Academic literature on the topic 'Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing"
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Palkowski, Carsten, Andreas Zottl, Ivan Malenkovic, and Anne Simo. "Fixing Efficiency Values by Unfixing Compressor Speed: Dynamic Test Method for Heat Pumps." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061045.
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The growing market penetration of heat pumps indicates the need for a performance test method that better reflects the dynamic behavior of heat pumps. In this contribution, we developed and implemented a dynamic test method for the evaluation of the seasonal performance of heat pumps by means of laboratory testing. Current standards force the heat pump control inactive by fixing the compressor speed. In contrast, during dynamic testing, the compressor runs unfixed while the heat pump is subjected to a temperature profile. The profile consists of the different outdoor temperatures of a typical heating season based on the average European climate and also includes temperature changes to reflect the dynamic behavior of the heat pump. The seasonal performance can be directly obtained from the measured heating energy and electricity consumption making subsequent data interpolation and recalculation with correction factors obsolete. The method delivers results with high precision and high reproducibility and could be an appropriate method for a fair rating of heat pumps.
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Amoabeng, Lee, and Choi. "Modeling and Simulation Performance Evaluation of a Proposed Calorimeter for Testing a Heat Pump System." Energies 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234589.
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The energy consumption for heating and cooling in the building sector accounts for more than one-third of total energy used worldwide. In view of that, it is important to develop energy efficient cooling and heating systems in order to conserve energy in buildings as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In both commercial and residential buildings, the heat pump has been adopted as an energy efficient technology for space heating and cooling purposes as compared to conventional air conditioning systems. However, heat pumps undergo standard testing, rating, and certification procedures to ascertain their system performance. Essentially, the calorimeter for testing heat pumps has two test chambers to serve as a heat source and heat sink to control and maintain the test conditions required to simulate the heat pump indoor and outdoor units, simultaneously. In air-to-air heat pump units, the conventional calorimeter controls the air temperature and humidity conditions in each test chamber with separate air handling units consisting of a refrigerator, heater, humidifier, and supply fan, which results in high energy consumption. In this study, using dynamic modeling and simulation, a new calorimeter for controlling air conditions in each test chamber is proposed. The performance analysis based on simulation results showed that the newly proposed calorimeter predicted at least 43% energy savings with the use of a heat recovery unit and small refrigerator capacity as compared to the conventional calorimeter that utilized a large refrigerator capacity for all the weather conditions and load capacities that we investigated.
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Jobard, Xavier, Pierryves Padey, Martin Guillaume, Alexis Duret, and Daniel Pahud. "Development and Testing of Novel Applications for Adsorption Heat Pumps and Chillers." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030615.
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This work aims at the development and the experimental characterization of new applications for adsorption heat pumps and chillers driven by industrial waste heat or renewable sources that can provide heating and/or cooling. Adsorption technologies offer the advantage of providing heating and cooling from low temperature sources below 100 °C without using refrigerant with high Global Warming Potential and with very low electricity consumption. Therefore, the technology enables the use of large untapped heat sources, increasing the energy efficiency of the heating and cooling sector with very limited impact on the environment. Several applications were investigated numerically for Switzerland using a simplified model of an adsorption heat pump. Four scenarios were identified as interesting: (1) the valorization of low-grade industrial waste heat in district heating networks, (2) energy efficiency improvement of district heating substations, (3) an autonomous adsorption heat pump with a wood pellets burner and (4) cooling applications. These scenarios were experimentally validated with a laboratory test of a commercial silica gel/water machine. Results show that there is a gap of up to 40% between the prediction of the simplified model and the experimental results. Therefore, there is huge potential to improve the performances of this commercial unit for these applications.
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Niemierka, Elżbieta, and Piotr Jadwiszczak. "Potential of individual heat pumps for renewable energy storage in Smart Grid." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000057.
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Ever-increasing power market and environmental policy enforce growth of renewable power sources. Renewables inflexibility and dependency on weather condition causes periodically imbalance in power system due to the green power overproduction. With the increase of renewable sources, the balancing problems in power system will be increasingly significance issue. It is proposed to use individual heat pumps as a next tool for energy system adjustment support. Power system adjustment will be carried out by active demand side management by intended domestic hot water tanks overheating. The smart grid individual heat pumps setpoints will be switched at community or even country scale. The strategy allows shaving the overproduction peaks through short-term increase of electricity consumption in remote controlled heat pumps and to lowering power demand during green power deficits using the thermal energy stored in overheated domestic hot water. The dynamic mathematical simulations were made to define the operation and limitation of active control strategy of heat pumps integrated into smart grid. The results allow testing and assessing the potential of individual heat pumps as a next tool for balancing the power system with large scale of renewable power.
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Li, Qiang, You Hong Sun, and Xin Fang. "In Situ Thermal Response Test Methods And Practices." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3087.
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Abstract. As a high efficiency, low consumption and clean energy, ground source heat pump technology has been pay more and more attention, the number of installation of system is growing rapidly. However, the use of geothermal resources is still extensive at this stage. Effective methods are pure in obtaining thermal physical parameters of geothermal wells around. In-situ thermal response testing is close to the real use of heat pumps, when injecting in or extracting heat from geothermal wells, the testing equipment will collect data, and then thermal physical parameters will be accurately calculate. This paper introduce a thermal response testing equipment, the equipment will add a constant cold or heat to geothermal well, circulating heat flow and pressure data is collected as well as temperature. And then thermal physical parameters of formation and heat exchanging performance are calculated.
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Bai, Xue Lian, Ning Yi Liu, Ke Hui Cheng, and Yi Cheng Liu. "Field Testing of Water Source Heat Pump Systems in Chongqing of China." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.302.
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As an application technology of renewable energy resource, water source heat pump (WSHP) has been paid more attention on. WSHP have been practiced especially for saving building energy consumption in Chongqing of China since there is abound water resources. However, it was found that some systems were not operated very well without achieving expected energy efficiency. Taking three real projects which use WSHP for heating and cooling of buildings in Chongqing city to test in field, key parameters were measured and operation performances were analyzed. The influences of water temperature and partial load ratio on system energy efficiency were studied. Based on existing problems, strategies for improving system energy performance are suggested from aspects of design and operating. Dynamic load hourly simulation plays a key role to determine appropriately the size and the form of system. More efforts have to be put on water pumps arrangement to save energy consumed for water transportation which accounts for large part of system energy. The temperature difference and water quality of water source should be controlled according actual operating conditions. The integrated systems and operation strategies under partial load are also beneficial for efficiency improvement.
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Wang, Pengying, and Shuo Zhang. "Retrofitting Strategies Based on Orthogonal Array Testing to Develop Nearly Zero Energy Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084451.
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Retrofitting existing buildings to be a nearly zero energy building (nZEB) is an effective solution for greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy consumption reduction. A hybrid approach that integrates the building energy simulation method and orthogonal array testing (OAT) to renovate buildings to nZEB is proposed in this paper. Within a residential building in Changchun, Jilin of China, the total energy consumption index (TECI) and CO2 emission factor for heating are used as evaluation criteria. The reliability of the building energy model is validated and adopted to forecast the energy performance of different building renovation strategies. According to OAT, four passive measures can be ranked by their influence on TECI in descending order as follows: external wall heat transfer coefficient, airtightness, window heat transfer coefficient, and roof heat transfer coefficient. The optimal renovation solution of the studied building can reduce the TECI by 43.18% by only reducing the external wall heat transfer coefficient from 0.5 to 0.2 W/m2·K and the infiltration N50 from 3.6 to 0.4 ac/h. Besides, combined heat and power (CHP) utilities emit less CO2 than heat pumps in providing heating under the current CO2 emission factor of the power grid in China, making it impossible to give up district heating systems until carbon emissions of electricity generation have declined significantly. The results can provide a reference for the application of the nZEB standard in actual retrofitting projects.
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Amoabeng, Kofi, and Jong Choi. "Performance Analysis on the Optimum Control of a Calorimeter with a Heat Recovery Unit for a Heat Pump." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092210.
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Heat pumps are used in many applications, both in households and industries, for space air conditioning and hot water provision. The calorimeter is the equipment used in testing the heat pump system to obtain performance data. In the conventional testing mode and under standard conditions, the calorimeter utilizes a lot of energy through refrigeration and heating systems. In this study, a newly developed calorimeter with a heat recovery unit was used to test the performance of a water-to-water heat pump system. The aim was to minimize the rate of energy used in the conventional calorimeter. Two heat recovery control methods were adopted. In the control (1), the heat recovery unit was used to control the inlet water temperature setpoint for the heat pump indoor heat exchanger, whereas in control (2), the heat recovery unit was used to control the inlet water temperature setpoint for the heat pump outdoor heat exchanger. Tests were executed by varying the operating mode and test conditions. For the heating operating mode, the inlet water setpoint temperatures for the indoor and outdoor heat pump heat exchangers were 40 °C and 5 °C, respectively, whereas for the cooling mode, the inlet water setpoint temperatures for the outdoor and indoor heat pump heat exchangers were 25 °C and 12 °C, respectively. The analyses of the experimental results revealed that the energy saving of the calorimeter with heat recovery was about 71% in cooling mode and 73% in heating mode compared to the conventional calorimeter. Also, the energy consumption of the proposed calorimeter was analyzed based on the control methods. In heating mode, the calorimeter performance was enhanced when the control (2) strategy was used because the energy saving was about 8 to 13% compared to control (1). However, in the cooling mode test, it was the control (1) method that resulted in energy savings of about 6.4 to 21% compared to the control (2) method.
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Piechurski, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Szulgowska-Zgrzywa, and Jan Danielewicz. "Quasi-dynamic model of the energy efficiency degradation coefficient for an air-to-water heat pump." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400139.
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Operating in part-load conditions significantly affects the energy efficiency of the air-to-water heat pumps. The currently used method of testing the devices does not provide the necessary data for estimating the degradation of the device’s efficiency in part-load operating mode. The value of the degradation coefficient Cc = 0.9 adopted in accordance with the EN 14825 standard is generally used. However, this value often does not reflect the actual degree of the COP reduction. Hence the new quasi-dynamic model and the calculation approach to the degradation coefficient were proposed. The model reflects the real and overall reduction between the full and part-load COP, not only the energy consumption in the stand-by mode. The estimation was made using the field measurement data of the air-to-water heat pump supplying heat to the low temperature installation. It has been proved that the determination of the main parameter is possible using a relatively small amount of data without losing an accuracy.
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Bulut, Y., R. E. J. Kemp, J. Koot, and A. Wijhe. "Assessing hybrid heat pump performance in simulated field-trial using hardware in the loop." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012032.
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Abstract Low-carbon heat generators such as (hybrid) heat pumps are very sensitive to operating conditions. Insight into the real-world performance of such systems is essential for stakeholders in order to make informed decisions regarding product design, commissioning systems and predicting energy use. In this research an emulator facility was developed which allows the testing of physical water-based heating generators in a simulated environment whereby a climate chamber simulates outdoor temperature and humidity and a ’heat rejection rig’ couples the tested equipment hydronics to the virtual heat emitter system. The equipment is tested against a fully dynamic house and heating system model. As demonstration case studies for the facility, two hybrid heat pumps have been tested with models of a typical 1970s terraced Dutch house. Weather conditions were based on six representative heating season days. Relevant performance indicators for these tests are gas and electricity consumption, heat pump COP and how these vary across the range of reference days. The results suggest the product control strategy and installer settings have a significant effect on performance indicators. Space heating gas use can be reduced by >60% in some cases while maintaining reasonable heat pump COP. The results highlight the potential to improve product controls and provide guidance for how hybrids should be configured, and hence the facility’s value in product optimisation and knowledge generation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing"
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Thygesen, Richard. "Low energy buildings equipped with heat pumps for high self-consumption of photovoltaic electricity." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31314.
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The building sector is a prioritized area in the European Unions (EU) ambition to reduce the total final energy use by 20 %; lower the emission of greenhouse gases by 20 % and using energy 20 % more efficient by 2020. The residential sector in the European Union accounts for 27% of the un-ion’s final energy use and the EU views decentralized energy generation and heat pumps as important measures in reducing the energy demand in the building sector. In recent years a rapid decrease in photovoltaic system prices has led to a growing popularity in Sweden. This fact in combination with a large in-crease of heat pump systems in residential buildings the last decade makes a combination of heat pumps and solar energy systems an interesting sys-tem configuration to analyze. In addition, the electricity price structure in Sweden and the uncertainty of the sustainability of the Swedish solar energy support schemes makes the topic of self-consumption an important research area. Different solar energy systems for residential buildings and two different storage technologies, batteries and hot water storage tanks, have been analyzed with regards to profitability, solar energy fraction and self-consumption levels. The results suggest that the system with a heat pump in combination with a photovoltaic system can be profitable and have high solar energy fractions and high levels of self-consumption and that the systems with storage are not profitable but give high levels of self-consumption and relatively high solar energy fractions. The hot water storage gives almost as high level of self-consumption as batteries but have half of the batteries levelized cost of electricity. A system with a ground source heat pump and a solar thermal system are ineffective, unprofitable and give low solar energy fractions. A system with a weather forecast controller gives a small increase in self-consumption and is unprofitable. The proposed near energy zero building definition proposed by the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning in 2015 is unclear in terms of what electrical load the PV electricity reduces in the building. This has a fairly large impact on the building specific energy demand.
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Sultan, Sahira. "Cost Evaluation of Building Space Heating; District Heating and Heat Pumps." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-37137.
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Climate change and energy efficiency has become a matter of concern in recent times; therefore, energy efficiency of buildings has drawn major attention. According to the European Commission, EU countries must improve energy efficiency of existing buildings by retrofitting and renovating the buildings. A case study of a renovated commercial building is considered in this degree project. A model of the building is developed in the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) software. The model is then augmented to include renovations in the building. Further, the model is simulated in IDA ICE before and after renovations to investigate the impact of renovations on energy consumption of the building for one year. The simulation results indicate peak demands of district heating that occur in the coldest days of the year. The peak demands of energy are expected to increase the district heating cost because they serve as a basis for new pricing model introduced by the energy providers. Hence, it is important from the customer point of view to reduce the peak loads for cost shavings. The project work also provides an insight into the alternative source of energy such as heat pumps to reduce the peak load demands of district heating.
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Baniasadi, Ali. "Application of heat pumps and thermal storage systems for improved control and performance of microgrids." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2316.
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The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular, the rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in power systems, causes rapid ramps in power generation to supply load during peak-load periods. Residential and commercial buildings have considerable potential for providing load exibility by exploiting energy-e_cient devices like ground source heat pump (GSHP). The proper integration of PV systems with the GSHP could reduce power demand from demand-side. This research provides a practical attempt to integrate PV systems and GSHPs e_ectively into buildings and the grid. The multi-directional approach in this work requires an optimal control strategy to reduce energy cost and provide an opportunity for power trade-o_ or feed-in in the electricity market. In this study, some optimal control models are developed to overcome both the operational and technical constraints of demand-side management (DSM) and for optimum integration of RES.
This research focuses on the development of an optimal real-time thermal energy management system for smart homes to respond to DR for peak-load shifting. The intention is to manage the operation of a GSHP to produce the desired amount of thermal energy by controlling the volume and temperature of the stored water in the thermal energy storage (TES) while optimising the operation of the heat distributors to control indoor temperature.
This thesis proposes a new framework for optimal sizing design and real-time operation of energy storage systems in a residential building equipped with a PV system, heat pump (HP), and thermal and electrical energy storage systems. The results of this research demonstrate to rooftop PV system owners that investment in combined TSS and battery can be more profitable as this system can minimise life cycle costs.
This thesis also presents an analysis of the potential impact of residential HP systems into reserve capacity market. This research presents a business aggregate model for controlling residential HPs (RHPs) of a group of houses that energy aggregators can utilise to earn capacity credits. A control strategy is proposed based on a dynamic aggregate RHPs coupled with TES model and predicting trading intervals capacity requirements through forecasting demand and non-scheduled generation. RHPs coupled with TES are optimised to provide DSM reserve capacity. A rebound effect reduction method is proposed that reduces the peak rebound RHPs power.
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Edström, Johan, and Samuel Hammar. "Framtagning av beräkningsmodell för uppvärmningssystem : med fokus på kombinationen fjärrvärme och frånluftsvärmepumpar." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för maskinteknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-9834.
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Till följd av EU:s miljömål 2020 har svenska statliga och kommunala miljömål satts upp för att minska energianvändningen. EU:s 2020-mål syftar till att minska energianvändningen i Europa med 20 procent fram till år 2020 från det att målet sattes upp 2010. På kommunal nivå har detta inneburit att fastighetsbolag, privata men främst kommunala aktörer, har tvingats att se över sin energianvändning. Arbetet i denna rapport föranleds av en av de besparingsåtgärder som har vidtagits nämligen att komplettera befintliga fjärrvärmeuppvärmningssystem med värmepumpar. Uppdraget avser utveckling och utvärdering av en beräkningsmodell för denna typ av system. För att skapa ett pålitligt beslutsunderlag i arbetet med att minska energianvändningen krävs välgrundade beräkningar. Befintliga beräkningsmodeller lägger stor vikt vid ekonomiska faktorer och tar därmed liten hänsyn till tekniska aspekter och omgivande faktorer. Målet med arbetet har varit att skapa en beräkningsmodell vilken i större utsträckning speglar den faktiska situationen och påvisar ett mer välgrundat beslutsunderlag. Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie vilken innefattade relevant forskning och grundläggande fakta om värmepumpar och fjärrvärmesystem. Beräkningsmodellen har utvecklats löpande under projektet där nya funktioner samt ny information ständigt tillkommit. Projektet har resulterat i en fungerande beräkningsmodell vilken innefattar fler parametrar än tidigare motsvarigheter. Tillsammans med uppdragsgivaren sattes tre olika mål upp för beräkningsmodellen, dessa var: Att på ett intuitivt sätt presentera information och data. Att skapa en transparent struktur vilken är enkel att följa. Att skapa ett flöde genom modellen vilket följer en önskad arbetsgång. Dessa mål anses ha blivit uppfyllda, dock finns möjlighet till vidareutveckling. Modellen skulle exempelvis kunna kompletteras med mer automatiserade optimeringsberäkningar och justeras för att hantera andra typer av systemlösningar.As a result of the EU's environmental 2020 goal, the Swedish government and municipal boards has put up internal goals to reduce energy consumption. EU 2020 goal aims to reduce energy consumption in Europe by 20 percent by the year 2020 from that the target was set in 2010. At the municipal level, this has meant that private but mainly public housing properties have been required to review their energy use. The work in this report is based on one of the savings measures that have been taken, which is to supplement existing district heating systems with exhaust air heat pumps. The project aims to develop a calculation model for evaluation and computation for this type of system. To create a reliable basis for decisions, efforts were made to produce just calculations. Existing computational models are focused on economic factors and thus takes little consideration of technological aspects and environmental factors. The aim of the work has been to create a computational model which more closely reflects the real situation and demonstrates a more informative decision basis. The work began with a literature review which included relevant research and basic facts about exhaust air heat pumps and district heating systems. The calculation model has been developed continuously during the project in which new functions and new information constantly has been added. The project has resulted in a working computational model which includes many more parameters than previous reviewed models. Together with the client three sub goals were set up for the model, these were: To intuitively present information and data. To create a transparent structure which is simple to follow. To create a flow through the model, which follows a desired work process. These goals are considered to have been fulfilled in the developed calculation model, however, it's possible to further develop this model. The model could, for example, be supplemented with more automated optimization calculations and be adjusted to handle other kinds of heating systems.
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Baldassin, Junior Ricardo 1979. "Uso racional de energia em fazendas leiteiras com bombas de calor." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263344.
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Orientador: Luis Augusto Barbosa CortezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BaldassinJunior_Ricardo_M.pdf: 12303899 bytes, checksum: eebb86f1faa615631b1652ad9774ddde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O leite é um dos mais importantes produtos da agropecuária nacional, com cerca de 2/3 das propriedades rurais do país destinando-se à pecuária leiteira e com um dos maiores rebanhos do mundo. Apesar da grandiosidade, o setor ainda sofre com a baixa produtividade, os altos custos e a defasagem tecnológica. Como conseqüência, muitos produtores abandonaram suas atividades diante deste novo cenário competitivo. Atualmente, assuntos como uso racional de energia e aplicação intensiva de tecnologia tem sido intensamente discutidos e abordados, e indicados como aspectos importantes para a obtenção de ganhos de produtividade. Desta forma, visou-se neste trabalho avaliar o uso de energia no processamento de leite de três propriedades (leite pasteurizado tipo ¿A¿ e leite cru refrigerado), bem como, a representatividade dos diversos processos no consumo total, assunto este, ainda pouco conhecido e abordado no país. Objetivando ainda, promover a racionalização energética, avaliaram-se os potenciais de aproveitamento de calor de condensação de sistemas de refrigeração existentes para o aquecimento de água de limpeza e higienização, bem como, avaliou-se a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adequação dos sistemas (operação segundo um bomba de calor com geração simultânea de duas fontes térmicas) em substituição ao uso de resistências elétricas. Dentre as proposta, avaliou-se a adequação realizada em um planta piloto em operação. Com o uso de bomba de calor, a redução no consumo total de energia elétrica foi de até 15% com tempos de retorno dos investimentos variando entre 1,3 e 3,7 anos
Abstract: Milk is one of the most important products of Brazilian agriculture, with about 2/3 of the rural properties dedicated to the milkmaid cattle breeding and with one of the largest flocks of the world. In spite of its size, the sector still suffers of low productivity, high costs and tecnological delay. As a consequence, many producers have abandoned its activities before this new competitive technology were introduced. Now, subjects as, the use rational of energy and intensive application of technology has been discussed intensely resulting in productivity gains. In this work , it was seek to evaluate the use of energy for milk processing in three different properties (pasteurized milk type " A " and refrigerated raw milk). It was also evaluated how representativive the several processes in the total consumption were, a problem, still not very well-known and trated in Brazil. To promote the energy rationalization, the potential use of condensation heat of refrigeration systems was evaluated for the cleaning water heating, as well as, the technical and economic viability of the adaptation of the systems was evaluated (operation according to a heat pump with simultaneous generation of cold and heat) in substitution to the use of electric resistances. In the midst of proposals, an adaptation was evaluated in a pilot plant in operation. With the use of heat pumps, there was a decreasing of 15% in the consumption of eletric energy with payback between 1,3 and 3,7 years
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Westerberg, Elin. "Sänkt energiförbrukning med byte av energisystem eller energieffektivisering : Ekonomisk analys av fjärrvärme, bergvärme och luft-vatten värmepump i äldre fastigheter kontra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31030.
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Fjärrvärme är det dominerande uppvärmningssättet för flerbostadshus i Sverige och dess konkurrent är värmepumparna som blivit allt mer effektiva och fått en bättre slagkraft på marknaden. Samtidigt har regeringen satt upp 2020 målen, för att sänka och förbättra Sveriges energianvändning. Eftersom att bostadssektorn står för nästan 40 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning, är rapportens syfte att studera hur energiförbrukningen för äldre hus kan sänkas genom byte av energisystem eller genom att behålla ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem men utföra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. De energisystemen som studeras i denna rapport är fjärrvärme, bergvärme och luft-vatten värmepump. Den data som har använts i rapporten har i huvudsak samlats in från ett flerbostads-hyreshus beläget i Vingåker och som ägs av Sjötorps hus AB. För att resultatet ska vara mer generellt har även två typhus studerats; ett småhus och ett större flerbostadshus. Resultatet av studien visar att den största kostnaden för fjärrvärmen ligger i driften och därmed blir detta alternativ också dyrast för de två större husen. Dock är både investeringskostnaden och underhållskostnaderna betydligt större för värmepumpar och varierar beroende på vart i landet de ska installeras, oförutsedda driftstopp och haverier. Resultatet visar också att det inte är lönsamt för ett småhus att byta från ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem till värmepump. Slutsatsen är att energieffektivisering bör ske i första hand för att sänka en fastighets energiförbrukning, speciellt eftersom att andelen äldre hus kommer att öka och oavsett hur lite energi de nya husen förbrukar kommer de äldre husen utgöra den största andelen av Sveriges totala bostadsbestånd. Att en värmepump använder mindre energi är ingen långsiktig lösning för att sänka energiförbrukningen. Istället bör energieffektiviseringsåtgärder ligga till grund vid en önskan om sänkt energiförbrukning.District heating is the dominant heating method for apartment buildings in Sweden, and its competitor is the heat pumps that have become increasingly efficient and have a better impact on the market. At the same time, the government has set the 2020 targets in order to reduce and improve Sweden's energy use. As the housing sector accounts for almost 40 percent of Sweden's total energy use, the report's purpose is to study how energy consumption for older homes can be reduced by changing energy systems or by maintaining an existing district heating system, but performing energy efficiency measures. The energy systems studied in this report are district heating, geothermal heat and air-water heat pump. The data used in the report has been largely collected from a apartment building located in Vingåker, owned by Sjötorps hus AB. In order for the results to be more general, two example houses have also been studied; A small house and a larger apartment building. The result of the study shows that the biggest cost of district heating is in operation, and thus this option is also the most expensive for the two major houses. However, both investment costs and maintenance costs are significantly higher for heat pumps and vary depending on where in the country they are to be installed, unexpected downtime and breakdowns. The result also shows that it is not profitable for a small house to switch from an existing district heating system to a heat pump. The conclusion is that energy efficiency should be the first option to reduce the energy consumption of a property, especially as the stock of older houses will increase. No matter how little the energy consumption for the newly built houses are, the older houses will be the largest part of Sweden's total housing stock. The fact that the heat pump uses less energy is no long-term solution to energy efficiency. Instead, energy efficiency actions should be the first option when the desire is reduced energy consumption.
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Sunmonu, Gbenga Adewale. "Performance investigation of R134a and R404a in a heat pump water heating system." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001639.
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M. Tech. Mechanical Engineering.Objectives of this research is to investigate the theoretical performance of the heat pump water heating system using R134a and R404A; to investigate effects of superheating and sub-cooling on the COP and energy consumption of the heat pump system; and to validate the theoretical findings with the experiment results, using the selected environmentally friendly refrigerants.
Books on the topic "Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing"
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Hwang, Yunho. Testing of refrigerant mixtures in residential heat pumps. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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Domanski, Piotr. Method for estimating the energy efficiency ratio of mixed system air conditioners and heat pumps. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology of Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.
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IMechE (Institution of Mechanical Engineers). Design, Selection and Operation of Refrigerator and Heat Pump Compressors - IMechE Seminar. Wiley, 1998.
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Novel Concepts for Energy-Efficient Water Heating Systems: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Investigation. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2013.
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Soon, Kim Byoung, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Method for estimating the energy efficiency ratio of mixed system air conditioners and heat pumps. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology of Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.
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Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Fluid Machinery Committee. and Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme., eds. Design, selection, and operation of refrigerator and heat pump compressors: Achieving economic cost and energy efficiency : [proceedings of a seminar held on] 26 November 1998, [at] IMechE Headquarters, London, UK. Bury St Edmunds: Professional Engineering, for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1998.
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Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Fluid Machinery Committee. and Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme., eds. Design, selection, and operation of refrigerator and heat pump compressors: Achieving economic cost and energy efficiency, 26 November 1998, IMechE Headquarters, London, UK. Bury St Edmunds: Professional Engineering Pub. for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1998.
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Energy Problem. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2011.
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Sotnyk, M. Power supply for educational institutions: efficiency and alternatives. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/msotnyk.pseiea.2020.146.
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Proposed methodological approaches to modeling short-term forecasting and long-term planning of electrical consumption in educational institutions based on retrospective data. A logic-structural model and software of the circuit “object of monitoring of electric consumption — factors of influence — regulatory tools” of an automated system for controlling the efficiency of energy consumption in educational institutions have been developed. There are given practical recommendations of feasibility study of introduction of alternative power supply sources in educational institutions, in particular: solar generation, heat pumps, autonomous energy sources, etc. Proposed scientific and methodological approaches to the introduction of an organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of renewable energy in educational institutions and a motivation system for employees of the energy management service. The monograph is a generalization of scientific research conducted by employees of Sumy State University during the state budget research work “Model of an efficiency management and forecasting system for the consumption of electric energy” (State Registration No. 0118U003583). The monograph is intended for researchers and specialists in the implementation of energy management systems
Book chapters on the topic "Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing"
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Zhao, Yuan, Ke Sun, Chenghao Gao, Dabiao Wang, Chen Liu, Ruirui Zhao, and Baomin Dai. "Energy consumption and carbon emission study of heat pumps with different working fluids for residential buildings heating." In Energy Revolution and Chemical Research, 9–17. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003332657-2.
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de Graaf, Florijn, and Simon Goddek. "Smarthoods: Aquaponics Integrated Microgrids." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 379–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_15.
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AbstractWith the pressure to transition towards a fully renewable energy system increasing, a new type of power system architecture is emerging: the microgrid. A microgrid integrates a multitude of decentralised renewable energy technologies using smart energy management systems, in order to efficiently balance the local production and consumption of renewable energy, resulting in a high degree of flexibility and resilience. Generally, the performance of a microgrid increases with the number of technologies present, although it remains difficult to create a fully autonomous microgrid within economic reason (de Graaf F, New strategies for smart integrated decentralised energy systems, 2018). In order to improve the self-sufficiency and flexibility of these microgrids, this research proposes integrating a neighbourhood microgrid with an urban agriculture facility that houses a decoupled multi-loop aquaponics facility. This new concept is called Smarthood, where all Food–Water–Energy flows are circularly connected. In doing so, the performance of the microgrid greatly improves, due to the high flexibility present within the thermal mass, pumps and lighting systems. As a result, it is possible to achieve 95.38% power and 100% heat self-sufficiency. This result is promising, as it could pave the way towards realising these fully circular, decentralised Food–Water–Energy systems.
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Aprea, C., R. Mastrullo, and P. Mazzei. "An experimental vapor compression plant for testing R502 “ozone - safe” alternative working fluids." In Heat Pumps for Energy Efficiency and Environmental Progress, 151–58. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81534-7.50024-3.
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Omer, Abdeen Mustafa. "Renewable Energy Technologies, Sustainable Development, and Environment." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 159–93. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8433-1.ch008.
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The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of energy sources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore these energy sources. It also includes potential renewable energy technologies, efficient energy systems, energy savings techniques and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate changes. The chapter concludes with the technical status of the ground source heat pumps (GSHP) technologies. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmental friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector.
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Elsayed, Ahmed M., Hassan J. Dakkama, Saad Mahmoud, Raya Al-Dadah, and Waseem Kaialy. "Sustainable Cooling Research Using Activated Carbon Adsorbents and Their Environmental Impact." In Applied Environmental Materials Science for Sustainability, 186–221. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1971-3.ch009.
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Conventional vapour compression system is one of the most utilized cycles in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, due to its compact size, the relatively low running cost, the high coefficient of performance and the wide range of the operating temperatures. Nevertheless, the system suffers from the high initial cost and the high-energy consumption. Unlike the vapour compression cycle, adsorption heat pumps have the advantage of utilizing waste heat reducing the energy consumption and the carbon emissions. Activated carbon is a porous adsorbent material that can be efficiently used in low temperature adsorption refrigeration systems. This chapter reviews the recent developments in the compact adsorption cooling systems using activated carbon regarding the enhancement of the material properties, the design of the sustainable adsorption systems and their environmental and cost perspectives.
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Palomar Aguilar, David, Carlos Miguel Iglesias Sanz, and Sofia Corsini Fuhrmann. "Ground Air Temperature Control for Heat Pump Exchange. APTAE System." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 156–75. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7279-5.ch008.
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Heating and cooling consume a high amount of energy, which is today mainly provided by fossil fuels. To save fossil resources and simultaneously reduce pollutants and CO2, heating and cooling energy consumption should be reduced. Geothermal energy is a clean, inexhaustible source of energy that is available all year round because it does not depend on the weather. Nevertheless, the use of tempered subsoil air has been used as a traditional air conditioning strategy; however, nowadays, its use has been questioned by the discovery of the leaks of radon gas from the ground. The investigation searches a heat exchange system with the subsoil which prevents the introduction of radon gas into living spaces. The system that is exposed increases the performance of aerothermal heat pumps by means of thermal exchange with tempered air in the sanitary chamber. This exchange is more favorable than air at the outside temperature, increasing the COP of the machine. This system complies with the regulations for protection against radon, protecting the building from this radioactive gas.
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Omer, Abdeen Mustafa. "Clean and Green Energy Technologies, Sustainable Development, and Environment." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 287–320. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6252-0.ch015.
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The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provide comfortable coexistence of humans, livestock, and plants. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of energy sources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore these energy sources. It also includes potential renewable energy technologies, efficient energy systems, energy savings techniques, and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate changes. The chapter concludes with the technical status of the Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) technology. The purpose of this chapter, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmentally friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs.
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Butuzov, Vitaliy A., Vitaly V. Butuzov, Elena Bryantceva, and Ilya Gnatyuk. "Experience and Prospects of Using Solar Energy for Heating Supply in Russia." In Handbook of Research on Renewable Energy and Electric Resources for Sustainable Rural Development, 26–60. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3867-7.ch002.
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Approaches to the organization of solar heat supply in Russia have a number of differences in comparison with the global experience, in particular, in the field of processing solar radiation data, designing solar collector designs, design techniques, construction and testing of solar heating systems, and the practice of creating and using solar plants. Examples of implementation of projects for creating heat supply systems in different regions of Russia are presented, from the southern (Krasnodar Territory) to the northern (Yakutia). A methodology for converting data for direct and diffuse solar radiation of NASA by taking into account the results of measurements of weather stations, which provides the possibility of their practical use, is presented. Data on the number, types, annual volumes of supplies, and names of producers of solar collectors in Russia are presented. Methodical approaches to the development of solar collectors structures based on the results of comparing the energy consumption for their production with the amount of energy produced by them during their lifetime are considered. A comparative analysis of solar design methodology in Russia and in Europe has been performed. Prospects for the construction of solar heat installations in Russia up to 2030 are considered.
Conference papers on the topic "Heat pumps – Energy consumption – Testing"
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Sahini, Manasa, Chinmay Kshirsagar, Patrick McGinn, and Dereje Agonafer. "Rack-Level Study of Hybrid Cooled Servers Using Warm Water Cooling With Variable Pumping for Centralized Coolant System." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8255.
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As global demand for data centers grows, so does the size and load placed on data centers, leading constraints on power and space available to the operator. Cooling power consumption is a major part of the data center energy usage. Liquid cooling technology has emerged as a viable solution in the process of optimization of the energy consumed per performance unit. In this data center rack level evaluation, 2OU (Open U) hybrid (liquid+air) cooled web servers are tested to observe the effects of warm water cooling on the server component temperatures, IT power and cooling power. The study discusses the importance of variable speed pumping in a centralized coolant configuration system. The cooling setup includes a mini rack capable of housing up to eleven hybrid cooled web servers and two heat exchangers that exhaust the heat dissipated from the servers to the environment (the test rig data center room). The centralized configuration has two redundant pumps placed in series with heat exchanger at the rack. Each server is equipped with two passive (i.e. no active pump) cold plates for cooling the CPUs while rests of the components are air cooled. Synthetic stress load has been generated on each server using stress-testing tools. Pumps in the servers are separately powered using an external power supply. The pump speed is proportional to the voltage across the armature [1]. The pump rpm has been recorded with input voltages ranging from 11V to 17V. The servers are tested for higher inlet temperatures ranging from 25°C to 45°C which falls within the ASHRAE liquid cooled envelope W4 [2]. Variable pumping has been achieved by using different input voltages at respective inlet temperatures.
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Ball, Aaron K., Chip W. Ferguson, Frank T. Miceli, and Evelyn Baskin. "Residential Water Heating Dehumidifier (WHD) With Devoted Dehumidification." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79241.
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A new a dual-service dehumidifier water heater (WHD) appliance is being researched and developed by the authors. Prior research on a similar appliance, a heat pump water heater (HPWH), has demonstrated the unit’s increased performance and energy saving, and through collaboration, significant progress has been made toward developing the WHD into a potentially marketable product. The primary energy use in residential households is space conditioning (49%), and the second major energy use is hot water consumption. In DOE’s 2004 Buildings Data Book, 15.5 percent of residential energy utilization is consumed by water heating (DOE 2004, Table 1.2.3). The two major types of residential water heaters are direct gas fired (~55%) and electric resistance (~45%) (DOE 2004, Appliance Magazine 2005). The maximum efficiency of a standard electric resistance water heater is 1 (100%), and progress has been made to increase the efficiency of the current standard heaters to approximately 95 percent (DOE 2004, Table 5.10.6), which is roughly the maximum available with today’s technology. However, if the standard system is replaced by a Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH), the performance can be increased by 140 percent (Zogg and Murphy 2004). The WHD operates as a HPWH while heating water and as a dedicated dehumidifier when water heating is not necessary. This paper presents the general design and laboratory testing results of a WHD. Preliminary performance data reveal coefficient of performances (COP) of approximately 2.2 during water heating. Further, market analysis has revealed that a potential need for this new technology is in regions with high humidity (Ashdown et al. 2004). These regions are primarily in the Northeast, Southeast and some coastal areas of the U.S. Current HPWH units do not have dedicated dehumidification and have a very small share of the residential water heat market. Of the 9.55 million residential water heaters sold in 2003 only about 2,000 of them were HPWHs (DOE 2004, Table 5.10.15).
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Fu, Lin, and Yan Li. "A New Type of District Heating System Based on Distributed Absorption Heat Pumps." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90287.
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This paper presents a new approach to utilize geothermal energy with absorption heat pump in district heating system. The heat pump is driven by the temperature-difference between primary and secondary heating loops. In this method, the low-grade thermal energy can be used in district heating system effectively, as a result, the heating capacity and energy efficiency of district heating system can be improved more than 20%. On one hand, it could relieve the existing dilemma (shortage) of central heat source, as well enhance the delivery capacity of heating network dramatically. On the other hand, heating cost may be reduced remarkably, due to the reduction in both coal consumption of central heat and energy consumption of delivery pump. Firstly, this paper introduces the district heating method based on distributed absorption heat pumps through the analysis on the parameter characteristics of low-grade energy, hot water of primary and secondary heating network, as well as the operation parameters of absorption heat pumps. Secondly, an economic and energy consumption analysis was discussed by comparing the new approach with conventional heating system. Finally, this paper presents several system configurations, discusses the operation strategies in various conditions, and proposes the operation modes for heating season.
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Rafi, Arqam, Timothy Lee, and Wenyan Wu. "A Comparative Study of Methods to Forecast Domestic Energy Consumption Aggregated with Photovoltaic and Heat Pumps System." In 2021 26th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icac50006.2021.9594149.
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Garber-Slaght, Robbin. "Performance Considerations for Ground Source Heat Pumps in Cold Climates." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-64051.
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Abstract Remote, cold climates present challenges to finding safe and affordable space heating options. In Alaska, residential ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been gaining in popularity, even though there is little research on their long-term performance or their effect on soil temperatures. The extended heating season and cold soils of Alaska provide a harsh testing ground for GSHPs, even those designed and marketed for colder climates. The large and unbalanced heating load in cold climates creates a challenging environment for GSHPs. In 2013 the Cold Climate Housing Research Center (CCHRC) installed a GSHP at its Research and Testing Facility (RTF) in Fairbanks, Alaska. The heat pump replaced an oil-fired condensing boiler heating an office space via in-floor hydronic radiant piping. The ground heat exchanger (GHE) was installed in moisture-rich silty soils underlain with 0°C permafrost. The intent of the project was to observe and monitor the system over a 10-year period to develop a better understanding of the performance of GSHPs in sites with permafrost and to help inform future design. As of this writing, the heat pump system has been running for eight heating seasons. The efficiency in those eight heating seasons has been variable with ups and downs that have been difficult to explain. This paper seeks to understand the variability in performance as well as make recommendations for GSHP use in other cold climates.
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Cerri, Giovanni, Marco Gazzino, Fabio Botta, and Coriolano Salvini. "Influence of Natural Primary Thermal-Source Temperatures on Power Consumption in Air-Conditioning Plants." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36067.
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This paper is focused on exploring the potential of connecting air-conditioning plants to primary thermal sources qualified by temperatures. Several connection layouts between plant components and thermal sources are investigated. Traditional systems including chillers and heat pumps, as well as systems based on chillers equipped with partial or total heat recovery devices are considered. The influence of primary thermal-source temperatures on overall design performance of such systems is deeply investigated and results focusing on power consumption and energy savings, as well as on reduction of CO2 emissions produced by the source of mechanical work, will be presented and widely discussed.
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Lu, Shuang, and Jingyi Wu. "Research on Different Domestic Energy Consumption Patterns Based on Heat Pump and Their Exergy Analysis." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54345.
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In Chinese market, many homes use heat pump systems for heating and cooling. Domestic hot water is usually provided by a domestic water heater making use of electricity, natural gas or solar energy, which is known for its great energy costs. These systems consume much energy and increase the total cost of the required domestic energy. A new system combining heat pump with water heater is proposed in this paper, and it is named domestic energy system. The system can realize the provision of space heating, cooling and domestic hot water throughout the year. Based on the different types of heat pumps and water heaters, domestic energy consumption patterns are divided into five categories: heat pump and gas-fired water heater system, heat pump and solar water heater system, heat pump and electricity water heater system, heat pump and heat pump water heater system, and domestic energy system. This study describes and compares all of the above-mentioned systems including energy and exergy analysis. Results showed that the domestic energy system can save energy and provide good economy.
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Haakana, Juha, Jouni Haapaniemi, Jukka Lassila, Jarmo Partanen, Harri Niska, and Antti Rautiainen. "Effects of Electric Vehicles and Heat Pumps on Long-Term Electricity Consumption Scenarios for Rural Areas in the Nordic Environment." In 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2018.8469937.
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Yang, L., M. A. Douglas, J. Gusdorf, F. Szadkowski, E. Limouse, M. Manning, and M. Swinton. "Residential Total Energy System Testing at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22137.
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This paper outlines a demonstration project planned and implemented at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) in 2006. The CCHT, located on the campus of the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada maintains two identical, detached, single-family houses that have the capacity to assess energy and building technologies in side by side comparisons with daily simulated occupancy effects. The paper describes the residential integrated total energy system being installed in one of the homes at the CCHT for this demonstration, consisting of two one-ton ground source heat pumps, an air handler with supplemental/back-up hydronic heating capability, a natural gas fired storage type water tank, an indirect domestic hot water storage tank and a multistage thermostat capable of controlling the system. There is also a description of the bore-field, consisting of three vertical wells arranged to suit a typical suburban landscape. Two of the wells serve the heat pumps; the third well is arranged between the other two to sink the waste heat from a cogeneration unit. The 6 kWe cogeneration unit to be installed in May 2007 is also described. The heat pump system was deliberately sized to satisfy the cooling load in Canada’s heat dominated climate, leaving room in the operation of the system to accept waste heat from the cogeneration unit, either directly or indirectly through recycling the heat through the ground to the heat pumps. This paper presents and discusses preliminary testing results during the fall of 2006 and modeling work of the ground heat exchanger component of the system and therefore sets the stage for performance modeling work that is currently underway at Natural Resources Canada (NRCan).
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Headings, Leon M., and Gregory N. Washington. "Building-Integrated Thermoelectrics as Active Insulators and Heat Pumps." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43122.
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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) accounts for 40% to 60% of residential and commercial building energy consumption, making this a critical component of energy usage in the face of rising energy prices. Building-integrated thermoelectrics (BITE) may provide a step towards adaptive homes and buildings that offer significantly improved efficiency and comfort. Integrating thermoelectrics into thermal mass and resistance (insulation) wall systems presents a fundamental shift from optimizing heating and cooling source efficiencies and minimizing building-envelope energy losses to a new regime where an active envelope is optimized to most efficiently eliminate those losses. This approach not only offers improved energy efficiency, but improves the uniformity and consistency of temperature, eliminates the need for all other heating and air conditioning equipment including thermal energy transport, and provides the platform for adaptive zone heating and cooling which can provide additional efficiency gains. Because of the solid-state nature of thermoelectrics, such a system would be reliable, low maintenance, silent, and clean. This paper examines various wall configurations and sizing for thermal mass, resistance, and thermoelectric components. A dynamic simulation is used to demonstrate how proper system design of thermal resistance and capacitance elements with existing thermoelectric materials may improve the typically low coefficient of performance of thermoelectric devices, making it competitive with traditional building systems. The results for different wall configurations are shown as a basis for future configuration design and optimization.