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Journal articles on the topic 'Heat balance'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Petkov, Georgi D., and Marusja G. Muchtarova. "Heat balance of a closed microalgal photoreactor." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 79 (December 14, 1995): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/79/1995/119.

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2

Lockwood, J. G., and A. Kessler. "Heat Balance Climatology." Geographical Journal 153, no. 1 (March 1987): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634498.

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3

&NA;. "Perioperative Heat Balance." Survey of Anesthesiology 45, no. 2 (April 2001): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-200104000-00033.

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Sessler, Daniel I., and Michael M. Todd. "Perioperative Heat Balance." Anesthesiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200002000-00042.

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Hypothermia during general anesthesia develops with a characteristic three-phase pattern. The initial rapid reduction in core temperature after induction of anesthesia results from an internal redistribution of body heat. Redistribution results because anesthetics inhibit the tonic vasoconstriction that normally maintains a large core-to-peripheral temperature gradient. Core temperature then decreases linearly at a rate determined by the difference between heat loss and production. However, when surgical patients become sufficiently hypothermic, they again trigger thermoregulatory vasoconstriction, which restricts core-to-peripheral flow of heat. Constraint of metabolic heat, in turn, maintains a core temperature plateau (despite continued systemic heat loss) and eventually reestablishes the normal core-to-peripheral temperature gradient. Together, these mechanisms indicate that alterations in the distribution of body heat contribute more to changes in core temperature than to systemic heat imbalance in most patients. Just as with general anesthesia, redistribution of body heat is the major initial cause of hypothermia in patients administered spinal or epidural anesthesia. However, redistribution during neuraxial anesthesia is typically restricted to the legs. Consequently, redistribution decreases core temperature about half as much during major conduction anesthesia. As during general anesthesia, core temperature subsequently decreases linearly at a rate determined by the inequality between heat loss and production. The major difference, however, is that the linear hypothermia phase is not discontinued by reemergence of thermoregulatory vasoconstriction because constriction in the legs is blocked peripherally. As a result, in patients undergoing large operations with neuraxial anesthesia, there is the potential of development of serious hypothermia. Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with enormous changes in body heat content. Furthermore, rapid cooling and rewarming produces large core-to-peripheral, longitudinal, and radial tissue temperature gradients. Inadequate rewarming of peripheral tissues typically produces a considerable core-to-peripheral gradient at the end of bypass. Subsequently, redistribution of heat from the core to the cooler arms and legs produces an afterdrop. Afterdrop magnitude can be reduced by prolonging rewarming, pharmacologic vasodilation, or peripheral warming. Postoperative return to normothermia occurs when brain anesthetic concentration decreases sufficiently to again trigger normal thermoregulatory defenses. However, residual anesthesia and opioids given for treatment of postoperative pain decreases the effectiveness of these responses. Consequently, return to normothermia often needs 2-5 h, depending on the degree of hypothermia and the age of the patient.

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5

Höppe, P. R. "Heat balance modelling." Experientia 49, no. 9 (September 1993): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01923542.

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6

Krajewski, Witold K. "Heat Balance of the Model Ingot Head." Materials Science Forum 649 (May 2010): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.649.533.

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The paper brings data about heat balance of the killed steel ingot head. The balance is obtained on basis of the temperature measurement in the system: ingot body - ingot head - ingot mould - insulating sleeves – radiation shield - ambient. The measurements were performed using model sys-tem (1:5) of the 20000 kg flat ingot. The balance shows that about 86% of the heat issued during solidification of the ingot head is transferred to the ingot mould through the insulating sleeves. In order to decrease this heat, insulating sleeves of low thermal conductivity are required, which should allow reducing dimensions of the ingot head and increasing the metal yield.

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7

Hammarlund, Karen. "Water and Heat Balance." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, S1 (January 1991): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012563.

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As those involved in neonatal intensive care are well aware, water and heat balance play a very important role in the well-being of the newborn infant. While some aspects of water and heat balance have been studied extensively, others have been less elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that both insensible and sensible water loss depend on the maturity of the infant and that both environmental factors and the activity of the infant can have dramatic effects on both these modes of water loss. As heat loss is affected by the insensible and sensible water loss from the infant, the same factors also have implications for heat loss, but heat loss is also influenced by other factors. The aim of this article is to review some of the knowledge relevant to the fields of water and heat balance in the neonatal period.

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8

Kupiec, Krzysztof, and Monika Gwadera. "Heat Balance of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0035.

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Abstract This work refers to the modelling of heat transfer in horizontal ground heat exchangers. For different conditions of collecting heat from the ground and different boundary condition profiles of temperature in the ground were found, and temporal variations of heat flux transferred between the ground surface and its interior were determined. It was taken into account that this flux results from several different mechanisms of heat transfer: convective, radiative, and that connected with moisture evaporation. It was calculated that ground temperature at great depths is greater than the average annual ambient temperature.

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9

Asakura, N., M. Shimada, K. Itami, N. Hosogane, S. Tsuji, K. Shimizu, H. Kubo, and H. Nakamura. "Particle balance and heat balance in JT-60U." Journal of Nuclear Materials 196-198 (December 1992): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(06)80197-2.

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10

Shaltout, M., and A. Omstedt. "Calculating the water and heat balances of the Eastern Mediterranean basin using ocean modelling and available meteorological, hydrological, and ocean data." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 14, 2011): 1301–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-1301-2011.

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Abstract. This paper analyses the Eastern Mediterranean water and heat balances over a 52-yr period. The modelling uses a process-oriented approach resolving the one-dimensional equations of momentum, heat, and salt conservation, with turbulence modelled using a two-equation model. The exchange through the Sicily Channel connecting the Eastern and Western basins is calculated from satellite altimeter data. The results illustrates that calculated surface temperature and salinity follow the reanalysed data well and with biases of −0.4 °C and −0.004, respectively. Monthly and yearly temperature and salinity cycles are also satisfactory simulated. Reanalysed data and calculated water mass structure and heat balance components are in good agreement, indicating that the air-sea interaction and the turbulent mixing are realistically simulated. The study illustrates that the water balance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin is controlled by the difference between inflows/outflows through the Sicily Channel and by the net precipitation rates. The heat balance is controlled by the heat loss from the water surface, sun radiation into the sea, and heat flow through the Sicily Channel, the first two displaying both climate trends. An annual net heat loss of approximately 9 W m−2 was balanced by net heat in flow through the Sicily Channel.

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11

Balmain, Bryce, Ollie Jay, Surendran Sabapathy, Danielle Royston, Glenn Stewart, Rohan Jayasinghe, and Norman Morris. "Exercising In The Heat Disrupts Human Heat Balance In Heart Failure Patients." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486687.57542.9b.

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12

Böhrk, Hannah, Olivier Piol, and Markus Kuhn. "Heat Balance of a Transpiration-Cooled Heat Shield." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 24, no. 3 (July 2010): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.47172.

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13

Bergeron, Michael F. "Fluid Balance and Heat Strain." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01729.

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Bergeron, Michael F. "Fluid Balance and Heat Strain." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-01729.

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15

SESSLER, DANIEL I. "Perioperative Thermoregulation and Heat Balance." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 813, no. 1 Thermoregulat (March 1997): 757–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51779.x.

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16

Sessler, Daniel I. "Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance." Lancet 387, no. 10038 (June 2016): 2655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00981-2.

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17

Tomasko, M. G., B. Bézard, L. Doose, S. Engel, E. Karkoschka, and S. Vinatier. "Heat balance in Titan's atmosphere." Planetary and Space Science 56, no. 5 (April 2008): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.10.012.

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18

Kurz, Andrea, Daniel I. Sessler, Richard Christensen, and Martha Dechert. "Heat Balance and Distribution during the Core-Temperature Plateau in Anesthetized Humans." Anesthesiology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199509000-00007.

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Background Once triggered, intraoperative thermoregulatory vasoconstriction is remarkably effective in preventing further hypothermia. Protection results from both vasoconstriction-induced decrease in cutaneous heat loss and altered distribution of body heat. However, the independent contributions of each mechanism have not been quantified. Accordingly, we evaluated overall heat balance and distribution of heat within the body during the core-temperature plateau. Methods Nine minimally clothed male volunteers were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane and maintained in an approximately 22 degrees C environment. They were monitored for approximately 2 h before vasoconstriction and for 3 h subsequently. Overall heat balance was determined from the difference between cutaneous heat loss (thermal flux transducers) and metabolic heat production (oxygen consumption). Arm and leg tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular temperatures, ten skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature. Heat constrained by vasoconstriction to the trunk and head was calculated by subtracting the expected change in that region (overall heat balance multiplied by the fractional weight of the trunk and head) from the actual change (change in distal esophageal temperature multiplied by the specific heat of human tissue and the weight of the trunk and head); the result represents the amount by which core heat exceeded that which would be expected based on overall heat balance, assuming that the change was evenly distributed throughout the body. Results Vasoconstriction and passive tissue cooling decreased heat loss but not to the level of heat production. Consequently, heat loss exceeded metabolic heat production throughout the study. Core temperature decreased approximately 1.3 C during the 2-h prevasoconstriction period; however, core temperature remained virtually constant during the subsequent 3 h. In the 3 h after vasoconstriction, arm and leg heat content decreased 57 +/- 9 kcal, and vasoconstriction constrained 22 +/- 8 kcal to the trunk and head. Conclusions These results confirm the efficacy of thermo-regulatory vasoconstriction in preventing additional core hypothermia. Decreased cutaneous heat loss and constraint of metabolic heat to the core thermal compartment contributed to the plateau.

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19

Lentz, Steven J. "The Mean Along-Isobath Heat and Salt Balances over the Middle Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4214.1.

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Abstract The mean heat and salt balances over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf are investigated by testing the hypothesis that surface fluxes of heat or freshwater are balanced by along-isobath fluxes resulting from the mean, depth-averaged, along-isobath flow acting on the mean, depth-averaged, along-isobath temperature or salinity gradient. This hypothesized balance is equivalent in a Lagrangian frame to a column of water, for example, warming because of surface heating as it is advected southward along isobath by the mean flow. Mean depth-averaged temperatures increase from north to south along isobath at a rate of 2°C (1000 km)−1 at midshelf, which is consistent with the hypothesized balance and mean surface heat flux estimates from the 50-yr NCEP Reanalysis. However, mean surface heat flux estimates from the higher-resolution 20-yr Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) reanalysis are too small to balance the along-isobath heat flux divergence implying a cross-shelf heat flux convergence. It is unclear which surface heat flux estimate, NCEP or OAFlux, is more accurate. The cross-shelf heat flux convergence resulting from the mean cross-shelf circulation is too small to balance the along-isobath heat flux divergence. Mean depth-averaged salinities increase from north to south along isobath at a rate of 1 (psu) (1000 km)−1 at midshelf. Mean precipitation and evaporation rates nearly balance so that the net freshwater flux is too small by more than an order of magnitude to account for the observed along-isobath increase in salinity. The cross-shelf salt flux divergence resulting from the mean cross-shelf circulation has the wrong sign to balance the divergence in the along-isobath salt flux. These results imply there must be an onshore “eddy” salt flux resulting from the time-dependent current and salinity variability. The along-isobath temperature and salinity gradients compensate for each other so that the mean, depth-averaged, along-isobath density gradient is approximately zero. This suggests that there may be a feedback between the along-isobath density gradient and the onshore salt and heat fluxes that maintains the density gradient near zero.

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20

Korycki, Ryszard. "Local Optimization of Bonnet Thickness in Global Heat Balance of Neonate." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (February 28, 2017): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1227886.

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Global heat transport for an neonate body is determined by means of heat balance with the term describing evaporation. The heat storage rate is the unbalanced difference between the metabolic heat production and various heat loss mechanisms within all body parts. The most sensitive portion is the head, which forces local optimization of the bonnet thickness. The local problem is described by differential heat and mass transport equations and the set of conditions. The changeable covering area of the bonnet can equalise the global heat balance and prevent hyperthermia or hypothermia.

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21

Kupreenko, Aleksey, Khafiz Isaev, Stanislav Mikhailichenko, Yury Kuznetsov, Igor Kravchenko, Aleksandar Ašonja, and Larisa Kalashnikova. "HEAT BALANCE OF COMBINED HEAT EXCHANGER AERODYNAMIC HEATING DRYERS." Advanced Engineering Letters 1, no. 3 (2022): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/adeletters.2022.1.3.2.

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Today, the use of aerodynamic dryers for drying various types of fruit crops is very current. In them, the electric energy spent on the drive of the centrifugal fan is transformed into thermal energy due to the mutual friction of the air flows circulating in the closed chamber. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the drying process, the heat of the waste drying agent was used in the research. The presented dryer was equipped with a combined heat exchanger. In order to predict the thermal performance of the combined heat exchanger depending on external factor variables, the dependence of the temperature of the fresh drying agent at the outlet of the combined heat exchanger on the dryer operation time is theoretically determined on the basis of the heat balance equation. The air solar collector in the combined heat exchanger made it possible to increase the temperature of the drying agent at the outlet by another 10oC without extra costs of electrical energy. A comparative analysis of the results of experimental and theoretical studies showed their high convergence.

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Gvozdenac, Dusan. "Heat exchanger operating point determination." Thermal Science 13, no. 4 (2009): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904151g.

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This paper indicates 21 possible tasks for the calculation of heat exchangers and specifies in particular the procedure for determining heat exchanger operating point. Features of heat exchanger energy micro-balance are contained in its mathematical model, and features of its macro-balance hold in relations for heat flow rate. Operating point of heat exchanger is defined by satisfying micro and macro balances. The paper presents basic relations for determining operating points for some types of tasks and algorithms of certain procedures. A special case in which two, one or none non-trivial solutions appear within two of 21 tasks is analyzed and discussed separately. Presented procedures are very suitable for the preparation of own software for the calculation of operating parameters of any heat exchanger and analysis of heat exchangers network.

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23

&NA;. "Free Communication/Slide - Heat Stress and Fluid Balance: Sodium Balance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000321202.96786.f7.

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24

BRZEŻAŃSKI, Marek, and Przemysław MĘŻYK. "Heat balance of the military vehicle." Combustion Engines 170, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce2017-322.

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In modern combat vehicles there are very often used observation devices with the capability of operating in the infrared. They allow detecting heat emission. It is very important to reduce such situation on the battlefield; therefore generated heat masking or reducing systems are used. The article presents the heat balance of the military vehicle, impact of heat amount on detectability and solutions reducing or changing the thermal image which impedes recognition.

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25

Dai, Xin, and Lu Liu. "Discussion of Ground Source Heat Pump System Heat Balance in Severe Cold Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.475.

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This template comprehensive analysis of the causes of soil heat balance, heat balance of soil caused by the results, heat balance of soil factors influence, several domestic thermal imbalance of soil heat balance and common measures to solve the problem, for the future of the soil source heat pump system design for the constructive suggestion.

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26

Hansen, Kenneth, David Connolly, Henrik Lund, David Drysdale, and Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat." Energy 115 (November 2016): 1663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.033.

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Toropov, E., and L. Lymbina. "DIGITAL MODEL OF BOILER HEAT BALANCE." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Power Engineering" 21, no. 3 (September 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/power210302.

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The normative method (NM) of boilers thermal calculation, repeatedly confirmed and refined, contains the structure of ideas and methods that were retained and adapted during the transition to digital technologies. As applied to the analysis of the heat balance of a boiler with flare furnaces, this required the transformation of a large array of initial and reference data, which cannot be applied unchanged when using a computer. This applies to graphical and tabular data, which form up to 80 % of the volume of NM. To obtain the correlation dependences, the authors use a simple and reliable method of unknown coefficients with the inclusion of a verification algorithm, in the case of equidistant arguments these are the Gregory-Newton coefficients. As shown by a preliminary analysis, for almost all dependencies a polynomial of the second degreesometimes replaced by two polynomials is sufficient. By varying the determining factors in the range of nominal values ±20 %, the model response was obtained in the form of a change in fuel consumption. Quantitatively, all material corre-sponds to the normative data, is presented in digital format and methodically corresponds to the Mathcad-15 package. In contrast to the well-known works in this area, all factors affecting the heat balance are represented by approximations taking into account the variability of temperature and pressure.

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Trubitsyn, A. P., and V. P. Trubitsyn. "The Heat Balance in the Earth." Doklady Earth Sciences 500, no. 1 (September 2021): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x21090191.

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МАКСИМОВ, Н. М. "HEAT BALANCE OF WAX HEATING UNITS." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 1(49) (March 30, 2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.49.1.021.

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Проблема и цель. Целью проводимых исследований является теоретическое обоснование и практическая реализация технологии производства воска на пасеках. Объект исследования: агрегаты для вытопки воска, включающие парогенератор для выработки перегретого пара и паровую рамочную воскотопку. Необходимость проводимых исследований вызвана дефицитом воска на внутреннем рынке Российской Федерации, а также малой производительностью и эффективностью выпускаемых промышленностью агрегатов для вытопки воска. Сложившаяся ситуация требует разработки усовершенствованной технологии получения пасечного воска с минимальными затратами. Методология. Для достижения цели исследования и ответа на поставленные вопросы был сделан анализ литературы и проведены теоретические исследования. В статье представлена конструктивно-технологическая схема установок для вытопки воска. Была составлена схема теплового баланса с наглядным распределением потерь тепла при работе исследуемых агрегатов. Теоретический анализ потерь тепла при вытопке воска производился с использованием известных законов и формул теории теплообмена, а также с учётом накопленного опыта учёными Рязанского ГАТУ им. П.А. Костычева, занимавшимися исследованиями работы агрегатов для вытопки воска. Результаты. Была получена методика расчёта теплового баланса агрегатов для вытопки воска с использованием основных законов теплообмена и даны формулы для определения количества теплоты, требуемой для вытопки воска. Приведены формулы для расчёта термического КПД установок и тепловой мощности парогенератора. Намечены пути дальнейшей модернизации агрегатов для вытопки воска. Заключение. Проведённые теоретические исследования показали, что тепловая мощность парогенератора зависит от ряда факторов: затрат тепла на разогрев воскосырья, рамок, воды; от размеров и свойств материалов парогенератора и воскотопки. Дальнейшим этапом повышения эффективности работы агрегатов может стать подбор и установка теплоизоляционных материалов, что позволит сократить потери тепла в окружающую среду и, тем самым, повысить термический КПД агрегатов для вытопки воска. Problem and goal. The purpose of the research is the theoretical justifcation and practical implementation of the technology of wax production in apiaries. Object of research: units for melting wax, including a steam generator for generating superheated steam and a steam frame wax burner. The need for research is caused by the shortage of wax in the domestic market of the Russian Federation, as well as the low productivity and efciency of industrial units for melting wax. The current situation requires the development of an improved technology for obtaining beeswax with minimal costs. Methodology. To achieve the goal of the study and answer the questions posed, an analysis of the literature was made and theoretical studies were conducted. The article presents a design and technological scheme of installations for wax melting. A diagram of the heat balance was drawn up with a visual distribution of heat losses during the operation of the studied units. The theoretical analysis of heat loss during wax melting was carried out using the well-known laws and formulas of the theory of heat transfer, as well as taking into account the accumulated experience of scientists from the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after I. P.A. Kostychev, who researched the operation of units for melting wax. Results. A method was obtained for calculating the thermal balance of wax heating units using the basic laws of heat transfer and formulas were given for determining the amount of heat required for wax heating. Formulas for calculating the thermal efciency of plants and the thermal power of the steam generator are given. The ways of further modernization of the units for melting wax are outlined. Conclusion. The theoretical studies have shown that the heat capacity of the steam generator depends on a number of factors: the cost of heat to warm up vascolare the water, from the size and properties of materials generator and extractors. A further step in improving the efciency of the units can be the selection and installation of thermal insulation materials, which will reduce heat loss to the environment and, thereby, increase the thermal efciency of the units for melting wax.

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Kulka, Tasha J., and W. Larry Kenney. "Heat Balance Limits in Football Uniforms." Physician and Sportsmedicine 30, no. 7 (July 2002): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2002.07.377.

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31

Páv, Karel, Václav Rychtář, and Václav Vorel. "Heat balance in modern automotive engines." Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10138-012-0007-7.

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Shrnutí Tento příspěvek obsahuje informace o přerozdělení tepla v současných vozidlových spalovacích motorech. Vycházelo se z různých konstrukcí především zážehových motorů s rozdílnými zdvihovými objemy, vznětové motory jsou však také zmíněny. Je zde uveden postup výpočtu tepelné bilance motoru, stejně tak, jako obtíže spojené se získáním vstupních dat měřením. Byl navržen a ověřen empirický vztah pro výpočet tepelného toku do chladící kapaliny, který umožňuje snadné nalezení nekorektně změřených pracovních bodů motoru už v počáteční fázi automatického měřícího cyklu. Naměřené hodnoty byly srovnány s výpočtem pomocí programu GT-Power. Na závěr je uvedeno srovnání různých typů motorů s ohledem na velikost tepelného toku do chladící kapaliny

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32

Mosally, F., A. S. Wood, and A. Al-Fhaid. "An exponential heat balance integral method." Applied Mathematics and Computation 130, no. 1 (July 2002): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(01)00083-2.

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33

Havenith, G. "Heat balance when wearing protective clothing." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43, no. 5 (July 1999): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(99)00051-4.

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Dines, W. H. "The heat balance of the atmosphere." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 43, no. 182 (August 15, 2007): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704318203.

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Atwood, Stephen. "Finding Balance When Commitments Heat Up." Information Display 29, no. 4 (July 2013): 2–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2637-496x.2013.tb00623.x.

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36

Andersson, Lars, and Lars Rahm. "Heat balance of a shallow cove." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23, no. 5 (November 1986): 705–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(86)90107-1.

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37

Liakatas, A., J. A. Clark, and J. L. Monteith. "Measurements of the heat balance under plastic mulches. Part I. Radiation balance and soil heat flux." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 36, no. 3 (February 1986): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(86)90037-7.

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Bolton, D. P., E. A. Nelson, B. J. Taylor, and I. L. Weatherall. "Thermal balance in infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.2234.

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A theoretical model of heat balance is presented that could clarify the matching of babies' wrapping with their environments. Best estimates of metabolic heat input and heat loss by all known routes are defined for 22 parts of the body surface. The variation of these with core temperature, posture, skin vasodilatation, and the onset of sweating are calculated: first, by using presumed skin temperatures and second, by following iterative calculation of the skin temperature and the consequent total heat losses. Calculation of the highest tolerable ambient temperature (HTAT) for a given set of clothes, underbedding, and covers shows that a well-wrapped baby lying face down could have an HTAT 10 degrees C lower than if he/she were lying supine. Representative values for highest and lowest tolerable temperatures (defined in text) are presented for the first 6 mo of life. Retrospective estimation of thermal balance from death-scene data on clothing and bedding can permit assessment of hyperthermia or hypothermia as a contributing cause of death. Recommendations are made on the avoidance of hyperthermia.

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39

Langer, M., S. Westermann, S. Muster, K. Piel, and J. Boike. "Permafrost and surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in Northern Siberia – Part 2: Winter." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 3 (August 25, 2010): 1391–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-1391-2010.

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Abstract. Permafrost is largely determined by the surface energy balance. Its vulnerability to degradation due to climate warming depends on complex soil-atmosphere interactions. This article is the second part of a comprehensive surface energy balance study at a polygonal tundra site in Northern Siberia. It comprises two consecutive winter periods from October 2007 to May 2008 and from October 2008 to January 2009. The surface energy balance is obtained by independent measurements of the radiation budget, the sensible heat flux and the ground heat flux, whereas the latent heat flux is inferred from measurements of the atmospheric turbulence characteristics and a model approach. The measurements reveal that the long-wave radiation is the dominant factor in the surface energy balance. The radiative losses are balanced to about 60% by the ground heat flux and almost 40% by the sensible heat fluxes, whereas the contribution of the latent heat flux is found to be relatively small. The main controlling factors of the surface energy budget are the snow cover, the cloudiness and the soil temperature gradient. Significant spatial differences in the surface energy balance are observed between the tundra soils and a small pond. The heat flux released from the subsurface heat storage is by a factor of two increased at the freezing pond during the entire winter period, whereas differences in the radiation budget are only observed at the end of winter. Inter-annual differences in the surface energy balance are related to differences in snow depth, which substantially affect the temperature evolution at the investigated pond. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of the ground heat flux for the soil-atmosphere energy exchange and reveal high spatial and temporal variabilities in the subsurface heat budget during winter.

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Bertrand, Baudouy. "Heat-balance integral method for heat transfer in superfluid helium." Thermal Science 13, no. 2 (2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0902121b.

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Khusenov, A. A., Kh A. Davlonov, and Sh H. Ergashev. "Heat balance modeling of heat pipe biogas-biofertilizer device reactor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1070, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012032.

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Abstract The article develops a mathematical model of the modes of change of the indoor air temperature and the loaded biomass temperature over time on the basis of the equilibrium heat balance equation of the reactor of the heat pipe biogas-biofertilizer. Theoretical and experimental studies of changes in air temperature over time in stationary and non-stationary states inside the reactor of a thermal tubular biogas-biofertilizer. According to the results of the study, when the outside air temperature is 10 °C, it is possible to heat the indoor air temperature to 85-90 °C in accordance with the total solar radiation falling on the transparent surface of the device reactor. It is scientifically based to achieve full coverage of the greenhouse heat load using heated water due to the combustion of biogas obtained anaerobically in a water heating boiler as a result of heating of the biomass inside the device.

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Hochet, Antoine, Rémi Tailleux, Till Kuhlbrodt, and David Ferreira. "Global heat balance and heat uptake in potential temperature coordinates." Climate Dynamics 57, no. 7-8 (June 13, 2021): 2021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05832-7.

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AbstractThe representation of ocean heat uptake in Simple Climate Models used for policy advice on climate change mitigation strategies is often based on variants of the one-dimensional Vertical Advection/Diffusion equation (VAD) for some averaged form of potential temperature. In such models, the effective advection and turbulent diffusion are usually tuned to emulate the behaviour of a given target climate model. However, because the statistical nature of such a “behavioural” calibration usually obscures the exact dependence of the effective diffusion and advection on the actual physical processes responsible for ocean heat uptake, it is difficult to understand its limitations and how to go about improving VADs. This paper proposes a physical calibration of the VAD that aims to provide explicit traceability of effective diffusion and advection to the processes responsible for ocean heat uptake. This construction relies on the coarse-graining of the full three-dimensional advection diffusion for potential temperature using potential temperature coordinates. The main advantage of this formulation is that the temporal evolution of the reference temperature profile is entirely due to the competition between effective diffusivity that is always positive definite, and the water mass transformation taking place at the surface, as in classical water mass analyses literature. These quantities are evaluated in numerical simulations of present day climate and global warming experiments. In this framework, the heat uptake in the global warming experiment is attributed to the increase of surface heat flux at low latitudes, its decrease at high latitudes and to the redistribution of heat toward cold temperatures made by diffusive flux.

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Kupreenko, A. I., V. F. Komogortsev, Kh M. Isaev, A. N. Chenin, and G. V. Shkuratov. "Heat balance equation of air solar collector with heat accumulator." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 4 (April 15, 2016): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66145.

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The aim of the paper is to find the mathematical dependence of temperature of heat-receiving surface of heat accumulator of a solar collector on its operating time under conditions of variable external factors. In this case, variable solar activity throughout the day is considered as the key external factor. Air solar collector with heat accumulator is a basic element of solar power plants intended, for example, for grain drying, water heating, natural ventilation systems of livestock houses etc. By the example of operation of a drum solar grain dryer with water heat accumulator, the differential equation of heat balance of solar collector is obtained. The equation takes into account the following components of heat balance: amount of heat coming into solar collector with atmospheric air; amount of heat coming from solar energy and absorbed by heat-receiving surface of water accumulator; amount of heat taken away by drying agent (warmed-up atmospheric air) after heat exchange with heat-receiving surface; amount of heat for heating of accumulator walls; amount of heat for heating of water in accumulator; external heat loss. On the basis of available experimental data, it is assumed that water temperature in accumulator is directly proportional to the temperature of its walls, and the enthalpy of atmospheric air is proportional to the flow density of solar energy. Required dependence of temperature of heat-receiving surface of a heat accumulator is found by solving the Cauchy problem for differential equation of heat balance of solar collector. The obtained exponential expression connects the parameters of variable external factors with design and technological parameters of a solar collector. This allows to model the output thermal performance of solar power plants used in agriculture depending on various external conditions.

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Rong, Yisheng, Yuechuan Wei, Dongli Duan, and Renjun Zhan. "Heat-balance Thermal Protection with Heat Pipes for Hypersonic Vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 61 (2016): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20166104008.

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Chen, Jin-hua, Xiu-bi Bao, Yun-lin Peng, and Yu Jia. "Heat balance of solar-soil source heat pump compound system." Journal of Central South University 19, no. 3 (March 2012): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1076-4.

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Weibel, Franco-Peter, and Klaas Boersma. "An improved stem heat balance method using analog heat control." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 75, no. 1-3 (June 1995): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)02200-4.

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47

Nielsen, Bodil. "Solar heat load: heat balance during exercise in clothed subjects." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 60, no. 6 (1990): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705036.

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Fialho, F. B., R. A. Bucklin, F. S. Zazueta, and R. O. Myer. "Theoretical model of heat balance in pigs." Animal Science 79, no. 1 (April 2004): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980005459x.

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AbstractA theoretical model was developed to predict the heat balance and body temperature of growing and finishing pigs subjected to different environments. The heat transfer modes considered in the model were convection to the surrounding air, conduction to the floor, long-wave radiation between the animal and the surrounding walls, shortwave radiation from the sun, evaporation on the skin surface, evaporation and heating of air in the respiratory tract and heating of ingested food and water. The heat balance is the net heat gain or loss from the environment due to all these processes, added to the animal's heat production. Body temperature is calculated over time using the heat balance, the animal's mass and the specific heat of the animal's body. Behavioural responses to heat and cold environments, such as vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, posture changes and huddling were expressed as changes in heat transfer coefficients and exposed surface area. The increase in evaporation under hot conditions was also considered. It was assumed that the animal's reaction to the environment may be expressed as a function of mean body temperature. The animal's heat production was considered an input to the model, which should reflect the increased metabolic rate in cold environments. Although further research is still needed to determine precisely some of the parameters, the model may be integrated with other models in order to compose a complete pig model.

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Sun, Weijun, Xiang Qin, Wentao Du, Weigang Liu, Yushuo Liu, Tong Zhang, Yuetong Xu, Qiudong Zhao, Jinkui Wu, and Jiawen Ren. "Ablation modeling and surface energy budget in the ablation zone of Laohugou glacier No. 12, western Qilian mountains, China." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 66 (2014): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog66a902.

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AbstractGlacier surface melting can be described using energy-balance models. We conducted a surface energy budget experiment to quantify surface energy fluxes and to identify factors affecting glacial melt in the ablation zone of Laohugou glacier No. 12, western Qilian mountains. The surface energy budget was calculated based on data from an automatic weather station, and turbulent fluxes calculated using the bulk-aerodynamic approach were corrected using measurements from an eddy-covariance system. Simulated mass balances were validated by stake observations. Net shortwave radiation was the primary component of the surface energy balance (126Wm–2), followed by sensible heat flux. Net longwave radiation (–45Wm–2) and latent heat flux (–12.8 Wm–2) represented heat sinks. The bulk-aerodynamic method underestimated sensible and latent heat fluxes by 3.4 and 1.2 W m–2, respectively. The simulated total mass balance of –1703mmw.e. exceeded the observed total by 90 mm w.e. Daily positive accumulated temperature and low albedo were the main factors accelerating glacier melt. An uncertainty assessment showed that mass balance was very sensitive to albedo and varied by 36% when albedo changed by 0.1.

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Durantes, Roxana, Justin Moon, J. Rafael Pacheco, and Arturo Pacheco-Vega. "Averaged energy-balance analysis of wavy micro-channels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012080.

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Abstract This study presents numerical simulations of the convective heat transfer on wavy micro-channels to investigate heat transfer enhancement in these systems. The goal is to extend the analysis of our previous work [1, 2], by proposing a methodology based on local and global energy balances in the device instead of the commonly used Nusselt number. The analysis is performed on a single-wave baseline micro-channel model that is exposed to a heat influx. The governing equations for an incompressible laminar flow and conjugate heat transfer are first built, and then solved, for representative models, under several operating conditions, by the finite element technique. From computed velocity, pressure and temperature fields, local and global energy balances based on cross-section-averaged velocities and temperatures enable calculating the heat rate at each section. Results from this study show that this so-called averaged energy-balance methodology enables an accurate assessment of the channel performance.

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