Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heat – Transmission Refrigerants Thermodynamics'
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1
Agarwal, Akhil. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During Condensation of Refrigerants in Microchannels." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14129.
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Two-phase flow, boiling, and condensation in microchannels have received considerable
attention in the recent past due to the growing interest in the high heat
fluxes made possible by these channels. This dissertation presents a study on
the condensation of refrigerant R134a in small hydraulic diameter (100 < Dh
< 160 mm) channels. A novel technique is used for the measurement
of local condensation heat transfer coefficients in small quality increments,
which has typically been found to be difficult due to the low heat transfer
rates at the small flow rates in these microchannels. This method is used to
accurately determine pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients for mass
fluxes between 300 and 800 kg/m2-s and quality 0 < x <
1 at four different saturation temperatures between 30 and 60oC. The
results obtained from this study capture the effect of variations in mass flux,
quality, saturation temperature, hydraulic diameter, and channel aspect ratio
on the observed pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients. Based on the available
flow regime maps, it was assumed that either the intermittent or annular flow
regimes prevail in these channels for the flow conditions under consideration.
Internally consistent pressure drop and heat transfer models are proposed
taking into account the effect of mass flux, quality, saturation temperature, hydraulic
diameter, and channel aspect ratio. The proposed models predict 95% and 94% of
the pressure drop and heat transfer data within ±25%, respectively. Both
pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient increase with a decrease in
hydraulic diameter, increase in channel aspect ratio and decrease in saturation
temperature. A new non-dimensional parameter termed Annular Flow Factor is also
introduced to quantify the predominance of intermittent or annular flow in the
channels as the geometric parameters and operating conditions change. This
study leads to a comprehensive understanding of condensation in microchannels
for use in high-flux heat transfer applications.
2
Worm, Steven Lee. "Experimental measurement of heat transfer phenomena in a solid adsorbent." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16487.
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Fuller, Timothy Alan. "An analytical study of the performance characteristics of solid/vapor adsorption heat pumps." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16961.
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Legodi, Annah Mokganyetji Kgotlelelo. "Analysis of heat transfer and thermal stability in a slab subjected to Arrhenius kinetics." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1250.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Development of safe storage for reactive combustible materials to prevent possible human and environmental hazards as well as ensure and enhance industrial safety can significantly benefit from mathematical modelling of systems. In the recent past, models with varying degrees of sophistication have been developed and applied to the problem of predicting thermal criticality conditions, temperature and concentration profiles of such system. In this thesis, a model showing the temperature history of an nth order exothermic oxidation reaction in a slab of combustible material with variable pre-exponential factor, taking the consumption of the reactant into account in the presence of a convective heating and oxygen exchange at the slab surface with the ambient is presented Both transient and steady state problems are tackled The critical regime separating the regions of explosive and non-explosive paths of a one step exothermic chemical reaction is determined The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically by method of lines (MOL), with finite difference schemes used for the discretisation of the spatial derivatives. Moreover, both fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical integration coupled with shooting methods and perturbation techniques together with a special type of Hermite-Pade series summation and improvement method were employed to tackle the steady state problem. The crucial roles played by the boundary conditions in determining the location ofthe maximum heating were demonstrated. In chapter one, the relevant applications together with previous published work on the problem were highlighted The basic mathematical theory and equations needed to tackle the problem were derived in Chapter two. In chapter three, the transient model problem was formulated, analysed and discussed. The steady state problem was formulated and solved in Chapter four. Furtherwork and concluding remarks were highlighted in Chapter five.
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Nicholas, Jack Robert. "Heat transfer for fusion power plant divertors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:efedf39b-401b-418f-b510-386a512314a8.
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Exhausting the thermal power from a fusion tokamak is a critical engineering challenge. The life of components designed for these conditions has a strong influence on the availability of the machine. For a fusion power plant this dependence becomes increasingly important, as it will influence the cost of electricity. The most extreme thermal loading for a fusion power plant will occur in the divertor region, where components will be expected to survive heat fluxes in excess of 10 MW/m2 over a number of years. This research focussed on the development of a heat sink module for operation under such conditions, drawing on advanced cooling strategies from the aerospace industry. A reference concept was developed using conjugate Computational Fluid Dynamics. The results were experimentally validated by matching Reynolds numbers on a scaled model. Heat transfer data was captured using a transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique. The results showed excellent agreement with the corresponding numerical simulations. To facilitate comparison against other divertor heat sink proposals, a nondimensional figure of merit for cooling performance was developed. When plotted against a non-dimensional mass flow rate, the reference heat sink was shown to have superior cooling performance to all other divertor proposals to date. Results from Finite Element Analysis were used in conjunction with the ITER structural design criteria to life the heat sink. The sensitivity of life to both boundary conditions, and local geometric features, were explored. The reference design was shown to be capable of exceeding the life requirements for heat fluxes in excess of 15 MW/m2. A number of heat sinks, based on the reference design, were fabricated. These underwent non-destructive testing, before experimentation in a high-heat flux facility developed by the author. The heat transfer performance of the tested modules was found to exceed that predicted by numerical modelling, which was concluded to be caused by the fabrication processes used.
6
Mi, Jian. "SiC Growth by Laser CVD and Process Analysis." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04062006-135055/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Lackey, W. Jack, Committee Chair ; Cochran, Joe K., Committee Member ; Danyluk, Steven, Committee Member ; Fedorov, Andrei G., Committee Member ; Rosen, David W., Committee Member ; Wang, Zhonglin, Committee Member.
7
Galand, Quentin. "Experimental investigation of the diffusive properties of ternary liquid systems." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209626.
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A fundamental step in the further developments of comprehensive modelling of the diffusive processes in liquids requires the possibility of obtaining reliable and accurate experimental data of the diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients of multicomponent liquid systems. In the present work, we perform an experimental investigation of the diffusive properties of binary and ternary liquid systems. Two experimental techniques, the ‘Open Ended Capillary’ technique and the ‘Transient Interferometric Technique’ have been developed. Those techniques have been used for the experimental characterization of several systems composed of 1,2, 3,4-Tetrahydrnaphtalene, Isobutylbenzene and Dodecane at ambient temperature. Those particular species were selected as a simplified multicomponent system modelling the fluids contained in natural crude oils reservoirs. For each of these techniques, experimental set-ups were designed, implemented and calibrated. The procedures for identifying the ternary diffusion coefficients from the measured compositions fields were studied in details.
The Open Ended Capillary Technique was applied under gravity condition to study isothermal diffusion binary and ternary systems. Difficulties related to a new procedure for interpreting the data collected at short times of the experiments are highlighted and its implication in the generalization of the technique for the study of multicomponent systems is discussed.
The Transient Interferometric Technique was used to perform an experimental study of three binary systems under gravity conditions. It was also applied for the investigation of ternary systems under microgravity condition in the frame of the DSC on SODI experiment, which took place aboard the International Space Station in 2011. The experimental results are reported and the analysis of the accuracy of the technique is presented. The TIT is the first technique ever providing accurate experimental measurements of the complete set of diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients for ternary liquid systems.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
8
Bright, Trevor James. "Non-fourier heat equations in solids analyzed from phonon statistics." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29710.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Zhang, Zhuomin; Committee Member: Kumar, Satish; Committee Member: Peterson, G. P. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
9
Ma, Zhiwen. "A combined differential and integral model for high temperature fuel cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15831.
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Cross, Caleb Nathaniel. "Combustion heat release effects on asymmetric vortex shedding from bluff bodies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42772.
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Combustion systems utilizing bluff bodies to stabilize the combustion processes can experience oscillatory heat release due to the alternate shedding of coherent, von Kármán vortices under certain operating conditions. This phenomenon needs to be understood in greater detail, since unsteady burning due to vortex shedding can lead to combustion instabilities and flame extinction in practical combustion systems. The primary objective of this study was to elucidate the influence of combustion process heat release upon the Bénard-von Kármán (BVK) instability in reacting bluff body wakes. For this purpose, spatial and temporal heat release distributions in bluff body-stabilized combustion of liquid Jet-A fuel with high-temperature, vitiated air were characterized over a wide range of operating conditions. Upon comparing the spatial and temporal heat release distributions, the fuel entrainment and subsequent heat release in the near-wake were found to strongly influence the onset and amplitude of the BVK instability. As the amount of heat release in the near-wake decreased, the BVK instability increased in amplitude. This was attributed to the corresponding decrease in the local density gradient across the reacting shear layers, which resulted in less damping of vorticity due to gas expansion.
The experimental results were compared to the results of a parallel, linear stability analysis in order to further understand the influence of the combustion processes in the near-wake upon the wake instability characteristics. The results of this analysis support the postulate that oscillatory heat release due to BVK vortex shedding is the result of local absolute instability in the near-wake, which is eliminated only if the temperature rise across the reacting shear layers is sufficiently high. Furthermore, the results of this thesis demonstrate that non-uniform fuelling of the near-wake reaction zone increases the likelihood of absolutely unstable, BVK flame dynamics due to the possibility of near-unity products-to-reactants density ratios locally, especially when the reactants temperature is high.
11
Andresen, Ulf Christian. "Supercritical Gas Cooling and Near-Critical-Pressure Condensation of Refrigerant Blends in Microchannels." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14503.
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A study of heat transfer and pressure drop in zero ozone-depletion-potential (ODP) refrigerant blends in small diameter tubes was conducted. The azeotropic refrigerant blend R410A (equal parts of R32 and R125 by mass) has zero ODP and has properties similar to R22, and is therefore of interest for vapor compression cycles in high-temperature-lift space-conditioning and water heating applications. Smaller tubes lead to higher heat transfer coefficients and are better suited for high operating pressures. Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for R410A were determined experimentally during condensation across the entire vapor-liquid dome at 0.8, 0.9xPcritical and gas cooling at 1.0, 1.1, 1.2xPcritical in three different round tubes (D = 3.05, 1.52, 0.76 mm) over a mass flux range of 200 < G < 800 kg/m2-s. A thermal amplification technique was used to accurately determine the heat duty for condensation in small quality increments or supercritical cooling across small temperature changes while ensuring low uncertainties in the refrigerant heat transfer coefficients. The data from this study were used in conjunction with data obtained under similar operating conditions for refrigerants R404A and R410A in tubes of diameter 6.22 and 9.40 mm to develop models to predict heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes with diameters ranging from 0.76 to 9.40 mm during condensation. Similarly, in the supercritical states, heat transfer and pressure drop models were developed to account for the sharp variations in the thermophysical properties near the critical point. The physical understanding and models resulting from this investigation provide the information necessary for designing and optimizing new components that utilize R410A for air-conditioning and heat pumping applications.
12
Mitra, Biswajit. "Supercritical gas cooling and condensation of refrigerant R410A at near-critical pressures." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06142005-232427/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Garimella, Srinivas, Committee Chair ; Ghiaasiaan, S. Mostafa, Committee Member ; Graham, Samuel, Committee Member ; Breedveld, Victor, Committee Member ; Fuller,Tom, Committee Member.
13
Altalidi, Sulaiman Saleh. "Two-Phase Spray Cooling with HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf for Thermal Management of Automotive Power Electronics using Practical Enhanced Surfaces." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011876/.
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The objective of this research was to investigate the performance of two-phase spray cooling with HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf refrigerants using practical enhanced heat transfer surfaces. Results of the study were expected to provide a quantitative spray cooling performance comparison with working fluids representing the current and next-generation mobile air conditioning refrigerants, and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach as an alternative active cooling technology for the thermal management of high heat flux power electronics (i.e., IGBTs) in electric-drive vehicles. Potential benefits of two-phase spray cooling include achieving more efficient and reliable operation, as well as compact and lightweight system design that would lead to cost reduction. The experimental work involved testing of four different enhanced boiling surfaces in comparison to a plain reference surface, using a commercial pressure-atomizing spray nozzle at a range of liquid flow rates for each refrigerant to determine the spray cooling performance with respect to heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF). The heater surfaces were prepared using dual-stage electroplating, brush coating, sanding, and particle blasting, all featuring "practical" room temperature processes that do not require specialized equipment. Based on the obtained results, HFC-134a provided a better heat transfer performance through higher HTC and CHF values compared to HFO-1234yf at all tested surfaces and flow rates. While majority of the tested surfaces provided comparable HTC and modestly higher CHF values compared to the reference surface, one of the enhanced surfaces offered significant heat transfer enhancement.
14
Vereen, Keon. "An experimental investigation on the dynamics of bubbles utilizing refrigerant R134a under pressurized flow boiling conditions." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4717.
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Flow boiling heat transfer allows for the dissipation of large amounts of heat. In this work, the effect of heat flux and pressure on flow boiling of liquid refrigerant R-134a is studied in a vertical thin channel. The experimental setup mimics a refrigeration cycle and specifically looks at the effect of pressure and wall heat flux on the departure size and bubble generation rate. The experimental setup consists of a closed loop which includes a vertical narrow rectangular channel and two synchronized high speed cameras for optical measurements at either sides of the channel. The setup is built to employ an accurate measurement technique to define wall temperatures of the representative flow boiling process. Instead of using thermocouples on the surface channel, the thermochromic liquid crystallography (TLC) technique is used to determine non-invasively the heater surface temperature at high temporal and spatial resolution. The TLC interval range is 30-50??C. The TLC is attached to a Fecralloy heating section. The high speed Prosilica cameras simultaneously capture, colored TLC images as well as bubble nucleation and departure at very high frame rates. Experiments on subcooled flow boiling heat transfer have been conducted with refrigerant R-134a under a mass flux range of 484.838 kg/m??s to 1212.1 kg/m??s. With the low mass flux, the wall heat flux ranged from 167.2 to 672.1 kW/m??, the inlet subcooling ranged from 0.35??C to 16.55??C, the system pressure ranged from 621 kPa to 1034 kPa. At high mass flux, the wall heat flux ranged from 329.8 kW/m?? to 744 kW/m??, the inlet subcooling from 0.16??C to 17.21??C, and the system pressure from 621 kPa to 1034 kPa. A parametric study was done by maintaining various input parameters constant. From the high speed images, bubble parameters such as size and frequency are calculated. Temperature contours are utilized to determine the surface wall temperature at specific points.; Sequential wall temperatures are traced over a short period of time to understand the cooling effects. The bubble propagation and coalescence are also visualized. Results show that bubble size and frequency increased with heat flux at any particular pressure. At higher pressure, the trend would be for the bubble size to decrease; however, the inlet subcooling and heat flux also affect bubble size. The bubble frequency is also seen to be affected by the inlet subcooling and the heat flux. Even though the inlet subcooling is maintained approximately constant, any slight decrease in subcooling increased bubble growth rate. Another trend that is observed is that at higher the heat flux, the bubble generation frequency is faster; however no specific trend is observed for wall superheat. With an increase in heat flux, the wall superheats are expected to increase; however, the localized nature of the nucleation activity sites is seen to affect the results. The variables are non-dimensionalized to note trends in parameters. In summary, the data analysis demonstrates that both heat flux and pressure significantly influence the bubble generation rate, size, propagation and coalescence.ID: 030646273; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.A.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-115).
M.S.A.E.
Masters
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Aerospace Engineering; Thermofluid Aerodynamics Systems Track
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Schaffka, Flavia Tramontin Silveira. "Análise fluidodinâmica e térmica do processo de secagem de suspensão diluída em leito fluidizado." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2400.
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CNPq; Fundação AraucáriaO presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo do comportamento fluidodinâmico e térmico do processo de secagem de suspensão diluída em leito fluidizado gás-sólido. Para avaliar a estabilidade de fluidização, a fim de evitar a condição do fenômeno de defluidização, foi utilizada a análise espectral Gaussiana. Durante o processo de secagem, foi analisada a umidade relativa do ar, a umidade absoluta, eficiência de secagem e a força de secagem. Em relação ao comportamento térmico, foi analisado o coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de calor, avaliando a influência das condições experimentais. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em escala laboratorial utilizando-se uma coluna de acrílico de 0,11 m de diâmetro interno e 1,0 m de altura. Como material inerte, foram utilizadas esferas de alumínio e esferas de vidro, ambas com diâmetro médio de 1,55 mm. Foi utilizada uma suspensão de carbonato de cálcio com concentração de 9 e 15%. A vazão de atomização da suspensão foi de 11,0; 13,0 e 15,0 mL/min. Os resultados mostraram que a transição dos regimes de fluidização durante o processo de secagem de suspensão não pôde ser nitidamente identificada pela análise espectral Gaussiana. Adicionalmente, a concentração de carbonato de cálcio apresentou pouca influência no tempo para atingir a região de defluidização. A vazão de atomização da solução influenciou na estabilidade fluidodinâmica do leito. Em relação ao tipo de material inerte, as partículas de alumínio apresentaram melhores condições no processo de secagem do ponto de vista da fluidodinâmica. O coeficiente volumétrico médio de transferência de calor obtido foi de 1,76 kW/m³.K, não variando com o tipo da partícula inerte utilizado.
The objective of this study was to perform a study of the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of the drying process of a dilute suspension in a gas-solid fluidized bed. To evaluate stability fluidization, in order to avoid the condition of the defluidization phenomenon, was utilized Gaussian spectral analysis, which is a technique based on pressure fluctuation measurements. During the drying process, was analyzed relative humidity, absolute humidity and a drying efficiency. In relation to the thermal behavior, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient was analyzed, evaluating the influence of experimental conditions. The experimental tests were carried out in laboratory scale using a Plexiglas column, with 0.11 m in inner diameter and 1.0 m in height. As inert material, aluminum beads and glass beads were used, both with mean diameter of 1.55 mm. It was used as suspension of calcium carbonate with a concentration of 9 and 15%. The atomization flow rates of the suspension were 11.0; 13.0 and 15.0 mL/min. The results showed that the transition of the fluidization regimes during the suspension drying process could not be clearly identified by Gaussian spectral analysis. Additionally, the solution concentration had little influence on the time to reach the defluidization region. The atomization flow of the solution influenced the fluid dynamic stability of the bed. As for the type of the inert material, the aluminum particles presented better conditions in the hydrodynamic of drying process. The average volumetric heat transfer coefficient was 1.76 kW/m³.K and it not changed with the type of inert particle used.
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Au, Edwin C. F. "A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373.
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This study aims to develop a computational scheme (AuCFD) for calculating refrigerant properties, two-phase heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop of R12 and R134a in a horizontal tube. The scheme can help to understand the characteristics of refrigerant flow under different conditions and estimate the performance of direct expansion heat exchangers.Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999
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"Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938.
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D.Ing.The heating of water with hot-water heat pumps is extremely energy-efficient. With the refrigerant R-22 hot water temperatures of 60° C to 65° C are possible. However, these temperatures are low in comparison with the temperatures obtained from other methods of water heating, for instance electrical geysers. Should higher water temperatures be obtained, the applications of hot-water heat pumps will increase. This is possible by using a zeotropic refrigerant mixture as working fluid. A R-22 and R-142b zeotropic refrigerant mixture shows exceptional potential in achieving hot water temperatures. The condensing coefficients need to be predicted correctly to optimize the condenser design. Unfortunately, there is a lack of detailed literature available on condensing coefficients for the recommended mass fractions of R-22 with R-142b at condensing temperatures of 60° C or more. Micro-fin tubes perform outstanding in enhancing heat transfer and are widely used to save energy. Unfortunately, there is also a lack of detailed literature on condensing coefficient at the recommended mass fractions of R-22/R-142b refrigerant mixtures condensing in micro-fins, twisted tapes and high fins at temperatures of 60° C or more. In this study condensing coefficients of R-22 and the zeotropic refrigerant mixture R-22 with R-142b were obtained in smooth tubes at mass fractions of 90%/10%, 80%/20%, 70%/30%, 60%/40%, 50%/50%. The experimental data were used to evaluate some of the methods that are commonly used to predict condensing coefficients. Experiments were also conducted at the same zeotropic mass fractions, to compare three different methods of heat transfer enhancement to that of the smooth tubes namely: micro-fins, twisted tapes and high fins. All measurements were conducted at an isobaric inlet pressure of 2.43 MPa. The test sections consisted of a series of eight tubes with lengths of 1 603 mm. The smooth tubes had an inner diameter of 8.11 mm. With the R-22/R-142b zeotropic refrigerant mixture condensing in smooth tubes, it was observed in the sight glasses that a predominantly stratified wavy flow regime exists at low mass fluxes, from 40 kg/m2s to 350 kg/m2s. The refrigerant mass fraction decreased the condensing coefficient by up to a third on average from 100% R-22 to a 50%/50% mixture of R-22 with R142b. A predominantly annular flow regime was observed at mass fluxes of 350 kg/m2s and more. At this flow regime the condensing coefficients were not strongly influenced by the refrigerant mass fraction, decreasing only by 7% as the refrigerant mass fraction changed from 100% R-22 to a 50%/50% mixture of R-22 with R142b. When the experimental data were compared with three methods that are commonly used to predict condensing coefficients it was found that the flow pattern correlation of Dobson and Chato (1998) gave the best predictions for R-22. The Silver (1964) and Bell and Ghaly (1964) method gave the best predictions for the R-22/R-142b mixtures. When the three heat transfer enhancement methods were compared with smooth tubes it was found that micro-fins were more suitable as an enhancement method than twisted tubes or high fins. It was also found that the condensing coefficients and pressure drops decrease as the mass fractions of R-142b increases.
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"Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753.
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M.Ing.An experimental investigation was conducted into the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes during in-tube condensation. The study focused on the heat transfer coefficients of refrigerants R-22, R-134a and R-407C inside the three tubes. The herringbone tube results were compared to the smooth and micro-fin tube results. The average increase in the heat transfer coefficient when compared to the smooth tube was found to be as high as 322% with maximum values reaching 336%. When compared to the micro-fin tube, the average increase in heat transfer coefficient was found to be as high as 196% with maximum values reaching 215%. A new unified correlation was also developed to predict the heat transfer coefficients in a herringbone and micro-fin tube. The correlation predicted the semi-local heat transfer coefficients accurately with 96% and 89% of the data points falling in the ± 20% region for the herringbone and micro-fin tube respectively. The average heat transfer coefficients were also accurately predicted with all the data points for the herringbone tube and 83% of the data points for the micro-fin tube falling in the ± 20% region. The trend of the new correlation also fitted the data accurately and the conclusion was made that the correlation is accurate and could be used successfully in practice.
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"Pressure drop during condensation inside smooth, helical micro-fin, and herringbone micro-fin tubest." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5410.
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M.Ing.Since the promulgation of the Montreal Protocol many refrigerants needed to be phased out. R-22, which is a widely used refrigerant in refrigeration systems, was one of these. Many replacements have been found throughout the years but very few have the same refrigeration capacity without being penalised by an increase in pressure drop. R-407C is one of the refrigerants having the potential to replace R-22 as it has the same theoretical coefficient of performance and has a lower global warming potential. However, due to its zeotropic characteristics there is a degradation in heat transfer during evaporation and condensation attributed to mass transfer resistance. Thus, augmentation techniques are needed not only to increase the heat capacity, but also to achieve an increase without incurring an excessive pressure drop. One approach to cope with this problem is to make use of the recently developed herringbone micro-fin tubes. Unfortunately very little data exists for refrigerants undergoing condensation inside herringbone micro-fin tubes. There is also little pressure drop information available for this type of tube. An experimental set-up was designed to determine the characteristics of this type of tube due to the scarcity of information. With the aid of current literature, various techniques were used to determine the pressure drops inside the herringbone micro-fin tube. One of these techniques was the use of the Kattan-Thome-Favrat flow regime map which helped to identify the flow patterns inside the tube. Knowledge of the type of flow occurring inside the tube helped to clarify the behaviour of the pressure drop relationships. The type of refrigerant being used also affected the behaviour of the pressure drop curves. A low-pressure refrigerant had a higher pressure drop due to the high vapour velocities achieved. Another cause for excessive pressure drop is the friction created by the high velocity vapour and condensate inside the tube. Many relationships for the friction factor exist and these are used to analyse the experimental data.The experimental facility comprised of a vapour compression loop and a water loop. The vapour compression loop consisted of a hermetically sealed compressor with a cooling capacity of 9.6 kW, a manually operated expansion valve and an evaporator. Three condensers were tested, namely a smooth tube, a helical micro-fin tube, and a herringbone micro-fin tube. The condensers were of the tube-in-tube type with the refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and the water in counter flow in the annulus. The hot water loop was used as a source for the evaporator and a cold loop as a heat sink for the condenser. Three refrigerants were tested, namely R-22, R-134a, and R-407C, all operating at a nominal saturation temperature of 40°C and at mass fluxes between 300 and 800 kg/m 2s. Accurate sensors and transducers were used to measure the temperatures, pressures, and mass flows at predefined points. Video cameras were attached to sight glasses to aid in the identification of the type of flow regime. Data were captured using a computerised data acquisition programme designed specifically for use with the experimental study. The experimental results showed that transition between the annular and intermittent flow regimes occurred at around 25% vapour quality for the herringbone micro-fin tube, as opposed to 30% for the helical micro-fin tube and 50% for the smooth tube. Pressure drops for the herringbone micro-fin tube were higher than those for the smooth tube but slightly lower than those for the helical micro-fin tube when using refrigerants R-22 and R-134a. The correlation of Liebenberg was modified for the pressure drops inside the herringbone micro-fin tube and gave a mean deviation of 12%. The efficiency ratio for the herringbone tube using R-22 was 1.85 and 1.69 when compared with the helical micro-fin and smooth tube respectively. For R-134 the efficiency ratio was 2.02 and 2.13 when compared with the helical micro-fin and smooth tube respectively, while for R-407C it was 1.58 and 1.26 for the two respectively. It was also concluded that R-407C could be used as a replacement refrigerant for R-22when used with a herringbone micro-fin tube.
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"Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931.
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M.Ing.The Montreal Protocol led to the phasing-out of ozone layer depleting refrigerants and replacing them with more environmentally friendly refrigerants, which in many cases caused heat transfer degradation in heat exchanger equipment. To make up for the heat transfer degradation, there was a need for the application of heat transfer enhancement techniques. One such technique is the use of micro-fin tubes as opposed to traditional smooth tubes. The purpose of this study is to develop a flow regime map for the condensation of R-22, R-407C and R-134a in a herringbone micro-fin tube. It was perceived that with the knowledge of flow patterns inside the tube and especially the annular-to-intermittent transition, it is possible to perform improved analyses of the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. Experimental and analytical work was performed to investigate the flow regimes during condensation of the refrigerants in smooth, helical micro-fin and herringbone micro-fin tubes at an average saturation temperature of 40oC, with mass fluxes ranging from 300 to 800 kg/m2s. Condensation occurred in tube-in-tube type condensers with cooling water flowing in the annulus and the refrigerant in the inner tubes. The condensers consisted of eight sub-sections to allow for the acquisition of sectional heat transfer and pressure data. Various criteria were considered in order to generate flow regime maps. The Thome flow regime transition criterion was used and complemented with visually-observed and photographic imaging, as well as the objective power spectral density distributions of the pressure signals of the condensing refrigerants. The observed flow regimes were mainly annular flow and intermittent flow. Stratified-wavy flow was observed at low mass fluxes and low vapour qualities. There were notable similarities in the flow pattern between the smooth and micro-fin tubes. However, the experimental results show that the transition from annular to intermittent flow regimes occurred at average vapour quality values of 0.26, 0.29 and 0.48 for the herringbone micro-fin, the helical micro-fin and smooth tubes respectively. The combined analyses assisted in adapting the helical micro-fin tube condensing flow pattern map, to ensure its application in accurately predicting herringbone micro-fin tube condensation. The new transition criterion effectively predicts the delay in transition from annular to intermittent flow for all three refrigerants, condensing in the herringbone micro-fin tube.
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Liebenberg, Leon. "A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939.
Full text
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Kebonte, Shiko A. "Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics during in-tube condensation of nonazeotropic mixtures of R22/R142b in a smooth helically coiled copper tube with an inside diameter of 8.11 mm are investigated. The experimental results are compared with prediction from correlation. The coefficient of performance of.the heat pump built and used for experiments has been studied. The mass flux of the refrigerant was varied during the course of the experiments. At similar mass flow rate of fluids, the average heat transfer coefficients for mixtures were lower than those for pure refrigerant R22 used as reference for comparison. Also, the heat transfer coefficients of all the refrigerants increased with increasing mass flux.
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Bluhm, Steven John. "Thermal performance of direct-contact water-air heat exchangers." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20857.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.
Johannesburg, 1990This work was carried out in response to the need for a simple engineering method for the thermal analysis of direct-contact air-water heat exchangers. A simple method of performance analysis is developed which is directly analogous and consistent with the fundamental approach used in conventional heat exchanger analysis and one in which the algebraic form of the overall equation and the grouping of each of the parameters are apparent. The range of conditions considered are air and water temperatures of between 0 and 50 DC and barometric pressures ranging from 80 to 120 kPa. The air conditions considered range from completely dry to completely satucated with water vapour. Both air cooling and water cooling processes are considered. [Abbreviated abstract. Open document to view full version]
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Herron, Thomas G. "Design, modeling and performance of miniature reciprocating expander for a heat actuated heat pump." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/31699.
Full textAbstract:
A miniature reciprocating expander is being developed as part of a larger program
to develop a heat actuated heat pump for portable applications. By utilizing the higher
energy density of liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries, a heat actuated heat pump
would be able to provide cooling for much longer than motor driven units of equal
weight. A prototype expander has been constructed and demonstrated to produce up to
22 W of shaft power at 2500 rpm using 60 psig, room temperature nitrogen as the input.
Assuming adiabatic conditions, the expander appears to operate at up to 80% isentropic
efficiency. However, when heat inflow to the expander is accounted for, the resulting
polytropic efficiency is about 10% lower. In addition to experimental results, models of
expander performance with different loss mechanisms are presented. These mechanisms
include over- and under-expansion, in-cylinder heat transfer, clearance volume, friction,
and valve pressure drop.Graduation date: 2005
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Visser, Coert Johannes. "Modelling heat and mass flow through packed pebble beds : a heterogeneous volume-averaged approach." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27623.
Full textAbstract:
This work details modelling buoyancy-driven viscous flow and heat transfer through heterogeneous saturated packed pebble beds via a set of volume-averaged conservation equations in which local thermal disequilibrium is accounted for. The latter refers to the two phases considered viz. solid and fluid, differing in temperature. This is effected by describing each phase with its own governing equation. Further to the aforementioned, the governing equation set is written in terms of intrinsic volume-averaged material properties that are fully variant with respect to temperature. The heterogeneous solid phase is described with a porosity field varying from 0.39 to 0.99. The intent of the stated upper bound is to explicitly model typical packed bed near-wall phenomena such as wall-channelling and pebble-wall heat transfer as true to reality as possible, while maintaining scientific rigour. The set of coupled non-linear partial differential equations is solved via a locally preconditioned artificial compressibility method, where spatial discretisation is effected with a compact finite volume edge-based discretisation method. The latter is done in the interest of accuracy. Stabilisation is effected via JST scalar-valued artificial dissipation. This is the first instance in which an artificial compressibility algorithm is applied to modelling heat and fluid flow through heterogeneous porous materials. As a result of the aforementioned, calculation of the acoustic velocities, stabilisation scaling factors and allowable time-step sizes were revised. The developed technology is demonstrated by application to the modelling of SANA test cases, i.e. natural convective flow inside a heated porous axisymmetric cavity. Predicted results are shown to be within 12% of experimental measurements in all cases, while having an average deviation of only 3%.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted
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Sen, Biswanath. "Condensation Heat Transfer Of R-134A On Micro-Finned Tubes : An Experimental Study." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/709.
Full textAbstract:
Eco-friendly non-CFC refrigerants were introduced in the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration industry during the last few years to reduce damage to the stratospheric ozone layer. The HFC refrigerant R-134a, which has zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), is being used extensively as a replacement for R-12 and also in some centrifugal chillers as a replacement for R-11. However, the disadvantage of R-134a is its comparatively high global warming potential (GWP). Owing to energy crisis and also to reduce the indirect warming impact resulting from electrical energy usage, the new refrigeration systems should be operated at the lowest possible condensing temperatures. In view of this, several active and passive techniques for augmentation of condensation heat transfer and reduction of condensation temperature are gaining increasing attention. Passive augmentation methods are more popular than active ones. To this end, micro-finned tubes of various geometrical shapes are being explored for compact heat exchangers in the refrigeration industry as the best choice.
Towards understanding the enhancement in condensation heat transfer coefficients in micro-finned tubes, a test facility has been fabricated to measure the condensing coefficients for R-134a refrigerant. Condensation experiments have been conducted on single plain and finned tubes of outer diameter 19 mm with a refrigerant saturation temperature of 400C and tube wall temperatures 350C, 320C, 300C and 280C respectively. Water is used as the cooling medium inside the tubes with the flow rate varying from 180 lph to 600 lph. The condensing coefficient typically ranged from 0.9 – 1.4 kW/(m2 K) for plain tubes and from 4.2 to 5.8 kW/(m2 K) for the finned tubes. The results of the plain v tube are found to compare favourably with the Nusselt’s theory, leading to a validation of the experimental procedure. Upon comparing the results of finned and plain tubes, it is found that provision of fins result in an enhancement factor of 3.6 to 4.6 in the condensation heat transfer coefficients. This level of enhancement is larger than that resulting from the enhanced surface area of the finned tube surface, suggesting that, apart from the extended area, the surface tension forces play an important role in the augmentation process by driving the condensate from the fin crests to the valleys in between the fins. The measured augmentation factors have also been cross-checked using the Wilson plot method. Detailed error analysis has been performed to quantify the uncertainty in the condensation heat transfer coefficient.
The performance of a bank of tubes has been determined based on the measurements carried out on practical condensers of two large chillers with refrigerating capacities of 500 TR and 550 TR. On comparing the finned tube bank results and the single finned tube results, it is found that the average condensation heat transfer coefficient in a bank of tubes having N rows varies as N ¯1/6. The deterioration is in agreement with the relation proposed by Kern.
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Fitzpatrick, John Nathan. "Coupled thermal-fluid analysis with flowpath-cavity interaction in a gas turbine engine." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4441.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)This study seeks to improve the understanding of inlet conditions of a large rotor-stator cavity in a turbofan engine, often referred to as the drive cone cavity (DCC). The inlet flow is better understood through a higher fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the inlet to the cavity, and a coupled finite element (FE) thermal to CFD fluid analysis of the cavity in order to accurately predict engine component temperatures. Accurately predicting temperature distribution in the cavity is important because temperatures directly affect the material properties including Young's modulus, yield strength, fatigue strength, creep properties. All of these properties directly affect the life of critical engine components. In addition, temperatures cause thermal expansion which changes clearances and in turn affects engine efficiency. The DCC is fed from the last stage of the high pressure compressor. One of its primary functions is to purge the air over the rotor wall to prevent it from overheating. Aero-thermal conditions within the DCC cavity are particularly challenging to predict due to the complex air flow and high heat transfer in the rotating component. Thus, in order to accurately predict metal temperatures a two-way coupled CFD-FE analysis is needed. Historically, when the cavity airflow is modeled for engine design purposes, the inlet condition has been over-simplified for the CFD analysis which impacts the results, particularly in the region around the compressor disc rim. The inlet is typically simplified by circumferentially averaging the velocity field at the inlet to the cavity which removes the effect of pressure wakes from the upstream rotor blades. The way in which these non-axisymmetric flow characteristics affect metal temperatures is not well understood. In addition, a constant air temperature scaled from a previous analysis is used as the simplified cavity inlet air temperature. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (a) model the DCC cavity with a more physically representative inlet condition while coupling the solid thermal analysis and compressible air flow analysis that includes the fluid velocity, pressure, and temperature fields; (b) run a coupled analysis whose boundary conditions come from computational models, rather than thermocouple data; (c) validate the model using available experimental data; and (d) based on the validation, determine if the model can be used to predict air inlet and metal temperatures for new engine geometries. Verification with experimental results showed that the coupled analysis with the 3D no-bolt CFD model with predictive boundary conditions, over-predicted the HP6 offtake temperature by 16k. The maximum error was an over-prediction of 50k while the average error was 17k. The predictive model with 3D bolts also predicted cavity temperatures with an average error of 17k. For the two CFD models with predicted boundary conditions, the case without bolts performed better than the case with bolts. This is due to the flow errors caused by placing stationary bolts in a rotating reference frame. Therefore it is recommended that this type of analysis only be attempted for drive cone cavities with no bolts or shielded bolts.
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Karimi, Abdullah. "Numerical study of hot jet ignition of hydrocarbon-air mixtures in a constant-volume combustor." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6249.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Ignition of a combustible mixture by a transient jet of hot reactive gas is important for safety of mines, pre-chamber ignition in IC engines, detonation initiation, and in novel constant-volume combustors. The present work is a numerical study of the hot-jet ignition process in a long constant-volume combustor (CVC) that represents a wave-rotor channel. The mixing of hot jet with cold mixture in the main chamber is first studied using non-reacting simulations. The stationary and traversing hot jets of combustion products from a pre-chamber is injected through a converging nozzle into the main CVC chamber containing a premixed fuel-air mixture. Combustion in a two-dimensional analogue of the CVC chamber is modeled using global reaction mechanisms, skeletal mechanisms, and detailed reaction mechanisms for four hydrocarbon fuels: methane, propane, ethylene, and hydrogen. The jet and ignition behavior are compared with high-speed video images from a prior experiment. Hybrid turbulent-kinetic schemes using some skeletal reaction mechanisms and detailed mechanisms are good predictors of the experimental data. Shock-flame interaction is seen to significantly increase the overall reaction rate due to baroclinic vorticity generation, flame area increase, stirring of non-uniform density regions, the resulting mixing, and shock compression. The less easily ignitable methane mixture is found to show higher ignition delay time compared to slower initial reaction and greater dependence on shock interaction than propane and ethylene. The confined jet is observed to behave initially as a wall jet and later as a wall-impinging jet. The jet evolution, vortex structure and mixing behavior are significantly different for traversing jets, stationary centered jets, and near-wall jets. Production of unstable intermediate species like C2H4 and CH3 appears to depend significantly on the initial jet location while relatively stable species like OH are less sensitive. Inclusion of minor radical species in the hot-jet is observed to reduce the ignition delay by 0.2 ms for methane mixture in the main chamber. Reaction pathways analysis shows that ignition delay and combustion progress process are entirely different for hybrid turbulent-kinetic scheme and kinetics-only scheme.