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Journal articles on the topic 'Heart rate variability; overweight; type 2 diabetes'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Sjoberg, Nicholas, Grant D. Brinkworth, Thomas P. Wycherley, Manny Noakes, and David A. Saint. "Moderate weight loss improves heart rate variability in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 4 (April 2011): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01329.2010.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weight loss on heart rate variability (HRV) and its association with traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Forty five patients [body mass index (BMI) 35.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2; age 56.5 ± 1.1 yr] with type 2 diabetes followed an energy-restricted diet (6–7 MJ/day) for 16 wk. Body weight, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment index 2 (HOMA2)], glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, resting HR, and HRV were measured before and after the intervention period. Mean reduction in body weight was 11.1 ± 1.0 kg (10%), with significant reductions in blood pressure (−10%), total cholesterol (−15.9%), LDL (−17.7%), HDL (−7.5%), triglycerides (−21.2%), glucose (−23.4%), insulin (−37.6%), HOMA2 (−40.1%), and HbA1c (−14.5%) ( P ≤ 0.05 for all variables). There were increases in several HRV components, including total power (1,370 ± 280 to 2,045 ± 280 ms2), low-frequency power (345 ± 70 to 600 ± 108 ms2), SD of normal to normal intervals (SDNN; 35.0 ± 2.5 to 43.0 ± 2.7 s), and square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal to normal intervals (RMSSD; 23.0 ± 3.5 to 32.0 ± 3.1 s), and a decrease in HR (69.0 ± 1.3 to 60.0 ± 1.2 beats/min) ( P ≤ 0.03 for all variables). Changes in HR, SDNN, total power, and low-frequency power correlated with change in BMI ( P < 0.05). In addition to improvements in traditional cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, weight loss improves HRV in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Jain, Jitendra Kumar, and Ranjan Maheshwari. "Normal Body Mass Index and Heart Rate Variability." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.13732.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works in synergy with the Endocrine system that affects the body-mass and height and in turn the body mass index (BMI). The ANS activities are often assessed with one index that is heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV has been reported in underweight (low BMI) and overweight (high BMI) individuals, but there is scarce information available on the relationship between normal BMI and HRV. Further, as per WHO expert consultation report, the Asian population has higher percentage of body fat than their European counterparts, therefore Asian people may have greater risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease even below the existing upper edge of normal BMI. Thus it was recommended by WHO to consider the intermediate cutoff points within the normal BMI range as 18.5 Kg/m2, 20 Kg/m2, 23 Kg/m2, and 25 Kg/m2 for the Asian population. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate ANS activity among intermediate cutoff points of normal BMI using HRV. Seventy young individuals participated in the non-invasive and benign study. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their BMI as per the recommendation of the WHO report; NB1 (18.5<BMI≤20), NB2 (20<BMI<23) and NB3 (23<BMI<25). For all the subjects, 10 min of electrocardiogram was recorded and short term HRV analysis was carried out. Student t test was carried out to find the significance of study parameters in BMI groups. The BMI was correlated with HRV measures using Spearman’s correlation method. Statistically significant negative correlation was found between BMI and various HRV parameters. The sympathovagal balance was comparable in NB1 and NB2 group whereas it shifted towards sympathetic dominance in NB3 group. Higher sympathetic activity for BMI greater than 23 in Indian youth may lead to predictability of risks associated with overweight and obesity

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Baye, Estifanos, Kirthi Menon, Maximilian PJ de Courten, Arul Earnest, James Cameron, and Barbora de Courten. "Does supplementation with carnosine improve cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes? study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e017691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017691.

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IntroductionCarnosine, an over-the-counter food supplement, has a promising potential for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases through its anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, antioxidative and chelating effects. We have previously shown that supplementation with carnosine preserves insulin sensitivity and secretion in non-diabetic overweight and obese individuals. The effect of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and related cognitive outcomes in patients with pre-diabetes and T2DM has thus far not been studied. We therefore aim to investigate whether supplementation with carnosine improves cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and T2DM.Methods and analysisWe will employ a parallel design randomised controlled trial. Fifty participants with pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance) and T2DM (with HbA1c level < 8%) aged between 18 to 70 years will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. At baseline, participants will undergo a medical review and series of tests including anthropometric measurements (body mass index, a dual X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan), an oral glucose tolerance test, cardiovascular measurements (central blood pressure, endothelial function and arterial stiffness), cognitive function, physical activity measurement, heart rate variability and liver fibroscan as well as questionnaires to assess dietary habits, sleep quality, depression and quality of life. The intervention group will receive 2 g of carnosine daily in two divided doses while the control group will receive identical placebo capsules for 14 weeks. All baseline measurements will be repeated at the end of the intervention. The change in glycaemic, cardiovascular and cognitive parameters as well as other measures will be compared between the groups.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Monash Health and Monash University, Australia. The findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registrationNCT02917928; Pre-results.

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Quist, Jonas S., Marie M. Jensen, Kim K. B. Clemmensen, Hanne Pedersen, Natasja Bjerre, Joachim Størling, Martin B. Blond, et al. "Protocol for a single-centre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, superiority trial on the effects of time-restricted eating on body weight, behaviour and metabolism in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the REStricted Eating Time (RESET) study." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e037166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037166.

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IntroductionThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on change in body weight and describe changes in behaviour and metabolism in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes.Methods and analysisThe REStricted Eating Time (RESET) study is a randomised controlled parallel-group open-label trial. 100 women and men with (1) overweight (body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m2) and prediabetes (glycated haemoglobin 39–47 mmol/mol); or (2) obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) will be randomised to a control group (habitual living) or TRE (self-selected 10-hours eating window within the period from 06:00 to 20:00 in a 1:1 ratio. Testing is scheduled at baseline and after 6 weeks (mid-intervention), 3 months (post-intervention) and 6 months (follow-up). The primary outcome is change in body weight after 3 months of intervention. Secondary outcomes include changes in body composition; measures of glucose metabolism including glycaemic variability, hormones and metabolites; subjective and metabolic markers of appetite, food preferences and reward; dietary intake; physical activity, sleep, chronotype; gastric emptying, gastrointestinal transit time and motility; respiratory and glycolytic capacities; the plasma proteome and metabolome; blood pressure, resting heart rate and heart rate variability; and resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Motivation and feasibility will be examined based on interviews at baseline and after 3 months. After the 3-month intervention, a 3-month follow-up period and subsequent testing are scheduled to assess maintenance and longer-term effects.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-18059188) and the Danish Data Protection Agency. The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results from the study will address whether TRE is effective and feasible in improving health outcomes in individuals at risk of lifestyle-related diseases and can potentially inform the design of feasible health recommendations.Trial registration numberNCT03854656.

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El Ayash, Heba, Reem Shawar, Maurice Puyau, and Fida Bacha. "RF02 | PMON308 Hyperglycemia Is the Main Determinant of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Youth With Obesity Across the Spectrum of Glycemic Regulation." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1321.

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Abstract Heart Rate Variability (HRV) results from the autonomic nervous system activity, it is a non-invasive marker of cardiac autonomic function. Loss of parasympathetic function (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) override, reflected in decreased HRV, is one of the earliest subclinical manifestations of cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Lower HRV is associated with increased risk of cardiac events in adults. We aimed to characterize HRV in normal weight and overweight children with and without dysglycemia and to investigate the determinants of HRV in these youth, including body composition, glycemia measures, beta-cell function and inflammatory markers. We evaluated 94 adolescents (50 males/44 females), age 15 ± 2.1 years; 21 normal weight with normal glucose tolerance (NW-NGT), 23 overweight with NGT (OW-NGT) and 50 overweight with impaired glucose regulation (OW-IGR) including prediabetes (n= 27) and type 2 diabetes (n= 23). They underwent assessment of anthropometrics, body composition (DXA scan), inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and TNF-α), fasting labs and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with determination of glucose and insulin concentration. EndoPat was used to measure HRV: frequency-domain indices [high-frequency (HF) reflecting PNS, low-frequency (LF) reflecting both PNS and SNS, and LF/HF (higher is worse) estimating the ratio between SNS and PNS] and time-domain indices [the inter-beat interval of normal sinus beats (NN) and the standard deviation of NN (SDNN) measuring overall HRV, the square root of the mean squared difference of successive NN (RMSSD) and the NN intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds (NN50) measuring PNS activity]. LF/HF was higher in the OW-IGR group compared with NW and OW-NGT (p=0.005). After controlling for sex, race and Tanner stage, fasting glucose (FBG) negatively correlated with NN (r=-0.22,p=0.04), SDNN (r=-0.21,p=0.05), RMSSD (r=-0.3,p=0.004), NN50 (r=-0.27,p=0.01) and HF (r=-0.26,p=0.02). LF/HF was positively related to FBG (r=0.39,p<0.001), 2hr-glucose (r=0.31,p=0.004) and HbA1c (r=0.22,p=0.04), and negatively with the insulinogenic index (r=-0.27,p=0.02), but not fasting insulin or HOMA-IR; LF/HF also correlated with percent body fat (r=0.22,p=0.04), hs-CRP (r=0.33,p=0.002) and TNF-α (r=0.38,p=0.006). In a linear regression model with LnLF/HF as the dependent variable and percent body fat, hs-CRP, FBG and HOMA-IR as the independent variables, FBG (beta=0.39,p=0.003) and hs-CRP (beta=0.21,p=0.09) were the significant determinants of LnLF/HF independent of age, sex, race and Tanner stage as covariates (R2= 0.23,p=0.013). Youth with impaired glucose metabolism have evidence of early subclinical cardiac autonomic dysfunction with decreased HRV, loss of parasympathetic function and sympathetic overdrive as reflected by lower time-domain indices, lower HF and higher LF/HF, related to glycemia and systemic inflammation. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m., Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:12 p.m. - 1:17 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

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Stuckey, Melanie I., and Robert J. Petrella. "Heart Rate Variability in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 41, no. 2 (2013): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2013008103.

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Silva-e-Oliveira, Julia, Pâmela Marina Amélio, Isabela Lopes Laguardia Abranches, Dênis Derly Damasceno, and Fabianne Furtado. "Heart rate variability based on risk stratification for type 2 diabetes mellitus." Einstein (São Paulo) 15, no. 2 (June 2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3888.

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ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate heart rate variability among adults with different risk levels for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus was assessed in 130 participants (89 females) based on the questionnaire Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and was classified as low risk (n=26), slightly elevated risk (n=41), moderate risk (n=27) and high risk (n=32). To measure heart rate variability, a heart-rate monitor Polar S810i® was employed to obtain RR series for each individual, at rest, for 5 minutes, followed by analysis of linear and nonlinear indexes. Results The groups at higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly lower linear and nonlinear heart rate variability indexes. Conclusion The individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus have lower heart rate variability.

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Velcheva, Irena, Petar Damianov, Stefka Mantarova, and Nadia Antonova. "Hemorheology and heart rate variability in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 49, no. 1-4 (2011): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-2011-1500.

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Sacre, J. W., C. L. Jellis, T. H. Marwick, and J. S. Coombes. "Reliability of heart rate variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus." Diabetic Medicine 29, no. 7 (June 19, 2012): e33-e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03557.x.

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Pencic-Popovic, Biljana, Vera Celic, Zoran Cosic, Milena Pavlovic-Kleut, Zorica Caparevic, Nada Kostic, Branislav Milovanovic, Aleksandra Sljivic, and Biljana Stojcevski. "Heart rate variability and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 12 (2014): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1412109p.

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Background/Aim. To our knowledge there are no data about the relationship between elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and altered cardiac autonomic function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between heart rate variability (HRV) and slightly increased risk for DM2. Methods. We evaluated 69 subjects (50.0 ? 14.4 years; 30 male) without DM2, coronary artery disease and arrhythmias. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC): group I (n = 39) included subjects with 12 > FINDRISC ? 7; group II (n = 30) subjects with FINDRISC < 7. HRV was derived from 24-h electrocardiogram. We used time domain variables and frequency domain analysis performed over the entire 24-h period, during the day (06-22 h) and overnight (22-06 h). Results. Standard deviation of the average normal RR intervals was significantly lower in the group with increased risk for DM2 compared to the group II (127.1 ? 26.6 ms vs 149.6 ? 57.6 ms; p = 0.035). Other time domain measures were similar in both groups. The group I demonstrated significantly reduced frequency domain measures, total power - TP (7.2 ? 0.3 ln/ms2 vs 7.3 ? 0.3 ln/ms2; p = 0.029), and low frequency - LF (5.9 ? 0.4 ln/ms2 vs 6.3 ? 0.6 ln/ms2; p = 0.006), over entire 24 h, as well as TP (7.1 ? 0.3 ln/ms2 vs 7.3 ? 0.3 ln/ms2; p = 0.004), very low frequency (6.2 ? 0.2 ln/ms2 vs 6.3 ? 0.2 ln/ms2; p = 0.030), LF (5.9 ? 0.4 ln/ms2 vs 6.2 ? 0.3 ln/ms2; p = 0.000) and high frequency (5.7 ? 0.4 ln/ms2 vs 5.9 ? 0.4 ln/ms2; p = 0.011) during the daytime compared to the group II. Nocturnal frequency domain analysis was similar between the groups. The low diurnal frequency was independently related to elevated risk for diabetes mellitus (beta = -0,331; p = 0.006). Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that even slightly elevated risk for developing diabetes mellitus may be related to impaired HRV.

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Goit, Rajesh Kumar, Bishnu Hari Paudel, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, and Rita Khadka. "Heart rate variability and vibration perception threshold in type 2 diabetes mellitus." International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 33, no. 3 (May 31, 2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13410-013-0121-7.

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Nagy, Krisztina, Evelin Sipos, and Taha El Hadj Othmane. "Heart rate variability is significantly reduced in non-diabetic patients with hypertension." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 22 (June 2014): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29886.

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Introductions: Heart rate variability is reduced among patients with hypertension or those with diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and diabetes show frequent co-morbidity, but it is still not entirely clear whether heart arte variability is reduced in non-diabetic patients with hypertension. Aim: The aim of the authors was to evaluate the heart rate variability in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes and in control subjects. Method: 130 patients with hypertension, 48 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 87 control subjects were involved in the study. Minimum, mean and maximum heart rate, and parameters of heart rate variability were measured. Results: The mean of minimum heart rate did not differ significantly between the three groups. However, all other parameters were significantly reduced in patients with hypertension with and without diabetes as compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Heart rate variability is significantly reduced in non-diabetic patients with hypertension. It seems that type 2 diabetes results in no further significant reduction of heart rate variability in patients with hypertension. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(22), 865–870.

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Shi, Wei, Jing Zhang, Dan Chen, Xiaolei Chen, Wei Duan, and Hongmei Zhang. "Heart Rate Variability and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (May 17, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2475750.

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To evaluate whether heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. 392 individuals of T2DM were entered in this study, all these subjects undertook the Holter electrocardiogram for 24 hours to get the HRV parameters. Of these T2DM patients, 126 (37.3%) had CKD, and most of the HRV parameters were lower in this group than in those without CKD. Decreased HRV parameters were strongly related with CKD in Spearman’s correlation analysis. After adjustments for variables, the logistic regression showed that standard deviation of the averaged normal RR intervals for all 5-minute segments (SDANN) was independently associated with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) ( OR = 0.988 ; 95% CI, 0.978-0.998; P = 0.015 ) and increased urine albumin : creatinine ratio UACR ≥ 30 mg/g Cr ( OR = 0.992 ; 95% CI, 0.985-0.998; P = 0.015 ). A decreased 24-hour time domain HRV parameter, SDANN, was strongly associated with both eGFR and UACR among Chinese T2DM.

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Poanta, Laura, Mihai Porojan, and Dan Lucian Dumitrascu. "Heart rate variability and diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Acta Diabetologica 48, no. 3 (February 5, 2011): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-011-0256-2.

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Tsvetkov, V. A., E. S. Krutikov, and S. I. Chistyakova. "Choice of optimal antihypertensive therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2." Marine Medicine 7, no. 4 (January 4, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2021-7-4-62-69.

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Aim of the study: to develop personalized approaches to combined antihypertensive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension, depending on the parameters of the daily blood pressure profile and heart rate variability.Material and methods. We examined 322 patients with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension who had not previously received antihypertensive drugs on a regular basis. At the first stage, patients were prescribed Perindopril 10 mg per day and Indapamide retard 1,5 mg per day. In the absence of reaching target blood pressure (BP) levels after 28 days, a third antihypertensive drug was added — Amlodipine 5 mg per day, followed by titration to 10 mg 1 r per day (group I) or a b-blocker — Carvedilol at a dose of 12,5 mg 2 r per day, also followed by titration up to 25 mg 2 r per day (group II). Daily monitoring of BP and ECG was carried out, the average daily heart rate (HR), circadian index (CI), as well as heart rate variability were determined.Results and its discussion. Patients with type 2 diabetes have a high variability of blood pressure throughout the day, high pulse blood pressure, as well as a rigid circadian profile of heart rate. The appointment of a standard two-component antihypertensive therapy, including Perindopril 10 mg and Indapamide retard 1,5 mg per day, allows reaching the target blood pressure only in 46% of patients. The addition of amlodipine or carvedilol significantly increases the effectiveness of therapy, allowing more than 80% of patients to achieve the target blood pressure. At the same time, the use of amlodipine leads to a greater extent to a decrease in pulse pressure, and the inclusion of carvedilol improves the circadian profile of blood pressure and heart rate, and has a positive effect on heart rate variability.

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FAULKNER, MELISSA S., and ASHLEY HELVIG. "Sleep Quality and Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (May 2018): 811—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-811-p.

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Faulkner, Melissa Spezia, Laurie Quinn, James H. Rimmer, and Barry H. Rich. "Cardiovascular Endurance and Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes." Biological Research For Nursing 7, no. 1 (July 2005): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800405275202.

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Background. Incidence rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing in youth and may eventually contribute to premature heart disease in early adulthood. This investigation explored the influence of type of diabetes, gender, body mass index (BMI), metabolic control (HbA1c), exercise beliefs and physical activity on cardiovascular endurance (CE), and heart rate variability (HRV). Differences in exercise beliefs, physical activity, HRV, and CE in youth with type 1 versus type 2 DM were determined. Methods. Adolescents with type 1 DM (n = 105) or with type 2DM (n = 27) completed the Exercise Belief Instrument and the Physical Activity Recall. Twenty-four HRV measures were obtained via Holter monitoring and analyzed using SpaceLabs Vision Premier™ software system. The McMaster cycle test was used to measure CE (V02peak). Results. Regardless of the type of DM, females and those with higher BMI, poorer metabolic control, and lower amounts of physical activity tended to have lower levels of CE. Exercise beliefs consistently predicted both frequency and time domain HRV measures. Measures of exercise beliefs, self-reported physical activity, CE (V02peak), and HRV were significantly lower in adolescents with type 2 DM in comparison to those with type 1 DM. Conclusions and Recommendations. Early findings of poor physical fitness, lower HRV, fewer positive beliefs about exercise, and less active lifestyles highlight the importance of developing culturally sensitive interventions for assisting youth to make lifelong changes in their physical activity routines. Females, those with poorer metabolic control, and minority youth with type 2 DM may be particularly vulnerable to later cardiovascular disease.

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Grigoricheva, E. A., and I. Y. Melnikov. "HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN SUBJECTS WITH HYPERTENSION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 19, no. 2 (April 28, 2013): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2013-19-2-178-183.

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and their relationship to nitric oxide production by endothelium.Design and methods.The study involved 141 patients with hypertension, including isolated hypertension, and associated with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods of investigation included the evaluation of clinical and conventional instrumentation and laboratory parameters with the additional study of heart rate variability. To assess endothelial function we determined the level of the final stable metabolites of nitric oxide: nitrite and nitrate anions (NO2 - and NO3 -) in blood plasma. Results and conclusions.According to the analysis of heart rate variability we found apparent disturbances of heart rhythm regulation in hypertensive patients: decreased overall heart rate variability, decreased amplitude of parasympathetic, sympathetic and humoral waves, reduced proportion of sympathetic, parasympathetic waves and increase of humoral waves. Co-existing diabetes mellitus led to more apparent disturbances of autonomic regulation of heart rhythm. High heart rate and low heart rate variability in hypertensive patients are associated with an increase of the final metabolites of nitric oxide in the blood plasma.

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Nil, Phurpa Nil, and Sultana Ferdousi. "EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION BY HEART RATE VARIABILITY ANALYSIS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.15344.

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ABSTRACTObjective: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a severe and common, yet highly underdiagnosed, complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Subclinical CAN may have reduced heart rate variability (HRV) but normal Ewing battery test. This study was performed to evaluate theimportance of 5 minutes HRV for the detection of autonomic dysfunction in T2DM without (CAN-T2DM).Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University(BSMMU) on 30 recently diagnosed T2DM (RT2DM) and 54 long-term CAN-male T2DM patients (LT2DM), aged 45-55 years, from the EndocrinologyOut Patient Department of BSMMU, Dhaka. 30 age and body mass index matched apparently healthy male subjects were control. Ewing battery testwas used to rule out CAN positive T2DM. HRV data were recorded by a polyrite-D and analyzed by software. HRV was assessed by time domainmethod. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and unpaired t-test were used.Results: Mean RR, standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) (p<0.05), and root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) were significantly(p<0.001) lower, and mean HR and SDNN/RMSSD were (p<0.001) significantly higher in LT2DM compared to RT2DM and control. In addition, SDNNwas also significantly (p<0.05) lower in RT2DM than that of control.Conclusions: Results conclude that autonomic dysfunction may occur in both LT2DM and RT2DM patients without neuropathy and 5 minutes HRVtest is an important tool for detecting subclinical CAN.Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cardiac autonomic neuropathy, Heart rate variability.

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Borghi-Silva, Audrey, Daniela B. Dutra, Vivian M. Arakelian, Renata G. Mendes, Flávia R. Caruso, José C. Bonjorno-Junior, Glaucio O. Dutra, Natália T. Barbosa, and Claudio R. Oliveira. "The Impact Of Metabolic Control In Heart Rate Variability On Diabetes Mellitus Type 2." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495448.48147.37.

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Macartney, Michael J., Sean R. Notley, Christophe L. Herry, Andrew J. E. Seely, Ronald J. Sigal, and Glen P. Kenny. "Diminished heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes is exacerbated during exercise-heat stress." Acta Diabetologica 57, no. 7 (February 1, 2020): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01482-z.

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Benichou, T., B. Pereira, M. Mermillod, P. Daniela, I. Tauveron, S. Maqdasy, and F. Dutheil. "Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Annales d'Endocrinologie 79, no. 4 (September 2018): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2018.06.889.

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Benichou, Thomas, Bruno Pereira, Martial Mermillod, Igor Tauveron, Daniela Pfabigan, Salwan Maqdasy, and Frédéric Dutheil. "Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta–analysis." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2018): e0195166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195166.

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Davies, J. I., M. Band, A. Morris, and A. D. Struthers. "Spironolactone impairs endothelial function and heart rate variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes." Diabetologia 47, no. 10 (September 9, 2004): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1510-8.

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Goit, Rajesh Kumar, Bhawana Neupane Pant, and Mukesh Kumar Shrewastwa. "Moderate intensity exercise improves heart rate variability in obese adults with type 2 diabetes." Indian Heart Journal 70, no. 4 (July 2018): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.10.003.

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Robles-Cabrera, Adriana, José M. Torres-Arellano, Ruben Fossion, and Claudia Lerma. "Dependence of Heart Rate Variability Indices on the Mean Heart Rate in Women with Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 4386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194386.

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Heart rate variability (HRV) is a method used to evaluate the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) because it is usually attributed to oscillations in cardiac autonomic nerve activity. Recent studies in other pathologies suggest that HRV indices are strongly related to mean heart rate, and this does not depend on autonomic activity only. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the mean heart rate and the HRV indices in women patients with well-controlled T2DM and a control group. HRV was evaluated in 19 T2DM women and 44 healthy women during basal supine position and two maneuvers: active standing and rhythmic breathing. Time-domain (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN20) and frequency-domain (LF, HF, LF/HF) indices were obtained. Our results show that meanNN, age, and the maneuvers are the main predictors of most HRV indices, while the diabetic condition was a predictor only for pNN20. Given the known reduced HRV in patients with T2DM, it is clinically important that much of the HRV indices are dependent on heart rate irrespective of the presence of T2DM. Moreover, the multiple regression analyses evidenced the multifactorial etiology of HRV.

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Cha, Seon-Ah. "Heart rate-corrected QT interval prolongation is associated with decreased heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes." Medicine 101, no. 45 (November 11, 2022): e31511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000031511.

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Krayushkin, S. I., S. S. Shalaeva, I. V. Ivakhnenko, and E. V. Sadykova. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH DIABETIC AUTONOMIC CARDIAC NEUROPATHY." Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2020-2(74)-130-134.

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The dependence of heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and type 2 diabetes on the severity of diabetic autonomic cardiac neuropathy (DACN) is described. 60 patients with Functional Class II–III CHF and type 2 diabetes, 30 of them had signs of DACN of varying severity were examined. The temporary values of heart rate variability, spectral characteristics were estimated, as well as the ratio of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. It was revealed that patients with CHF and type 2 diabetes complicated by DACN had significant disturbance of autonomic regulation and the prevalence of adverse types of autonomic reactivity. At the same time, the severity of autonomic disorders increased with the aggravation of autonomic dysfunction.

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Istenes, Ildikó, Anna Erzsébet Körei, Zsuzsanna Putz, Nóra Németh, Timea Martos, Katalin Keresztes, Miklós Soma Kempler, Vági Orsolya Erzsébet, Péter Vargha, and Péter Kempler. "Heart rate variability is severely impaired among type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension." Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 30, no. 4 (April 7, 2014): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2496.

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Balcıoğlu, Serhat, Uğur Arslan, Sedat Türkoğlu, Murat Özdemir, and Atiye Çengel. "Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Turbulence in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Versus Without Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy." American Journal of Cardiology 100, no. 5 (September 2007): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.106.

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Xixiang, Tang, Peng Long, and Chen Yanming. "GW25-e1580 Impact of blood glucose variability on heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 64, no. 16 (October 2014): C112—C113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.522.

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Simmonds, Michael J., Surendran Sabapathy, Gregory C. Gass, Sonya M. Marshall-Gradisnik, Luke J. Haseler, Rhys M. Christy, and Clare L. Minahan. "Heart rate variability is related to impaired haemorheology in older women with type 2 diabetes." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 46, no. 1 (2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-2010-1333.

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Vijayabaskaran, S., Dhanashree B., V. Damodaran, and S. Nagarajan. "Association between Lipid Levels and Short-Term Heart Rate Variability (HRV) In Type 2 Diabetes." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsc.2022.213921.

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Yesmin, Jenefer, Noorzahan Begum, and Sultana Ferdousi. "Impact of Slow breathing exercise on heart rate variability in male Type 2 diabetes mellitus." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v14i2.44786.

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Background: Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) with cardiac autonomic nerve dysfunction has been found in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. Yoga based slow breathing exercise (SBE) improved this autonomic functions in healthy subjects. Objectives: To assess the effect of SBE on cardiac autonomic nerve function(CANF) by power spectral analysis of HRV in patients with T2DM. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried on 30 male diagnosed T2DM patients aged 45-55 years with disease duration 5-10 years enrolled from Out Patient Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. They performed SBE for 30 minutes twice daily for 3 months. Thirty apparently healthy age, BMI matched male who did not undergo any type of exercise were included as control. To assess the cardiac autonomic nerve function, power spectral analysis of HRV of all patients were done before and after 3 months of SBE. HRV data were recorded by polyrite D (RMS India). For statistical analysis, independent sample and paired sample t-test were used. Results: The preintervention values of Low frequency (LF) normalized unit(nu) and Low frequency/High frequency( LF/HF) ratio were significantly (p<0.001) higher and the values of LF power, HF power, HF normalized unit (HF nu) were significantly (p<0.001) lower in all diabetic patients compared to control. The postintervention values of LF power, HF power, HF nu increased significantly (p<0.001) and the LF nu, LF/HF ratio decreased significantly (p<0.001)compared to their pre-intervention values in T2DM. There were no significant differences between the post intervention values of LF nu, HF nu and LF/HF ratio in T2DM and the control. Conclusion: Impaired cardiac autonomic nerve function was significantly improved by SBE in T2DM. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2019, December; 14(2): 63-68

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Mishra, A. K., R. K. Jha, and B. K. Kapoor. "Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Prediabetics and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v5i1.17066.

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Background People with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer from cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), this may remain subclinical and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is noticed as its early indicator.Objective The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes in heart rate variability and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in (i) pre-diabetics, (ii) diabetics, (iii) non-diabetic subjects.Methods The present study enrolled 30 patients, diagnosed with type 2 DM and 30 prediabetic subjects aged between 30-60 years and compared with its aged matched healthy controls. In HRV, Time Domain (TD) parameters used were: SDNN, rMSSD, NN50 and pNN50%; and Frequency Domain (FD) parameters were: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio. Glycosylated Hb and random blood sugar were measured.Results In HRV, though the time domain measures that reflects parasympathetic activity decreased was insignificant in the cases, the FD parameters such as LF reflecting activities of both division of ANS and HF reflecting only parasympathetic activity were found significantly reduced in diabetes and then control, whereas LF/HF ratio was increased only in diabetic patient (p<0.001) indicating sympathovagal imbalance. Rise in HbA1C was insignificant in prediabetic compared to control, which was observed significant only in diabetic (p< 0.001) patients.Conclusion Findings of the present study suggest that though HbA1c is an indicator of sustained hyperglycemia for monitoring glycemic level, even before its significant rise in plasma, alteration of sympatho-vagal balance over heart begins early in the disease process of diabetes.Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2016;05(01):15-18

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Ingul, Charlotte Bjoerk, and Michael Shelver. "Importance Of Frequency In Volume Matched Exercise On Heart Rate Variability In Type 2 Diabetes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000675124.90388.dd.

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Vukomanovic, Vladan, Jelena Suzic-Lazic, Vera Celic, Cesare Cuspidi, Tijana Petrovic, Sanja Ilic, Dusan Skokic, Daniel Armando Morris, and Marijana Tadic. "Association between functional capacity and heart rate variability in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes." Blood Pressure 28, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2019.1586431.

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Simmonds, Michael J., Clare Minahan, Gregory Gass, Luke Haseler, and Surendran Sabapathy. "Impaired Heart Rate Variability In Type 2 Diabetes: Roles Of Major Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355823.37539.2d.

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Islam, S. K. M. Azizul, Dongkyu Kim, Young-Sil Lee, and Seong-Su Moon. "Association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and heart rate variability in subjects with type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 140 (June 2018): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.034.

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Goit, Rajesh K. "F55. Moderate intensity exercise improves heart rate variability in obese adults with type 2 diabetes." Clinical Neurophysiology 129 (May 2018): e87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.218.

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Simmonds, Michael J., Clare L. Minahan, Kevin R. Serre, Gregory C. Gass, Sonya M. Marshall-Gradisnik, Luke J. Haseler, and Surendran Sabapathy. "Varied Walking Dose In Women With Type 2 Diabetes: Heart Rate Variability And Hemorheology Responses." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402131.51736.79.

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Takebayashi, Kohzo, Rika Matsutomo, Sachiko Matsumoto, Mariko Suetsugu, Sadao Wakabayashi, Yoshimasa Aso, and Toshihiko Inukai. "Relationships between Heart Rate Variability and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." American Journal of the Medical Sciences 331, no. 2 (February 2006): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200602000-00012.

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Kilit, Celal, Serap Demir, Turkan Pasali Kilit, and Mehmet Melek. "The effects of metformin and rosiglitazone on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus." Journal of Electrocardiology 40, no. 4 (July 2007): S40—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.03.124.

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44

Gottsäter, Anders, Åsa Rydén Ahlgren, Soumia Taimour, and Göran Sundkvist. "Decreased heart rate variability may predict the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes." Clinical Autonomic Research 16, no. 3 (May 12, 2006): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-006-0345-4.

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45

Jayachandra, Srinivasa, and Satyanath Reddy Kodidala. "A study of heart rate variability in diabetic mellitus patients." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 18, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.18.3.2022.1162.

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Background. Heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, suggesting dysfunction of cardiac autonomic regulation and an increased risk for cardiac events. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), which results from damage to autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels, is a serious complication of DM. During progression of CAN, the parasympathetic nerve fibers innervating the heart are affected before the sympathetic nerve fibers leading to a reduced heart rate variability. The purpose of this study was to examine type 2 diabetes patients with heart rate variability in order to diagnose autonomic dysfunction and to relate the findings to other complications of diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. 41 type 2 M patients and 45 age- and sex-matched controls were included. In the time domain we measured the mean R–R interval (NN), the standard deviation of the R–R interval index (SDNN), the standard deviation of the 5-min R–R interval mean (SDANN), the root mean square of successive R–R interval differences (RMSSD) and the percentage of beats with a consecutive R–R interval difference > 50 ms (pNN50). In the frequency domain we measured high-frequency power (HF), low-frequency power (LF) and the LF/HF ratio. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between DM patients and controls for age and sex distribution. All time- and frequency-domain parameters except mean R–R interval and the LF/HF ratio were significantly lower in diabetes patients than in controls. When chronic complications of DM were examined, diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy were usually present together. For example, among six patients with nephropathy five also had retinopathy. There were 13 diabetes patients with complications (diabetic nephropathy and/or retinopathy) and nine patients with no diabetic complications. Although the chronological ages of the diabetes patients with and without complications were similar (53 ± 9 and 49 ± 12 years, respectively; P > 0.05), the duration of DM in patients with complications was significantly greater than that of those without complications (14 ± 9 versus 5 ± 7 years; P = 0.002). Diabetes patients had lower HRV values for time-domain and frequency-domain parameters than controls. Conclusions. Majority of heart rate variability parameters were lower in diabetes patients with chronic complications than in those without complications.

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Santana, Milana D. R., Brian Kliszczewicz, Franciele M. Vanderlei, Larissa R. L. Monteiro, Eli Carlos Martiniano, Yasmim M. de Moraes, Luana B. Mangueira, et al. "Autonomic responses induced by aerobic submaximal exercise in obese and overweight adolescents." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 2 (February 2019): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118002007.

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AbstractBackgroundGraded exercises tests are performed in adult populations; nonetheless, the use of this type of assessment is greatly understudied in overweight and obese adolescents.ObjectiveTo investigate heart rate autonomic responses to submaximal aerobic exercise in obese and overweight adolescents.MethodsWe recruited 40 adolescents divided into two groups: (1) overweight group comprising 10 boys and 10 girls between Z-score +1 and +2 and (2) obese group comprising 10 boys and 10 girls above Z-score >+2. Heart rate variability was analysed before (T1) and after exercise (T2–T4) on treadmill at a slope of 0%, with 70% of the maximal estimated heart rate (220 – age) for 20 minutes.ResultsHeart rate in the overweight group was: 93.2±10.52 bpm versus 120.8±13.49 bpm versus 94.6±11.65 bpm versus 93.0±9.23 bpm, and in the obese group was: 92.0±15.41 bpm versus 117.6±16.31 bpm versus 92.1±12.9 bpm versus 91.8±14.33 bpm. High frequency in the overweight group was: 640±633.1 ms2 versus 84±174.66 ms2 versus 603.5±655.31 ms2 versus 762.6±807.21 ms2, and in the obese group was: 628.4±779.81 ms2 versus 65.4±119.34 ms2 versus 506.2±482.70 ms2 versus 677.9±939.05 ms2; and root mean square of successive differences in the overweight group was: 37.9±18.81 ms versus 10.9±8.41 ms versus 32.8±24.07 ms versus 36.7±21.86 ms, and in the obese group was: 38.7±23.17 ms versus 11.5±8.62 ms versus 32.3±16.74 ms versus 37.3±24.21 ms. These values significantly changed during exercise compared with resting values in overweight and obese groups. Moreover, we also reported no significant difference of resting parasympathetic control of heart rate between obese and overweight adolescents.ConclusionThere was no significant difference of autonomic responses elicited by submaximal aerobic exercise between overweight and obese adolescents.

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Stronа, V. I., Y. G. Gorb, and I. R. Komir. "THE VARIABILITY OF HEART RHYTHM IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.18.4.59.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the time and spectral parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with stable type of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus by findings obtained by daily ECG Holter monitoring. Material and methods. The study involved 61 individuals aged 42-64 years (mean age 46.4±4.6 years) with IHD, stable exertional angina pectoris of II-III functional classes, of them 34 individuals (I group) were diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus 2 types, and 27 individuals (II group) were found to have no disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. The control group consisted of 15 individuals with essential hypertension of stage II without IHD and diabetes mellitus. All patients underwent 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram monitoring (HM ECG) with subsequent analysis of HRV parameters and evaluation of heart rhythm disturbances. Results and discussion. It was found that in both groups of IHD patients regardless the presence of diabetes, there was a decrease in the circadian index in comparison with patients with essential hypertension that probably indicates a vegetative "denervation" of the heart, the development of rigidity of the circadian circadian heart rate profile in IHD patients. With an increase in the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the patients of I group, the temporal indices of the variability of the heart rhythm and the circadian index declined. The number of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles per day was statistically significantly higher in patients of I group (p <0.001, p <0.002, respectively) compared with the patients with IHD without diabetes. In the patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes, HM ECG data showed a decrease in HRV timing. This category of patients was found to have a general decrease in HRV: a SDNN decline, changes in spectral characteristics (a decrease in the high-frequency component of the spectrum (HF), an increase in the LF/HF ratio) with a shift of balance toward the sympathetic (low-frequency) component. Conclusions. Patients with stable form of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 have a decrease in both temporal and spectral HRV indices that indicates a decrease in the total activity of neurohumoral effects on the heart rhythm. These changes are associated with an increase in the ectopic activity of the myocardium.

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Akbar, Daad H., Maha A. Hegazi, Hanan A. Al Kadi, and Maimona M. Ahmad. "A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients." Saudi Journal of Internal Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32790/sjim.1.2.4.

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Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

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Akbar, Daad H., Maha A. Hegazi, Hanan A. Al Kadi, and Maimona M. Ahmad. "A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients." Saudi Journal of Internal Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32790/sjim.2011.1.2.4.

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Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

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NK, Subbalakshmi, Prabha Adhikari, Vinaya Poornima, and Sathyanrayana Rao KN. "Correlates of SDNN heart rate variability in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus." International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research 6, no. 3 (March 30, 2015): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v6i3.1708.

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