Unit for Recycling of Formaldehyde-Containing Solid Wastes by Pyrolysis." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-1-4-8.
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The unit for recycling formaldehyde containing solid waste by the method of medium-temperature dry pyrolysis with multistage pyrolysis gas purification system was proposed. Purification is carried out first in a catalyst cartridge, then in a dry cyclone, then in a scrubber, and at the final stage in a cold plasma unit. There original designs of chamber of thermal decomposition of wastes with variable, depending on loading, volume and with pre-heating chamber were proposed. On the example of recycling of waste of wood-chip boards, it is shown that the degree of waste processing in it is 98.1%, while the mass concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working zone does not exceed the MPC of the working zone and MPC of settlements. It was established that the proposed technical solutions not only make the process safer, but also improve it from the point of view of energy and resource saving.
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Sreejith, Kamalalayam Rajan, Muhammad Umer, Larissa Dirr, Benjamin Bailly, Patrice Guillon, Mark von Itzstein, Narshone Soda, Surasak Kasetsirikul, Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky, and Nam-Trung Nguyen. "A Portable Device for LAMP Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101151.
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This paper reports the design, development, and testing of a novel, yet simple and low-cost portable device for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. The device performs loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and provides visually distinguishable images of the fluorescence emitted from the samples. The device utilises an aluminium block embedded with a cartridge heater for isothermal heating of the sample and a single-board computer and camera for fluorescence detection. The device demonstrates promising results within 20 min using clinically relevant starting concentrations of the synthetic template. Time-to-signal data for this device are considerably lower compared to standard quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction(qPCR) machine (~10–20 min vs. >38 min) for 1 × 102 starting template copy number. The device in its fully optimized and characterized state can potentially be used as simple to operate, rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive platform for population screening as well as point-of-need severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection and patient management.
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Takeguchi, M., T. Tomita, T. Honda, and M. Kersker. "Development of electron holography system in field emission electron microscrope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139342.
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Electron holography is a powerful and practical method to know the phase of electron wave quantitatively and enables us to obtain various kinds of physical information such as magnetic and electric field distribution inside/outside of the specimen, thickness of the crystal etc. Since this method requires an FE-TEM equipped with an electron biprism and some electron hologram reconstruction methodology, the general EM users is typically not yet familiar with electron holography practice. The recent introduction of commercial type FE-TEM, however, brings some users the opportunities of practical electron holography applications. We have recently developed an electron holography system for our FE-TEMs, the JEM-2010F and the JEM-3000F. The components, specifications and some application data are presented below:Our electron holography system consists of electron biprism, power supply and hologram reconstruction processor(PC + software). The electron biprism is rotatable and the beam-splitting electrode(a Pt wire of 0.6 μm in diameter) can be cleaned by direct heating. The electron biprism is of the cartridge type for easy maintenance, thus removing the necessity of wire exchange.
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Akbari-adergani, Behrouz, Asghar Ahmadi, Gholamreza Jahedkhanki, Ramin N. Nodehi, and Parisa Sadighara. "The Comparative Amount of Acrylamide in Tahdig Prepared with the Most Common Edible Liquid and Solid Oils." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190823095851.
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Background: Due to the heating of amino acids with edible oils to high temperatures, different amounts of acrylamide are produced. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the level of acrylamide in the tahdig of bread and tahdig of potato prepared with the common liquid and solid edible oils, including sunflower, corn, canola, frying oil and solid oils. Methods: The tahdig of bread and potato was prepared under the same temperature and time with different oils. Acrylamide isolation was performed on a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and acrylamide was determined using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The highest amount of acrylamide was obtained with sunflower oil in the tahdig of potato (194.091 mg/Kg) and the lowest amount of acrylamide was obtained with solid oil in the tahdig of bread (48.54 mg/Kg). For all the oils, the acrylamide content of the tahdig of potato was higher than bread. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrated the involvement of the kind of oils in the formation of acrylamide in the tahdig of bread.
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Jeon, Soon-Hyeok, Hee-Sang Shim, Ji-Min Lee, Jeoh Han, and Do Haeng Hur. "Simulation of Porous Magnetite Deposits on Steam Generator Tubes in Circulating Water at 270 °C." Crystals 10, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090729.
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In the secondary side of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the main corrosion product accumulated on the steam generator (SG) tubes is magnetite, which has a porous structure. The purpose of this work is to simulate the porous magnetite deposited to the SG tubes using a loop system. We newly developed a circulating loop system for a porous magnetite deposition test. A test section was designed as a single hydraulic flow channel, and a cartridge heater was fabricated and mounted into a commercial SG tube to provide an equal heating source for the primary water. After the deposition test, the simulated magnetite deposits were characterized for comparison to real SG tube deposits collected from an operating PWR plant. The magnetite deposits produced using the loop system were appropriate for simulating the real SG tube deposits because the particle characteristics, phase, and porous morphology are closely similar to those of real deposit samples. Using the loop system, the chemical impurities such as Na and Cl can be easily concentrated within the pores of the simulated magnetite deposits. These simulated magnetite samples are expected to be widely utilized in various research fields such as the heat transfer degradation and magnetite accelerated corrosion of SG tubes.
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Kumar, P. S., P. Clark, M. C. Brinkman, and D. Saxena. "Novel Nicotine Delivery Systems." Advances in Dental Research 30, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519872475.
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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are devices that contain a power source, a heating element, and a tank or cartridge containing an “e-liquid,” which is a mixture of nicotine and flavoring in a glycerol–propylene glycol vehicle. Their increasing popularity among adolescents might be attributed to aggressive marketing in physical venues, social media outlets, as well as irreversible changes caused by nicotine in the developing brains of youth and young adults, predisposing them to addictive behaviors. Adolescent ENDS users were 4 times more likely to initiate cigarette smoking, and the odds of quitting smoking were lower and, in many instances, delayed for those using ENDS. ENDS also renormalize cigarette-like behaviors, such as inhaling/exhaling smoke. The oral cavity is the initial point of contact of ENDS and the first affected system in humans. Oral health depends on an intricate balance in the interactions between oral bacteria and the human immune system, and dysbiosis of oral microbial communities underlies the etiology of periodontitis, caries, and oral cancer. Emerging evidence from subjects with periodontitis as well as periodontally healthy subjects demonstrates that e-cigarette use is associated with a compositional and functional shift in the oral microbiome, with an increase in opportunistic pathogens and virulence traits.
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Sheu, Shyangchwen, Chungyu Huang, and Jyhjian Chen. "Portable Molecular Diagnostics Device for Identification of Asini Corii Colla by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification." Inventions 6, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6030051.
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Asini Corii Colla (ACC; donkey-hide glue) is one of the most valuable tonic traditional Chinese medicines. Because of the large demand for gelatinous Chinese medicines, bovine or swine skin was sometimes used to make adulterated gelatine in recent decades. Food chemicals can greatly harm people’s health, and detecting chemicals in foods is extremely important. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) device with smartphone detection is demonstrated in this study for detecting the DNA of Asini Corii Colla. The complete system is composed of a hand-held box equipped with a smartphone, a cartridge heater, an ultraviolet LED, a disposable reaction tube, and a homemade thermal module. All the processes are powered by a set of rechargeable batteries. Comprehensive experiments of measuring temperature profiles are presented, which showed the accuracy of temperature under thermal control is less than 0.5 °C. By implementing one heating module with an ATmega328p-au microcontroller in the device, the DNA mixture is heated directly up to the reaction temperature within 5 min. Next, a DNA segment of Asini Corii Colla is utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of the DNA amplification in the portable device. A limit of detection to a concentration of 10−4 ng/μL is achieved. Real-time detection of Asini Corii Colla by a smartphone camera can be achieved using this portable device. The unique architecture utilized in this device is ideal for a low-cost DNA analysis system.
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Eron'ko, S. P., M. Yu Tkachev, E. A. Ponamareva, and E. V. Oshovskaya. "Prospects of small capacity ca sting ladles transfer to stopperless casting of steel." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 8 (September 3, 2020): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-8-803-809.
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Despite encouraging results, obtained at pilot tests, attempts to substitute the stopper facilities by sliding gates at casting ladles of small capacity, used at foundries of machine-building plants, did not result in their implementation in industry. The problems of transferring casting ladles with a capacity of up to 10 tons to continuous casting of steel, due to the peculiarities of their operation under conditions of obtaining low-weight castings, were considered. Priority problems were noted, the successful solution of which will confirm the prospects of using slide gates in foundry. The main requirements for a steel tapping gate system of a casting ladle of small tonnage are as follows: autonomy of the power supply of the shutter drive, eliminating the need to move flexible hoses over a long distance along the working platform; guaranteed start of casting in normal mode without burning the channel with oxygen; the stability of the node pressing the refractory plates of the slide gate to high temperatures in the absence of forced air cooling; the possibility of an active influence on reducing the intensity of the process of overgrowing of the steel outlet of the ladle in the course of filling molds. As a constructive solution aimed at fulfilling the indicated conditions, it was proposed to use a balancer-type cartridge valve equipped with a modernized electromechanical actuator and auxiliary devices for starting casting in normal mode due to mechanical destruction of the crust at the entrance to the steel outlet channel, as well as heating its walls in the closed state when moving the ladle from one form to another. It was recognized that participation on a parity basis in the creation of a promising sliding gate system for foundry ladles with a capacity of up to 10 tons of several development organizations with practical experience in this technical field is worthwhile.
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Eschelbach, John W., David Wernick, Marian C. Bryan, and Elizabeth M. Doherty. "Characterization of Dispersion Effects on Reaction Optimization and Scale-Up for a Packed Bed Flow Hydrogenation Reactor." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (2013): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12450.
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A well known advantage of flow chemistry reactors in chemical synthesis is the ability to screen multiple catalysts and reaction parameters with optimal conditions scaled accordingly. This approach, however, consumes significant quantities of material as the reactor must be equilibrated with the reactants in a continuous, steady-state mode before the start of the reaction. In this work we explore a screening and reaction approach using bolus injections, which is more conducive to the lower material consumption that may be required in a drug discovery setting. A commercially available ThalesNano H-Cube® was evaluated to determine the practicality of this approach for heterogeneous hydrogenations. When working with boluses in flow systems, one of the biggest limitations can be the inherent dispersion of the reactant stream caused by the reactor. The dispersion on the H-Cube® was characterized to determine the minimum volume for the reactor to reach a steady-state. The H-Cube® fluidics and heating coil were found to generate significantly more dispersion than the reaction cartridge (CatCart®) itself, increasing the minimum volume of injection required to achieve steady-state. A 2 mL injection was found as a good compromise between maximizing material conservation and sufficient volume of reaction at steady-state condition. Conditions optimized at 2 mL screening scale were successfully scaled five-fold, while lower volume bolus injections were shown to be less predictable. A stacked injection protocol using lower volume boluses was found to be a reliable alternative to scale reactions while efficiently conserving material. This application of small bolus injections to flow reaction screening and scale-up provides a desirable alternative to traditional continuous flow approaches in the material-limited discovery setting.
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Al-Amri, Issa, Isam T. Kadim, Abdulaziz AlKindi, Ahmed Hamaed, Rabea Al-Magbali, Samera Khalaf, Khdija Al-Hosni, and Fazal Mabood. "Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay." March-2021 14, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.709-720.
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Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets. Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples. Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers. Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products.
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Castellani, John W., Beau R. Yurkevicius, Myra L. Jones, Timothy J. Driscoll, Courtney M. Cowell, Laurel Smith, Xiaojiang Xu, and Catherine O’Brien. "Effect of localized microclimate heating on peripheral skin temperatures and manual dexterity during cold exposure." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 1498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2018.
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Reduced dexterity is a major problem in cold weather, with a need for a countermeasure that increases hand (Thand) and finger (Tfing) temperatures and improves dexterity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether electric heat (set point, 42°C) applied to the forearm (ARM, 82 W), face (FACE, 9.2 W), or combination of both (COMB, 91.2 W), either at the beginning of cold exposure (COLD; 0.5°C, 120 min; 2 clo insulation, seated, bare-handed) or after Tfing fell to 10.5°C [delayed trials (D)], improves Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and finger key pinch strength (Sfing). Volunteers ( n = 8; 26 ± 9 yr) completed 7 experimental trials in COLD: ARM, ARM-D, FACE, FACE-D, COMB, COMB-D, and no heating (CON). Temperatures were measured before (BASE) and throughout COLD. Tests of dexterity [Purdue Pegboard assembly (PP) and magazine loading (MAGLOAD)] and Sfing were measured at BASE and after 45 and 90 min of COLD. Data presented are at minute 90. Thand was warmer ( P < 0.001) during ARM (18.0 ± 2.6°C) and COMB (18.9 ± 2.0°C) versus CON (15.3 ± 1.5°C) and FACE (15.8 ± 1.5°C) for heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD. Tfing was higher ( P < 0.04) during COMB (12.7 ± 5.1°C) versus CON (9.7 ± 2.1°C) and FACE (8.9 ± 2.2°C). The change from BASE for PP (no. of pieces) was less ( P < 0.005) in COMB (−4.5 ± 3.3) and ARM (−5.0 ± 6.0) versus CON (−13.0 ± 7.3) and FACE (−10.0 ± 8.3), and for MAGLOAD, it tended ( P = 0.06) to be less in COMB (−8.9 ± 6.2 cartridges) versus CON (−14.8 ± 3.7 cartridges). There was no change in Sfing from BASE (10.5 kg) to minute 90 in ARM or COMB (0.7 ± 1.4 and −0.2 ± 1.7 kg, respectively) but a decrease ( P < 0.01) in CON and FACE (−2.1 ± 2.0 and −1.6 ± 1.9 kg, respectively). There were no differences in Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing at minute 90 when comparing heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD versus delayed heating. In conclusion, heating using either COMB or ARM, compared with CON and FACE, improved Thand and Tfing and reduced the decline in dexterity by 20%–50% and Sfing by 90%. Furthermore, delayed heating had no deleterious effect on Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing compared with heating that started at the beginning of cold exposure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, during sedentary cold air exposure, localized heating that was applied from the beginning of cold exposure on the forearm increases hand and finger temperatures and finger strength, leading to subsequent improvements in manual dexterity. In addition, localized heating that was delayed until finger temperatures cooled significantly also caused higher peripheral temperatures, leading to better strength and manual dexterity, compared with no heating.
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Hopmann, Christian, Nafi Yesildag, and Malte Schön. "Thermal influences in the star-pre-distributor of a spiral mandrel die." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 8 (October 26, 2017): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0405.
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AbstractThe main criterion in the design of extrusion dies is to ensure a uniform velocity distribution of the plastics melt at the die outlet. In the case of spiral mandrel dies, the flow balance can be influenced negatively by thermal effects which are especially dominant in the pre-distributor. In previous works, it was shown that thermal inhomogeneity in a 2n-pre-distributor leads to an uneven melt distribution at the end of the pre-distributor. In the present study, the temperature influence on the melt distribution in a star-pre-distributor is investigated for three different polyethylenes with the help of flow simulations in Polyflow (Ansys). The simulation model depicts the whole pre-distributor and takes both the shear heating in the melt and the heat conduction in the pre-distributor into account. The simulative analysis shows that the dissipative shear heating leads to an uneven throughput distribution in the star-pre-distributor. In order to compensate this effect, in the next step of the simulations, heating cartridges are applied to the pre-distributor. In this way a significant homogenization of the pre-distribution can be achieved.
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Hopmann, Christian, and Nafi Yesildag. "Numerical investigation of the temperature influence on the melt predistribution in a spiral mandrel die with different polyolefins." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 7 (September 1, 2016): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0267.
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Abstract The main goal in the design of spiral mandrel dies for blown film extrusion is to achieve a homogeneous velocity distribution of the plastics melt at the die outlet. However, thermal inhomogeneities in the die can lead to an uneven flow distribution despite a rheologically optimized design of the die. The thermal inhomogeneities are especially dominant in the predistributor of spiral mandrel dies. Against this background, the temperature influence on the melt distribution in the predistributor is investigated for different polyolefins with the help of flow simulations in Polyflow (Ansys). The simulation models the whole predistributor and takes both the heat transfer in the predistributor and the shear heating in the melt into account. Afterwards, simulations are conducted in which the thermal design measures for the homogenization of the flow in the die are applied. With the combination of heating cartridges, brass inserts, and isolating gaps in the die, a significant homogenization of the predistribution can be achieved. Finally, the simulation results are validated in practical tests, whereby a good agreement between simulation and measurement can be observed.
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Velasco, Ion, Oihane Sanz, Iñigo Pérez-Miqueo, Iñigo Legorburu, and Mario Montes. "Design and Test of a Miniature Hydrogen Production Integrated Reactor." Reactions 2, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions2020007.
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A detailed study of the experimental issues involved in the design and operation of a methanol steam microreformer is presented in this paper. Micromachining technology was utilized to fabricate a metallic microchannel block coupling the exothermic and endothermic process. The microchannel block was coated with a Pd/ZnO catalyst in the reforming channels and with Pd/Al2O3 in the combustion channels by washcoating. An experimental system had been designed and fine-tuned allowing estimation of the heat losses of the system and to compensate for them by means of electric heating cartridges. In this way, the heat necessary for the reforming reaction is provided by methanol combustion, thanks to the temperature and flow cascade controller we developed. Thus, the coupling of both reactions in a block of microchannels without the interference caused by significant heat loss due to the small size of the laboratory microreactor could be studied. Runs of this microreformer device were carried out, varying the deposited catalyst amount, methanol steam reforming temperature and space velocity. When the reforming reaction was compensated by the combustion reaction and the heat losses by the electric heating, an almost isothermal behavior of the microchannel reactor was observed. In the less favorable case, with a 460 mg catalyst load, ΔTMSR was about 8 K and ΔTCOMB was about 16 K. This confirmed good coupling of the methanol steam reforming and the methanol combustion.
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Lider, Andrey, Viktor Kudiiarov, Egor Kashkarov, Maxim Syrtanov, Tatyana Murashkina, Anton Lomygin, Ivan Sakvin, Dmitri Karpov, and Alexander Ivanov. "Hydrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Titanium Coatings at Gas-Phase Hydrogenation." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070880.
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This work is devoted to studying the accumulation of hydrogen in titanium coatings to use a completely new concept of hydrogen accumulators based on a system of easily replaceable cartridges. Modern hydrogen accumulators based on magnesium powder have several problems associated with uneven heating during hydrogen desorption. Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen accumulators and the possibility of their reuse and/or repair remains a topical problem. For the analysis of the microstructure of the received titanium coatings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used, the structural-phase state was studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The coatings were hydrogenation by gas-phase saturation at 450–550 °C. Increased film thickness reduced the storage capacity of coatings. Besides hydrogenation at 450 °C, 20 µm of titanium coatings accumulated 3.96 wt.%, while 80 µm of coatings accumulated 3.98 wt.%. The chemical composition of the coatings before and after the hydrogenation was controlled using glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy.
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Kaufman, Nancy, and Margaret Mahoney. "E-Cigarettes: Policy Options and Legal Issues Amidst Uncertainty." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12209.
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E-cigarettes, sometimes referred to as ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), include a broad range of products that deliver nicotine via heating and aerosolization of the drug. ENDS come in a variety of forms, but regardless of form generally consist of a solution containing humectant (e.g., propylene glycol or glycerol), flavorings, and usually nicotine (some solutions do not contain nicotine); a battery-powered coil that heats the solution into an aerosol (usually referred to as vapor) in an atomizing chamber; and a mouthpiece through which the user draws the vapor into the mouth and lungs. The devices may be closed systems containing prefilled cartridges, or open systems, where the user manually refills a 1-2 ml. tank with solution. What started as closed-system cigarette-shaped devices marketed as an adjunct for smoking cessation, has transitioned rapidly to literally thousands of hip and funky-designed open-system hookah pens, vape pens, and modifiable devices. For younger people, these forms are the “in” thing, while traditional cigarette-shaped devices are “out.”
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Shoemaker, Jody A. "Novel Chromatographic Separation and Carbon Solid-Phase Extraction of Acetanilide Herbicide Degradation Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 1331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.6.1331.
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Abstract One acetamide and 5 acetanilide herbicides are currently registered for use in the United States. Over the past several years, ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OA) degradation products of these acetanilide/acetamide herbicides have been found in U.S. ground waters and surface waters. Alachlor ESA and other acetanilide degradation products are listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 1998 Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Consequently, EPA is interested in obtaining national occurrence data for these contaminants in drinking water. EPA currently does not have a method for determining these acetanilide degradation products in drinking water; therefore, a research method is being developed using liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray/mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction (SPE). A novel chromatographic separation of the acetochlor/alachlor ESA and OA structural isomers was developed which uses an ammonium acetate–methanol gradient combined with heating the analytical column to 70°C. Twelve acetanilide degradates were extracted by SPE from 100 mL water samples using carbon cartridges with mean recoveries >90% and relative standard deviations ≤16%.
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Clerico, A., A. Paci, M. G. Del Chicca, P. Biver, and O. Giampietro. "Endogenous Digitalis-Like Factors in Human Milk." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.4.504.
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Abstract We measured the concentration of endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) in milk or colostrum of women during nursing on different days after delivery. EDLF concentrations were assayed by a solid-phase RIA involving antidigoxin antibodies and by a radioreceptor assay (RRA) involving human placenta Na+/K(+)-ATPase. The mean (SD) EDLF concentrations as measured by RIA were 35.6 (19.4) ng of digoxin equivalents per liter in milk samples (n = 37) and 61.3 (12.5) ng/L in colostrum samples (n = 5); the mean EDLF concentration as measured by RRA in milk samples (n = 11) was 573 (717) ng/L (range 0-2098). EDLF concentration in milk is greater than circulating concentrations in healthy adults but is comparable with serum concentration in the third trimester of pregnancy. In milk and serum samples (n = 8) collected at the same time, heating and (or) extracting with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges before the RIA produced significantly different EDLF values from those in untreated serum (P less than 0.001) and milk (P = 0.035). EDLF in milk appeared to be not bound or weakly bound to milk protein, as indicated by the fact that boiling did not increase the digoxin-like immunoreactivity.
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Singh, Anshika, Qiuxue Tan, Nicole M. Saccone, and David H. Lindner. "A Case of Vaping TCH Oil Leading to Vaping Associated Pulmonary Injury: Our Approach to Its Diagnosis, Management, and Recommendations." Case Reports in Pulmonology 2020 (January 5, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6138083.
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Vaping’s popularity has grown exponentially since its introduction to the US market in 2003. Its use has sky-rocketed since the unveiling of the vaping pods in 2017 which may account for the advent of the vaping related illnesses we are now seeing. Substances such as nicotine solution, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) oil, cannabidiol (CBD) oil, and butane hash oil (BHC) packaged in cartridges available in various flavors and concentrations are aerosolized by the heating of metal coils in the e-cigarette/vaping devices. Cases from all over the country have recently been coming to light in which vaping has led to severe acute pulmonary disease or vaping-associated-pulmonary-injury (VAPI). A vast majority of the presenting patients in the reported cases have required hospitalization and intensive care, needing supplemental oxygen and even endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. 98% of patients present with respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis), 81% of patients have gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain), and 100% of patients have constitutional symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue/malaise on presentation. Although based on history and clinical presentation it is reasonable to have a high suspicion for VAPI, diagnostic workup to rule out alternative underlying causes such as infection, malignancy, or autoimmune process should be performed before establishing the diagnosis. Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the chest have predominantly shown ground-glass opacity in the lungs, often with areas of lobular or subpleural sparing. Although lung biopsies have been performed on a relatively low number of cases, lung injury patterns so far have shown acute fibrinous pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, or organizing pneumonia, usually bronchiolocentric, and accompanied by bronchiolitis. Treatment plans that have led to clinical improvement in the reported cases center around high-dose systemic steroids, although there are a lack of data regarding the best regimen and the absolute need for corticosteroids. The role of antibiotics appears to be limited once infection has definitively been ruled out. We present the case of a young male who vaped THC oil and developed severe acute pulmonary injury requiring mechanical ventilation and showed a remarkable response to high dose steroid therapy with improvement in clinical symptoms and resolution of diffuse ground glass opacity on repeat HRCT scan.
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Yakovlev, O., B. Lukianchykov, O. Svirin, and O. Mykytenko. "FOREIGN NEWS IN THE FIELD OF CRIMINALISTIC TECHNOLOGY." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 65 (May 18, 2020): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.35.
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After the Revolution of dignity and the reform of the National Police, the number of criminal offenses committed in our country unfortunately remains at a high level. This is confirmed by the statistics provided on the website of the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine. Therefore, the total number of all registered criminal offenses in Ukraine amounted to 565 182 in 2015, 592 604 in 2016, 523 911 in 2017, 483 133 in 2018, 444 130 in 2019. At present, one of the priority areas of the law enforcement bodies of our state is the investigation of criminal offenses against participants in the Revolution of Dignity, as well as crimes committed in the areas of environmental protection, which is emphasized by the country’s leadership and the directed expectations of ordinary citizens. During the commission of grave and especially grave criminal offenses, law enforcement officers confiscate a variety of material evidence, among which quite often there are used cartridges, bullets, remnants of explosive devices, burned cars, etc. heating (for example, sleeves after a shot). That is why, more and more often, there is a need for constant updating of modern forensic technology and methods for its use and the introduction of the positive experience of law enforcement agencies of foreign countries in the investigation of crimes and subsequent work with material evidence in the framework of forensic examinations. The seizure of such material evidence as fingerprints or biological fluids of the offender’s personality are the most significant evidence in court, subject to the positive conclusions of the examinations carried out on these traces, which will allow to identify the person and prove his involvement in the commission of a criminal offense. The use of forensic technology in the detection and investigation of hidden fingerprints and biological fluids in the investigation of crimes is the subject of the work of such domestic and foreign scientists as V. P. Bakhin, R. S. Belkin, P. D. Bilenchuk, M. S. Bokarius, V. G. Goncharenko, I. V. Mountains, A.V. Ishchenko, E. P. Ishchenko, V. A. Kolesnyk, V. K. Lysychenko, M. M. Lysova, E. D. Lukianchykov, A. V. Oderii, O. A. Parfylo, M. A. Pohoretskyi, M. V. Saltevskyi, T. A. Sedovoi, V. S. Kuzmicheva, M. Ya. Sehai, V. V. Tyshchenko, V. Yu. Shepitko, N. E. Shumylo, M. G. Shcherbakovskyi and other scientists.
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Guo, Weihong, Gordon Vrdoljak, Ven-Chi Liao, and Bahman Moezzi. "Major Constituents of Cannabis Vape Oil Liquid, Vapor and Aerosol in California Vape Oil Cartridge Samples." Frontiers in Chemistry 9 (June 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.694905.
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During the E-cigarette or Vaping product use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) outbreak of August 2019 to February 2020, the California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Laboratory Branch received numerous cannabis vape oil cartridge investigation samples from throughout the state. Many of these products were directly linked to patients; others were collected as part of investigations. We determined the major ingredients and additives in twelve unused cannabis vape oil cartridge samples obtained before (n = 2) and during the EVALI outbreak (n = 10) in California from September 2018 to December 2019. We tested for major constituents in vape oil liquid, vape oil vapor, and vape oil aerosol phases. A nontargeted Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry direct injection screening method was developed for vape oils, a headspace heating module used for vape oil vapors and a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) vaping rig for aerosols generated by vaping. We have identified more than 100 terpenes and natural extracts, 19 cannabinoids, and other potential toxic additives such as Vitamin E Acetate, Polyethylene Glycols, and Medium Chain Triglycerides. We determined more terpenes and minor cannabinoids can be produced via vaporizing and aerosolizing the vape oil. Delta9-THC and potential toxic additives were found at lower levels in the vapor and aerosol than in the vape liquid.
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Kunyima, A. B., H. M. Kaseya, and P. L. Kunyima. "Experimental Evidence of the Dependence of Oil Extraction Rate on Extraction Time and Structure of Generative Material." Chemical Science International Journal, May 20, 2021, 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2021/v30i330222.
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Background: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the extraction of oils from pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and Moringa seeds have been carried out at temperatures of 56 and 54°C. The extraction process was found to be exothermic and the kinetic constants in the three cases determined. It was also observed that the rate of extraction was dependent on extraction time and structural organization of the seeds. The kinetic constants are expected to provide information on the structural organization (crystalline, smectic, nematic or amorphous) of the seeds generating these oils. The enthalpies and entropies of extraction were calculated and a comparison of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained in the 3 cases was made.
Aim and Objective: This work was designed to extract oils from pumpkin, sesame and Moringa seeds and to determine the kinetics and thermodynnamics of the extraction process at the given temperatures using petroleum ether as solvent.
Methodology: Ten grammes of seeds powder have been introduced in cellulose porous cartridge of 33 X 205 mm and all has been put in soxhlet extractor. In a 1000 mL thrice necked bahloon- flash fitted of a thermometer, 450 mL of petroleum ether (40°-60°c, ϱ=0,65 kg/L) have been introduced as solvent. The fitting out of soxhlet has been done on heating skull cap (mark thermo scientific) in fixing temperature at 56°C(or 54°C for sesame) in balloon flask during a given extraction time. To maintain the temperature constant during the experiment, the heating skull cap has been covered of aluminium paper as heat insulating. The ambient temperature has been kept at 22-23°C. After a given extraction time, the cartridge has been taken up to be dried in the drying oven at 50°C during 24 hours in order to get rid of traces of solvent. The oil-solvent mixture collected in the 1000 mL thrice necked balloon-flask is submitted to rotary evaporator to remove the solvent and the balloon flask with extracted oil is introduced in the drying oven at 105°C during 3 hours to eliminate totally all the traces of humidity.
After this step the balloon flask with oil is cooled in a dessicator and weighed. The difference between the balloon flask containing oil and the empty balloon flask determines the extracted oil mass at a t time in gramme.
Results: The kinetic constants, enthalpies and entropies of the extraction process of the oils from the three different seeds were calculated and compared. In all cases, the rate of oil extraction was found to be directly proportional to time of extraction and structure of the seeds.
Conclusion: The kinetic and thermodynamic study of the extraction of oils from pumpkin, sesame and Moringa seeds show that the extraction was an exothermic balanced phenomenon. The energy thus released by this operation can be used to perform mechanical or electrical work. As for the kinetic constants, they are greater in an amorphous body where the entropy is greater. In such a case, the oil extracted was much more under the same temperature and pressure conditions for a given solvent. Under these conditions, the extraction was dependent not only on time, but also on the structural organization of the material generating the oil.
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Talih, Soha, Rola Salman, Eric Soule, Rachel El-Hage, Ebrahim Karam, Nareg Karaoghlanian, Ahmad El-Hellani, Najat Saliba, and Alan Shihadeh. "Electrical features, liquid composition and toxicant emissions from ‘pod-mod’-like disposable electronic cigarettes." Tobacco Control, May 12, 2021, tobaccocontrol—2020–056362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056362.
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IntroductionUse of flavoured pod-mod-like disposable electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has grown rapidly, particularly among cost-sensitive youth and young adults. To date, little is known about their design characteristics and toxicant emissions. In this study, we analysed the electrical and chemical characteristics and nicotine and pulmonary toxicant emission profiles of five commonly available flavoured disposable e-cigarettes and compared these data with those of a JUUL, a cartridge-based e-cigarette device that pod-mod-like disposables emulate in size and shape.MethodsDevice construction, electrical power and liquid composition were determined. Machine-generated aerosol emissions including particulate matter, nicotine, carbonyl compounds and heavy metals were also measured. Liquid and aerosol composition were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.ResultsWe found that unlike JUUL, disposable devices did not incorporate a microcontroller to regulate electrical power to the heating coil. Quality of construction varied widely. Disposable e-cigarette power ranged between 5 and 9 W and liquid nicotine concentration ranged between 53 and 85 mg/mL (~95% in the protonated form). In 15 puffs, total nicotine yield for the disposables ranged between 1.6 and 6.7 mg, total carbonyls ranged between 28 and 138 µg, and total metals ranged between 1084 and 5804 ng. JUUL emissions were near the floors of all of these ranges.ConclusionsDisposable e-cigarettes are designed with high nicotine concentration liquids and are capable of emitting much higher nicotine and carbonyl species relative to rechargeable look-alike e-cigarettes. These differences are likely due to the lower quality in construction, unreliable labelling and lack of temperature control regulation that limits the power during operation. From a public health perspective, regulating these devices is important to limit user exposure to carbonyls and nicotine, particularly because these devices are popular with youth and young adults.
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Ryu, Keun, and Luis San Andrés. "On the Failure of a Gas Foil Bearing: High Temperature Operation Without Cooling Flow." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 135, no. 11 (September 17, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4025079.
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Implementing gas foil bearings (GFBs) in micro gas turbine engines is a proven approach to improve system efficiency and reliability. Adequate thermal management for operation at high temperatures, such as in a gas turbine or a turbocharger, is important to control thermal growth of components and to remove efficiently mechanical energy from the rotor mainly. The paper presents a test rotor supported on GFBs operating with a heated shaft and reports components temperatures and shaft motions at an operating speed of 37 krpm. An electric cartridge heater loosely inserted in the hollow rotor warms the test system. Thermocouples and noncontact infrared thermometers record temperatures on the bearing sleeve and rotor outer diameter (OD), respectively. No forced cooling air flow streams were supplied to the bearings and rotor, in spite of the high temperature induced by the heater on the shaft outer surface. With the rotor spinning, the tests consisted of heating the rotor to a set temperature, recording the system component temperatures until reaching thermal equilibrium in ∼ 60 min, and stepping the heater set temperature by 200 °C. The experiments proceeded without incident until the heater set temperature equaled 600 °C. Ten minutes into the test, noise became apparent and the rotor stopped abruptly. The unusual operating condition, without cooling flow and a too large increment in rotor temperature, reaching 250 °C, led to the incident which destroyed one of the foil bearings. Post-test inspection evidenced seizure of the hottest bearing (closest to the heater) with melting of the top foil at the locations where it rests on the underspring crests (bumps). Analysis reveals a notable reduction in bearing clearance as the rotor temperature increases until seizure occurs. Upon contact between the rotor and top foil, dry-friction quickly generated vast amounts of energy that melted the protective coating and metal top foil. Rather than a reliability issue with the foil bearings, the experimental results show poor operating procedure and ignorance on the system behavior (predictions). A cautionary tale and a lesson in humility follow.
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Souza, Murilo, Hellen Vieira, Benigno Sánchez, and Maria Canela. "OESTADODAARTE DE COMPOSTOS CARBONÍLICOSVOLÁTEISEMAMBIENTES INTERNOS:IMPACTOSÀ SAÚDEEMETODOLOGIAS DEAMOSTRAGEMEANÁLISES." Química Nova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170741.
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THE STATE OF THE ART OF VOLATILE CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS: IMPACTS TO HEALTH AND SAMPLING METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYSIS. The primary sources of emission of volatile carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor environments are chipboard panels, laminate floors, plywood, paints and solvents, household products, fiberglass, gas stoves, heaters and heating systems. Several studies have already confirmed an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio greater than 1 (one) for several CCs, indicating that these compounds are emitted mainly from internal sources. CCs (especially aldehydes and ketones) are easily absorbed into the airways, presenting a considerable mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to review the CCs found in different indoor environments, the effects and impacts of these compounds on human health and the national and international guidelines that establish their maximum exposure limits. The methodologies most used in the literature to analyze CCs in the air were reviewed directly (in real-time) or indirectly (using pre-treatment steps). A detailed review of the sampling techniques: with and without adsorption, with and without derivatization, with adsorption and derivatization simultaneously; using various methodologies employed during the last decades (cartridges, filters, tubes or liquid absorbent-impinger) was carried out. Finally, this work describes the instrumental methods and the advantages and disadvantages of determining CCs individually and simultaneously in the atmosphere.