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Academic literature on the topic 'Heat source models'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Heat source models"

1

Ma, Bao Ji, Yu Quan Zhu, and Xiao Li Jin. "Heat Source and Heat Partition Models in ELID Grinding." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.115.

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Based on the feature of the ELID grinding, heat production mechanism in the ELID grinding was analyzed and a heat source model was given. Heat partition among work-piece, grinding wheel and electrolyte was discussed and a heat partition model was established. And numerical investigation was down. The results indicated that heat in ELID grinding was mainly produced by interaction between grit and work piece. Partition of the heat among work piece, grinding wheel and electrolyte was function of position. Electrolyte and grinding wheel take away the most heat produced in ELID grinding.

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Kik, Tomasz. "Heat Source Models in Numerical Simulations of Laser Welding." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112653.

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The article presents new possibilities for modifying heat source models in numerical simulations of laser welding processes conducted using VisualWeld (SYSWELD) software. Due to the different power distributions and shapes of a laser beams, it was necessary to propose a modification of heat source models and methods of defining the heat introduced into a welded material in the case of simulations of welding processes using solid-state and high-power diode lasers. A solution was proposed in the form of modification of predefined heat source models in the case of simulations of welding processes using solid-state disc lasers and high-power diode lasers (HPDL). Based on the results of metallographic tests and the acquisition of thermal cycles of real laser welding processes, the process of calibration and validation of the proposed models of heat sources depending on the type of device used as well as the obtained shapes of fusion beads was carried out. The purpose and assumptions of this approach towards creating heat sources were also reported, comparing exemplary stresses and cumulative plastic strain distributions for the calculation variant using a standard and modified heat source model.

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Mirkoohi, Elham, Daniel E. Seivers, Hamid Garmestani, and Steven Y. Liang. "Heat Source Modeling in Selective Laser Melting." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132052.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is an emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metals. Intricate three-dimensional parts can be generated from the powder bed by selectively melting the desired location of the powders. The process is repeated for each layer until the part is built. The necessary heat is provided by a laser. Temperature magnitude and history during SLM directly determine the molten pool dimensions, thermal stress, residual stress, balling effect, and dimensional accuracy. Laser-matter interaction is a crucial physical phenomenon in the SLM process. In this paper, five different heat source models are introduced to predict the three-dimensional temperature field analytically. These models are known as steady state moving point heat source, transient moving point heat source, semi-elliptical moving heat source, double elliptical moving heat source, and uniform moving heat source. The analytical temperature model for all of the heat source models is solved using three-dimensional differential equations of heat conduction with different approaches. The steady state and transient moving heat source are solved using a separation of variables approach. However, the rest of the models are solved by employing Green’s functions. Due to the high temperature in the presence of the laser, the temperature gradient is usually high which has a substantial impact on thermal material properties. Consequently, the temperature field is predicted by considering the temperature sensitivity thermal material properties. Moreover, due to the repeated heating and cooling, the part usually undergoes several melting and solidification cycles, and this physical phenomenon is considered by modifying the heat capacity using latent heat of melting. Furthermore, the multi-layer aspect of the metal AM process is considered by incorporating the temperature history from the previous layer since the interaction of the layers have an impact on heat transfer mechanisms. The proposed temperature field models based on different heat source approaches are validated using experimental measurement of melt pool geometry from independent experimentations. A detailed explanation of the comparison of models is also provided. Moreover, the effect of process parameters on the balling effect is also discussed.

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Alexeev, Anton, Grigory Onushkin, Jean-Paul Linnartz, and Genevieve Martin. "Multiple Heat Source Thermal Modeling and Transient Analysis of LEDs." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101860.

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Thermal transient testing is widely used for LED characterization, derivation of compact models, and calibration of 3D finite element models. The traditional analysis of transient thermal measurements yields a thermal model for a single heat source. However, it appears that secondary heat sources are typically present in LED packages and significantly limit the model’s precision. In this paper, we reveal inaccuracies of thermal transient measurements interpretation associated with the secondary heat sources related to the light trapped in an optical encapsulant and phosphor light conversion losses. We show that both have a significant impact on the transient response for mid-power LED packages. We present a novel methodology of a derivation and calibration of thermal models for LEDs with multiple heat sources. It can be applied not only to monochromatic LEDs but particularly also to LEDs with phosphor light conversion. The methodology enables a separate characterization of the primary pn junction thermal power source and the secondary heat sources in an LED package.

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Mei, Viung C. "Heat Transfer of Buried Pipe for Heat Pump Application." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929951.

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It is generally felt that the application of line source theory for ground coil design usually resulted in excessive overdesign. It was anticipated that in order for the ground coil heat pump systems to be economically competitive with other residential heating and cooling systems, ground coil overdesign had to be kept to a minimum. A new ground coil model was derived, which based on energy balance rather than the traditional line source theory. It was aimed to more accurately predict the operation of ground coils. It is the intention of this study to compare this ground coil model with models based on line source theory, a simple line source model and a modified line source model, by using them to simulate the same field test data for both summer and winter ground coil operations. The results indicated that for winter coil operation, the new model predicted the coil liquid exit temperature less than 2°C maximum deviation from the measured values, with an average deviation less than 1°C. The modified line source model had an average deviation of more than 1.5°C. For summer operation, all models underpredicted the measured soil temperatures because the effect of thermal backfill material was not included in the models. The new model still predicted the test results better than the other two models. However, when the effect of sand thermal backfill was included in the new model, which was not easy for the other two models, the calculated soil temperatures were almost identical to the test results.

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Patel, Anand Kumar, and Pankaj Mishra. "“OPTIMIZATION OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP:A REVIEW”." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijo-science.v4i6.146.

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To effectively exploit the heat capacity of the soil a heat-exchanger system has to be constructed. Usually an array of buried pipes running along the length of the building, a nearby field or buried vertically into the ground is utilized. A circulating fluid (water or air) is used in summer to extract heat from the hot environment of the building and dump it into the ground and vice versa in winter. A heat pump may also be coupled to the ground heat exchanger to increase its efficiency. In the literature several calculation models are found for ground heat exchangers. One-dimensional models were devised in the first stages of the system study which were replaced by two- dimensional models during the nineties and three-dimensional systems during the recent years. The present study are further refined and can accept any type of grid geometry that may give greater detail of the temperature variation around the pipes and in the ground.

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Jin, T., and G. Q. Cai. "Analytical Thermal Models of Oblique Moving Heat Source for Deep Grinding and Cutting." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 123, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1343458.

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Three related analytical thermal models of plane heat source moving obliquely along the surface of a semi-infinite solid are presented. The temperature distribution of grinding zone under deep-cut conditions is investigated with these models. It is proposed that the oblique angle of the heat source plane to its moving direction has an essential influence on the grinding zone temperature rise and its distribution of high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG). Compared with that in creep-feed grinding, HEDG has a different form of heat flux distribution in grinding zone and should be treated with different thermal models. The temperature distribution at the shear zone of orthogonal cutting is also briefly discussed with the thermal models. The models developed in the paper provide a more rational and integrated analytical basis for dealing with the heat transfer problems of inclined moving heat sources.

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Al Hamahmy, Mohamed I., and Ibrahim Deiab. "Review and analysis of heat source models for additive manufacturing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 3-4 (December 6, 2019): 1223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04371-0.

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Zhan, Xiaohong, Qi Zhang, Qibing Wang, Jie Chen, Hongbing Liu, and Yanhong Wei. "Numerical simulation of flow field in the Invar alloy laser–MIG hybrid welding pool based on different heat source models." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-02-2017-0069.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish a three-dimensional flow field model of the Invar alloy laser–metal inert gas (laser–MIG) hybrid welding process to investigate the influence of different heat sources between different layers and to analyze the flow field based on the two different heat source models for the multilayer welding. Design/methodology/approach The Invar steel plates with 19.5 mm thickness are welded into three layers’ seam using the hybrid laser–MIG welding technology. The flow field based on different heat source models is studied and then used to investigate the influence of different heat sources in different layers during the laser–MIG hybrid welding process. The simulation results of flow field using two different heat source models are compared with experiments. Findings The flow field simulations results show that using the Gaussian rotating body heat source model to simulate the temperature field is more consistent with the experiment of the hybrid laser–MIG welding where its flow field between different layers better reflects the characteristics of the hybrid laser–MIG welding. Originality/value The findings will be useful in the study of a variety of thick-plate laser–MIG hybrid welding process fluid flows.

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Zhang, Chao, Xiao Dan Zhao, and Guang Hui Zhou. "The Numerical Simulation of the Solar-Air Dual-Source Heat Pump System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.305.

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The heat pump technology which is as an effective energy-saving technology has attracted more and more attentions. A novel solar-air dual-source heat pump system which could synchronously use two heat sources has been provided. In this paper, the mathematical model of the new heat pump system has been built and the calculation accuracy of the mathematical model has been proved. Based on a novel solar-air dual-source heat pump system, the mathematical models of the thermophysical parameters of working fluids, compressor, capillary, condenser, evaporator, and heat pump system have been established. The distribution parameter method has been adopted in the mathematical models of condenser and evaporator. Three operation modes of the novel solar-air dual-source heat pump system have been simulated. The simulated results and the experimental results have been compared. The experiments of the novel solar-air dual-source heat pump system have been accomplished in the constant temperature and humidity laboratory. The compared results show that the error is less than 10%.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heat source models"

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Righi, Alexandro. "Numerical models and simulations of geothermal heat exchangers." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-185816.

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Garber, Denis. "Ground source heat pump system models in an integrated building and ground energy simulation environment." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648702.

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Livingston, Richard Verile. "Comparison of Heat Generation Models in Finite Element Analysis of Friction Welding." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7686.

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Finite element models of friction welding can be used to estimate internal conditions of welds which are useful for weld analysis and developing experimental welding procedures. Many modeling techniques are used to accomplish these goals, each with relative strengths and weaknesses. A comparative analysis of friction welding models using different heat generation methods is presented. The three different heat generation methods examined were viscoplastic friction, constant steady-state generation, and experimentally measured power data. The models were compared against each other using three output measurements: temperature, axial force, and upset. The friction model predicted temperatures within 40 degrees C. Temperature accuracy improved at a higher upset rate and higher spindle speed, when weld samples heated up faster. The model was excellent at predicting upset, with accuracy within 1.5%. Maximum force was predicted within 9-18%. The constant heat generation model typically predicted temperatures within 30 degrees C. Upset was estimated within 7%. Maximum force was predicted within 12% at high feed rates, but accuracy dropped to 28% when feed rate was reduced. The motor power model was the most accurate model at estimating temperature, with a typical accuracy within 25 degrees C. Axial upset was predicted within 5%. Maximum force was predicted within 1-8%, with greater accuracy occurring at higher feed rates.

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Fleury, Rob. "Evaluation of Thermal Radiation Models for Fire Spread Between Objects." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4959.

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Fire spread between objects within a compartment is primarily due to the impingement of thermal radiation from the fire source. In order to estimate if or when a remote object from the fire will ignite, one must be able to quantify the radiative heat flux being received by the target. There are a variety of methods presented in the literature that attempt to calculate the thermal radiation to a target; each one based on assumptions about the fire. The performance of six of these methods, of varying complexity, is investigated in this research. This includes the common point source model, three different cylindrical models, a basic correlation and a planar model. In order to determine the performance of each method, the predictions made by the models were compared with actual measurements of radiant heat flux. This involved taking heat flux readings at numerous locations surrounding a propane gas burner. Different fire scenarios were represented by varying the burner geometry and heat release rate. Video recordings of the experiments were used to determine the mean flame heights using video image analysis software. After comparing the measured data with predictions made by the theoretical radiation methods, the point source model was found to be the best performing method on average. This was unexpected given the relative simplicity of the model in comparison to some of its counterparts. Additionally, the point source model proved to be the most robust of the six methods investigated, being least affected by the experimental variables. The Dayan and Tien method, one of the cylindrical models, was the second most accurate over the range of conditions tested in this work. Based on these findings, recommendations are made as to the most appropriate method for use in a radiation sub-model within an existing zone model software. The accuracy shown by the point source model, coupled with its ease of implementation, means that it should be suitable for such a use.

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Rolseth, Anton, and Anton Gustafsson. "Implementation of thermomechanical laser welding simulation : Predicting displacements of fusing A AISI304 T-JOINT." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19946.

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Laser welding is an advanced joining technique with the capability to form deep, narrow, and precise welds. Numerical models are used to simulate the process in attempts of predicting distortions and stresses in the material. This is done to reduce physical testing, optimize processes and enable integrated product- and process development. The Virtual Manufacturing Process research group at University of Skövde wishes to increase their knowledge on modeling options of thermomechanical simulations to grant local industries these benefits. A numerical model for the laser welding process was developed in ABAQUS. This was done by examining the macrograph structure of a simple weld and applied to a stainless-steel T-joint welding application. The macrograph data was used to calibrate a mathematical heat source model. User subroutine DFLUX was used to enable movement of the heat source and element activation was used to simulate the fusion of the two parts. A T-joint welding experiment was carried out to measure deflection and the result was compared to numerical simulations. Different combinations of heat source models, coupling type and element activation was compared in relation to predicting the deflection. Computational time and modeling complexity for the techniques was also considered.The results showed that a 3D Gaussian heat source model will imitate the keyhole weld achieved superior to the compared 2D model. The 3D model provides greater flexibility since it enables combinations of any geometrical bodies. It was shown that element activation has a significant contribution on part stiffness and thus resulting distortions. To implement element activation a fully coupled analysis is required. The deflection of the fully coupled 3D simulation with element activation showed a 9% deviance in deflection compared with experiments.

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Alfredsson, Sandra. "Model Based Diagnosis of an Air Source Heat Pump." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71423.

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The purpose of a heat pump is to control the temperature of an enclosed space. This is done by using heat exchange with a heat source, for example water, air, or ground. In the air source heat pump that has been studied during this master thesis, a refrigerant exchanges heat with the outdoor air and with a water distribution system. The heat pump is controlled through the circuit containing the refrigerant and it is therefore crucial that this circuit is functional. To ensure this, a diagnosis system has been created, to be able to detect and isolate sensor errors. The diagnosis system is based on mathematical models of the refrigerant circuit with its main components: a compressor, an expansion valve, a plate heat exchanger, an air heat exchanger, and a four-way valve. Data has been collected from temperature- and pressure sensors on an air source heat pump. The data has then been divided into data for model estimation and data for model validation. The models are used to create test quantities, which in turn are used by a diagnosis algorithm to determine whether an error has occurred or not. There are nine temperature sensors and two pressure sensors on the studied air source heat pump. Four fault modes have been investigated for each sensor: Stuck, Offset, Short circuit and Open circuit. The designed diagnosis system is able to detect all of the investigated error modes and isolate 40 out of 44 single errors. However, there is room for improvement by constructing more test quantities to detect errors and decouple more fault modes. To further develop the diagnosis system, the existing models can be improved and new models can be created.

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Verrax, Paul. "Model Predictive Control Applied to Ground Source Heat Pumps." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224330.

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Building heating is one of the most important sources of energy consumption. GroundSource Heat Pumps (GSHP) are efficient heating systems, particularly popular in the Nordiccountries. However, the GSHPs available for the consumer market today typically only utilizebasic control schemes that are relatively inflexible. More advanced strategies such as ModelPredictive Control (MPC) appear as a promising approach to improve comfort while reducingconsumption. The present thesis considers a typical user case of a single family house heatedby a ground source heat pump willing to reduce its environmental impact. We design a MPCcontroller to be used on top of the existing heat pump system and with almost no additionalhardware needed. Specific attention is dedicated to the system’s efficiency in order to reflectthe real working performances of a ground source heat pump. The controller is evaluated insimulation on different scenarios using an identified model of a single family house. The resultsshow the MPC strategy becomes most beneficial when including time varying prices or reducedcomfort during certain hours of the day. When both are conjugated the economic savings areup to 8% despite the loss of efficiency of the heat pump. The controller was implemented andtested on a real system with promising results.
Uppvärmning av byggnader är en av samhällets största energiförbrukare. I Norden användsofta bergvärmepumpar som ett effektivt alternativ för uppvärmning. De flesta bergvärmepumparstyrs av väldigt enkla algoritmer. Model Predictive Control (MPC) är en lovande metodför att ta hänsyn till både inomhustemperatur och energiförbrukning, speciellt om man hartillgång till en väderprognos. Denna rapport studerar hur ett typiskt enfamiljshus kan minskasin energiåtgång och miljöpåverkan. Ansatsen är att lägga till ett yttre reglersystem till bergvärmepumpen.Speciell vikt läggs vid modellering av bergvärmepumpens effektivitet. Olikascenarion jämförs, bland annat att ta hänsyn till elprisets variation över dygnet med hjälpav ekonomisk MPC. Simuleringar visar att användning av MPC är mest fördelaktig i det fallbåde elpriset och krav på innetemperatur varierar över dygnet. I sådana fall kan energikostnadenminska med upp till 8%, trots att bergvärmepumpen stundtals arbetar i ett ogynnsamtdriftläge. Ett verkligt system har använts för systemidentifiering och experiment med en MPCregulator.

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Akalin, Acar Zeynep. "Electro-magnetic Source Imaging Using Realistic Head Models." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606173/index.pdf.

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Electro-Magnetic Source Imaging (EMSI) is the estimation of the position, orientation and strength of active electrical sources within the brain from electrical and magnetic measurements. For an accurate source localization, the head model must correctly represent the electrical and geometrical properties of the head. To solve the forward problem using realistic head models numerical techniques must be used. This work uses the Boundary Element Method (BEM) for solving the forward problem. The accuracy of the existing BEM formulation is improved by using second order elements, recursive integration and the isolated problem approach (IPA). Two new formulations are developed to improve the solution speed by computing transfer matrices for EEG and MEG solutions. The IPA formulation is generalized and integrated into the accelerated BEM algorithm. Once the transfer matrices are computed, the forward solutions take about 300 ms for a 256 sensor EEG and MEG system. The head model used in the BEM solutions is constructed by segmenting three dimensional multimodal magnetic resonance images. For segmentation, a semi-automatic hybrid algorithm is developed that makes use of snakes, morphological operations, thresholding and region growing. The mesh generation algorithm allows intersecting tissue compartments. For the inverse problem solution genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search for a given number of dipoles. Source localization with simulated data show that the localization error is within 1.1 mm for EEG and 1.2 mm for MEG when SNR is 10 on a realistic model with 7 compartments. When a single-dipole source in a realistic model is explored using a best-fit spherical model, the localization errors increase up to 8.5 mm for EEG and 7 mm for MEG. Similar tests are also performed with multiple dipoles. It was observed that realistic models provide definitely more accurate results compared to spherical models. The EMSI approach is also tested using experimental EEG data to localize the sources of auditory evoked potentials. The reconstructed source locations are correctly found in the Heschl'
s gyrus. In conclusion, this thesis presents a complete source localization framework for future brain research using the EMSI.

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Morrison, Andrew. "Finite difference model of a spiral ground heat exchanger for ground-source heat pumps." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/MQ43343.pdf.

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Shirodkar, Rakesh. "An Investigation on Radiometric Measurements of Subterranean Heat Sources." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1768.

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With global warming on the rise and the urge for conserving our natural resources, it becomes very important that proper steps are taken to protect our natural resources and utilize them efficiently. Forest fires are one of the many issues on the charts towards protection of natural resources. The catastrophic aftermaths caused by forest fires are known to all. The causes for these fires could be known/unknown natural causes or human intervention. Remote sensing techniques use the electromagnetic radiation in the RF/Microwave region, emitted from an object. The amount of energy emitted from an object depends on its present conditions, primarily its temperature and its emissivity. The sensing devices used in such measurements are classified into active and passive sensors. Herein, passive radiometry is used to investigate a model for the propagation of subsurface radiation from underground forest fires through upper ground layers of soil till the land-air interface. Passive radiometry involves capturing the radiation incident on a radiometer antenna aperture directly or deflected from several objects. The energy emitted from sources above 0K is collected and is compared with the calibration standards to estimate the physical quantity under test. Detecting forest fires is one of the potential applications of passive radiometry investigated here.

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Books on the topic "Heat source models"

1

Computational modeling of shallow geothermal systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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J, Morgan. A new heat transfer model for density stratified molten pools with internal heat sources: The twolay code. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Culham Laboratory, 1986.

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Nobuaki, Teraki, and Kurokawa Midori. A History of Discriminated Buraku Communities in Japan. Translated by Ian Neary. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823964.

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At the heart of modern Japan there remains an intractable and divisive social problem with its roots in pre-history, namely the ongoing social discrimination against the D?wa communities, otherwise known as Buraku. Their marginalization and isolation within society as a whole remains a veiled yet contested issue. Buraku studies, once largely ignored within Japan’s academia and by scholarly publishers, have developed considerably in the first decades of the twenty-first century, as the extensive bibliographies of both Japanese and English sources provided here clearly demonstrates. The authors of the present study published in Japanese in 2016 and translated here by the Oxford scholar Ian Neary, have been able to incorporate this most recent data. Because of its importance as the first Buraku history based on this new research, a wider readership was always the authors’ principal focus. Yet, it also provides a valuable source book for further study by those wishing to develop their knowledge about the subject from an informed base. This history of the Buraku communities and their antecedents is the first such study to be published in English.

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Boyd, Matthew S. Heat source: Stream, river and open channel temperature prediction. 1996.

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Al-Khoury, Rafid. Computational Modeling of Shallow Geothermal Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Al-Khoury, Rafid. Computational Modeling of Shallow Geothermal Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Al-Khoury, Rafid. Computational Modeling of Shallow Geothermal Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Ritzinger, Justin R. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491161.003.0001.

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The introduction presents the anomaly at the heart of the study: namely, that the “reform faction” of modern Chinese Buddhism, which is generally portrayed as demythologized, promoted devotion to the bodhisattva Maitreya and rebirth in his heavenly pure land. It frames this anomaly in the context of scholarship on modern Buddhism and Chinese religions and lays out a “pull” model of religious modernization derived from the thought of Charles Taylor as a counterbalance to the prevailing “push” models derived from Weberian and postmodernist models. It also introduces the four key aspects of the earlier Maitreyan tradition and offers a discussion of the sources, structure, and significance of the work.

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Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

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Sotnyk, M. Power supply for educational institutions: efficiency and alternatives. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/msotnyk.pseiea.2020.146.

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Proposed methodological approaches to modeling short-term forecasting and long-term planning of electrical consumption in educational institutions based on retrospective data. A logic-structural model and software of the circuit “object of monitoring of electric consumption — factors of influence — regulatory tools” of an automated system for controlling the efficiency of energy consumption in educational institutions have been developed. There are given practical recommendations of feasibility study of introduction of alternative power supply sources in educational institutions, in particular: solar generation, heat pumps, autonomous energy sources, etc. Proposed scientific and methodological approaches to the introduction of an organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of renewable energy in educational institutions and a motivation system for employees of the energy management service. The monograph is a generalization of scientific research conducted by employees of Sumy State University during the state budget research work “Model of an efficiency management and forecasting system for the consumption of electric energy” (State Registration No. 0118U003583). The monograph is intended for researchers and specialists in the implementation of energy management systems

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Book chapters on the topic "Heat source models"

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Zanow, F., and M. J. Peters. "Mesh Refinement of Boundary Element Head Models in MEG Source Reconstructions." In Biomag 96, 405–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1260-7_99.

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Perré, Patrick, Giana Almeida, and Julien Colin. "Energy Issues of Drying and Heat Treatment for Solid Wood and Other Biomass Sources." In Modern Drying Technology, 245–93. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631681.ch7.

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Perré, Patrick, Giana Almeida, and Julien Colin. "Energy Issues of Drying and Heat Treatment for Solid Wood and Other Biomass Sources." In Modern Drying Technology, 245–93. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631728.ch27.

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Acherjee, Bappa, Arunanshu S. Kuar, Souren Mitra, and Dipten Misra. "Study of Laser Transmission Welding Process Using a Volumetric Heat Source Model and Experimental Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 23–32. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2740-3_3.

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Nichol, Janet E., Muhammad Bilal, Majid Nazeer, and Man Sing Wong. "Urban Pollution." In Urban Informatics, 243–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_16.

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AbstractThis chapter depicts the state of the art in remote sensing for urban pollution monitoring, including urban heat islands, urban air quality, and water quality around urban coastlines. Recent developments in spatial and temporal resolutions of modern sensors, and in retrieval methodologies and gap-filling routines, have increased the applicability of remote sensing for urban areas. However, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban areas is still challenging, given the spatial resolution limitations of aerosol retrieval algorithms for air-quality monitoring, and of modern thermal sensors for urban heat island analysis. For urban coastal applications, water-quality parameters can now be retrieved with adequate spatial and temporal detail even for localized phenomena such as algal blooms, pollution plumes, and point pollution sources. The chapter reviews the main sensors used, and developments in retrieval algorithms. For urban air quality the MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB), and the merged DT/DB algorithms are evaluated. For urban heat island and urban climatic analysis using coarse- and medium- resolution thermal sensors, MODIS, Landsat, and ASTER are evaluated. For water-quality monitoring, medium spatial resolution sensors including Landsat, HJ1A/B, and Sentinel 2, are evaluated as potential replacements for expensive routine ship-borne monitoring.

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Yang, Yuting. "A Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme Based Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Model (HDS-SPAC) for Water and Heat Dynamics." In Springer Theses, 49–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46173-0_4.

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Yang, Chuhao, Yixing Chen, Nianping Li, Yifu Sun, and Ruosa Wu. "EnergyPlus and Python Co-simulation Model to Support Machine Learning-Based Control of Ground-Source Heat Pump System." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 759–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9528-4_77.

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Chergui, Akram, Nicolas Beraud, Frédéric Vignat, and François Villeneuve. "Finite Element Modeling and Validation of Metal Deposition in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 61–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_11.

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AbstractWire arc additive manufacturing allows the production of metallic parts by depositing beads of weld metal using arc-welding technologies. This low-cost additive manufacturing technology has the ability to manufacture large-scale parts at a high deposition rate. However, the quality of the obtained parts is greatly affected by the various thermal phenomena present during the manufacturing process. Numerical simulation remains an effective tool for studying such phenomena. In this work, a new finite element technique is proposed in order to model metal deposition in WAAM process. This technique allows to gradually construct the mesh representing the deposited regions along the deposition path. The heat source model proposed by Goldak is adapted and combined with the proposed metal deposition technique taking into account the energy distribution between filler material and the molten pool. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by series of experiments, of which an example is detailed in this paper.

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Tutunina, Evgenia, Alexey Vaselyev, Sergey Korovkin, and Sergey Senkevich. "Optimization of Parameters and Operation Modes of the Heat Pump in the Environment of the Low-Temperature Energy Source." In Intelligent Computing & Optimization, 497–504. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00979-3_52.

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Ponzio, Pablo, Ariel Godio, Nicolás Rosner, Marcelo Arroyo, Nazareno Aguirre, and Marcelo F. Frias. "Efficient Bounded Model Checking of Heap-Manipulating Programs using Tight Field Bounds." In Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, 218–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71500-7_11.

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AbstractSoftware model checkers are able to exhaustively explore different bounded program executions arising from various sources of non-determinism. These tools provide statements to produce non-deterministic values for certain variables, thus forcing the corresponding model checker to consider all possible values for these during verification. While these statements offer an effective way of verifying programs handling basic data types and simple structured types, they are inappropriate as a mechanism for nondeterministic generation of pointers, favoring the use of insertion routines to produce dynamic data structures when verifying, via model checking, programs handling such data types.We present a technique to improve model checking of programs handling heap-allocated data types, by taming the explosion of candidate structures that can be built when non-deterministically initializing heap object fields. The technique exploits precomputed relational bounds, that disregard values deemed invalid by the structure’s type invariant, thus reducing the state space to be explored by the model checker. Precomputing the relational bounds is a challenging costly task too, for which we also present an efficient algorithm, based on incremental SAT solving.We implement our approach on top of the bounded model checker, and show that, for a number of data structures implementations, we can handle significantly larger input structures and detect faults that is unable to detect.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heat source models"

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Fang, Liang, Nairen Diao, Zhukun Shao, Ping Cui, Ke Zhu, and Zhaohong Fang. "Thermal analysis models of deep borehole heat exchangers." In International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.000018.

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Jones, Matthew R., Vladimir P. Solovjov, and Brent W. Webb. "Investigation of Various Source Models in the Diffusion Approximation." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47346.

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Applications involving foams in industrial processes are widespread. Foams are encountered in enhanced oil recovery and drilling operations, in the production of cosmetics, in the production of food and in the development of new insulation and construction materials. Often the development of foam is a desired outcome. However, in applications such as glass melting or fermentation processes, foam layers act as barriers to heat and mass transfer, and the presence of foam is undesirable. Due to their widespread use and importance, techniques for characterizing foams are of interest. A technique known as diffusing-wave spectroscopy has shown promise as a method for determining the radiative properties of foam. Relationships between measurable quantities and the radiative properties of the foam are derived using the diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of various models for the source term in the diffusion approximation. The diffusion model is validated by comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation for one case.

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Mossi, Anderson C., Vinayak V. Barve, Marcelo M. Galarc¸a, Hora´cio A. Vielmo, Francis H. R. Franc¸a, and Ofodike A. Ezekoye. "Spectral Gas Absorption Coefficient Model Effects on Radiative Source Term in a 2D Axisymmetric Diffusion Flame." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22967.

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A calculation of the radiative source term in combustion processes is an important part of the simulation process, because high temperatures are involved and the coupling of radiation to chemistry affects the overall flame characteristics. While relatively simple gas absorption coefficient models have been used in the recent past, it is becoming clearer that more accurate gas models alter the distribution of radiative sources in the flame. To accurately evaluate the radiative losses, it is necessary to use gas models in which the gas absorption coefficient is wavelength dependent. Such analyses can be computationally expensive depending on the particular treatment of the spectral dependence. It is important to understand the relative costs and benefits of different treatment of these effects. In this work, the divergence of the radiative heat flux is calculated for a two-dimensional cylindrical axisymmetric chamber using four different models: a simple gray gas model, the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (WSGG) model, the spectral line-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model, and the cumulative wavenumber (CW) model. The gray gas model and the WSGG model are widely used in recent studies and in most commercial software, because they are simple to implement and provide fast results. In general, however, they are not able to accurately predict the radiative losses. On the other hand, the SLW and CW models detail the variations of the absorption coefficient with the wavelength, and can give more accurate answers for the radiative source term, but require bigger computational effort. The divergence of the radiative flux predictions are compared with these four models, using temperature and concentration fields obtained from previous numerical simulations. The overall differences in radiation properties and in the overall cost of computations are detailed.

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Sheremet, Mikhail A., and Tatyana A. Trifonova. "Conjugate Natural Convection in a Porous Three-Dimensional Enclosure with a Heat Source: a Comparison Study of Different Models." In The 15th International Heat Transfer Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc15.ncv.008531.

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Myers, M. R., A. B. Jorge, D. G. Walker, and M. J. Mutton. "Heat Source Localization Sensitivity Analyses for an Ultrasonic Sensor Array." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44120.

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State estimation procedures using the extended Kalman filter are investigated for a transient heat transfer problem in which a heat source is applied on one side of a thin plate and ultrasonic pulse time of flight is measured between spatially separated transducers on the other side of the plate. This work is an integral part of an effort to develop a system capable of locating the boundary layer transition region on a hypersonic vehicle aeroshell. Results from thermal conduction experiments involving one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight measurements are presented. Uncertainties in the experiments and sensitivity to heating source location are discussed. Comparisons of heating source localization measurement models are conducted where ultrasonic pulse time of flight readings provide the measurement update to the extended Kalman filter. Two different measurement models are compared: 1) directly using the one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight as the measurement vector and 2) indirectly obtaining distance from the one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight and then using these obtained distances as the measurement vector in the extended Kalman filter. For the direct model, the Jacobian required by the extended Kalman filter is obtained numerically using finite differences from the finite element forward conduction solution. For the indirect model, the derivatives of the distances with respect to the state variables are obtained in closed form. Heating source localization results and convergence behavior are compared for the two measurement models. Two areas of sensitivity analyses are presented: 1) heat source location relative to sensor array position, and 2) sensor noise. The direct measurement model produced the best results when considering accuracy of converged solution, ability to converge to the correct solution given different initial guesses, and smoothness of convergence behavior.

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Michopoulos, John G., Brian Dennis, Foteini Komninelli, Athanasios Iliopoulos, and Ashkan Akbariyeh. "Performance of Reduced Order Models of Moving Heat Source Deposition Problems for Efficient Inverse Analysis." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35365.

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In order to reduce the demanding computational requirements for the numerical solution of problems involving heat transfer problems of moving heat source deposition, we present an approach utilizing reduced order models based on proper orthogonal decomposition and associated Galerkin projection. We subsequently describe the finite element implementation of solution methodology for both the full order and the reduced order models, as well as the respective computational implementation details. Using this methodology, we performed a sensitivity analysis for a problem of a moving heat source to investigate the performance characteristics of the relevant reduced order model size and present the efficiency of the approach. We demonstrated the efficiency of the reduced models for performing inverse analysis.

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Palahanska-Mavrov, M., G. Wang, and M. Liu. "Optimal Supply Water Temperature Control of Water Source Heat Pump." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76104.

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The water loop supply water temperature is the most critical control parameter for operating energy cost in water source heat pump systems. In this paper, the impact of the water loop temperature on operating energy cost is investigated for different types of buildings under different loads using theoretical models. The theoretical models and approaches are also applied to an 80,000 square feet office building to determine the building heating and cooling load, optimal supply water temperature, and potential energy cost savings based on measured supply water temperature and loop heat gain. It is concluded that the optimal supply water temperature control can significantly reduce the annual energy costs associated with compressor power and boiler energy. The potential energy savings is determined to be 24% in the application building.

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Gottiparthi, Kalyana C., Changmin Cao, and Vaidyanathan Sankaran. "Modeling Effusion Cooling and Conjugate Heat Transfer Using Local Source Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91423.

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Abstract Aerodynamic cooling of hot components/surfaces such as those encountered in gas turbine engines is needed to avoid premature failure of parts due to thermo-mechanical stresses. An effective way of achieving this cooling is through the exchange of heat via effusion/film cooling holes on the hot surfaces. The gases absorb heat as they flow through the cooling holes and also by forming a protective layer of relatively cool gases near the hot surface. Modeling these processes allow for durable design of components and computational simulations offer a complementary way to design new parts or enable performance assessment of the existing parts at new operating conditions. However, in order to perform numerical simulations of heat transfer through effusion holes, the heat conduction through the solid liner and the convection from the gas phase must be coupled considering all the relevant length and time scales. The time scale separation between the solid and the gas phase makes this prohibitively expensive for large scale computations. In applications involving hundreds of effusion holes, resolving the geometry of each effusion hole along with the primary flow (with typically larger length scales) is very challenging. In the current work, we overcome the difficulties associated with the resolution of cooling holes by employing a local source method (Andreini et al, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2014) to model the heat transfer to the walls. This method is assessed in a canonical configuration based on experiments performed by Gustafsson (Gustaffson, Ph.D. Thesis, 2001). Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with conjugate heat transfer (CHT) models are used in this study. Simulations that resolve the flow passages explicitly using mesh both in the fluid and the solid domains, were used to validate the fidelity of grid resolution, turbulence models and other simulation parameters in predicting velocity fields and wall temperature data. Although, resolving all the effusions passages provides the most accurate results, it is not practical in real applications. Hence, a local source model is employed to model the heat transfer that happens in the cooling-hole passages. In this method, the effusion passage is not resolved (using a mesh) and the mass transfer across the cooling hole passage is prescribed as an injection-extraction boundary condition. The heat transfer at the fluid-solid interface of the cooling-hole passage is also modeled based on Nusselt number correlations available in the literature. This modeling procedure enables simulations with flexible mesh topologies that can be generated at a relatively low cost in comparison to the fully resolved mesh configurations. The local source method is assessed and validated using the available experimental data. The results show that the meshes which resolve the penetration depth in the solid and which conform at the solid-gas interface provide better prediction of the wall temperatures.

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Wu, Ronghua, Chenghu Zhang, and Dexing Sun. "The Optimal Peak-Adjusting Parameters of Low-Temperature Heat Source Heating." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76235.

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The integrated low and high temperature heating water system consists of heat pump heat source and boiler heat source. The heat pump heat source abstract heat from low temperature heat source and produce hot water up to 65°C. During mild weather, the 65°C hot water is sufficient for building heating. During cold weather conditions, the boiler heat source will have to be used to produce hot water at 90°C or higher to satisfy the building comfort. To improve the system economy, the integrated system has to maximize the use of the low temperature heat source since it is free. This paper presents a theoretical models and analysis to optimize the system design parameters.

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Kose, Ahmet, and Eduard Petlenkov. "System identification models and using neural networks for Ground Source Heat Pump with Ground Temperature Modeling." In 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2016.7727559.

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Reports on the topic "Heat source models"

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Reiter, Patrick, Hannes Poier, Christian Holter, Sabine Putz, Werner Doll, Maria Moser, Bernhard Gerardts, and Anna Provasnek. Business Models of Solar Thermal and Hybrid Technologies. IEA SHC Task 55, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0002.

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District Heating required annually 600 TWh in the European Union and represents more than 10% of the EUs heat demand. Fossil fuels are the major source for heat production. Approximately 5000 district heating grids in the EU are operated by burning fossil fuels valued at € 18 billion (600 TWh) and emitting more than 150 million tons of CO2 emissions every year.

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Shen, Bo, Mark B. Adams, and Joshua Ryan New. EnergyPlus Air Source Integrated Heat Pump Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1286981.

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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41523.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.

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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41542.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.

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Lucero, E. F., and R. C. Sharbaugh. GPHS motion studies for heat pulse intervals of reentries from gravity-assist trajectories. [General Purpose Heat Source Module (GPHS)]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6128798.

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Giglio, Joe. Review of the General-Purpose Heat Source Module Reduction and Monitoring Processing at INL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1668827.

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Conn, D. W., and P. T. Brenza. Preliminary reentry safety assessment of the General Purpose Heat Source module for the Cassini mission: Aerospace Nuclear Safety Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10103514.

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Reimus, M. A. H., and T. G. George. General-purpose heat source: Research and development program. High-siliocon fuel characterization study: Half module impact tests 1 and 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/237133.

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