Journal articles on the topic 'Heartwood'
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1
Maruyama, Saori, Futoshi Ishiguri, Minoru Andoh, Zensaku Abe, Shinso Yokota, Koetsu Takahashi, and Nobuo Yoshizawa. "Reddening by UV Irradiation after Smoke-Heating in Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Black Heartwood." Holzforschung 55, no. 4 (June 21, 2001): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.058.
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Summary Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) green logs with black heartwood were smoked, heated, and smoke-heated separately to improve the heartwood color. After each treatment, changes in heartwood color, pH, and extract amounts were examined. In addition, changes in heartwood color caused by UV irradiation were observed. Heating and smoke-heating of logs prevented the heartwood from discoloring to black, and the resulting color of thermally-treated heartwoods was yellow-white, whereas smoking alone allowed discoloration to black. The pH value decreased from the original 7.6 to 6.8 by smoking and to 6.5 by thermal treatment. The results obtained here suggest that a pH drop in heartwood by thermal treatment is involved in color changes of black heartwood. When thermally-treated black heartwood was exposed to UV light, redness and yellowness increased and brightness decreased. The resulting color tone was reddish brown. The color of non-thermally-treated woods, however, showed little change. Furthermore, acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts of thermally-treated black heartwood showed an increase in redness by UV irradiation, but the residues showed little color change. The coloring substances relating to the reddening of heartwood could be extracted with these solvents, particularly with methanol. Reddening in black heartwood by a combination of smoke-heating and UV irradiation is considered to be due to a decrease in brightness and an increase in both redness and yellowness.
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Wei, Liuming, Ruoke Ma, and Yunlin Fu. "Differences in Chemical Constituents between Dalbergia oliveri Heartwood and Sapwood and Their Effect on Wood Color." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 7978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227978.
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The purpose of this study was to characterize and quantify the chemical constituents of heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri extract in order to investigate the chemical components that determine the formation of heartwood’s color. In this work, the types of pigments in heartwood and sapwood extract were analyzed using UV-Visible (UV) Spectrophotometer, and the main pigment components of heartwood and sapwood extract were identified and quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results showed that the difference in content of the main components between heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri was slight, and the lignin structure between heartwood and sapwood is basically identical; flavonoid pigments were found to be the primary chromophoric components of heartwood and sapwood extract. However, a total of 21 flavonoids were identified in heartwood and sapwood, of which the unique substances to heartwood were vitexin, isorhamnetin, and pelargonidin, and the content of isoliquiritigenin, formononetin, and biochanin A were 253, 37, and 583 times higher in the heartwood than in the sapwood, respectively, which could be the main pigment components affecting the significant color difference between heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri. These results will provide a foundation for revealing the underlying mechanism of color difference between heartwood and sapwood and provide a theoretical basis for wood coloring.
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Lukmandaru, Ganis, Tatsuya Ashitani, and Koetsu Takahashi. "The Characterization of Black-streaked Heartwood in Teak: Inter-tree Variation." Wood Research Journal 5, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2014.5.1.1-9.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in the color and chemical characteristics of black-streaked heartwood of teak and explore the relationship of these chemical properties with the degree of blackening. The samples used were outer heartwood parts from 11 trees with black streaks both thin and thick and 7 trees with normal heartwoods for comparison. The colorimetric analysis in CIEL*a*b* system was used to determine the brightness values (L*) of black- streaked heartwood of teak ranging from 40~49 and a thick portion produced appreciably higher average values of extractive contents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and total extractive content as well as tectoquinone contents and pH values but lower squalene content compared to those in normal wood. The degree of blackening in the black-streaked heartwood was highly correlated to its extractive contents, especially the ethyl acetate soluble extractive content (r = −0.94) while moderate correlations were measured between the brightness index and tectoquinone content (negative) and squalene (positive). Moreover, no significant difference was found in the ash and individual inorganic elements contents between the group. The increase in pH values was observed to have corresponded with a decrease in brightness (r = -0.75). Therefore, the blackening was assumed to be due to the polymerization of quinones in weakly acidic conditions
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Yang, Baoguo, Hongyan Jia, Zhigang Zhao, Shengjiang Pang, and Daoxiong Cai. "Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Teak Plantation." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020225.
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Tectona grandis is a valuable timber species with heartwood that is used worldwide. Most of the previous studies on its heartwood and sapwood have focused on dominant or mean trees, while trees with different social status might show different vertical and horizontal distributions of heartwood and sapwood. Studies on their heartwood and sapwood properties could be conducive to increasing heartwood yield at stand level. In 31-year-old plantations of T. grandis in southwest Guangxi, China, the trees were divided into three groups including dominant, mean and suppressed trees. Stem analysis was conducted for sampled trees in each of these groups to explore the differences in the horizontal and vertical distribution of their heartwood and sapwood. The results indicated that the heartwood radius, heartwood and sapwood areas of T. grandis showed significant differences in horizontal and vertical directions among trees of different social status. Heartwood began to form when xylem radius was 2–3 cm, and the heartwood radius ratio tended to be stable when the xylem radius reached about 8 cm. Heartwood radius and area, sapwood area and section heartwood volume all decreased with increasing tree height. The ratios of heartwood radius and area were relatively stable for sections under 50% of tree height. The sapwood width did not vary largely in horizontal and vertical directions among the three social status tree groups, which mainly fluctuated in the range of 1–4 cm. The heartwood volume proportions for dominant, mean and suppressed trees were 60%, 55% and 51%, respectively. There was a significant exponential relationship between heartwood volume and diameter at breast height (DBH) regardless of social status. The model HV = 0.000011 × DBH2.9787 (R2 = 0.8601) could accurately estimate heartwood volume for all T. grandis with different social statuses at this age. These findings could provide evidence for stand management and high-quality and large-sized timber production of T. grandis.
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Wang, Weikai, Minghan Li, and Jiabin Cai. "Effects of extraction process on the dried cell wall pore structure of messmate heartwood." BioResources 16, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 6074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.6074-6082.
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In order to study the effects of a messmate heartwood extraction process on its cell wall pore structure and its drying ability, its nanopore structure was explored after via gas adsorption technology. Specifically, the messmate heartwood particles were extracted with methanol, and then the cell wall pore structure of the original and extracted samples were evaluated by N2 and CO2 sorption and pycnometer methods, respectively. Overall, compared with the original samples, the cell wall porosity, micropore volume, mesopore volume, BET specific surface area, and specific surface area of the micropores of the extracted messmate heartwoods increased by 2.55%, 0.007 cm3/g, 0.0014 cm3/g, 0.24 m2·g-1, and 21.9 m2·g-1, respectively. The cell wall pore volume measured via the gas adsorption method was smaller than the measurement from the pycnometer method. The results indicated that the presence of extractives made the messmate cell wall have a decreased pore volume and porosity, which may be one of the reasons messmate wood is difficult to dry. Messmate extractives primarily were present in the micropores of the cell wall in the range of 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm. However, gas sorption technology could not detect all the pores in the cell wall of the messmate heartwood sample.
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Dünisch, Oliver, and João Vicente de Figueiredo Latorraca. "The Assimilate Partitioning Importance for Heartwood Extractives Formation in Robinia Pseudoacacia l. of Different Ages." Floresta e Ambiente 22, no. 3 (September 2015): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.083514.
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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the influence of tree age on the assimilates partitioning and its significance for the formation of heartwood extractives in Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust). Assimilate translocation in 6- and 15-year-old plants was measured in May and August 2006 using the 14CO2 feeding method. The heartwood extractives content in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone and in individual tree rings of the pure heartwood were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. All plants, buds and young leaves showed the strongest 14C specific activity compared to other plant parts in May and August(14C specific activity in buds/leaves of 6-years old plants: 35.2-37.0%, 15-years old plants: 31.4-32.2%). However, in plants labelled in August 2006 at the sapwood-heartwood transition zone also showed a strong assimilates sink, while only small amounts of assimilates were translocated to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone in the plants labelled in May 2006. The amount of assimilates transported to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone was significantly higher in the 15-year-old plants compared to the 6-year-old plants. This was monitored by a higher content of extractives in the heartwood formed by the older plants compared to heartwood formed by the younger plants. The results indicate that uneven assimilate partitioning in younger and older black locust plants affects the heartwood extractives formation, which might lead to a lower natural durability of the heartwood formed by younger trees compared to heartwood formed by older trees.
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Miyamoto, Naoko, Kazuya Iizuka, Jin’ya Nasu, and Hiroo Yamada. "Genetic effects on heartwood color variation in Cryptomeria japonica." Silvae Genetica 65, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2016-0020.
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Abstract To obtain fundamental and useful information regarding heartwood color traits in Japanese cedar, the validity of using L* index for expressing heartwood color and genetic and environmental influences on heartwood color were analyzed using 118 clones with 303 individuals aged approximately 30 years. As for three clones with typical reddish and blackish heartwood, relationships between heartwood color and moisture/potassium content, which were pointed out as ones of the causative agents of blackish heartwood, and the color change after approximately 20 years of conservation were investigated. Based on the continuity, width range, and standard deviation of each index of L*a*b* data, L* was found out to be an appropriate index to express heartwood color in this species. L* values significantly differed between clones. A moderately high repeatability of clones was detected in L* value. Spatial autocorrelation analysis also showed a stronger effect genetically than environmentally. Moisture and potassium contents significantly differed between two groups of reddish and blackish heartwood. Therefore, the absorption and accumulation of water and potassium into trunk may be genetically regulated. As for the L* value of heartwood color after approximately 20 years of conservation, the difference between two groups was still significant, but the lightness in blackish heartwood increased such that the difference was greatly reduced.
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Ishiguri, Futoshi, Kikuko Saitoh, Minoru Andoh, Zensaku Abe, Shinso Yokota, and Nobuo Yoshizawa. "Improvement of Heartwood Color of Black-Colored Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) by UV Irradiation after Smoke Heating." Holzforschung 54, no. 3 (April 13, 2000): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.049.
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Summary Black-colored heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs with bark attached were smoked, heated, and smoke-heated separately to improve the heartwood color. After each treatment, changes of heartwood color, amounts of extracts (hot water, 1 % sodium hydroxide, and ethanol-toluene), metal ions (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium), and pH were examined. In addition, changes of heartwood color by UV irradiation (wavelength at 254 nm and 365 nm) also were studied. Heating and smoke-heating of logs prevented blackening of the heartwood, leading to a yellow-white heartwood color, whereas smoking did not largely change the heartwood color. Almost no differences in the amounts of extracts and metal ions were found in the control and treated woods. Thermal and smoke treatments decreased the pH from the original 8.1 to 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. The results obtained suggest that the changes of pH by both heating and smoking relate to the heartwood color changes in black-colored sugi. In the heated and smoke-heated woods, redness and yellowness were increased by the subsequent UV irradiation at 365 nm, whereas brightness was decreased. Apparently, the heartwood color of black-colored sugi was changed from yellow-white to red by the UV irradiation, the red color being the normal heartwood color of sugi. However, UV irradiation did not cause significant changes in the heartwood color in the control and smoked woods. These results suggest that UV irradiation of the thermally treated wood showing the resulting yellow-white color recovered the redness as found in normal red-colored heartwood, which seems to be caused by chemical changes of pigments under a weak acidic condition in the black-colored heartwood of sugi.
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Belleville, Benoît, Alain Cloutier, and Alexis Achim. "Detection of red heartwood in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) using external stem characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-080.
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Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern.
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Woeste, K. E. "Heartwood production in a 35-year-old black walnut progeny test." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-177.
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A 35-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) progeny test was evaluated for growth and production of heartwood. The test trees, which were open-pollinated progeny of select females in seven states, were planted on a good-quality, uniform site in Wabash County, central Indiana, U.S.A. Increment cores were used to estimate the amount of heartwood at 1.3 m above ground level. There were significant differences among open-pollinated families (α = 0.10) for both area of heartwood and percent area of heartwood. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for these traits were moderate (0.40 and 0.27), indicating opportunity for gain from selection. Faster growing trees had more heartwood and a higher percentage of heartwood area in cross section. Genetic correlations indicated that the rate and amount of heartwood formation is closely related to diameter growth.
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Donaldson, Lloyd A., Adya Singh, Laura Raymond, Stefan Hill, and Uwe Schmitt. "Extractive distribution in Pseudotsuga menziesii: effects on cell wall porosity in sapwood and heartwood." IAWA Journal 40, no. 4 (November 16, 2019): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190248.
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ABSTRACT Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has distinctly colored heartwood as a result of extractive deposition during heartwood formation. This is known to affect natural durability and treatability with preservatives, as well as other types of wood modification involving infiltration with chemicals. The distribution of extractives in sapwood and heartwood of Douglas-fir was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Several different types of extractive including flavonoids, resin acids, and tannins were localized to heartwood cell walls, resin canals, and rays, using autofluorescence or staining of flavonoids with Naturstoff A reagent. Extractives were found to infiltrate the cell walls of heartwood tracheids and were also present to a lesser extent in sapwood tracheid cell walls, especially in regions adjacent to the resin canals. Förster resonance energy transfer measurements showed that the accessibility of lignin lining cell wall micropores to rhodamine dye was reduced by about 50%, probably as a result of cell wall-bound tannin-like materials which accumulate in heartwood relative to sapwood, and are responsible for the orange color of the heartwood. These results indicate that micro-distribution of heartwood extractives affects cell wall porosity which is reduced by the accumulation of heartwood extractives in softwood tracheid cell walls.
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Krause, Cornelia, and Réjean Gagnon. "Wet Heartwood Distribution in the Stem, Stump, and Root Wood of Black Spruce in the Quebec Boreal Forest, Canada." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.1.12.
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Abstract Wet heartwood has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. The present work focused on wet heartwood of 44 black spruces (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) from boreal forest swampy sites Quebec, Canada. Trees were studied to characterize their tree crown shape, quickly identify them in the field, measure their moisture content, establish their moisture content distribution pattern, evaluate the wet heartwood volume inside their stem, and find the possibility of water entrance in this species. Black spruces with wet heartwood were characterized by a typical tree shape with a small number of living branches, short branches, and a clump of green needles at the top of the tree. The wet heartwood was characterized by high moisture content at the stem base and decreased with stem height. Wet heartwood was observed as high as 5 m above stem base for trees around 10.5 m in height. Moisture content of sapwood along the stem varied from 81 to 161%, whereas in dry heartwood, it was around 43% but reached more than 100% in the wet heartwood. Wet heartwood volume in the first 3.25 m of black spruce stems averaged 13% with variations between 2 and 35% per study site. Twelve stumps had wet heartwood moisture contents reaching 143% or higher. Moisture content of wet heartwood in root sections closest to the stump varied along a gradient: lower or absent at ground level and increasing with depth up to a maximum value before decreasing again. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):12–18.
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CHANG, YINGZHI, CHUNLONG ZHENG, XUEJING SHAO, ZHIYI XIA, and ENHUA XI. "SEASONAL DYNAMIC CHANGES OF SAPWOOD AND HEARTWOOD IN LARIX GMELINII." Wood Research 67, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.187197.
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This study describes the seasonal dynamic changes of heartwood transformation of Larix gmelinii by establishing the relationship between trunk radius, heartwood radius, sapwood width, trunk growth rings and heartwood growth rings in different heights during the growth season with regression analysis. The results showed that the initial age of heartwood formation was 7.25 years.Heartwood began to form when the trunk radius was greater than 2.6 cm, and then the heartwood radius grew 0.85 cm for every 1.00 cm growth of the trunk radius.It was also demonstrated that the significant change and growth rate of heartwood with month were higher than sapwood at the tree base and 1 m height, but lower than sapwood at 5m and 9 m height.The absolute content of heartwood and sapwood area decreased with tree height, however, the relative content of sapwood area increased with the tree height.
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Eleuterio, Ana Alice, Maria Aparecida de Jesus, and Francis E. Putz. "Stem Decay in Live Trees: Heartwood Hollows and Termites in Five Timber Species in Eastern Amazonia." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101087.
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Research Highlights: Tree size and wood characteristics influenced the susceptibility of five Amazonian timber tree species to heartwood decay and colonization by termites. Termites occurred in the heartwoods of 43% of the trees, with Coptotermes testaceus the most abundant species. Background and Objectives: Hollows and rotten cores in the stems of living trees have ecological and economic impacts in forests managed for timber. The decision on whether to cut or maintain hollow trees in such forests must account for the susceptibility of different tree species to decay. We investigated tree and wood characteristics of living trees of five commercial timber species in the eastern Amazon that influenced the likelihood of heartwood decay and the occurrence of termite nests inside the rotten cores. Materials and Methods: We used Pearson’s correlations and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to explore relationships among tree basal area and hollow area. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze the variation of wood anatomical traits, followed by a linear regression to explore the relationships between PCA scores, and heartwood hollow area. We used a logistic model to investigate if the probability the occurrence of colonies of C. testaceus inside tree cores varied with tree and species characteristics. Results: Heartwood hollow areas increased with stem basal area. Larger hollows were more likely to occur in species with higher vessel and ray densities, and smaller diameter vessels. Termites occurred in the hollows of 43% of the trees sampled, with C. testaceus the most common (76%). The probability of encountering termite nests of C. testaceus varied among tree species and was positively related to wood density. Conclusions: This study shows that given the increased likelihood of stem hollows and rotten cores in large trees, tree selection criteria in managed tropical forests should include maximum cutting sizes that vary with the susceptibility of different tree species to stem decay.
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Karppanen, Outi, Martti Venäläinen, Anni M. Harju, Stefan Willför, Suvi Pietarinen, Tapio Laakso, and Pirjo Kainulainen. "Knotwood as a window to the indirect measurement of the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood." Holzforschung 61, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.091.
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Abstract There is wide variation in the extractive content and decay resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. The heartwood is not visible in standing trees and only poorly visible in timber. Therefore, it is difficult to identify extractive-rich trees, and consequently the most decay-resistant heartwood. On the other hand, knots are clearly visible in standing trees and timber. In the present paper we studied the possibility of measuring the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood indirectly on the basis of the extractive concentration of knotwood. The material investigated consisted of 40 felled trees with a wide between-tree variation for extractive content and decay resistance of their heartwood. The extractive content of knotwood was found to be four- to five-fold higher than that of heartwood. Statistically significant correlations were found between the mass loss of heartwood and the concentrations of total phenolics and stilbenes in knotwood (r=-0.54, P<0.001 and r=-0.40, P=0.011, respectively), and for the concentration of total phenolics (r=0.42, P=0.008) and stilbenes (r=0.39, P=0.012) between heartwood and knotwood. We suggest further development of this technique in the context of rapid industrial screening of durable pine heartwood.
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Bergström, B., R. Gref, and A. Ericsson. "Effects of pruning on heartwood formation in Scots pine trees." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 1 (January 11, 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4595-jfs.
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The object of this study was to investigate the effect of pruning on heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Fifty trees were treated by three different intensive pruning regimes: 42, 60 and 70 percentage of defoliation. After five growing seasons numbers of growth rings were counted and the width and the area of sapwood and heartwood were calculated. The results did not show any proportional increase or decrease in the heartwood area or in the number of growth rings in heartwood associated with the pruning. A statistically significant negative effect of pruning was found on the width of the five most recently formed sapwood growth rings. This decreased growth rate did not influence the ratio of sapwood and heartwood. However, it cannot be excluded that the proportion of heartwood may increase during a longer period. It is concluded that pruning is not a practicable silvicultural method for regulating heartwood formation in mature Scots pine trees.
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Rahimi, Sohrab, Kaushlendra Singh, David DeVallance, Demiao Chu, and Mohsen Bahmani. "Drying Behavior of Hardwood Components (Sapwood, Heartwood, and Bark) of Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050722.
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This paper presents differences in the drying behavior of red oak and yellow-poplar sapwood, heartwood, and bark and their relationship with selected physical characteristics. Drying experiments were performed on samples of sapwood, heartwood, and bark of respective species at 105 °C under nitrogen conditions. In addition, physical characteristics such as green moisture content, specific gravity, volumetric shrinkage, shrinkage of the cell wall, total porosity, pore volume occupied by water, and specific pore volume were calculated. The results showed that the volumetric and cellular shrinkages of sapwood were greater than those of heartwood for both species. For red oak, the specific gravity of sapwood and heartwood was not significantly different. Additionally, the total porosity of heartwood was lower than that of sapwood in red oak. The results also indicated that yellow-poplar dried faster than red oak. Among all three components, bark dried faster than sapwood and heartwood in both species. The activation energy for sapwood drying was less than for heartwood drying.
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Yang, Guang, Kunnan Liang, Zaizhi Zhou, Xiyang Wang, and Guihua Huang. "UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-Based Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Wood Metabolites in Teak (Tectona grandis)." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092189.
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The properties of teak wood, such as natural durability and beautiful color, are closely associated with wood extractives. In order to further understand the performance differences between teak heartwood and sapwood, we analyzed the chemical components of extractives from 12 wood samples using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)-based metabolomics approach. In total, 691 metabolites were identified, and these were classified into 17 different categories. Clustering analysis and principal component analysis of metabolites showed that heartwood samples could be clearly separated from sapwood samples. Differential metabolite analysis revealed that the levels of primary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides, were significantly lower in the heartwood than in the sapwood. Conversely, many secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and quinones, had higher levels in the heartwood than in the sapwood. In addition, we detected 16 specifically expressed secondary metabolites in the heartwood, the presence of which may correlate with the durability and color of teak heartwood. Our study improves the understanding of differential metabolites between sapwood and heartwood of teak, and provides a reference for the study of heartwood formation.
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Latorraca, João V. F., Oliver Dünisch, and Gerald Koch. "Chemical composition and natural durability of juvenile and mature heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 3 (July 15, 2011): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011005000016.
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The aim of this study was to characterize the properties of juvenile and mature heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust). The content, the composition, and subcellular localization of heartwood extractives were studied in 14 old-grown trees from forest sites in Germany and Hungary, as well as in 16 younger trees of four clone types. Heartwood extractives (methanol and acetone extraction) were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. UV microspectrophotometry was used to localize the extractives in the wood cell walls. The natural durability of juvenile and mature heartwood was analysed according to the European standard EN 350-1. Growth analyses, as well as the chemical analyses, showed that in Robinia the formation of juvenile wood is restricted to the first 10-15 years of cambial growth. In the heartwood high contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were present, which were in high concentrations in the cell walls of the axial parenchyma and of the vessels. In the juvenile heartwood, the content of these extractives is significantly lower than in the mature heartwood. In agree, the juvenile heartwood had a lower resistance to decay by Coniophora puteana (brown rot fungus) and Coriolus versicolor (white rot fungus) compared to the mature.
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Zhang, Chunhua, Hisashi Abe, Yuzou Sano, Takeshi Fujiwara, Minoru Fujita, and Keiji Takabe. "Diffusion Pathways for Heartwood Substances in Acacia Mangium." IAWA Journal 30, no. 1 (2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000201.
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The cellular distribution of heartwood substances and the structure of the pathways for their diffusion were studied in Acacia mangium Willd. Apart from ray parenchyma cells, axial parenchyma cells also are involved in the formation of heartwood substances. Heartwood substances were unevenly distributed in the heartwood. A closer inspection of interfibre pit pairs revealed that, although many pit membranes were completely covered with encrusting materials, some pit pairs had many small openings on their pit membranes. The openings possibly function as intercellular diffusion pathways for heartwood substances. The sizes of the pits varied considerably, ranging from 0.4 to 2.3 μm in diameter. These structural variations in the interfiber pits might be one of the factors contributing to the uneven distribution of the heartwood substances. A large number of blind pits were present in the ray parenchyma cells and faced the intercellular spaces, into which heartwood substances from the ray parenchyma cells were released via these blind pits. Resin-cast replicas demonstrated that the intercellular spaces and the blind pits formed a three-dimensional network that is considered to serve as an extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances.
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Moya, Róger, Freddy Muñoz, Dragica Jeremic, and Alexander Berrocal. "Visual identification, physical properties, ash composition, and water diffusion of wetwood in Gmelina arborea." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 3 (March 2009): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-193.
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Wetwood is commonly reported in temperate species but not so in tropical species. In an old Gmelina arborea Roxb. plantation, wetwood was identified by a darker colour compared with the rest of heartwood; by a higher moisture content (average 182%); and a lower specific gravity (0.34, compared with 0.38 for sapwood and heartwood). Tangential shrinkage was 3.7%, which was significantly higher than that of heartwood and sapwood. Radial shrinkage was not significantly different between wetwood and sapwood, but it was significantly greater (2.6%) in wetwood than in heartwood (1.8%). Wetwood had a significantly higher pH than normal wood, but ash composition was similar to that of normal wood, with the exception of the amounts of iron and potassium. Wetwood and sapwood were less decay resistant than heartwood. Wetwood required less time than heartwood to reach equilibrium moisture content, but more time than sapwood. The tangential and longitudinal diffusion coefficients of wetwood were significantly higher than those of heartwood and lower than those of sapwood. In the radial direction sapwood showed a faster drying rate than wetwood but there was no significant difference between wetwood and heartwood.
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Giroud, Guillaume, Alain Cloutier, and Jérôme Alteyrac. "Occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution of red heartwood in paper birch." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 7 (July 2008): 1996–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-043.
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Normal paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown.
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Lu, J., and S. Avramidis. "Non-Darcian Air Flow in Wood. Part 3. Molecular Slip Flow." Holzforschung 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.014.
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Summary In this study, the detection and evaluation of non-Darcian air flow due to slip flow through four species were carried out. The results indicated that non-Darcian air flow due to slip flow existed in all the specimen groups studied. The true permeability of red oak heartwood, red alder heartwood, ponderosa pine sapwood and Douglas-fir sapwood was 20.91, 7.05, 0.51 and 0.068μ3/μm, respectively. The average ratios of the superficial specific permeability at 50kPa mean pressure to the true permeability were found to be: 1.047 for red oak heartwood; 1.204 for red alder heartwood; 1.292 for ponderosa pine sapwood; and, 1.53 for Douglas-fir sapwood. The slip flow constant b was highest (26.5kPa) for Douglas-fir sapwood, followed by that for ponderosa pine sapwood (14.6 kPa) and red alder heartwood (10.2 kPa), and lowest (2.3kPa) for red oak heartwood. The radius (r) and the number of average effective openings (n) were found to be: 17.432μm and 0.066×106 per cm2 for red oak heartwood; 3.955 μm and 7.5 ×106 percm2 for red alder heartwood; 2.972μm and 3.3 ×106 percm2 for ponderosa pine sapwood; and, 1.552μm and 3.6 ×106 per cm2 for Douglas-fir sapwood respectively.
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Naskar, M., E. Bera, M. Debnath, and P. K. Sarkar. "An exploratory study on Shirisharishta with leaves as alternative for bark, wood and heartwood of Albizzia lebbeck Benth." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2016.2104.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Lack of alternative part of use and unscientific harvesting are the two main causes for the medicinal plants becoming rare, endangered and threatened (RET). Now, there is a need to find out alternative part of use to save medicinal plants. Shirisharishta is a popular and commonly used Ayurvedic formulation prescribed to the patients of Shwasa (breathing difficulties), Kasa (cough) and others. Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) is the main ingredient of Shirisharishta; and the part of use of Shirisha is Sara (heartwood). Many a times collection of the heartwood from stem of the plant causes death of the plant. Aims and Objectives: This study is an attempt to explore leaf as an alternative for bark, wood and heartwood of A. lebbeck for preparation of Shirisharishta. Methods: Shirisharishta was prepared from heartwood, wood, bark and leaf of A. lebbeck. pH, specific gravity, total solid content, alcohol content and HPTLC profile of the prepared four samples were determined. Result: Alcohol content was more in Shirisharishta (heartwood) sample than other samples. HPTLC analysis revealed more band area in Shirisharishta (heartwood) sample and HPTLC fingerprint of Shirisharishta (heartwood) was completely different from Shirisharishta (leaf). Conclusion: The results of this reveal that heartwood the best part of use of A. lebbeck for preparation of Shirisharishta and leaf could not be an alternative of heartwood.
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Yang, K. C., and G. Hazenberg. "Sapwood and heartwood width relationship to tree age in Pinusbanksiana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-071.
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The relationships of sapwood and heartwood width with tree age were studied in 101 trees of Pinusbanksiana Lamb. The sample trees were selected from natural stands growing at various stand densities at the Lakehead University woodlot, Thunder Bay, Ontario, and ranged in age from 6 to 97 years at breast height. The number of rings in both sapwood and heartwood and their respective widths were recorded. The sapwood basal area was expressed as the difference between the stem basal area and the heartwood basal area. A linear relationship was found between tree age and sapwood width, sapwood basal area, and heartwood width. A curvilinear relationship was observed between the number of rings in the sapwood or heartwood and tree age. The number of rings in sapwood increased at an average rate of 0.43 ring per year until the tree reached the age of about 70 years. The number of rings in sapwood was, more or less, constant after 70 years. Heartwood began to form at about the age of 6 years. Heartwood was produced at the average rate of 0.57 ring per year until the tree reached approximately 70 years. After 70 years, the average rate of heartwood expansion was 1 ring per year. It is concluded that tree age is one of the main factors that controls sapwood and heartwood width.
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Fries, Anders, and Tore Ericsson. "Genetic parameters in diallel-crossed Scots pine favor heartwood formation breeding objectives." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-061.
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After 25 years, full-sibs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a north Swedish progeny test showed an estimated heritability of 0.30 for heartwood diameter at 80 cm above ground. This was equal to the heritability estimate for tree height, although accompanied by a much larger additive genetic coefficient of variation (0.20 compared with 0.06). The heritability estimate for diameter at breast height was about half that for tree height. Strong and positive phenotypic and environmental correlations were assessed between heartwood and the following traits: diameter at breast height, tree height, and branch diameter. The genetic correlation was low and positive at 0.02 between heartwood and diameter at breast height in contrast with 0.27 between heartwood and tree height. The assessed genetic correlations between heartwood and branch diameter and between heartwood and crown length were very weak compared with the phenotypic and, particularly, environmental correlations. This indicates that the association between crown length and heartwood is significant with regard to environmental factors, no matter to what extent they are independently modified by genes. However, crown limit was the trait that showed the strongest genetic correlation with heartwood (0.49). Since no correlations with production traits were unfavorable, we conclude that including heartwood formation capacity in a breeding programmay be done without drawbacks and with good prospects for success.
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Igartúa, Dora-Virginia, Karen Moreno, and Silvia-Estela Monteoliva. "Acacia melanoxylon in Argentina: heartwood content and its relationship with site, growth and age of the trees." Forest Systems 26, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): e007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017261-10195.
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Aims of study: To characterize the wood of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to its potential use in the construction and furniture industry, here we determined the heartwood and sapwood content and distribution within the stem and analyzed their relationship with the growing site, age and growth rate of the trees. Finally, we predicted heartwood content by two easy-to-measure variables.Area of study: Buenos Aires, Argentina.Methods: 20 trees aged between 9 and 32 years were sampled in four sites. Axial sampling was carried out at four heights of the stem (base, breast height, and 30% and 50% of the total height), and the heartwood content (percentage and volume) and sapwood content (cm) determined.Results: The trees analyzed presented conical-shaped heartwood following the outline of the stem along all its commercial height. Within the stem, the highest volume of heartwood was observed at the basal region (53%) and up to 30% of total height, a feature observed in all the sites studied. The sapwood content was constant along the entire stem (2.18 cm). The age of the trees did not influence the heartwood content, whereas the environmental conditions provided by each site (heartwood/volume and heartwood/diameter growth positive ratios) did affect this feature.Research highlights: The absolute amount of heartwood was driven by growth rate, due to the forest structure of non-uniform age. The heartwood volume can be estimated through fitting linear equations (R2 0.78 - 0.89) with two easily measurable variables such as diameter at breast height and tree height.
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Kang, Huiling, Xuding Wen, Xiangwen Deng, Liang Chen, and Fuming Xiao. "Heartwood and Sapwood Variation and Development in Chenshan Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook)." Forest Products Journal 71, no. 4 (September 28, 2021): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00034.
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Abstract Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir is a provenance of Cunninghamia lanceolata, with high-value red heartwood, which is widely used in high-quality furniture and construction. Yet, there is still little information on heartwood development of this tree for high-value decorative timber, which is essential to improve one's plantation management strategy. Here, we investigated the horizontal and vertical variation of heartwood and sapwood and simulated heartwood formation process using stem analysis method. We selected 15 sample trees from five plots of 20 m × 30 m in Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir plantations (9, 15, 26, 29, and 34 years old, respectively). The results showed that Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir stems began to form heartwood when the xylem diameter reached 4 to 8 cm. The heartwood diameter and area, as well as the sapwood area, all increased in the different-aged Chenshan red-heart Chinese firs with increasing xylem diameter and decreased with increasing tree height. As tree height increased, the red heartwood formation rate declined at all ages. Relationship analysis showed that xylem diameter was the most important factor influencing heartwood formation. Red heartwood rate at breast height could be modeled by logistic models. We concluded that heartwood formation began at about 7 years old, and the formation rate increased until peaking at 60 percent at 40 years old. In conclusion, it will be imperative to prolong the Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir rotation period from the currently common 25 years to about 40 years to achieve the maximum sustainable yield of high-value decorative timber.
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Li, Yanfei, Xiangwen Deng, Yifei Zhang, Yaqi Huang, Chenyang Wang, Wenhua Xiang, Fuming Xiao, and Xiaocong Wei. "Chemical Characteristics of Heartwood and Sapwood of Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-18-00042.
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Abstract The chemical composition of wood is an important factor affecting the properties and utilization of wood. To compare the difference in chemical compositions between heartwood and sapwood of red-heart Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), three graded wood, dominant, average, and overtopped trees were selected from the Chenshan Forest Station of Anfu County in Jiangxi Province. Their chemical composition parameters were determined according to international standards. Our results indicate that sapwood contains on average a higher moisture content than that of heartwood, constituting 9.4 and 8.6 percent, respectively. The pH values of wood present acidic and are higher in sapwood. Cellulose is abundant in both wood tissues; the heartwood content (52.0%) is higher than that of sapwood (48.6%) on average. Furthermore, the lignin in heartwood is slightly less than that of sapwood. Hemicellulose content is similar in heartwood and sapwood (23.4% vs. 23.1%), on average. All kinds of extractives in heartwood are substantially richer. Approximately three times more benzene–ethanol extractives are in heartwood than sapwood. This suggests that there is a considerable variation of chemical constituents among the graded woods (P < 0.05). The pH values are both significantly correlated with the contents of the four extractives in heartwood and sapwood (P < 0.05). The longitudinal variation of chemical compositions is different along the direction of tree height in heartwood and sapwood. Understanding the chemical heterogeneity of wood is vital for wood product manufacturing as well as for wood property improvement.
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Zhang, Chunhua, Minoru Fujita, and Keiji Takabe. "Extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances in Albizia julibrissin Durazz." Holzforschung 58, no. 5 (August 1, 2004): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.075.
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Abstract A three-dimensional network of intercellular spaces, deemed an extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances, was detected in Albizia julibrissin. Electron microscopy revealed a large number of blind pits in ray parenchyma cells, most facing intercellular spaces. Heartwood substances, which are synthesized in the ray parenchyma cells, are released not only into neighboring cells through pit pairs, but also into the intercellular spaces through the blind pits. There were two types of wood fiber in the heartwood region: one with a lumen surface lined with heartwood substances and one that lacked such lining on its lumen surface. This finding supports the observation that the cellular distribution of heartwood substances is not homogenous throughout the heartwood. There was no positive correlation, however, between this uneven distribution and the distance of a wood fiber from the ray.
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Ma, Ruoke, Heng Liu, Yunlin Fu, Yingjian Li, Penglian Wei, and Zhigao Liu. "Variation of Chemical Components in Sapwood, Transition Zone, and Heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera and Its Relationship with Heartwood Formation." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050577.
Full textAbstract:
Heartwood has a high economic value because of its natural durability, beautiful color, special aroma, and richness in active ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the mechanism of heartwood formation remains unclear. Dalbergia odorifera was selected as the object of research to analyze this variation in the chemical composition of sapwood, transition zone, and heartwood as well as to elucidate the relationship between this variation and the formation of heartwood. The variation of secondary metabolites was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, the variation of lignin was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry, and the variation law of mineral elements was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that contents of characteristic secondary metabolites in Dalbergia odorifera were mainly distributed in heartwood (84.3–96.8%), increased from the outer to inner layers of the xylem, and sudden changes occurred in the transition zone (the fourth growth ring). The Dalbergia odorifera lignin can be identified as typical “syringyl–guaiacyl (S–G)” lignin, and the color darkened from the outside to the inside. The results demonstrated that there were more benzene rings and conjugated C=O structures in the heartwood. Additionally, the variation of minerals in the xylem was related to elemental types; the average concentrations of Mg, Ca, Fe and Sr were higher in the heartwood than in the sapwood, whereas the concentrations of K and Zn were higher in the sapwood than in the heartwood owing to the reabsorption of elements. The concentrations of Na and Cu were similar in the heartwood and sapwood. The composition and structural characteristics of secondary metabolites, lignin, and mineral elements in the three typical xylem regions (sapwood, transition zone and heartwood) of Dalbergia odorifera changed. The most abrupt change occurred in the narrow xylem transition zone, which is the key location involved in heartwood formation in Dalbergia odorifera.
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Magel, Elisabeth, Amani Abdel-Latif, and Rüdiger Hampp. "Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Catalytic Activities of Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes in Trunks of Two Juglans Species and their Role in Heartwood Formation." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (February 21, 2001): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.022.
Full textAbstract:
Summary In trunks of Juglans nigra and the hybrid J. major × J. regia, the presence of non-structural carbohydrates, sucrose synthesizing and degrading enzymes, and their correlation with heartwood formation was investigated. Contents of starch and sucrose were highest in the youngest sapwood, decreased with increasing age of the tissue, and were absent in the heartwood. Pools of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose were low in the sapwood, and fructose was absent from the heartwood. Glucose transiently increased at the sapwood heartwood boundary in trunks of the hybrid. In black walnut stems, however, glucose started to accumulate within the transition zone and reached considerable amounts in the heartwood. Cold-adaptation in walnut wood was characterized by accumulation of soluble sugars. Sucrose formation was enabled by enhanced rates of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14). Mid-winter starch-sugar interconversion was accompanied by increases in the activity of sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13; black walnut), or acid invertases (EC 3.2.1.26; hybrid). In the tissues undergoing heartwood formation, sucrose breakdown was enhanced from late summer until early winter. Sucrolysis was dominated by acid invertases with minor contribution of sucrose synthase. The catalytic activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9), involved in the metabolization of the sucrose cleavage products, followed this seasonal trend and showed elevated activities from late summer until early winter. These data are further proof for the earlier made hypothesis (Hauch and Magel 1998) that the in situ synthesis of heartwood flavonoids relies on an interaction between primary (sucrose) and secondary metabolism. Flavonoids, however, constitute only a minor fraction in the heartwood of walnut and the bulk of heartwood phenolics seem to derive from transformation of phenolic precursors. Therefore, these recent findings together with earlier data are taken as evidence that more than one type of heartwood formation exists.
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Su, Yu-Chang, Kuang-Ping Hsu, and Chen-Lung Ho. "Composition, in vitro Anti-mildew Fungal Activities of the Heartwood Essential Oil of Chamaecyparis formosensis from Taiwan." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 10 (October 2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301032.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, anti-mildew fungal activities of the heartwood essential oil, and its constituents from Chamaecyparis formosensis were evaluated in vitro against 7 mildew fungi. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew fungal activities were isolated and identified. The heartwood essential oil of C. formosensis was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. The heartwood oil consisted primarily of myrtenol (18.4%), cis-myrtanol (14.0%), α-muurolol (13.8%), α-cadinol (12.7%), and chamaecynone (9.8%). The heartwood oil was shown to have excellent anti-mildew fungal activities. Further fractionation of the heartwood oil produced α-cadinol, chamaecynone, α-muurolol, τ-cadinol, and τ-muurolol. The 5 compounds exhibited very strong anti-mildew fungal activities. For the anti-mildew fungal activities of the heartwood oil, the active source compounds were determined to be α-cadinol, chamaecynone, α-muurolol, τ-cadinol, and τ-muurolol.
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Miranda, Isabel, Jorge Gominho, Ana Lourenço, and Helena Pereira. "The influence of irrigation and fertilization on heartwood and sapwood contents in 18-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-130.
Full textAbstract:
The quality of wood from 18-year-old Tasmanian bluegum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) trees was assessed in relation to heartwood content, accumulation of extractives, and pulp yield using two growth conditions: control (C) and growth optimized by irrigation and fertilization in the first 6 years of growth (IL). Within the tree, heartwood content decreased from the base upwards, representing, on average, 77.7% and 67.6% at the base and 7.0% and 4.8% at 29.3 m height for IL and C trees, respectively. Heartwood volume represented 65.6% and 55.6% of total tree volume for IL and C trees, respectively. Heartwood content was positively correlated with tree growth, while sapwood content remained rather constant, with a radial width of approximately 2 cm. Heartwood contained more extractives than sapwood (5.3% vs. 4.0%) and pulp yield was lower from heartwood than from sapwood (58.0% vs. 56.0%). Pulp yield was negatively correlated with content of extractives. No difference in extractives or pulp yield was found between IL and C trees. The presence of heartwood decreases the quality of raw material for pulping and should be regarded as a stem-quality variable in eucalypt forestry.
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Nawrot, M., W. Pazdrowski, and M. Szymański. "Dynamics of heartwood formation and axial and radial distribution of sapwood and heartwood in stems of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.)." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 9 (September 24, 2008): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/30/2008-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
The study was an attempt to determine the dynamics of heartwood formation and the radial and axial distribution of sapwood and heartwood in stems of European larch (<I>Larix deciduas</I> Mill.) representing the dominant stand according to Kraft. Correlations were found between the rate of heartwood formation and the social class of tree position in the stand, the age of trees, forest site type and height of trees. Moreover, radial and axial variation was observed in the distribution of analyzed wood zones depending on the height of measurement, the age of cambium and the dimensions of the analyzed tree. Results were analyzed statistically, which facilitated an assessment of the relation between the dynamics of heartwood formation and age, the social class of tree position in the community as well as dimensions, i.e. the thickness of the sapwood ring and the radius of heartwood cylinder. The greatest strength of the relation was determined between the ray of the heartwood and the stem radius (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98), with cambium age and number of heartwood rings (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.93). A much smaller relation was determined between the width of the sapwood ring and the stem radius (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.13).
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Etuk, Sunday, Louis Akpabio, and Ita Akpan. "Comparative study of thermal transport in Zea mays straw and Zea mays heartwood (cork) boards." Thermal Science 14, no. 1 (2010): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1001031e.
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Thermal conductivity values at the temperature of 301-303K have been measured for Zea mays straw board as well as Zea mays heartwood (cork) board. Comparative study of the thermal conductivity values of the boards reveal that Zea mays heartwood board has a lower thermal conductivity value to that of the straw board. The study also shows that the straw board is denser than the heartwood board. Specific heat capacity value is less in value for the heartwood board than the straw board. These parameters also affect the thermal diffusivity as well as thermal absorptivity values for the two types of boards. The result favours the two boards as thermal insulators for thermal envelop but with heartwood board as a preferred insulation material than the straw board.
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Yang, Zhong, Bin Lv, Jian Qiu, and Xu Qin Xie. "Effect of Heartwood and Sapwood on Discriminant Analysis of Chinese Fir and Eucalyptus Wood by Near Infrared Spectroscopy." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1193.
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The difference of heartwood and sapwood is one of the problems in discrinmant analysis of wood species. The effect of heartwood and sapwood on discrinmant analysis of wood species by near infrared spectroscopy was investigated in this paper. Three models in turn calibrated by sapwood samples, heartwood samples and mix samples of sapwood and heartwood of Chinese fir and eucalyptus were applied to discriminate wood species of unknown samples. The results showed sapwood and heartwood can influence the discriminant efficiency of wood species by near infrared spectroscopy coupled with PLS discriminant analysis but the influence was limited. In order to improve the accuracy, stability and reliability of the model, the model should be calibrated by samples which covered the characters of unknown samples.
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Mayer, Ingo, Gerald Koch, and Jürgen Puls. "Topochemical investigations of wood extractives and their influence on colour changes in American black cherry (Prunus serotina Borkh.)." Holzforschung 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.100.
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Abstract The topochemical distribution of accessory compounds responsible for wood colouration during heartwood formation and processing of black cherry (Prunus serotina) is restricted to the axial and ray parenchyma cells. (+)-Catechin, taxifolin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, naringenin, 4′-methoxynaringenin and prunin were identified in acetone/water extracts. However, the colour of wood after extraction is still reddish-brown, indicating that the coloured material is polymeric (cross-linked, condensed). It was demonstrated that (+)-catechin plays a pivotal role in the development of heartwood colour. Its concentration at the sapwood/heartwood boundary decreases, presumably due to the formation of non-soluble polymeric proanthocyanidins. Heat treatment of heartwood during veneer production intensifies the reddish-brown heartwood colour, probably by promoting the polymerisation of (+)-catechin and other flavonoid monomers.
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Damayanti, Ratih, Krisdianto Krisdianto, Jugo Ilic, Gustan Pari, Peter Vinden, and Barbara Ozarska. "Wood Permeability Assessment of Young Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.2.41-47.
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Wood properties of young teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is inferior, and then preservative treatment is one possible solution to enhance its service life. The uptake and movement of preservatives through wood cell structure is directly connected to the wood permeability. There are two simple methods to identify wood permeability: water soaking and bubble test methods. This paper assesses the young teak permeability by water soaking and bubble test methods. The assessment was conducted into five cm thick young-teak discs by soaking in the red-dye water and blowing air into the discs which had been coated with soap. Results show that the heartwood is less permeable than sapwood. Red-dye penetrates almost 100% of the sapwood area, and the red-dye did not penetrate in the heartwood. Red-dye only penetrates in the cracked heartwood through the void volume in the cracking heartwood. There is a transition zone between sapwood and heartwood, and it is refractory. Bubble test with air pressure from compressor could open the air-pathway in the heartwood and sapwood of young-teak discs taken from Bogor. The bubble test result of young-teak discs from Madiun showed air-pathway only in the sapwood, but heartwood. The air pressure is not capable of moving the vapour through the wood cell. It indicates that the heartwood of young-teak from Madiun is less permeable and less possibility for pressure treatment.
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Millers, M. "The proportion of heartwood in conifer (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.) trunks and its influence on trunk wood moisture -." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 8 (September 24, 2013): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2013-jfs.
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As the tree age increases, the formation of heartwood takes place in the central part of the tree. Since there is a large difference in the moisture content between sapwood and heartwood in conifers, the proportion of heartwood expressed in percentage is one of the most important factors influencing the average moisture of trunk wood. The aim of the research was to find out the changes in parameters of heartwood proportion and the changes in average trunk wood moisture parameters, depending on the age of the tree. To evaluate and compare the heartwood proportion in pine and spruce trunk and its moisture, sample plots were established throughout the territory of Latvia in 2011. These sample plots were established in stands of different ages (37–143 years). The total number of sample plots was 61–29 for pines with 246 sample trees and 32 sample plots for spruces with 270 sample trees. With the increase in the tree age from 60 to 140 years, the heartwood proportion increases and the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases. With an increase of the heartwood proportion in pine from 18% to 39%, the average moisture of trunk wood decreases from 108% to 86%, but with an increase of the heartwood proportion in spruce from 30% to 49%, the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases from 107% to 81%.
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Gao, Hui, Li Ping Zhang, and Sheng Quan Liu. "Comparison of KP Pulping Properties between Heartwood and Sapwood of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1778.
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The case was carried out to study the variance of fiber feature, chemical composition and pulping property between heartwood and sapwood ofCedrus deodara (Roxb.)G. Don. As results showed, the mean fiber length in heartwood and sapwood of cedar were 1842 and 2552 µm separately, with the length-to- width ratio of 77.46 vs 79.41, and the wall-to-lumen ratio of 0.36 vs 0.38, respectively. The heartwood of cedar differed from sapwood in contents of chemical compositions, with holocellulose of 70.00% vs 75.87%, α- cellulose of 40.75% vs 42.75% and lignin of 26.64% vs 25.00%, respectively. Both the heartwood and sapwood of cedarwere excellent pulping material. By investigating pulp yield and Kappa number, it was proven that the caustic soda dosage and the duration of reaction temperature were major factors influencing KP pulping properties of cedar sapwood. Under the same technical conditions of pulping, the pulp of the cedar sapwood was lower in Kappa number and higher in yield and in viscosity compared with those of heartwood. The tensile index, tear index and burst index of paper made by sapwood were higher than those made by heartwood. The sapwood of cedar showed overall better pulping aptitude in comparison with heartwood.
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Gao, Hui, Li Ping Zhang, and Sheng Quan Liu. "Comparison of KP Pulping Properties between Heartwood and Sapwood of Popla I-69." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1437.
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The case was carried out to study the variance of fiber feature, chemical composition and pulping property between heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69. As results showed, the mean fiber length in heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69 were 770 and 1146µm separately, with the length-to-width ratio of 42.56 vs 51.76, and the wall-to-lumen ratio of 0.40 vs 0.59, respectively. The heartwood of poplar I-69 differed from sapwood in contents of chemical compositions, with holocellulose of 82.65% vs 81.35%, α- cellulose of 42.83% vs 42.82% and lignin of 18.01% vs 21.68%, respectively. Both the heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69were suitable for pulping material. By investigating pulp yield and Kappa number, it was proven that the caustic soda dosage and the duration of reaction temperature were major factors influencing KP pulping properties of poplar I-69 sapwood. Under the same technical conditions of pulping, the pulp of the poplar I-69 sapwood was lower in Kappa number and higher in yield and in viscosity compared with those of heartwood. The tensile index, tear index and burst index of paper made by sapwood were higher than those made by heartwood. The sapwood of poplar I-69 showed overall better pulping aptitude in comparison with heartwood.
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Li, Zhu, Jianxiong Lu, Jinzhen Cao, and Jiali Jiang. "Comparative Study of the Hydrothermal Softening Characteristics of Heartwood and Sapwood." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00013.
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Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the hydrothermal softening characteristics of heartwood and sapwood from Catalpa bungei. The viscoelastic properties were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA Q800) with a tension and submersion mode. Heartwood and sapwood specimens were tested under water-saturated conditions in the radial and tangential directions. The measured temperature ranged from 25°C to 79°C with three heating rates: 0.5°C/min, 1°C/min, and 2°C/min. The results show that heartwood specimens presented a higher storage modulus (E′) and a lower reduction of wood rigidity (ΔE′) than sapwood specimens. A difference was also observed in loss modulus (E″), and the glass transition temperature of lignin in heartwood specimens was nearly 2°C to 3°C lower than that in sapwood specimens. This could be caused by lower lignin content and higher levels of extractives of sapwood in comparison with heartwood. Additionally, a circular arc curve of E′ versus E″ was formed in heartwood specimens, irrespective of heating rate. These findings suggest that heartwood presented better hydrothermal softening characteristics than sapwood. Compared with the tangential specimens, the radial specimens revealed higher E′ and lower ΔE′, indicating that the radial specimens were less influenced by hydrothermal treatment.
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Vedernikov, Dmitriy Nikolaevich, Leonid Leonidovich Leontyev, Pavel Dmitrievich Morskoy-Lemeshko, and Liubov Sergeevna Eltsova. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF BIRCH WOOD." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20220411045.
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The article compares mechanical parameters, group chemical compositions, iron content, lipid compositions before and after saponification, moisture, bulk density in three parts of Betula pubescens Ehrh. birch wooden parts: sapwood, false heartwood, false heartwood border. The strength properties of the false heartwood are worse than those of sapwood. The border of the false core is sometimes stronger than that of other parts. Evaluation is carried out in terms of hardness, flexural strength and compression strength. False heartwood, and even more so its border, contain more extractives extracted by ethanol, water, alkali solution, methylene chloride and less iron. The content of other components: cellulose, lignin, other polysaccharides differs, but less significantly. False heartwood border is heavier than the other wooden parts. Moisture content of the various parts decreases in the following order: false heartwood border, false heartwood, sapwood. The composition of the extractives extracted by methylene chloride is different in different parts. The composition is determined by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry before and after saponification of esters. Differences in sterols are given. An increased content of monoterpene alcohols and arylheptanoids is observed at the border. Differences in the properties of different wooden parts of a tree are explained by different amount and composition of extractives.
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LI, MENGXUE, LEI SHI, FUXIAN XIA, JIANG DENG, HUAIJIAN LIAO, TING DU, and BINGYI WANG. "CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE STEM IN DALBERGIA SISSOO." WOOD RESEARCH 67(1) 2022 67, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.1.8695.
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The chemical constituents of ethyl acetate extracts from heartwood and sapwood of different ages of Dalbergia sissoowere studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the chemical composition of wood heartwood and sapwood is significantly different. Inthe vertical direction, the type of the ethyl acetate extract from Dalbergia sissootends to decrease from the base to the upper portion; in the horizontal direction, the type of extract gradually decreases from the center to the periphery. And it showed an increasing trend with the age of the trees. The experiment also revealed that there were significant differences in chemical components between heartwood and sapwood. We speculated that the main chemical component trismethoxyresveratrol of heartwood extract may be related to the formation of heartwood, and the specific correlation needs to be further verified.
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Harju, A. M., P. Kainulainen, M. Venäläinen, M. Tiitta, and H. Viitanen. "Differences in Resin Acid Concentration between Brown-Rot Resistant and Susceptible Scots Pine Heartwood." Holzforschung 56, no. 5 (August 26, 2002): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.074.
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Summary The concentration of individual resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content at a relative humidity of 100% were studied in brown-rot resistant and susceptible Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. About 90% of the resin acids in the heartwood were of the abietane type, abietic acid being the most abundant. The concentration of resin acids was higher in the decay-resistant heartwood than in the decay-susceptible heartwood. Resin acids are presumably in part responsible for the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood. However, no clear relationship was found between the concentration of resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content. The role of resin acids may also be ascribed to mechanisms other than their hydrophobic properties alone. The reasons for the slight differences in moisture content between the decay classes require further study.
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Mishra, Gayatri, David A. Collings, and Clemens M. Altaner. "Physiological changes during heartwood formation in young Eucalyptus bosistoana trees." IAWA Journal 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170210.
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ABSTRACTEucalyptus bosistoanaF. Muell. is valued for its naturally durable heartwood. As part of anE. bosistoanabreeding programme, we have tested the hypothesis that there is a prolonged transition from sapwood to heartwood in young trees, resulting in a wide transition zone. This needs to be considered when assessing trees for heartwood quantity and quality. Heartwood formation was investigated in radial profiles in cores from bark to bark of 6-year-old trees with conventional and confocal microscopy, and with a range of different staining techniques that visualised the physiological changes taking place in the parenchyma cells. Using immunolabelling with antibodies against histone proteins and α-tubulin, histochemical staining using potassium iodide (I3-KI) and fluorescence emission spectral scanning, we demonstrated that in heartwood nuclei, microtubules, reserve materials (starch) and vacuoles were absent. The observations revealed that 6-year-oldE. bosistoanatrees contained heartwood. The loss of water conductivity by tyloses formation and the death of the parenchyma cells occurred in close proximity resulting in a transition zone of ~1 cm.
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Chang, Shang-Tzen, and Sen-Sung Cheng. "Effects of Environmental Factors on the Color of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Yellowish Heartwood." Holzforschung 55, no. 5 (September 19, 2001): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.076.
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Summary The heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), one of the most important planted trees in Taiwan, has a pleasant yellow, yellowish red to red color. Unfortunately, its attractive appearance is susceptible to discoloration after environmental exposure. This degradation is a significant defect that decreases the value of sugi products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the color of sugi yellowish heartwood. We found that the color eventually turned to brownish black in the presence of moisture. Under the combined influence of light and oxygen the color of heartwood changed from yellow to reddish blue. The effect of light wavelengths on the discoloration of sugi yellowish heartwood was also investigated. After irradiation with light of wavelengths above 600 nm, the color of sugi yellowish heartwood changed significantly from yellowish to red. Our findings show that red color enhancement, and hence the economic value of sugi yellowish heartwood, can be achieved by irradiating with light of wavelengths above 600 nm.
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Chang, Chia-Wei, Jia-Jhen Lee, and Kun-Tsung Lu. "The Effects of Adding Heartwood Extractives from Acacia confusa on the Lightfastness Improvement of Refined Oriental Lacquer." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234085.
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In this study, a renewable polymeric material, refined oriental lacquer (ROL), used as a wood protective coating, and the Acacia confusa Merr. heartwood extractive, which was added as a natural photostabilizer for improving the lightfastness of ROL, were investigated. The best extract conditions for preparing heartwood extractives and the most suitable amount of addition (0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 phr) were investigated. The lightfastness index including brightness difference (ΔL *), yellowness difference (ΔYI), and color difference (ΔE *), and their applied properties of coating and film were measured. In the manufacture of heartwood extractives, the yield of extractives with acetone solvent was 9.2%, which was higher than that from toluene/ethanol solvent of 2.6%, and also had the most abundant total phenolic contents (535.2 mgGAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (252.3 μgRE/g). According to the SEM inspection and FTIR analysis, the plant gums migration to the surface of films and cracks occurred after UV exposure. The phenomena for photodegradation of ROL films were reduced after the addition of heartwood extractives. Among the different amounts of the heartwood extractives, the 10 phr addition was the best choice; however, the 1 phr heartwood extractive addition already showed noticeable lightfastness improvement. The drying times of ROL were extended and film performances worse with higher additions of heartwood extractives. Among the ROL films with different heartwood extractive additions, the ROL film with 1 phr addition had superior films properties, regarding adhesion and thermal stability, compared with the films of raw oriental lacquer.
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Sa, A.-Na, and Jung Soon Lee. "Combination Dyeing of Juniperus Chinensis Heartwood and Alnus Japonica Heartwood Extracts." Fashion & Textile Research Journal 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5805/sfti.2015.17.1.127.
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