Journal articles on the topic 'Heat and salt transport'
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Pnyushkov, Andrey V., Igor V. Polyakov, Robert Rember, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Genrikh V. Alekseev, and Arild Sundfjord. "Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations." Ocean Science 14, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 1349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1349-2018.
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Abstract. This study discusses along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived from observations collected in 2013–2015 using a cross-slope array of six moorings ranging from 250 to 3900 m in the eastern Eurasian Basin (EB) of the Arctic Ocean. These observations demonstrate that in the upper 780 m layer, the along-slope boundary current advected, on average, 5.1±0.1 Sv of water, predominantly in the eastward (shallow-to-right) direction. Monthly net volume transports across the Laptev Sea slope vary widely, from ∼0.3±0.8 in April 2014 to ∼9.9±0.8 Sv in June 2014; 3.1±0.1 Sv (or 60 %) of the net transport was associated with warm and salty intermediate-depth Atlantic Water (AW). Calculated heat transport for 2013–2015 (relative to −1.8 ∘C) was 46.0±1.7 TW, and net salt transport (relative to zero salinity) was 172±6 Mkg s−1. Estimates for AW heat and salt transports were 32.7±1.3 TW (71 % of net heat transport) and 112±4 Mkg s−1 (65 % of net salt transport). The variability of currents explains ∼90 % of the variability in the heat and salt transports. The remaining ∼10 % is controlled by temperature and salinity anomalies together with the temporal variability of the AW layer thickness. The annual mean volume transports decreased by 25 % from 5.8±0.2 Sv in 2013–2014 to 4.4±0.2 Sv in 2014–2015, suggesting that changes in the transports at interannual and longer timescales in the eastern EB may be significant.
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Hansen, B., K. M. H. Larsen, H. Hátún, R. Kristiansen, E. Mortensen, and S. Østerhus. "Transport of volume, heat, and salt towards the Arctic in the Faroe Current 1993–2013." Ocean Science 11, no. 5 (September 22, 2015): 743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-11-743-2015.
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Abstract. The flow of warm and saline water from the Atlantic Ocean, across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, into the Nordic Seas – the Atlantic inflow – is split into three separate branches. The most intense of these branches is the inflow between Iceland and the Faroe Islands (Faroes), which is focused into the Faroe Current, north of the Faroes. The Atlantic inflow is an integral part of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC), which is projected to weaken during the 21st century and might conceivably reduce the oceanic heat and salt transports towards the Arctic. Since the mid-1990s, hydrographic properties and current velocities of the Faroe Current have been monitored along a section extending north from the Faroe shelf. From these in situ observations, time series of volume, heat, and salt transport have previously been reported, but the high variability of the transport has made it difficult to establish whether there are trends. Here, we present results from a new analysis of the Faroe Current where the in situ observations have been combined with satellite altimetry. For the period 1993 to 2013, we find the average volume transport of Atlantic water in the Faroe Current to be 3.8 ± 0.5 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) with a heat transport relative to 0 °C of 124 ± 15 TW (1 TW = 1012 W). Consistent with other results for the Northeast Atlantic component of the THC, we find no indication of weakening. The transports of the Faroe Current, on the contrary, increased. The overall increase over the 2 decades of observation was 9 ± 8 % for volume transport and 18 ± 9 % for heat transport (95 % confidence intervals). During the same period, the salt transport relative to the salinity of the deep Faroe Bank Channel overflow (34.93) more than doubled, potentially strengthening the feedback on thermohaline intensity. The increased heat and salt transports are partly caused by the increased volume transport and partly by increased temperatures and salinities of the Atlantic inflow, which have been claimed mainly to be caused by the weakened subpolar gyre.
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Hansen, B., K. M. H. Larsen, H. Hátún, R. Kristiansen, E. Mortensen, and S. Østerhus. "Increasing transports of volume, heat, and salt towards the Arctic in the Faroe Current 1993–2013." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 3 (June 9, 2015): 1013–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1013-2015.
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Abstract. The flow of warm and saline water from the Atlantic Ocean, across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, into the Nordic Seas – the Atlantic inflow – is split into three separate branches. The most intensive of these branches is the inflow between Iceland and the Faroe Islands (Faroes), which is focused into the Faroe Current, north of the Faroes. The Atlantic inflow is an integral part of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC), which is projected to weaken during the 21 century and might conceivably reduce the oceanic heat and salt transports towards the Arctic. Since the mid-1990s, hydrographic properties and current velocities of the Faroe Current have been monitored along a section extending north from the Faroe shelf. From these in situ observations, time series of volume, heat, and salt transport have previously been reported, but the high variability of the transport series has made it difficult to identify trends. Here, we present results from a new analysis of the Faroe Current where the in situ observations have been combined with satellite altimetry. For the period 1993 to 2013, we find the average volume transport of Atlantic water in the Faroe Current to be 3.8 ± 0.5 Sv (1 Sv =106 m3 s−1) with a heat transport relative to 0 °C of 124 ± 15 TW (1 TW =1012 W). Consistent with other results for the Northeast Atlantic component of the THC, we find no indication of weakening. The transports of the Faroe Current, on the contrary, increased. The overall trend over the two decades of observation was 9 ± 8% for volume transport and 18 ± 9% for heat transport (95% confidence intervals). During the same period, the salt transport relative to the salinity of the deep Faroe Bank Channel overflow (34.93) more than doubled, potentially strengthening the feedback on thermohaline intensity. The increased heat and salt transports are partly caused by the increased volume transport and partly by increased temperatures and salinities of the Atlantic inflow, attributed mainly to the weakened subpolar gyre.
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Lee, Mei-Man, A. J. George Nurser, A. C. Coward, and B. A. de Cuevas. "Eddy Advective and Diffusive Transports of Heat and Salt in the Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3057.1.
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Abstract There are two distinct mechanisms by which eddies provide systematic transport of tracer on isopycnals: the advective transport, associated with the slumping of isopycnals, and the diffusive transport, associated with down-gradient diffusion. Depending on the large-scale tracer distribution, eddy advective transport has either the same direction as or opposite direction to eddy diffusive transport. As a consequence, eddy advection and eddy diffusion can reinforce each other for some tracers but oppose each other for other tracers. Using scaling analysis, it is argued that the relative directions of eddy advective and diffusive transports can be determined simply from the relative slopes of tracers and isopycnals. An eddy-resolving (1/12°) global ocean model is used to illustrate the two eddy transport mechanisms for temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean. Applications to other tracers, such as oxygen, are discussed. The diagnosed eddy diffusivity for temperature (and salinity) is found to be considerably different from the eddy diffusivity for eddy advective transport velocity.
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Radko, Timour, and D. Paul Smith. "Equilibrium transport in double-diffusive convection." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 692 (September 28, 2011): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.343.
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AbstractA theoretical model for the equilibrium double-diffusive transport is presented which emphasizes the role of secondary instabilities of salt fingers in saturation of their linear growth. Theory assumes that the fully developed equilibrium state is characterized by the comparable growth rates of primary and secondary instabilities. This assumption makes it possible to formulate an efficient algorithm for computing diffusivities of heat and salt as a function of the background property gradients and molecular parameters. The model predicts that the double-diffusive transport of heat and salt rapidly intensifies with decreasing density ratio. Fluxes are less sensitive to molecular characteristics, mildly increasing with Prandtl number $(\mathit{Pr})$ and decreasing with diffusivity ratio $(\tau )$. Theory is successfully tested by a series of direct numerical simulations which span a wide range of $\mathit{Pr}$ and $\tau $.
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Cui, Wei, Jie Zhang, and Jungang Yang. "Seasonal variation in eddy activity and associated heat/salt transport in the Bay of Bengal based on satellite, Argo, and 3D reprocessed data." Ocean Science 18, no. 6 (November 22, 2022): 1645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1645-2022.
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Abstract. Based on satellite altimetry data spanning over 26 years in combination with Argo profile data or three-dimensional (3D) reprocessed thermohaline fields, the eddy synthesis method was used to construct vertical temperature and salinity structures of eddies in the Bay of Bengal, and the seasonal thermohaline properties of eddies and the heat and salt transport by eddies were analyzed. Analysis revealed that mesoscale eddy activities and the vertical thermohaline structures in the Bay of Bengal have evident seasonal variation. Temperature anomalies caused by eddies are usually between ±1 and ±3 ∘C (positive for anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and negative for cyclonic eddies (CEs)), and the magnitude varies seasonally. Salinity anomalies caused by eddies are small and disturbance signals in the southern bay due to the small vertical gradient of salinity there; salinity anomalies in the northern bay are generally between ±0.2 and ±0.3 psu, negative for AEs and positive for CEs. Owing to seasonal changes in both the eddy activity and the vertical thermohaline structure in the Bay of Bengal, the eddy-induced heat and salt transport in different seasons also changes substantially. Generally, high heat and salt transport is concentrated in eddy-rich regions, e.g., the western, northwestern, and eastern parts of the bay, the seas to the east of Sri Lanka, and the region to the southeast outside of the bay. The southern part of the bay shows weak salt transport owing to the inconsistent salinity signal within eddies. The result of the divergence of eddy heat transport illustrates that the 10–20 W m−2 value of the eddy-induced heat flux is comparable in magnitude with the annual mean air–sea net heat flux in the Bay of Bengal. Compared with the large-scale net heat flux and freshwater flux at the surface, the eddy-induced heat/freshwater transport can contribute substantially to regional and basin-scale heat/freshwater variability. This work provides data that could support further research on the heat and salt balance of the entire Bay of Bengal.
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Yang, Lina, and Dongliang Yuan. "Heat and salt transport throughout the North Pacific Ocean." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 34, no. 6 (March 11, 2016): 1347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-016-5125-y.
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Olsen, S. M., B. Hansen, S. Østerhus, D. Quadfasel, and H. Valdimarsson. "Biased thermohaline exchanges with the Arctic across the Iceland–Faroe Ridge in ocean climate models." Ocean Science 12, no. 2 (April 13, 2016): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-545-2016.
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Abstract. The northern limb of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation and its transport of heat and salt towards the Arctic strongly modulate the climate of the Northern Hemisphere. The presence of warm surface waters prevents ice formation in parts of the Arctic Mediterranean, and ocean heat is directly available for sea-ice melt, while salt transport may be critical for the stability of the exchanges. Through these mechanisms, ocean heat and salt transports play a disproportionally strong role in the climate system, and realistic simulation is a requisite for reliable climate projections. Across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (GSR) this occurs in three well-defined branches where anomalies in the warm and saline Atlantic inflow across the shallow Iceland–Faroe Ridge (IFR) have been shown to be particularly difficult to simulate in global ocean models. This branch (IF-inflow) carries about 40 % of the total ocean heat transport into the Arctic Mediterranean and is well constrained by observation during the last 2 decades but associated with significant inter-annual fluctuations. The inconsistency between model results and observational data is here explained by the inability of coarse-resolution models to simulate the overflow across the IFR (IF-overflow), which feeds back onto the simulated IF-inflow. In effect, this is reduced in the model to reflect only the net exchange across the IFR. Observational evidence is presented for a substantial and persistent IF-overflow and mechanisms that qualitatively control its intensity. Through this, we explain the main discrepancies between observed and simulated exchange. Our findings rebuild confidence in modelled net exchange across the IFR, but reveal that compensation of model deficiencies here through other exchange branches is not effective. This implies that simulated ocean heat transport to the Arctic is biased low by more than 10 % and associated with a reduced level of variability, while the quality of the simulated salt transport becomes critically dependent on the link between IF-inflow and IF-overflow. These features likely affect sensitivity and stability of climate models to climate change and limit the predictive skill.
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Olsen, S. M., B. Hansen, S. Østerhus, D. Quadfasel, and H. Valdimarsson. "Biased thermohaline exchanges with the arctic across the Iceland-Faroe Ridge in ocean climate models." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (July 14, 2015): 1471–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1471-2015.
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Abstract. The northern limb of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation and its transport of heat and salt towards the Arctic strongly modulates the climate of the Northern Hemisphere. Presence of warm surface waters prevents ice formation in parts of the Arctic Mediterranean and ocean heat is in critical regions directly available for sea-ice melt, while salt transport may be critical for the stability of the exchanges. Hereby, ocean heat and salt transports play a disproportionally strong role in the climate system and realistic simulation is a requisite for reliable climate projections. Across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge (GSR) this occurs in three well defined branches where anomalies in the warm and saline Atlantic inflow across the shallow Iceland-Faroe Ridge (IFR) have shown particularly difficult to simulate in global ocean models. This branch (IF-inflow) carries about 40 % of the total ocean heat transport into the Arctic Mediterranean and is well constrained by observation during the last two decades but is associated with significant inter-annual fluctuations. The inconsistency between model results and observational data is here explained by the inability of coarse resolution models to simulate the overflow across the IFR (IF-overflow), which feeds back on the simulated IF-inflow. In effect, this is reduced in the model to reflect only the net exchange across the IFR. Observational evidence is presented for a substantial and persistent IF-overflow and mechanisms that qualitatively control its intensity. Through this, we explain the main discrepancies between observed and simulated exchange. Our findings rebuild confidence in modeled net exchange across the IFR, but reveal that compensation of model deficiencies here through other exchange branches is not effective. This implies that simulated ocean heat transport to the Arctic is biased low by more than 10 % and associated with a reduced level of variability while the quality of the simulated salt transport becomes critically dependent on the link between IF-inflow and IF-overflow. These features likely affect sensitivity and stability of climate models to climate change and limit the predictive skill.
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Canova, David P., Mark P. Fischer, Richard S. Jayne, and Ryan M. Pollyea. "Advective Heat Transport and the Salt Chimney Effect: A Numerical Analysis." Geofluids 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2378710.
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We conducted numerical simulations of coupled fluid and heat transport in an offshore, buried salt diapir environment to determine the effects of advective heat transport and its relation to the so-called “salt chimney effect.” Model sets were designed to investigate (1) salt geometry, (2) depth-dependent permeability, (3) geologic heterogeneity, and (4) the relative influence of each of these factors. Results show that decreasing the dip of the diapir induces advective heat transfer up the side of the diapir, elevating temperatures in the basin. Depth-dependent permeability causes upwelling of warm waters in the basin, which we show to be more sensitive to basal heat flux than brine concentration. In these model scenarios, heat is advected up the side of the diapir in a narrower zone of upward-flowing warm water, while cool waters away from the diapir flank circulate deeper into the basin. The resulting fluid circulation pattern causes increased discharge at the diapir margin and fluid flow downward, above the crest of the diapir. Geologic heterogeneity decreases the overall effects of advective heat transfer. The presence of low permeability sealing horizons reduces the vertical extent of convection cells, and fluid flow is dominantly up the diapir flank. The combined effects of depth-dependent permeability coupled with geologic heterogeneity simulate several geologic phenomena that are reported in the literature. In this model scenario, conductive heat transfer dominates in the basal units, whereas advection of heat begins to affect the middle layers of the model and dominates the upper units. Convection cells split by sealing layers develop within the upper units. From our highly simplified models, we can predict that advective heat transport (i.e., thermal convection) likely dominates in the early phases of diapirism when sediments have not undergone significant compaction and retain high porosity and permeability. As the salt structures mature into more complex geometries, advection will diminish due to the increase in dip of the salt-sediment interface and the increased hydraulic heterogeneity due to complex stratigraphic architecture.
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Ohshima, Kay I., Daisuke Simizu, Naoto Ebuchi, Shuta Morishima, and Haruhiko Kashiwase. "Volume, Heat, and Salt Transports through the Soya Strait and Their Seasonal and Interannual Variations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 5 (May 2017): 999–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0210.1.
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AbstractVolume, heat, and salt transports through the Soya Strait are estimated based on measurements from high-frequency ocean radars during 2003–15 and all available hydrographic data. The baroclinic velocity structure derived from the climatological geopotential anomaly is combined with the sea surface gradient obtained from radar-derived surface velocities to estimate the absolute velocity structure. The annual-mean volume, heat, and salt transports are 0.91 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), 25.5 TW, and 31.15 × 106 kg s−1, respectively. The volume transport exhibits strong seasonal variations, with a maximum of 1.41 Sv in August and a minimum of 0.23 Sv in January. The seasonal amplitude and phase roughly correspond to those of the Tsushima–Korea Strait. Time series of the monthly transport is presented for the 12 yr, assuming that the baroclinic components are the monthly climatological values. In cold seasons (November to April), the monthly volume transport is strongly correlated with the sea level difference between the Japan and Okhotsk Seas, and an empirical formula to estimate the transport from the sea level difference is introduced. It is likely that the sea level setup by the wind stress along the east coast of Sakhalin determines the sea level difference, which explains the seasonal and interannual wintertime variations of transport through the strait. The annual flux of water through the Soya Strait with a density greater than 26.8σθ, a potential source of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Waters, is estimated to be 0.18 Sv.
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Yang, Jiayan. "The Seasonal Variability of the Arctic Ocean Ekman Transport and Its Role in the Mixed Layer Heat and Salt Fluxes." Journal of Climate 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2006): 5366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3892.1.
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Abstract The oceanic Ekman transport and pumping are among the most important parameters in studying the ocean general circulation and its variability. Upwelling due to the Ekman transport divergence has been identified as a leading mechanism for the seasonal to interannual variability of the upper-ocean heat content in many parts of the World Ocean, especially along coasts and the equator. Meanwhile, the Ekman pumping is the primary mechanism that drives basin-scale circulations in subtropical and subpolar oceans. In those ice-free oceans, the Ekman transport and pumping rate are calculated using the surface wind stress. In the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, the surface momentum flux comes from both air–water and ice–water stresses. The data required to compute these stresses are now available from satellite and buoy observations. But no basin-scale calculation of the Ekman transport in the Arctic Ocean has been done to date. In this study, a suite of satellite and buoy observations of ice motion, ice concentration, surface wind, etc., will be used to calculate the daily Ekman transport over the whole Arctic Ocean from 1978 to 2003 on a 25-km resolution. The seasonal variability and its relationship to the surface forcing fields will be examined. Meanwhile, the contribution of the Ekman transport to the seasonal fluxes of heat and salt to the Arctic Ocean mixed layer will be discussed. It was found that the greatest seasonal variations of Ekman transports of heat and salt occur in the southern Beaufort Sea in the fall and early winter when a strong anticyclonic wind and ice motion are present. The Ekman pumping velocity in the interior Beaufort Sea reaches as high as 10 cm day−1 in November while coastal upwelling is even stronger. The contributions of the Ekman transport to the heat and salt flux in the mixed layer are also considerable in the region.
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Simakin, A., and A. Ghassemi. "Salt loaded heat pipes: steady-state operation and related heat and mass transport." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 215, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2003): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00428-x.
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WILSON, A., and C. RUPPEL. "Salt tectonics and shallow subseafloor fluid convection: models of coupled fluid-heat-salt transport." Geofluids 7, no. 4 (November 2007): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2007.00191.x.
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Fu, Yao, Johannes Karstensen, and Peter Brandt. "On the meridional ageostrophic transport in the tropical Atlantic." Ocean Science 13, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-531-2017.
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Abstract. The meridional Ekman volume, heat, and salt transport across two trans-Atlantic sections near 14.5° N and 11° S were estimated using in situ observations, wind products, and model data. A meridional ageostrophic velocity was obtained as the difference between the directly measured total velocity and the geostrophic velocity derived from observations. Interpreting the section mean ageostrophy to be the result of an Ekman balance, the meridional Ekman transport of 6.2±2.3 Sv northward at 14.5° N and 11.7±2.1 Sv southward at 11° S is estimated. The integration uses the top of the pycnocline as an approximation for the Ekman depth, which is on average about 20 m deeper than the mixed layer depth. The Ekman transport estimated based on the velocity observations agrees well with the predictions from in situ wind stress data of 6.7±3.5 Sv at 14.5° N and 13.6±3.3 Sv at 11° S. The meridional Ekman heat and salt fluxes calculated from sea surface temperature and salinity data or from high-resolution temperature and salinity profile data differ only marginally. The errors in the Ekman heat and salt flux calculation were dominated by the uncertainty of the Ekman volume transport estimates.
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Jackson, Rebecca H., and Fiammetta Straneo. "Heat, Salt, and Freshwater Budgets for a Glacial Fjord in Greenland." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 2735–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0134.1.
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AbstractIn Greenland’s glacial fjords, heat and freshwater are exchanged between glaciers and the ocean. Submarine melting of glaciers has been implicated as a potential trigger for recent glacier acceleration, and observations of ocean heat transport are increasingly being used to infer the submarine melt rates. The complete heat, salt, and mass budgets that underlie such methods, however, have been largely neglected. Here, a new framework for exploring glacial fjord budgets is developed. Building on estuarine studies of salt budgets, the heat, salt, and mass transports through the fjord are decomposed, and new equations for calculating freshwater fluxes from submarine meltwater and runoff are presented. This method is applied to moored records from Sermilik Fjord, near the terminus of Helheim Glacier, to evaluate the dominant balances in the fjord budgets and to estimate freshwater fluxes. Throughout the year, two different regimes are found. In the nonsummer months, advective transports are balanced by changes in heat/salt storage within their ability to measure; freshwater fluxes cannot be inferred as a residual. In the summer, a mean exchange flow emerges, consisting of inflowing Atlantic water and outflowing glacially modified water. This exchange transports heat toward the glacier and is primarily balanced by changes in storage and latent heat for melting ice. The total freshwater flux increases over the summer, reaching 1200 ± 700 m3 s−1 of runoff and 1500 ± 500 m3 s−1 of submarine meltwater from glaciers and icebergs in August. The methods and results highlight important components of fjord budgets, particularly the storage and barotropic terms, that have been not been appropriately considered in previous estimates of submarine melting.
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Piechura, Jan, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, and Robert Osinski. "Volume, heat and salt transport by the West Spitsbergen Current." Polar Research 20, no. 2 (January 12, 2001): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v20i2.6522.
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Piechura, Jan, Agnieszka Beszczyńska-Möller, and Robert Osiński. "Volume, heat and salt transport by the West Spitsbergen Current." Polar Research 20, no. 2 (December 2001): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2001.tb00061.x.
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Koniorczyk, Marcin, and Dariusz Gawin. "Heat and Moisture Transport in Porous Building Materials Containing Salt." Journal of Building Physics 31, no. 4 (April 2008): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259107088003.
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KRISHNAMURTI, R. "Heat, salt and momentum transport in a laboratory thermohaline staircase." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 638 (September 18, 2009): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200999098x.
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Flow characteristics and fluxes in thermohaline staircases are measured in two tanks differing in aspect ratio A, where A is the ratio of tank width to fluid depth. In one tank (the ‘1 × 1’ tank) which is 30 cm deep and 30 cm wide, a staircase of one salt-finger layer and one convecting layer develops for a certain setting of the control parameters. The convecting layer has A ≃ 2. Shadowgraphs show convecting plumes that appear disorganized, and a large-scale flow never develops. Instead, the finger layer grows in height, overtakes the convecting layer and within a few days becomes one finger layer. The second tank (the ‘1 × 5’ tank) is also 30 cm deep but is 150 cm wide. For the same control parameter setting a similar staircase with a finger layer 20 cm deep and a convecting layer 10 cm deep develop. The convecting layer, with A = 15, has quite a different character. A large-scale flow develops so that the convecting layer has one cell, 10 cm deep and 150 cm wide. In this flow are large plumes which are transient and tilted; particle image velocimetry measurements of Reynolds stresses show they help to maintain the large-scale flow against viscous dissipation. Shadowgraphs show all the finger tips swept in the direction of the large-scale flow adjacent to the finger layer. Measurements show that the large-scale flow ‘collects’ the salt delivered by the many fingers so that the accumulated negative buoyancy leads to deep convection. This is a more stable arrangement, with the configuration lasting to the order of 102 days.
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Sherif Adham Mohamed. "Theoretical Drying Model of Water Vapor Pressure for Imbibed Porous Material with Sea Water subjected to Weather Conditions." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 87, no. 2 (September 26, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.87.2.127136.
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The drying model of porous material has been studied and solved. The drying model solves the drying of porous material if the porous material is saturated or unsaturated with salt solution. Local thermodynamic equilibrium was not assumed in the mathematical model for describing the multi-phase flow in the unsaturated porous media using the energy and mass conservation equations to describe the heat and mass transfer during the drying. The vapor pressure inside porous material voids is built from the vapor mass transport through material thickness and from the void’s water content evaporation. The new equation in the model is water vapor pressure’s equation. The drying model included advection and capillary transport of the water in porous material pores, the gases transport by advection and diffusion and soluble salt transports by diffusion only. The environment of the boundary condition of the model is atmospheric condition in the day’s hours. The model consists of 5 equations for mass and heat transfer phenomenon. The model was solved by Matlab software. The case study of the model is concrete block.
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Dias, Fabio Boeira, C. M. Domingues, S. J. Marsland, S. M. Griffies, S. R. Rintoul, R. Matear, and R. Fiedler. "On the Superposition of Mean Advective and Eddy-Induced Transports in Global Ocean Heat and Salt Budgets." Journal of Climate 33, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 1121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0418.1.
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AbstractOcean thermal expansion is a large contributor to observed sea level rise, which is expected to continue into the future. However, large uncertainties exist in sea level projections among climate models, partially due to intermodel differences in ocean heat uptake and redistribution of buoyancy. Here, the mechanisms of vertical ocean heat and salt transport are investigated in quasi-steady-state model simulations using the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator Ocean Model (ACCESS-OM2). New insights into the net effect of key physical processes are gained within the superresidual transport (SRT) framework. In this framework, vertical tracer transport is dominated by downward fluxes associated with the large-scale ocean circulation and upward fluxes induced by mesoscale eddies, with two distinct physical regimes. In the upper ocean, where high-latitude water masses are formed by mixed layer processes, through cooling or salinification, the SRT counteracts those processes by transporting heat and salt downward. In contrast, in the ocean interior, the SRT opposes dianeutral diffusion via upward fluxes of heat and salt, with about 60% of the vertical heat transport occurring in the Southern Ocean. Overall, the SRT is largely responsible for removing newly formed water masses from the mixed layer into the ocean interior, where they are eroded by dianeutral diffusion. Unlike the classical advective–diffusive balance, dianeutral diffusion is bottom intensified above rough bottom topography, allowing an overturning cell to develop in alignment with recent theories. Implications are discussed for understanding the role of vertical tracer transport on the simulation of ocean climate and sea level.
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Ge, Zhiwei, Liang Wang, Yun Huang, Yulong Ding, and Haisheng Chen. "Latent heat of molten salt transport across graphite induced anisotropic interface." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 236 (March 2022): 111496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111496.
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Merryfield, William J., Greg Holloway, and Ann E. Gargett. "Differential vertical transport of heat and salt by weak stratified turbulence." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 15 (August 1, 1998): 2773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02210.
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Kuroda, T. "Rate Determining Processes of Sea Ice Growth." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1985aog6-1-168-170.
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We have derived an analytical expression for the growth rate of sea ice by taking account of the processes relevant to the growth, eg heat conduction, diffusion of salt molecules, radiation, sensible heat transport, evaporation and so on. We discuss the role of each process as rate determining processes under various environmental conditions. It is shown that because of coupling of salt diffusion and heat conduction, the growth rate feeds back to the heat flux Qw from water to ice which controls the growth rate and that Qw decreases with the thickness I of sea ice, even if the environmental conditions are kept constant.
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Kuroda, T. "Rate Determining Processes of Sea Ice Growth." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010260.
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We have derived an analytical expression for the growth rate of sea ice by taking account of the processes relevant to the growth, eg heat conduction, diffusion of salt molecules, radiation, sensible heat transport, evaporation and so on. We discuss the role of each process as rate determining processes under various environmental conditions. It is shown that because of coupling of salt diffusion and heat conduction, the growth rate feeds back to the heat flux Qw from water to ice which controls the growth rate and that Qw decreases with the thickness I of sea ice, even if the environmental conditions are kept constant.
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Šimo, Tomáš, Oldřich Matal, Lukáś Nesvadba, Vladimír Dvořák, Viktor Kanický, Petr Sulovský, and Jiří Machát. "Interaction of Pipeline Materials with Molten Fluoride Salts." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-1216.
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Molten fluoride salts are very promising carriers for the transport of large amounts of heat for example from a high temperature nuclear reactor to a plant which generates hydrogen by chemical processes or from a nuclear reactor to a heat exchanger being a part of the equipment needed to realize the Brayton cycle with a very high power efficiency. Therefore, in the framework of our project, experimental and theoretical investigations of the interactions of fluoride salts as heat carriers needed as high potential and structural materials for pipelines in order to transport heat at temperatures above 600◦C were started. Experimental investigations of Fe-based and Ni-based materials in molten fluoride salts at high temperatures and with different exposure times were performed. Two components salts (LiF-NaF and NaF-NaBF4) and three components salts (LiF-NaF-ZrF4 and LiF-NaF-RbF) were chosen in the experiments. The salt analysis was focussed on the content of metallic elements before and after the exposure of the samples to the salt melts. It was done by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and by titrimetric techniques. The thickness of the material zone affected by the salt melts, characterized by an enriched / reduced content of elements in comparison to the mean original content, and the material attacked zone, characterized by very tiny channels or chains of pores or pits formed preferably at grain boundaries, were the subject of the analysis performed by electron microscopy / microprobe techniques. Theoretical models for the transport of elements in the material samples exposed to salt melts using experimental data were also developed.
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Zimmermann, Pauline, Simon Birger Byremo Solberg, Önder Tekinalp, Jacob Joseph Lamb, Øivind Wilhelmsen, Liyuan Deng, and Odne Stokke Burheim. "Heat to Hydrogen by RED—Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept." Membranes 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010048.
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The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).
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Nihashi, Sohey, Kay I. Ohshima, and Noriaki Kimura. "Creation of a Heat and Salt Flux Dataset Associated with Sea Ice Production and Melting in the Sea of Okhotsk." Journal of Climate 25, no. 7 (March 28, 2012): 2261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00022.1.
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Abstract Sea ice formation, its transport, and its melting cause the redistribution of heat and salt, which plays an important role in the climate and biogeochemical systems. In the Sea of Okhotsk, a heat and salt flux dataset is created in which such sea ice processes are included, with a spatial resolution of ~12.5 km. The dataset is based on a heat budget analysis using ice concentration, thickness, and drift speed from satellite observations and the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. The salt flux calculation considers both salt supplied to the ocean from sea ice production and freshwater supplied when the ice melts. This dataset will be useful for the validation and boundary conditions of modeling studies. The spatial distribution of the annual fluxes shows a distinct contrast between north and south: significant ocean cooling with salt supply is shown in the northern coastal polynya region, while ocean heating with freshwater supply is shown in the south. This contrast suggests a transport of freshwater and negative heat by ice advection. The annual fluxes also show ocean cooling with freshwater supply in the Kashevarov Bank (KB) region and the central and eastern Sea of Okhotsk, suggesting the effect of warm water advection. In the ice melt season, relatively prominent ice melting is shown in the coastal polynya region, probably due to large solar heating of the upper ocean. This indicates that the polynya works as a “meltwater factory” in spring, contrasting with its role as an “ice factory” in winter. In the coastal polynya region, the spatial distribution of phytoplankton bloom roughly corresponds with the ice melt region.
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Lu, Jianfeng, Senfeng Yang, Gechuanqi Pan, Jing Ding, Shule Liu, and Weilong Wang. "Thermal and Transport Properties of Molten Chloride Salts with Polarization Effect on Microstructure." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030746.
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Molten chloride salt is recognized as a promising heat transfer and storage medium in concentrating solar power in recent years, but there is a serious lack for thermal property data of molten chloride salts. In this work, local structures and thermal properties for molten chloride salt—including NaCl, MgCl2, and ZnCl2—were precisely simulated by Born–Mayer–Huggins (BMH) potential in a rigid ion model (RIM) and a polarizable ion model (PIM). Compared with experimental data, distances between cations, densities, and heat capacities of molten chloride slats calculated from PIM agree remarkably better than those from RIM. The polarization effect brings an extra contribution to screen large repulsive Coulombic interaction of cation–cation, and then it makes shorter distance between cations, larger density and lower heat capacity. For NaCl, MgCl2, and ZnCl2, PIM simulation deviations of distances between cations are respectively 3.8%, 3.7%, and 0.3%. The deviations of density and heat capacity for NaCl between PIM simulation and experiments are only 0.6% and 2.2%, and those for MgCl2 and ZnCl2 are 0.7–10.7%. As the temperature rises, the distance between cations increases and the structure turns into loose state, so the density and thermal conductivity decrease, while the ionic self-diffusion coefficient increases, which also agree well with the experimental results.
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MCGUINNESS, MARK J. "MODELLING SEA ICE GROWTH." ANZIAM Journal 50, no. 3 (January 2009): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181109000029.
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AbstractThe freezing of water to ice is a classic problem in applied mathematics, involving the solution of a diffusion equation with a moving boundary. However, when the water is salty, the transport of salt rejected by ice introduces some interesting twists to the tale. A number of analytic models for the freezing of water are briefly reviewed, ranging from the famous work by Neumann and Stefan in the 1800s, to the mushy zone models coming out of Cambridge and Oxford since the 1980s. The successes and limitations of these models, and remaining modelling issues, are considered in the case of freezing sea-water in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. A new, simple model which includes turbulent transport of heat and salt between ice and ocean is introduced and solved analytically, in two different cases—one where turbulence is given by a constant friction velocity, and the other where turbulence is buoyancy-driven and hence depends on ice thickness. Salt is found to play an important role, lowering interface temperatures, increasing oceanic heat flux, and slowing ice growth.
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Atkinson, J. F., E. Eric Adams, and D. R. F. Harleman. "Double-Diffusive Fluxes in a Salt Gradient Solar Pond." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268231.
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The possible influence of double-diffusive stratification on the vertical transport of salt and heat in a mixed-layer simulation model for a salt gradient solar pond is examined. The study is concerned primarily with the interfacial fluxes across the boundary between the gradient zone and upper convecting zone of solar ponds, though the arguments presented should be applicable to other “diffusive” interfaces as well. In the absence of mechanical stirring in the upper convecting zone (e.g., by wind), double diffusive instabilities could govern the vertical flux of heat and salt by adjusting interfacial gradients of temperature and salinity which control transport by molecular diffusion. Because these gradients are generally too sharp to be resolved by numerical models, the fluxes can either be modeled directly or be parameterized by grid-dependent “effective diffusivities.” It is shown that when mechanical stirring is present in the mixed layer, double-diffusive instabilities will not be allowed to grow in the interfacial boundary layer region. Thus, double-diffusive fluxes become important only in the absence of stirring and, in effect, provide a lower bound to the fluxes that would be expected across the interface.
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Nicolai, Andreas. "Implementation of salt transport modules in a solver framework for heat and mass transport in porous materials." Energy Procedia 132 (October 2017): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.728.
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Chubyr, N. O., A. V. Kovalenko, M. Kh Urtenov, A. I. Sukhinov, and V. A. Gudza. "Modeling and numerical analysis of the effect of dissociation/recombination of water molecules on the transport of salt ions in diffusion layer." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 19, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2019-19-3-268-280.
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Introduction. The paper presents a theoretical study on binary salt ion transport considering the water dissociation/recombination reaction. The work objectives are as follows: to build a mathematical model; to develop an algorithm for the numerical solution to the boundary value problem corresponding to the mathematical model; to work out the similarity theory including the transition to a dimensionless form using characteristic quantities; to determine a physical meaning of trivial similarity criteria; to find nontrivial similarity criteria; to build and analyze the volt-ampere characteristic (VAC).Materials and Methods. The theoretical study and numerical analysis of the transport of binary salt ions consider the dissociation/recombination reaction of water. In this case, the heat transfer equation and the mathematical model of electrodiffusion of four types of ions simultaneously (two salt ions, as well as ????+ and ????????−ions) in the diffusion layer of electromembrane systems with a perfectly selective membrane are used. For the first-order differential equations, a singularly perturbed boundary-value problem is set. In the equation for the electric field, the right side is independent of the intensity. In the numerical solution to the digitized system of equations by the Newton-Kantorovich method, this causes the stability of the method. In this regard, the boundary-value problem is reduced for numerical solution: a transition to a system of the second-order equations is provided, and the missing boundary conditions for the electric field strength are calculated.Research Results. A new mathematical model, a numerical algorithm to solve a boundary value problem, and software are developed. A numerical analysis is carried out, and fundamental laws of the transport of salt ions are determined considering the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules, temperature effects, and Joule heating. The VAC is built and analyzed.Discussion and Conclusions. The transport of binary salt ions through a diffusion layer near a cation exchange membrane is considered. A mathematical model of this process is proposed. It takes into account the temperature effects due to dissociation/recombination reactions of water molecules and Joule heating in a solution. The basic laws of the transport of salt ions are established considering the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules and temperature effects. The temperature effects of the dissociation/recombination reaction and the Joule heating in the electroneutrality region (ENR) are almost imperceptible (with the exception of the recombination region, RR). The Joule heating in the space-charge region (SCR) is by two orders of magnitude larger than the cooling effect of the water dissociation reaction. Upon recombination, approximately the same heat is released in the RR as during Joule heating in the expanded SCR. However, due to the small size of the RR, the effect of this heat is imperceptible. Therefore, we can assume that there is only one heat source at the interface in the SCR, which, due to its noticeable size, causes a significant increase in temperature in the entire diffusion layer. It follows that the emergence and development of gravitational convection is possible. General conclusions, following from the results obtained, open up the possibility of intensifying the process of transport of salt ions in the electrodialysis machines.
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He, Zhiguo, Wenlin Hu, Li Li, Thomas Pähtz, and Jianlong Li. "Thermohaline Dynamics in the Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea: A Case Study in the Qiongdongnan Slope." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091221.
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Understanding the marine hydro-thermohaline environment is essential for terrestrial meteorology and the coastal ecosystem. Here, we provide insight into the hydro-thermohaline environment at the Qiongdongnan continental slope of the northern South China Sea and the mechanism controlling it, with focus on its short-term characteristics. We employ a well-validated three-dimensional unstructured-grid-based Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) to analyze the spatial-temporal behavior of its hydro-thermohaline structures and to quantify the transport fluxes over a full tidal period. The analysis reveals a two-layer flow structure with directionally oppositely moving layers in the along-isobaths direction. Furthermore, transport patterns undergo periodic changes. During the spring tide, the downslope (along-isobaths) transport of water/heat/salt is approximately 119%/70%/120% higher (62%/62%/62% lower) than during the neap tide. From analyzing the different terms in the thermohaline balance equation, we find that the main dynamic factors controlling heat transport over a tidal period are the gravitational convention and the mean flow, while the salt transport is only dominated by the mean flow. The data of the short-term thermohaline evolution of the QDNS provided in this study may be of use for future studies of the northern SCS, including its marine ecology and marine fisheries.
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Yari, Sadegh, Vedrana Kovačević, Vanessa Cardin, Miroslav Gačić, and Harry L. Bryden. "Direct estimate of water, heat, and salt transport through the Strait of Otranto." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117, no. C9 (September 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jc007936.
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Patel, Ramkrushnbhai S., Helen E. Phillips, Peter G. Strutton, Andrew Lenton, and Joan Llort. "Meridional Heat and Salt Transport Across the Subantarctic Front by Cold‐Core Eddies." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 2 (February 2019): 981–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014655.
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Petrie, Brian, Bechara Toulany, and Christopher Garrett. "The transport of water, heat and salt through the strait of Belle Isle." Atmosphere-Ocean 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1988.9649301.
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Wen, Wei, Yuanming Lai, and Zhemin You. "Numerical modeling of water–heat–vapor–salt transport in unsaturated soil under evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 159 (October 2020): 120114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120114.
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Bursy, Jan, Anne U. Kuhlmann, Marco Pittelkow, Holger Hartmann, Mohamed Jebbar, Antonio J. Pierik, and Erhard Bremer. "Synthesis and Uptake of the Compatible Solutes Ectoine and 5-Hydroxyectoine by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in Response to Salt and Heat Stresses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 23 (October 10, 2008): 7286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00768-08.
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ABSTRACT Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) synthesizes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine upon the imposition of either salt (0.5 M NaCl) or heat stress (39°C). The cells produced the highest cellular levels of these compatible solutes when both stress conditions were simultaneously imposed. Protection against either severe salt (1.2 M NaCl) or heat stress (39°C) or a combination of both environmental cues could be accomplished by adding low concentrations (1 mM) of either ectoine or 5-hydroxyectoine to S. coelicolor A3(2) cultures. The best salt and heat stress protection was observed when a mixture of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine (0.5 mM each) was provided to the growth medium. Transport assays with radiolabeled ectoine demonstrated that uptake was triggered by either salt or heat stress. The most effective transport and accumulation of [14C]ectoine by S. coelicolor A3(2) were achieved when both environmental cues were simultaneously applied. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of the compatible solutes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine allows S. coelicolor A3(2) to fend off the detrimental effects of both high salinity and high temperature on cell physiology. We also characterized the enzyme (EctD) required for the synthesis of 5-hydroxyectoine from ectoine, a hydroxylase of the superfamily of the non-heme-containing iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (EC 1.14.11). The gene cluster (ectABCD) encoding the enzymes for ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine biosynthesis can be found in the genome of S. coelicolor A3(2), Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces scabiei, and Streptomyces chrysomallus, suggesting that these compatible solutes play an important role as stress protectants in the genus Streptomyces.
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Fahrbach, E., G. Rohardt, M. Schröder, and V. Strass. "Transport and structure of the Weddell Gyre." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 9 (August 31, 1994): 840–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0840-7.
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Abstract. A cyclonic gyre controls the advection of source waters into the formation areas of bottom water in the southern and western parts of the Weddell Sea and the subsequent transport of modified water masses to the north. Determination of the structure of the Weddell Gyre and of the associated transports was one of the objectives of the "Weddell Gyre Study" which began in September 1989 and ended in January 1993. The collected data set comprises records of moored current meters and profiles of temperature and salinity distributed along a transect between the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and Kapp Norvegia. The circulation pattern on the transect is dominated by stable boundary currents of several hundred kilometers width at the eastern and western sides of the basin. They are of comparable size on both sides and provide nearly 90% of the volume transport of the gyre which amounts to 29.5 Sv. In the interior, a weak anticyclonic cell of 800 km diameter transports less than 4 Sv. Apart from the continental slopes, the near-bottom currents flow at some locations in an opposite direction to those in the water column above, indicating a significant baroclinic component of the current field. The intensity of the boundary currents is subject to seasonal fluctuations, whereas in the interior, time scales from days to weeks dominate. The large-scale circulation pattern is persistent during the years 1989 to 1991. The heat transport into the southern Weddell Sea is estimated to be 3.48×1013 W. This implies an equivalent heat loss through the sea surface of 19 W m-2, as an average value for the area south of the transect. The derived salt transport is not significantly different from zero; consequently, the salt gain by sea ice formation has to compensate almost entirely the fresh water gain from the melting ice shelves and from precipitation. Estimation of water mass formation rates from the thermohaline differences of the inflow and outflow through the transect indicates that 6.0 Sv of Warm Deep Water are transformed into 2.6 Sv of Weddell Sea Bottom Water, into 1.2 Sv of Weddell Sea Deep Water, and into 2.2 Sv of surface water.
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Gonçalvès, Julio, Sophie Violette, Cécile Robin, Maurice Pagel, François Guillocheau, Ghislain de Marsily, Dominique Bruel, and Emmanuel Ledoux. "3-D modelling of salt and heat transport during the 248 m.y. evolution of the Paris basin : diagenetic implications." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.5.429.
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Abstract A 3-D model of the Paris basin was constructed to reconstitute its 248 m.y. geologic history from the Trias to the present. The model is based on detailed stratigraphic and lithographic data from about 1,100 petroleum drillings. Its scale is regional and it covers a surface area of 700,000 km2, which exceeds the present extent of the basin in order to allow the paleogeographic evolution of the European plate to be taken into account. The geological history is simulated with the numerical model NEWBAS from the Ecole des Mines de Paris. The model simulates sedimentation, erosion, compaction, fluid flow and processes of solute and heat transport. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the value of this type of modelling for estimating and quantifying the role of fluid circulation in geological processes. Studies of diagenetic cements in the Dogger and Keuper aquifers in the Paris basin have often led their authors to consider the involvement of regional fluid circulation. These studies provide estimates of paleotemperature and paleosalinity which impose constraints on the modelling but the latter may, in turn, contribute to date the events and estimate the relevant processes. By reconstructing heat and salt transport, as proposed in this article, it is therefore possible to define the influence of hydrodynamics on these processes. The history of heat and salt in the basin is shown at various stages on a representative NW-SE cross-section of a present-day flow line which is also valid for Tertiary times. We demonstrate that the role of hydrodynamics may be predominant for salt transport by gravity-driven flow, which explains the salinity increase in the Keuper aquifer and the role of the Bray fault in the salinisation of the Dogger. Although the heat transport is dominated by the conductive component, it is also influenced by the hydrodynamics with a possible convective cooling effect when the head in the aquifers increased at the end of the Tertiary erosion period. This may partly explain the higher temperatures, deduced from fluid inclusions in the Keuper, at the end of the chalk deposition as compared to present ones. According to our simulations, the early Tertiary is the period most compatible with the diagenetic observations for thermal (maximum burial and convective cooling effect) and chemical reasons (topography allowing migration of brines in the Keuper and the Dogger).
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Boot, Daan, René M. van Westen, and Henk A. Dijkstra. "Multidecadal polynya formation in a conceptual (box) model." Ocean Science 17, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-335-2021.
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Abstract. Maud Rise polynyas (MRPs) form due to deep convection, which is caused by static instabilities of the water column. Recent studies with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) have indicated that a multidecadal varying heat accumulation in the subsurface layer occurs prior to MRP formation due to the heat transport over the Weddell Gyre. In this study, a conceptual MRP box model, forced with CESM data, is used to investigate the role of this subsurface heat accumulation in MRP formation. Cases excluding and including multidecadal varying subsurface heat and salt fluxes are considered, and multiple polynya events are only simulated in the cases where subsurface fluxes are included. The dominant frequency for MRP events in these results, approximately the frequency of the subsurface heat and salt accumulation, is still visible in cases where white noise is added to the freshwater flux. This indicates the importance and dominance of the subsurface heat accumulation in MRP formation.
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Straneo, F. "Heat and Freshwater Transport through the Central Labrador Sea*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 606–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2875.1.
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Abstract The seasonal and interannual variations in the export of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), and in the heat and freshwater transport through the central Labrador Sea, are examined for two different periods: from 1964 to 1974, using Ocean Weather Station Bravo data, and from 1996 to 2000, using data collected from profiling floats. A typical seasonal cycle involves a 300-m thickening of LSW (convection) followed by an equivalent thinning (restratification). Restratification is characterized by a drift of properties toward boundary current values that is indicative of a vigorous lateral exchange. The net result is a convergence of heat and salt, between 200 and 700 m, that balances the net surface heat loss to the atmosphere and partially offsets the surface freshwater accumulation due to surface, lateral exchange. Interannual variations in the export of LSW can be explained by taking into account changes in the central Labrador Sea–boundary current density gradient, which governs the lateral exchange. Interannual variations in how much heat is converged into the region, on the other hand, mostly reflect changes in the temperature of LSW. This only partly explains, however, the increased convergence of heat that occurs during the late 1990s. In years in which convection does not occur, restratification trends continue throughout the entire year, albeit at a reduced rate.
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Zhang, Xudong, Qing Wang, Gang Wang, Wenhua Wang, Huie Chen, and Zhongqiong Zhang. "A Study on the Coupled Model of Hydrothermal-Salt for Saturated Freezing Salinized Soil." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4918461.
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Water and heat interact in the process of freezing for the saturated soil. And for the salinized soil, water, heat, and salt interact in the freezing process, because salinized soil has soluble salt. In this paper, a one-dimensional mathematical coupled model of hydraulic-thermal-salt is established. In the model, Darcy’s law, law of conservation of energy, and law of conservation of mass are applied to derive the equations. Consider that a saturated salinized soil column is subjected to the condition of freezing to model the moisture migration and salt transport. Both experiment and numerical simulation under the same condition are developed in the soil column. Then the moisture content and salt content between simulation and experiment are compared. The result indicates that simulation matches well with the experiment data, and after 96 hours, the temperature distribution becomes stable, freezing front reaches a stable position, and a lot of unfrozen water has time to migrate. Besides, the excess salt precipitates when the concentration is greater than the solubility, and the precipitation is distributed discontinuously. These results can provide reference for engineering geology and environmental engineering in cold region and saline soil area.
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Tsubouchi, Takamasa, Sheldon Bacon, Yevgeny Aksenov, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Edmond Hansen, Laura de Steur, Beth Curry, and Craig M. Lee. "The Arctic Ocean Seasonal Cycles of Heat and Freshwater Fluxes: Observation-Based Inverse Estimates." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 9 (September 2018): 2029–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0239.1.
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AbstractThis paper presents the first estimate of the seasonal cycle of ocean and sea ice heat and freshwater (FW) fluxes around the Arctic Ocean boundary. The ocean transports are estimated primarily using 138 moored instruments deployed in September 2005–August 2006 across the four main Arctic gateways: Davis, Fram, and Bering Straits, and the Barents Sea Opening (BSO). Sea ice transports are estimated from a sea ice assimilation product. Monthly velocity fields are calculated with a box inverse model that enforces mass and salt conservation. The volume transports in the four gateways in the period (annual mean ± 1 standard deviation) are −2.1 ± 0.7 Sv in Davis Strait, −1.1 ± 1.2 Sv in Fram Strait, 2.3 ± 1.2 Sv in the BSO, and 0.7 ± 0.7 Sv in Bering Strait (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The resulting ocean and sea ice heat and FW fluxes are 175 ± 48 TW and 204 ± 85 mSv, respectively. These boundary fluxes accurately represent the annual means of the relevant surface fluxes. The ocean heat transport variability derives from velocity variability in the Atlantic Water layer and temperature variability in the upper part of the water column. The ocean FW transport variability is dominated by Bering Strait velocity variability. The net water mass transformation in the Arctic entails a freshening and cooling of inflowing waters by 0.62 ± 0.23 in salinity and 3.74° ± 0.76°C in temperature, respectively, and a reduction in density by 0.23 ± 0.20 kg m−3. The boundary heat and FW fluxes provide a benchmark dataset for the validation of numerical models and atmospheric reanalysis products.
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Tian, Huiwen, Liyuan Bo, Xiaomin Mao, Xinyu Liu, Yan Wang, and Qingyang Hu. "Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D." Water 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182791.
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Drip irrigation under mulch is a widely used technique in the arid region of northwest China. The partially mulched soil and the bare strips between mulched areas may complicate the migration of water, salt, and heat in soils, and cause lateral salt accumulation on bare soil surfaces. For investigating hydrothermal dynamics and salt distribution patterns under such circumstances, tank experiments with drip irrigation under plastic film on partially mulched soil were conducted under two intensities of drip irrigation (i.e., low (W1) and high (W2)) with the same total irrigation amount. The spatial distributions of soil water, temperature, and electrical conductivity were monitored accordingly. The two-dimensional (2D) model of soil water, salt, and heat transport under drip irrigation and partially mulched soil conditions was established using HYDRUS-2D, and kinetic adsorption during salt migration was considered. The results of the experiments showed that the uneven distribution of the hydrothermal state led to the accumulation of salt on the un-mulched soil surface. Water migrated from where the dripper was located, and heat accumulated mainly in the mulched soil. HYDRUS-2D matched reasonably well with the observed data, with an R2 higher than 0.54. Under the partially mulched conditions, lower intensity of drip irrigation (W1) show higher desalination efficiency in root zones, with less even lateral salt distribution. Scenario simulations further demonstrated that a larger total irrigation amount would result in a larger desalination zone, and drip irrigations with appropriate incremental intensity could improve salt leaching in the root zone with increased lateral migration of water.
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Zika, Jan D., Matthew H. England, and Willem P. Sijp. "The Ocean Circulation in Thermohaline Coordinates." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0139.1.
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Abstract The thermohaline streamfunction is presented. The thermohaline streamfunction is the integral of transport in temperature–salinity space and represents the net pathway of oceanic water parcels in that space. The thermohaline streamfunction is proposed as a diagnostic to understand the global oceanic circulation and its role in the global movement of heat and freshwater. The coordinate system used filters out adiabatic fluctuations. Physical pathways and ventilation time scales are naturally diagnosed, as are the roles of the mean flow and turbulent fluctuations. Because potential density is a function of temperature and salinity, the framework is naturally isopycnal and is ideal for the diagnosis of water-mass transformations and advective diapycnal heat and freshwater transports. Crucially, the thermohaline streamfunction is computationally and practically trivial to implement as a diagnostic for ocean models. Here, the thermohaline streamfunction is computed using the output of an equilibrated intermediate complexity climate model. It describes a global cell, a warm tropical cell, and a bottom water cell. The streamfunction computed from eddy-induced advection is equivalent in magnitude to that from the total advection, demonstrating the leading-order importance of parameterized eddy fluxes in oceanic heat and freshwater transports. The global cell, being clockwise in thermohaline space, tends to advect both heat and salt toward denser (poleward) water masses in symmetry with the atmosphere’s poleward transport of moisture. A reprojection of the global cell from thermohaline to geographical coordinates reveals a thermohaline circulation reminiscent of the schematized “global conveyor.”
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Gille, Sarah T. "Mass, heat, and salt transport in the southeastern Pacific: A Circumpolar Current inverse model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, no. C3 (March 15, 1999): 5191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900106.
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Smith, Ned P. "Observations of steady and seasonal salt, heat, and mass transport through a tidal channel." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. C7 (1995): 13713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jc01218.
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