Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heartwood

Academic literature on the topic 'Heartwood'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Heartwood"

1

Maruyama, Saori, Futoshi Ishiguri, Minoru Andoh, Zensaku Abe, Shinso Yokota, Koetsu Takahashi, and Nobuo Yoshizawa. "Reddening by UV Irradiation after Smoke-Heating in Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Black Heartwood." Holzforschung 55, no. 4 (June 21, 2001): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.058.

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Summary Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) green logs with black heartwood were smoked, heated, and smoke-heated separately to improve the heartwood color. After each treatment, changes in heartwood color, pH, and extract amounts were examined. In addition, changes in heartwood color caused by UV irradiation were observed. Heating and smoke-heating of logs prevented the heartwood from discoloring to black, and the resulting color of thermally-treated heartwoods was yellow-white, whereas smoking alone allowed discoloration to black. The pH value decreased from the original 7.6 to 6.8 by smoking and to 6.5 by thermal treatment. The results obtained here suggest that a pH drop in heartwood by thermal treatment is involved in color changes of black heartwood. When thermally-treated black heartwood was exposed to UV light, redness and yellowness increased and brightness decreased. The resulting color tone was reddish brown. The color of non-thermally-treated woods, however, showed little change. Furthermore, acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts of thermally-treated black heartwood showed an increase in redness by UV irradiation, but the residues showed little color change. The coloring substances relating to the reddening of heartwood could be extracted with these solvents, particularly with methanol. Reddening in black heartwood by a combination of smoke-heating and UV irradiation is considered to be due to a decrease in brightness and an increase in both redness and yellowness.
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Wei, Liuming, Ruoke Ma, and Yunlin Fu. "Differences in Chemical Constituents between Dalbergia oliveri Heartwood and Sapwood and Their Effect on Wood Color." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 7978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227978.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize and quantify the chemical constituents of heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri extract in order to investigate the chemical components that determine the formation of heartwood’s color. In this work, the types of pigments in heartwood and sapwood extract were analyzed using UV-Visible (UV) Spectrophotometer, and the main pigment components of heartwood and sapwood extract were identified and quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results showed that the difference in content of the main components between heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri was slight, and the lignin structure between heartwood and sapwood is basically identical; flavonoid pigments were found to be the primary chromophoric components of heartwood and sapwood extract. However, a total of 21 flavonoids were identified in heartwood and sapwood, of which the unique substances to heartwood were vitexin, isorhamnetin, and pelargonidin, and the content of isoliquiritigenin, formononetin, and biochanin A were 253, 37, and 583 times higher in the heartwood than in the sapwood, respectively, which could be the main pigment components affecting the significant color difference between heartwood and sapwood of Dalbergia oliveri. These results will provide a foundation for revealing the underlying mechanism of color difference between heartwood and sapwood and provide a theoretical basis for wood coloring.
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Lukmandaru, Ganis, Tatsuya Ashitani, and Koetsu Takahashi. "The Characterization of Black-streaked Heartwood in Teak: Inter-tree Variation." Wood Research Journal 5, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2014.5.1.1-9.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in the color and chemical characteristics of black-streaked heartwood of teak and explore the relationship of these chemical properties with the degree of blackening. The samples used were outer heartwood parts from 11 trees with black streaks both thin and thick and 7 trees with normal heartwoods for comparison. The colorimetric analysis in CIEL*a*b* system was used to determine the brightness values (L*) of black- streaked heartwood of teak ranging from 40~49 and a thick portion produced appreciably higher average values of extractive contents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and total extractive content as well as tectoquinone contents and pH values but lower squalene content compared to those in normal wood. The degree of blackening in the black-streaked heartwood was highly correlated to its extractive contents, especially the ethyl acetate soluble extractive content (r = −0.94) while moderate correlations were measured between the brightness index and tectoquinone content (negative) and squalene (positive). Moreover, no significant difference was found in the ash and individual inorganic elements contents between the group. The increase in pH values was observed to have corresponded with a decrease in brightness (r = -0.75). Therefore, the blackening was assumed to be due to the polymerization of quinones in weakly acidic conditions
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Yang, Baoguo, Hongyan Jia, Zhigang Zhao, Shengjiang Pang, and Daoxiong Cai. "Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Teak Plantation." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020225.

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Tectona grandis is a valuable timber species with heartwood that is used worldwide. Most of the previous studies on its heartwood and sapwood have focused on dominant or mean trees, while trees with different social status might show different vertical and horizontal distributions of heartwood and sapwood. Studies on their heartwood and sapwood properties could be conducive to increasing heartwood yield at stand level. In 31-year-old plantations of T. grandis in southwest Guangxi, China, the trees were divided into three groups including dominant, mean and suppressed trees. Stem analysis was conducted for sampled trees in each of these groups to explore the differences in the horizontal and vertical distribution of their heartwood and sapwood. The results indicated that the heartwood radius, heartwood and sapwood areas of T. grandis showed significant differences in horizontal and vertical directions among trees of different social status. Heartwood began to form when xylem radius was 2–3 cm, and the heartwood radius ratio tended to be stable when the xylem radius reached about 8 cm. Heartwood radius and area, sapwood area and section heartwood volume all decreased with increasing tree height. The ratios of heartwood radius and area were relatively stable for sections under 50% of tree height. The sapwood width did not vary largely in horizontal and vertical directions among the three social status tree groups, which mainly fluctuated in the range of 1–4 cm. The heartwood volume proportions for dominant, mean and suppressed trees were 60%, 55% and 51%, respectively. There was a significant exponential relationship between heartwood volume and diameter at breast height (DBH) regardless of social status. The model HV = 0.000011 × DBH2.9787 (R2 = 0.8601) could accurately estimate heartwood volume for all T. grandis with different social statuses at this age. These findings could provide evidence for stand management and high-quality and large-sized timber production of T. grandis.
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Wang, Weikai, Minghan Li, and Jiabin Cai. "Effects of extraction process on the dried cell wall pore structure of messmate heartwood." BioResources 16, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 6074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.6074-6082.

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In order to study the effects of a messmate heartwood extraction process on its cell wall pore structure and its drying ability, its nanopore structure was explored after via gas adsorption technology. Specifically, the messmate heartwood particles were extracted with methanol, and then the cell wall pore structure of the original and extracted samples were evaluated by N2 and CO2 sorption and pycnometer methods, respectively. Overall, compared with the original samples, the cell wall porosity, micropore volume, mesopore volume, BET specific surface area, and specific surface area of the micropores of the extracted messmate heartwoods increased by 2.55%, 0.007 cm3/g, 0.0014 cm3/g, 0.24 m2·g-1, and 21.9 m2·g-1, respectively. The cell wall pore volume measured via the gas adsorption method was smaller than the measurement from the pycnometer method. The results indicated that the presence of extractives made the messmate cell wall have a decreased pore volume and porosity, which may be one of the reasons messmate wood is difficult to dry. Messmate extractives primarily were present in the micropores of the cell wall in the range of 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm. However, gas sorption technology could not detect all the pores in the cell wall of the messmate heartwood sample.
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Dünisch, Oliver, and João Vicente de Figueiredo Latorraca. "The Assimilate Partitioning Importance for Heartwood Extractives Formation in Robinia Pseudoacacia l. of Different Ages." Floresta e Ambiente 22, no. 3 (September 2015): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.083514.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the influence of tree age on the assimilates partitioning and its significance for the formation of heartwood extractives in Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust). Assimilate translocation in 6- and 15-year-old plants was measured in May and August 2006 using the 14CO2 feeding method. The heartwood extractives content in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone and in individual tree rings of the pure heartwood were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. All plants, buds and young leaves showed the strongest 14C specific activity compared to other plant parts in May and August(14C specific activity in buds/leaves of 6-years old plants: 35.2-37.0%, 15-years old plants: 31.4-32.2%). However, in plants labelled in August 2006 at the sapwood-heartwood transition zone also showed a strong assimilates sink, while only small amounts of assimilates were translocated to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone in the plants labelled in May 2006. The amount of assimilates transported to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone was significantly higher in the 15-year-old plants compared to the 6-year-old plants. This was monitored by a higher content of extractives in the heartwood formed by the older plants compared to heartwood formed by the younger plants. The results indicate that uneven assimilate partitioning in younger and older black locust plants affects the heartwood extractives formation, which might lead to a lower natural durability of the heartwood formed by younger trees compared to heartwood formed by older trees.
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Miyamoto, Naoko, Kazuya Iizuka, Jin’ya Nasu, and Hiroo Yamada. "Genetic effects on heartwood color variation in Cryptomeria japonica." Silvae Genetica 65, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2016-0020.

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Abstract To obtain fundamental and useful information regarding heartwood color traits in Japanese cedar, the validity of using L* index for expressing heartwood color and genetic and environmental influences on heartwood color were analyzed using 118 clones with 303 individuals aged approximately 30 years. As for three clones with typical reddish and blackish heartwood, relationships between heartwood color and moisture/potassium content, which were pointed out as ones of the causative agents of blackish heartwood, and the color change after approximately 20 years of conservation were investigated. Based on the continuity, width range, and standard deviation of each index of L*a*b* data, L* was found out to be an appropriate index to express heartwood color in this species. L* values significantly differed between clones. A moderately high repeatability of clones was detected in L* value. Spatial autocorrelation analysis also showed a stronger effect genetically than environmentally. Moisture and potassium contents significantly differed between two groups of reddish and blackish heartwood. Therefore, the absorption and accumulation of water and potassium into trunk may be genetically regulated. As for the L* value of heartwood color after approximately 20 years of conservation, the difference between two groups was still significant, but the lightness in blackish heartwood increased such that the difference was greatly reduced.
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Ishiguri, Futoshi, Kikuko Saitoh, Minoru Andoh, Zensaku Abe, Shinso Yokota, and Nobuo Yoshizawa. "Improvement of Heartwood Color of Black-Colored Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) by UV Irradiation after Smoke Heating." Holzforschung 54, no. 3 (April 13, 2000): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.049.

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Summary Black-colored heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs with bark attached were smoked, heated, and smoke-heated separately to improve the heartwood color. After each treatment, changes of heartwood color, amounts of extracts (hot water, 1 % sodium hydroxide, and ethanol-toluene), metal ions (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium), and pH were examined. In addition, changes of heartwood color by UV irradiation (wavelength at 254 nm and 365 nm) also were studied. Heating and smoke-heating of logs prevented blackening of the heartwood, leading to a yellow-white heartwood color, whereas smoking did not largely change the heartwood color. Almost no differences in the amounts of extracts and metal ions were found in the control and treated woods. Thermal and smoke treatments decreased the pH from the original 8.1 to 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. The results obtained suggest that the changes of pH by both heating and smoking relate to the heartwood color changes in black-colored sugi. In the heated and smoke-heated woods, redness and yellowness were increased by the subsequent UV irradiation at 365 nm, whereas brightness was decreased. Apparently, the heartwood color of black-colored sugi was changed from yellow-white to red by the UV irradiation, the red color being the normal heartwood color of sugi. However, UV irradiation did not cause significant changes in the heartwood color in the control and smoked woods. These results suggest that UV irradiation of the thermally treated wood showing the resulting yellow-white color recovered the redness as found in normal red-colored heartwood, which seems to be caused by chemical changes of pigments under a weak acidic condition in the black-colored heartwood of sugi.
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Belleville, Benoît, Alain Cloutier, and Alexis Achim. "Detection of red heartwood in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) using external stem characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-080.

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Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern.
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Woeste, K. E. "Heartwood production in a 35-year-old black walnut progeny test." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-177.

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A 35-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) progeny test was evaluated for growth and production of heartwood. The test trees, which were open-pollinated progeny of select females in seven states, were planted on a good-quality, uniform site in Wabash County, central Indiana, U.S.A. Increment cores were used to estimate the amount of heartwood at 1.3 m above ground level. There were significant differences among open-pollinated families (α = 0.10) for both area of heartwood and percent area of heartwood. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for these traits were moderate (0.40 and 0.27), indicating opportunity for gain from selection. Faster growing trees had more heartwood and a higher percentage of heartwood area in cross section. Genetic correlations indicated that the rate and amount of heartwood formation is closely related to diameter growth.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heartwood"

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Bergström, Berit. "Aspects on heartwood formation in Scots pine /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5863-3.pdf.

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McGinley, Susan. "Broken Branches: Brown Heartwood Rot of Citrus." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622308.

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Boakye-Yiadom, Kaleem. "Selected anatomical, extractive and physical wood properties of Cylicodiscus gabunensis (Harm) : a tropical timber species /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036806.

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Kennedy, Michael James. "Natural and enhanced wood durability from pine heartwood phenolics." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107122/1/z%20T%28S%29%20108%20Natural%20and%20enhanced%20wood%20durability%20fro%20pine%20heartwood%20phenolics.pdf.

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Wood is a naturally occurring, complex, structured, polymeric material comprised of a structural matrix in which are embedded a vast variety of extractible compounds. The organic carbon-rich matrix is susceptible to biodeterioration by a wide range of bacterial, fungal, insect and other organisms, despite protective effects of the extractives. Wood preservatives developed over the past 50 years have provided efficient ways of preventing biodeterioration, but many of them are under threat from an increasingly chemophobic populace. Naturally bioactive wood extractives offer promise of control of many wood destroying organisms, and may be more acceptable than these more powerful synthetic biocides. Phenolic compounds, relatively abundant extractives from the heartwood of Pinus spp., plantation-grown worldwide, were evaluated for bioactivity. Heartwood from Pinus spp. containing elevated phenolic concentrations was more resistant to subterranean termites than that from species characterized by low phenolics. While the stilbene phenolics were poorly related to resistance, the flavonoid phenolics appeared to be more closely associated with resistance. However, unspecified additional heartwood compounds contributed strongly to termite resistance. Both Pinus el/iottii and Pinus caribaea, previously classed with Pinus radiata as susceptible to termite attack, were naturally resistant to two significant Australian termite species. Acceptance of this resistance has enabled previous limitations on unpenetrated heartwood in these spp. to be removed from Australian requirements for preservative treatment against termites, with consequent economic benefit to the preservative treatment industry and consumers.
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Gustafsson, Gabriella. "Heartwood and lightwood formation in Scots pine : a physiological approach /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6077-8.pdf.

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Beauchamp, Kate. "Biology of heartwood formation in Sitka spruce and Scots pine." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5788.

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Heartwood is the dead, inner layers of wood in the tree which no longer transport water. It is usually dark in colour and has increased decay-resistance compared to the sapwood. Heartwood forms in the transition zone when the ray cells die and deposit chemical extractives in the surrounding xylem. These chemicals convey natural durability which is of value to the forest and timber industry. Despite its value the formation of heartwood is poorly understood. The objective of this PhD is to improve our understanding of heartwood formation in Sitka spruce and Scots pine, the most widely planted species in Britain. Separating heartwood and sapwood at the sawmill can increase timber value due to differences in wood properties. The amount of heartwood varies both with height within, and between trees. Empirical models were developed to describe heartwood and sapwood distribution by diameter, area and ring number 1) within any wood disc 2) with height in the standing tree using taper functions, and 3) its variation between trees. Models will be incorporated into wood quality models to optimise heartwood utilisation. According to pipe theory a certain area of sapwood sustains a volume of canopy, with redundant sapwood converted to heartwood. Sap flux was examined across the sapwood and transition zone in Sitka spruce to understand water transport in relation to heartwood formation and identify seasonal change in transport in the transition zone. Results suggest that the transition zone ceases water transport around dormancy and the amount of heartwood formed may be driven by new wood formation, maintaining sapwood depth. Heartwood formation is a seasonal process, however this has not been confirmed in Sitka spruce or Scots pine, or under UK climatic conditions. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide and ethylene production by the transition zone were measured to identify the time of heartwood formation, which was late summer through dormancy, consistent with published literature. The role of ethylene in heartwood formation is confirmed. Heartwood formation is an active developmental process, a form of programmed cell death, and as such must be carefully regulated temporally and spatially. Regulation by phytohormones has been proposed but not confirmed. Screening for a broad range of phytohormones during the proposed season of heartwood formation identified an increase in abscisic acid and a decrease in auxin concentration in the transition zone. Abscisic acid, auxin and ethylene also regulate xylogenesis, therefore the same signals that initiate cambial dormancy may also provide the temporal regulation of heartwood formation. The results of this PhD will optimise the use of heartwood in Sitka spruce and Scots pine in the UK and contribute towards selective tree breeding for increased heartwood volume worldwide.
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Zhang, Chunhua. "Three-dimensional cell arrangement and heartwood substances movement in hardwoods." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145415.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第11070号
農博第1435号
新制||農||896(附属図書館)
学位論文||H16||N3951(農学部図書室)
22602
UT51-2004-J742
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 藤田 稔, 教授 伊東 隆夫, 教授 野渕 正
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Kemp, Joshua M. "Heartwood: Spiritual homebuilding and white-vanishing in Australian gothic fiction." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2549.

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This thesis represents the spiritual connection between a non-Aboriginal Australian and the Australian natural landscape through a creative work, Heartwood, and an exegesis, which engages with the white-vanishing trope in Australian Gothic fiction. It critically examines ways in which this trope has been used in Australian literature to, consciously or not, represent Aboriginal characters as Other, peripheral or absent, and sometimes appropriated their religious beliefs. Heartwood (2021) is an Australian Gothic novel which features two white Australian characters and their spiritual connection to the landscape, in an attempt to articulate the white-vanishing trope but without othering or sidelining Aboriginal characters. The novel also attempts to explore a form of spiritual connection which does not impinge on or appropriate Aboriginal religious beliefs, a thematic concept rarely explored in Australian Gothic fiction. This thesis utilised the Practice Based Research methodological approach in an attempt to gain new knowledge through the research and creative production of a novel, Heartwood. The subsequent exegesis explores how effective this creative work has been in seeking out this new knowledge. Since the emergence of Australian forms of Gothic fiction during colonisation, white Australian writers have explored the complex and fraught spiritual relationship between non-Aboriginal people and the landscape, often utilising corrosive narrative structures such as the lost-in-the-bush trope to do so. In these texts Aboriginal presence is sidelined or even completely ignored in favour of a primarily white Australian focus. When Aboriginal characters do appear, they have been depicted as demonic, ghostly or supernatural. Some academics believe because Aboriginal characters are depicted as inhuman, their connection to the landscape and sense of land ownership has been elided. Aboriginal religious beliefs have also been appropriated in these works to explore a non- Aboriginal sense of spirituality. Some of the most popular and critically acclaimed Australian novels of the twentieth century have been guilty of this, such as Voss by Patrick White and Picnic at Hanging Rock by Joan Lindsay. This creative work, and the exegesis accompanying it, explore and ultimately seek to subvert the bias inherent in these traditions of Australian Gothic fiction. This is achieved by producing a story which refuses to appropriate Aboriginal religious and/or spiritual beliefs, as well as featuring Aboriginal characters who are not depicted as supernatural or ghostly. The novel also explores a spiritual connection between non-Aboriginal characters and the natural landscape of Western Australia’s Southern Forests region without impinging on the religious beliefs of Aboriginal people. The creative work re-emplaces Aboriginal presence into the text without appropriating an Aboriginal voice or point-of-view.
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Jeremic, Dragica. "Comparative analysis of wetwood, heartwood and sapwood properties in balsam fir." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ46260.pdf.

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Lourenço, Ana Carina dos Santos. "The influence of heartwood on kraft delignification of Eucalyptus globulus wood." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5199.

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Books on the topic "Heartwood"

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Heartwood. New York: Random House Large Print in association with Doubleday, 1999.

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1948-, Gray Don, ed. Heartwood. Prineville, Or: Bonanza Pub., 1992.

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Burke, James Lee. Heartwood. New York: Doubleday, 1998.

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Steber, Rick. Heartwood. Prineville, Or: Bonanza Pub., 1992.

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Heartwood. New York: Island Books, 2000.

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Heartwood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

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Campbell, Barbara. Heartwood. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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Heartwood. Saskatoon, Sask: Thistledown Press, 1985.

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Burke, James Lee. Heartwood. London: BCA, 1999.

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Heartwood. Nottingham, UK: Angry Robot, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Heartwood"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Heartwood." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 358–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5823.

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Kampe, Andreas, and Elisabeth Magel. "New Insights into Heartwood and Heartwood Formation." In Plant Cell Monographs, 71–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36491-4_3.

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Higuchi, Takayoshi. "Formation of Earlywood, Latewood, and Heartwood." In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Wood, 291–307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60469-0_6.

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Hillis, W. E. "The Formation of Heartwood and Its Extractives." In Phytochemicals in Human Health Protection, Nutrition, and Plant Defense, 215–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4689-4_9.

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Hillis, W. E. "Function, Formation and Control of Heartwood and Extractives." In Springer Series in Wood Science, 180–208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72534-0_7.

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Elisabeth, Magel. "Physiology of Cambial Growth, Storage of Reserves and Heartwood Formation." In Tree Physiology, 19–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9803-3_2.

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Arunkumar, A. N., Geeta Joshi, Y. B. Srinivasa, and A. Seetharam. "Heartwood and Oil Content Variation in Sandalwood Accessions from Diverse Origins." In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 311–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6565-3_21.

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Gang, David R., Masayuki Fujita, Laurence B. Davin, and Norman G. Lewis. "The 'Abnormal Lignins': Mapping Heartwood Formation Through the Lignan Biosynthetic Pathway." In ACS Symposium Series, 389–421. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0697.ch025.

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Cottrell, Christopher. "Indian Sandalwood’s Heartwood of History: A Global Sketch from 3000 BCE to 2020." In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 3–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6565-3_1.

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Suresh, K., Maheshwar Hegde, P. Deenathayalan, P. Karthick Kumar, M. Thangapandi, B. Gurudev Singh, and N. Krishnakumar. "Variation in Heartwood Formation and Wood Density in Plantation-Grown Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus)." In Wood is Good, 139–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3115-1_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heartwood"

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Kongkham, S., and K. Aylada. "The antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extracted with different ethanol concentrations." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399934.

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Riddick, Eric W. "Powder from cedar heartwood affects oviposition behavior inColeomegillamaculata: A ladybird native to the Americas." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.95365.

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Mankowski, Mark E. "Effects of resorcinol, a phenol characterized from heartwood extractives of white mulberry (Morus alba) againstReticulitermes flavipes(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.110848.

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Ribeiro, Juliana Pontes, Adriana Tonani, Ygor Bernardes, and Alberto Otero. "From the Design of Waste project to the Heartwood project: transfering concepts, methods and knowledge among university extension actions in Social Design." In SBDS + ISSD 2017. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/sbds-issd-2017-011.

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Mahapatra, Sushil Kumar, Sumant Kumar Mohapatra, Sukant Kumar Behera, and Subhashree Ray. "Heartworm tracking using FGMP algorithm in dogs intestine." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Graphics, Vision and Information Security (CGVIS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgvis.2015.7449905.

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Zhang, Yingying. "The understanding of heartworm disease: Diagnosis and treatments." In 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS: PURE, APPLIED AND COMPUTATION: Mathematics of Quantum Computing. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0117648.

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Kaufman, Phil. "Infectivity and importance of Florida vectors in dog heartworm transmission." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93395.

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Holderman, Chris J. "Mosquito attraction and semiochemical analysis for mosquito vectors of dog heartworm." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94295.

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Dalimunthe, Aminah, Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan, and Denny Satria. "Cell Cycle Arrest Activity of Alkaloid Fraction of Litsea cubeba Lour. Heartwoods Towards HeLa Cancer Cell." In Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008359401740177.

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Correia, Darleide, Esdras Gueiros, Wagner Santos, Abraham Rocha, and Leucio Alves. "Evaluation of a Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant antigen for the capture antibody diagnosis of dog heartworm." In International Symposium on Immunobiologicals. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.2022_52182.

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Reports on the topic "Heartwood"

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Wiemann, Michael C., John P. Brown, and Neal D. Bennett. Comparison of methods to determine disk and heartwood areas. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-720.

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Brown, John P. Heartwood taper in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rp-32.

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