Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heat balance

Academic literature on the topic 'Heat balance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Heat balance"

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Petkov, Georgi D., and Marusja G. Muchtarova. "Heat balance of a closed microalgal photoreactor." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 79 (December 14, 1995): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/79/1995/119.

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Lockwood, J. G., and A. Kessler. "Heat Balance Climatology." Geographical Journal 153, no. 1 (March 1987): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634498.

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&NA;. "Perioperative Heat Balance." Survey of Anesthesiology 45, no. 2 (April 2001): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-200104000-00033.

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Sessler, Daniel I., and Michael M. Todd. "Perioperative Heat Balance." Anesthesiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200002000-00042.

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Hypothermia during general anesthesia develops with a characteristic three-phase pattern. The initial rapid reduction in core temperature after induction of anesthesia results from an internal redistribution of body heat. Redistribution results because anesthetics inhibit the tonic vasoconstriction that normally maintains a large core-to-peripheral temperature gradient. Core temperature then decreases linearly at a rate determined by the difference between heat loss and production. However, when surgical patients become sufficiently hypothermic, they again trigger thermoregulatory vasoconstriction, which restricts core-to-peripheral flow of heat. Constraint of metabolic heat, in turn, maintains a core temperature plateau (despite continued systemic heat loss) and eventually reestablishes the normal core-to-peripheral temperature gradient. Together, these mechanisms indicate that alterations in the distribution of body heat contribute more to changes in core temperature than to systemic heat imbalance in most patients. Just as with general anesthesia, redistribution of body heat is the major initial cause of hypothermia in patients administered spinal or epidural anesthesia. However, redistribution during neuraxial anesthesia is typically restricted to the legs. Consequently, redistribution decreases core temperature about half as much during major conduction anesthesia. As during general anesthesia, core temperature subsequently decreases linearly at a rate determined by the inequality between heat loss and production. The major difference, however, is that the linear hypothermia phase is not discontinued by reemergence of thermoregulatory vasoconstriction because constriction in the legs is blocked peripherally. As a result, in patients undergoing large operations with neuraxial anesthesia, there is the potential of development of serious hypothermia. Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with enormous changes in body heat content. Furthermore, rapid cooling and rewarming produces large core-to-peripheral, longitudinal, and radial tissue temperature gradients. Inadequate rewarming of peripheral tissues typically produces a considerable core-to-peripheral gradient at the end of bypass. Subsequently, redistribution of heat from the core to the cooler arms and legs produces an afterdrop. Afterdrop magnitude can be reduced by prolonging rewarming, pharmacologic vasodilation, or peripheral warming. Postoperative return to normothermia occurs when brain anesthetic concentration decreases sufficiently to again trigger normal thermoregulatory defenses. However, residual anesthesia and opioids given for treatment of postoperative pain decreases the effectiveness of these responses. Consequently, return to normothermia often needs 2-5 h, depending on the degree of hypothermia and the age of the patient.
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Höppe, P. R. "Heat balance modelling." Experientia 49, no. 9 (September 1993): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01923542.

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Krajewski, Witold K. "Heat Balance of the Model Ingot Head." Materials Science Forum 649 (May 2010): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.649.533.

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The paper brings data about heat balance of the killed steel ingot head. The balance is obtained on basis of the temperature measurement in the system: ingot body - ingot head - ingot mould - insulating sleeves – radiation shield - ambient. The measurements were performed using model sys-tem (1:5) of the 20000 kg flat ingot. The balance shows that about 86% of the heat issued during solidification of the ingot head is transferred to the ingot mould through the insulating sleeves. In order to decrease this heat, insulating sleeves of low thermal conductivity are required, which should allow reducing dimensions of the ingot head and increasing the metal yield.
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Hammarlund, Karen. "Water and Heat Balance." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, S1 (January 1991): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012563.

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As those involved in neonatal intensive care are well aware, water and heat balance play a very important role in the well-being of the newborn infant. While some aspects of water and heat balance have been studied extensively, others have been less elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that both insensible and sensible water loss depend on the maturity of the infant and that both environmental factors and the activity of the infant can have dramatic effects on both these modes of water loss. As heat loss is affected by the insensible and sensible water loss from the infant, the same factors also have implications for heat loss, but heat loss is also influenced by other factors. The aim of this article is to review some of the knowledge relevant to the fields of water and heat balance in the neonatal period.
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Kupiec, Krzysztof, and Monika Gwadera. "Heat Balance of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0035.

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Abstract This work refers to the modelling of heat transfer in horizontal ground heat exchangers. For different conditions of collecting heat from the ground and different boundary condition profiles of temperature in the ground were found, and temporal variations of heat flux transferred between the ground surface and its interior were determined. It was taken into account that this flux results from several different mechanisms of heat transfer: convective, radiative, and that connected with moisture evaporation. It was calculated that ground temperature at great depths is greater than the average annual ambient temperature.
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Asakura, N., M. Shimada, K. Itami, N. Hosogane, S. Tsuji, K. Shimizu, H. Kubo, and H. Nakamura. "Particle balance and heat balance in JT-60U." Journal of Nuclear Materials 196-198 (December 1992): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(06)80197-2.

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Shaltout, M., and A. Omstedt. "Calculating the water and heat balances of the Eastern Mediterranean basin using ocean modelling and available meteorological, hydrological, and ocean data." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 14, 2011): 1301–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-1301-2011.

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Abstract. This paper analyses the Eastern Mediterranean water and heat balances over a 52-yr period. The modelling uses a process-oriented approach resolving the one-dimensional equations of momentum, heat, and salt conservation, with turbulence modelled using a two-equation model. The exchange through the Sicily Channel connecting the Eastern and Western basins is calculated from satellite altimeter data. The results illustrates that calculated surface temperature and salinity follow the reanalysed data well and with biases of −0.4 °C and −0.004, respectively. Monthly and yearly temperature and salinity cycles are also satisfactory simulated. Reanalysed data and calculated water mass structure and heat balance components are in good agreement, indicating that the air-sea interaction and the turbulent mixing are realistically simulated. The study illustrates that the water balance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin is controlled by the difference between inflows/outflows through the Sicily Channel and by the net precipitation rates. The heat balance is controlled by the heat loss from the water surface, sun radiation into the sea, and heat flow through the Sicily Channel, the first two displaying both climate trends. An annual net heat loss of approximately 9 W m−2 was balanced by net heat in flow through the Sicily Channel.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heat balance"

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Herrero, Miriam Leire. "Heat Balance of a historical church - Solar Heat Gain." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17152.

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Galarraga, Maider. "Heat balance of a historical church- transmission losses." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17137.

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The structure of old monumental churches differs a lot from contemporary buildings. The structural materials were wood, brick and stone. In order to construct high buildings with huge spans, thick massive walls and many massive columns were needed. Originally these buildings had no heating and for centuries the outdoor temperature determined the indoor climate. As churches are considered historical heritage buildings their renovation should be thoroughly studied.               In this thesis the transmission losses of Hamrånge church will be analysed. Hence, the transmission trough walls and windows as well as the heat buffering of materials will be examined. In addition, the effect of possible reformation measurements will be concluded.               Finally, this project belongs to a complete study of the church, were not only transmission losses are considered but also air infiltration losses and solar heat gain. That way, a comparison between them will be carried out in order to contribute to attain the objective of the project: possible restoration for church heating system with respect to preservation, energy requirements, thermal comfort and aesthetics.
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Gannon, Maureen Aine. "The energy balance of pigs outdoors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308769.

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Arístegui, Jesús Jaime. "Heat balance of a historical church : Air infiltration losses." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17150.

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James, Kelley J. "Impact of Heat Exposure on Postural Balance of Firefighters." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397235487.

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Guastella, L. A.-M. "The sea surface heat balance in the Benguela upwelling region." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22447.

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Bibliography: pages 191-202.
The surface heat balance of the Benguela upwelling area on the west coast of southern Africa is analysed. Measurements of the components of the heat balance were made in the St Helena Bay area from 14-21 October 1986. Additional long-term data was obtained from Alexander Bay and Cape Town. An average net heat gain of 227 W.m⁻² was received over the eight days of the field study. The presence of cold water determined that latent heat loss by the sea surface was small, while the sensible heat flux represented a small gain by the sea. These two turbulent heat fluxes are roughly equal and opposite and therefore approximately cancel each other. Use of a model, assuming idealised conditions, indicated that most turbulent heat exchange between the air and takes place in the nearshore region where air-sea contrasts are greatest. The net radiation was found to provide a good estimate of the total heat balance, thus the major contributing term to a high heat balance over the Benguela area is the input solar radiation. Minimal synoptic variation in the heat balance during the eight-day field programme was observed, but additional global radiation data analysed revealed that synoptic variations over the 3-6 day period are in fact more significant than the longer term seasonal variations. Both synoptic and seasonal variations in the heat balance are greater in the south than in the north. The high heat flux into the sea surface is capable of increasing the temperature of the upwelled water at a fairly rapid rate. During summer the heat exchange is capable of increasing the temperature of the upper 10 m mixed layer by as much as 0.65°C over one day. This input heat is used to realise the high biological potential of the upwelled waters.
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Knapke, Robert. "High-Order Unsteady Heat Transfer with the Harmonic Balance Method." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427962937.

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Silva, Ana Margarida Barradinhas da. "Heat recovery from wastewater: numerical modelling of sewer systems." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8473.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Engenharia Sanitária
This thesis was carried as a collaboration of Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and the companies Waternet and KWR. The main project aims to study the possibility of thermal energy recovery from wastewater, reducing the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions linked to the energy sector. The present work is based on a previous computational model that was developed to simulate heat recovery from wastewater for constant flow rate and temperature of water. The first goal is to simulate a wastewater discharge. In order to achieve this, a Gaussian function was added to the boundary conditions for water flow rate and water temperature. As a second goal, this work aims to assess the significance of the terms present in the water heat balance and air heat balance equations. Binary coefficients were added in each term of both equations and then all the combinations were computed. The unsteady situation successfully simulated a main discharge and numerical predictions for water temperature and flow rate are presented. The deviations associated with the modified cases for the two equations suggest that the heat flux pipe to water (!!") and heat flux pipe to air (!!") terms are crucial for water and air heat balance predictions,respectively. In order to smooth extra oscillations, the time step (dt) was reduced and a smaller relative size of oscillations was obtained. This work concludes with a section of future developments in order to improve the results obtained. Despite of the fact that the current state of these routines does not allow us to accurately assess heat exchanges in pipes, promising results were obtained, proving that numerical modelling of heat recovery will contribute greatly to the development of the main project.
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Argyn, Aidar. "Material And Heat Balance Calculations Of Eti-bakir Plant By Computer." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609734/index.pdf.

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In this study the data taken from Outokumpu type Flash smelter of Eti-Bakir Plant (Samsun, Turkey) was used to write a computer program in Visual Basic with interface to Excel. Flash smelting is the pyrometallurgical process for smelting metal sulfide concentrates, used in Eti-Bakir plant. In this plant, copper flash smelting consists of blowing fine, dried copper sulfide concentrate mixtures, silica flux, lignite with air into the furnace and natural gas as main fuel. The molten matte is the principal product of the furnace and slag contains 0.5-2% Cu. It is sent to a slag treatment (flotation) process for Cu recovery. This flash furnace off-gas contains from 8-12 volume % SO2 which is fixed as H2SO4. Written program was used to optimize the consumption of oxygen enriched air, fuel and lignite in this Flash Smelter by making material and heat balance of the plant.
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Kim, Minsoo. "Protein Quality Control, Redox Balance and Heat Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/217060.

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The Arabidopsis HSP101 protein belongs to the Hsp100/ClpB family of AAA+ proteins (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities). This family of proteins, in collaboration with the Hsp70 chaperone system, has the remarkable ability to solubilize protein aggregates and refold proteins back to their native forms. Thus, their chaperone activity is necessary for acquired thermotolerance in organisms as diverse as bacteria and plants. My dissertation project focused on understanding the mechanism of HSP101 action using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. The first approach used genetics to screen for suppressors of a specific missense mutant allele of HSP101, hot1-4, in order to find interacting cofactor proteins or key substrates of HSP101, or other processes involved in thermotolerance. Four extragenic suppressors that can overcome the heat-hypersensitive phenotype caused by the hot1-4 mutation were isolated and one of them (shot1) was identified as a mutation in a mitochondrion-targeted protein. Although shot1 mutations do not directly interfere with HSP101 function, they reveal independent mechanisms required for thermotolerance, which involve reduced oxidative stress. The second approach used to investigate HSP101 function was to affinity-purify HSP101 and identify associated proteins. For this purpose, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated expressing affinity-tagged wild-type and mutant variants of HSP101. As predicted, cytosolic Hsp70s were identified as an interacting partner of HSP101. Surprisingly, 26S proteasome regulatory subunits were also identified, suggesting a possible link between the protein degradation and reactivation pathways. Further experiments were also undertaken to define the importance of different domains of HSP101, as well as the localization of HSP101. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing N- or C-terminally truncated HSP101 indicate that the N-terminal domain of HSP101 is required for full activity in protecting plants from heat stress. However, in contrast to the yeast ortholog, Hsp104, the C-terminal extension of HSP101 was found to be completely dispensable for thermotolerance of Arabidopsis. Additional transgenic plants expressing an HSP101-GFP were also characterized. Initial microscopic analysis confirms nuclear/cytoplasmic localization as has been reported previously for yeast Hsp104. However, the dynamics of subcellular redistribution upon heat stress need to be further investigated to fully understand the potential significance of the observed localization.
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Books on the topic "Heat balance"

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Assessing climate change: Temperatures, solar radiation, and heat balance. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

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Assessing climate change: Temperatures, solar radiation, and heat balance. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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Kimball, Bruce Arnold. A modular energy balance program including subroutines for greenhouses and other latent heat devices. [Beltsville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1986.

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Kimball, Bruce Arnold. A modular energy balance program including subroutines for greenhouses and other latent heat devices. [Beltsville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1986.

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Wild, Martin. The heat balance of the earth in GCM simulations of present and future climates. Zürich: Geographisches Institut ETH, 1997.

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Adamenko, V. N. Klimat i ozera: K ot͡s︡enke nastoi͡a︡shchego, proshlogo i budushchego. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

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Adamenko, V. N. Klimat i ozera: (k ot︠s︡enke nastoi︠a︡shchego, proshlogo i budushchevo). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

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Gusev, E. M. Modelirovanie teplo- i vlagoobmena poverkhnosti sushi s atmosferoĭ. Moskva: Nauka, 2010.

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Dobrovolʹskiĭ, S. G. Global climatic changes in water and heat transfer-accumulation processes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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Kenchiku netsu kankyō: Architectural thermal environment. Tōkyō-to Bunkyō-ku: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Heat balance"

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Brenig, Wilhelm. "Detailed Balance, Fluctuations and Dissipation." In Statistical Theory of Heat, 42–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74685-7_8.

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Haddad, W., and M. Horowitz. "Heat Acclimation Alters Portal Blood Flow during Heat Stress." In Thermal Balance in Health and Disease, 203–8. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7429-8_28.

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Takakura, Tadashi. "Heat Balance of Bare Ground." In Climate under Cover, 32–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1658-9_4.

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Takakura, Tadashi, and Wei Fang. "Heat Balance of Bare Ground." In Climate Under Cover, 45–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0583-8_4.

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Grimm, Kurt A. "Perioperative Thermoregulation and Heat Balance." In Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 372–79. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421375.ch19.

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Jessen, Claus. "Heat Production and Heat Balance of the Body." In Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals, 27–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59461-8_5.

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Brenig, Wilhelm. "Energy Dissipation, Detailed Balance and Passivity." In Statistical Theory of Heat, 52–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74685-7_10.

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Sessler, D. I. "Thermoregulation and Heat Balance: General Anesthesia." In Thermal Balance in Health and Disease, 251–65. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7429-8_34.

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Maykut, Gary A. "The Surface Heat and Mass Balance." In The Geophysics of Sea Ice, 395–463. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5352-0_6.

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Omstedt, Anders. "Heat Balance, Water Temperature, and Interpretations." In A Philosophical View of the Ocean and Humanity, 41–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36680-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heat balance"

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Mikhailov, Vladimirr. "Simulation of animals' heat balance." In 2012 IV International Conference "Problems of Cybernetics and Informatics" (PCI). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpci.2012.6486374.

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Boehrk, Hannah, Olivier Piol, and Markus Kuhn. "Heat Balance of a Transpiration-Cooled Heat Shield." In 16th AIAA/DLR/DGLR International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-7273.

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Tadashi Takakura, Kotaro Takayama, Hiroshige Nishina, Kazuaki Tamura, and and Shinji Muta. "Evapotranspiration Estimate by Heat Balance Equation." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19526.

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Meng, Tao, Yanqing Di, Li Liu, Fei Ma, and Yu Zhao. "Research of Ground Heat Balance of Ground Source Heat Pump." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.194.

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Zhang, Zhifeng, and Bofeng Bai. "Critical Heat Balance Error for a General Imbalanced Heat Exchanger." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-68049.

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The reliability of experimental data are important for heat exchanger design and evaluation. In the present paper, we extended the concept of Critical Heat Balance Error (CHBE) to a general imbalanced heat exchanger with thermal capacity ratio great than 1. Based on the principle of positive entropy generation in experiment, were analytically expressed the CHBE under the influence of different thermal capacity ratios. Interestingly, we found the same analytical expression as previous research which is, CHBE = −(1 − τ)(1 − ε), where ε and τ are heat exchanger efficiency and inlet temperature ratio, respectively. Therefore, we claim this analytical filter can be used for a general heat exchanger with any thermal capacity configuration.
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Shu, Liangsuo, Shiping Jin, Suyi Huang, Xin Qian, Xiyun Wang, Kai Tan, Y. Liang, and Jinyi Tan. "Heat Balance of Anti-season Ice Cave." In The 15th International Heat Transfer Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc15.ees.009639.

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Cao, Van Doan, and Pavel Kic. "Improvement of winter heat balance of workshops." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n294.

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Minakova, Kseniia, Roman Zaitsev, Mykhailo Kirichenko, and Bohdan Vorobiov. "Heat Balance Model for PV/T Systems." In 2022 IEEE 3rd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/khpiweek57572.2022.9916399.

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Chang, Wan-Chi, Hsueh-Wen Tseng, and Chin-Fu Kuo. "A traffic-balanced routing scheme for heat balance in 3D networks-on-chip." In SAC 2014: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2554850.2554961.

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Blázquez, P. "Fuel temperature estimation and energy balance within an UAV integral wing fuel tank." In HEAT TRANSFER 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ht140401.

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Reports on the topic "Heat balance"

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Lee, S. Y. Heat Balance Study for Submersible Mixer Pump. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816695.

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Kurt Beran, John Christenson, Dragos Nica, and Kenny Gross. Development of a Pattern Recognition Methodology for Determining Operationally Optimal Heat Balance Instrumentation Calibration Schedules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806854.

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Zarza, E., D. Alarcón, M. Frasquet, and P. Saini. Integration schemes and BOPs more commonly used in commercial SHIP applications. IEA SHC Task 64, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2022-0001.

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The main objective of the Subtask B in the new Task 64/IV is the definition of modularized and normalized components/subsystems for applications in the field of Solar Heat for industrial Processes (SHIP), e.g. for the balance of plant (BOP), solar field, thermal energy storage and hydraulic circuit.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Jerry Hatfield, Amos Hadas, and Rami Keren. Reducing Evaporation from Cultivated Soils by Mulching with Crop Residues and Stabilized Soil Aggregates. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568086.bard.

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Field and laboratory studies of insulating properties of mulches show that the changes they produce on the heat balance and the evaporation depend not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the material but also on the structure of air flow in boundary layer. Field measurements of the radiation balance of corn residue showed a decrease of reflectivity from 0.2 to 0.17 from fall to spring. The aerodynamic properties of the atmospheric surface layer were turbulent, with typical roughness length of 12 to 24 mm. Evaporation from corn residue covered soils in climate chambers simulating the diurnal course of temperature in the field were up to 60% less than bare soil. Wind tunnel studies showed that turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer added a convective component to the transport of water vapor and heat through the mulches. The decreasing the porosity of the mulch diminished this effect. Factors increasing the resistance to vapor flow lowering the effect of wind. The behavior of wheat straw and stabilized soil aggregates mulches were similar, but the resistance to water of soil aggregate layer with diameter less than 2 mm were very large, close to the values expected from molecular diffusion.
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Stoy, Paul, Tobias Gerken, Jose Fuentes, Rosa Nascimento dos Santos, Celso von Randow, Jair Maia, Antonio Manzi, and Marcelo Chamecki. Fechamento do balanço de energia em uma floresta tropical: contribuições da troca turbulenta e armazenamento de calor ecossistema/Energy balance closure in a tropical forest: contributions of turbulent exchange and ecosystem heat storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1368354.

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Adams, Sophie, Lisa Diamond, Tara Esterl, Peter Fröhlich, Rishabh Ghotge, Regina Hemm, Ida Marie Henriksen, et al. Social License to Automate: Emerging Approaches to Demand Side Management. IEA User-Centred Energy Systems Technology Collaboration Programme, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47568/4xr122.

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The Social License to Automate Task has investigated the social dimensions of user engagement with automated technologies in energy systems to understand how end-user trust to automate is built and maintained in different jurisdictions and cultural settings. The rapid uptake of renewable energy systems will require new automated technologies to balance energy supplies. Some developers are looking to locate these in households where energy is being used. This saves moving the energy from centralised generation sites (remote hydro, solar or wind). This report details the findings from a 2 year project with 16 researchers in 6 countries, 26 Case studies spanning electric vehicles, home and precinct batteries, air conditioners and other heat pumps.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.

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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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