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Journal articles on the topic 'Heart Muscles Diseases'
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1
Agafonov, F. D. "The state of the peripheral circulatory system in infectious diseases." Kazan medical journal 25, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80472.
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The state of blood circulation and the causes of its disorder, both in chronic and, in particular, in acute infectious diseases, have always been of great interest to both clinicians and pathologists. Since the time of Laennec, who first drew attention to the weakness of the heart muscles in those who died from febrile diseases and emphasized, like Louis, weakness and fragility of the heart muscle, they began to look for the causes of these disorders in the state of the heart muscles. A significant success in the study of diseases of the heart muscle in infectious diseases was the teaching of Virchow about parenchymal inflammation, confirmed by Bttcher for typhoid and Mosler for diphtheria. While these authors spoke only about parenchymal inflammation of the heart muscle, Hayem was able to establish under the same conditions also interstitial myocarditis, and later productive endoarteritis of the coronary vessels, which, causing vascular thrombosis, could be the cause of sudden death during typhoid.
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Chandragirish S, Harsha B R, and Girish V. Patil. "Morphometric study on papillary muscles of human tricuspid valve-dissection method." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 8, no. 3 (October 15, 2021): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2021.043.
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Aim of the present study was to observe the measurements of anterior papillary muscles present in tricuspid valve of human heart. Measurements of anterior papillary muscles in tricuspid valve gains utmost importance in cardiac surgeries because they are the causes of myocardial infarction in recent times because of its variations and detection of these causes by advent in modern technologies which will help in treatment of tricuspid valve diseases. This study was carried out on 96 normal formalin fixed human heart specimens. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Anterior papillary muscles were observed and length, width and thickness of each muscle were measured and documented. In the present study, numbers of anterior papillary muscles were present with a frequency of 1-3, with most common appearance of 1 muscle in 66 hearts (68.8%) and least common incidence of 3 muscles in 6 hearts (6.3%). Anterior papillary muscles were present in all 96 hearts. In measurements, anterior papillary muscles mean height was 1.49±0.44 cm; mean width was 0.82±0.21 cm and mean thickness was 0.64±0.15 cm respectively. We hope this study will serve to understand the morphometry of anterior papillary muscles better and will help in various surgical procedures and cardiac treatment done on tricuspid valve.
3
Gorkova, N. B., L. M. Starykh, and L. E. Karpova. "A case of early pelvic-brachial progressive muscular dystrophy with severe heart involvement." Kazan medical journal 72, no. 2 (February 15, 1991): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj106605.
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Progressive muscular dystrophies (PMD) are a group of hereditary diseases characterized by a primary dystrophic process in muscle tissue. The peculiarity and characteristics of cardiac disorders depend both on the nosological form with a characteristic muscle pathology for each of them, and on the stage, severity of the course of the disease and the mass of the affected muscles, and circulatory failure is less pronounced than damage to skeletal muscles.
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Jörgen Sandell and Mark Davies. "Benefits of sauna on lung capacity, neurocognitive diseases, and heart health." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.1.1414.
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Sauna refers to passive heat therapy that involves exposure of the body to a high-temperature environment for an appropriately short period, contingent on the therapy’s purpose. Ideally, the therapy aims to raise the internal body temperature by a few degrees, and its effect happens in two phases. The first phase occurs during the first ten minutes, encouraging the body to perspire while maintaining a temperature of around 98.6 degrees. The extra heat is dispersed by increased blood circulation, blood pushing on the skin's surface, and sweating. The body enters the second phase after 10-30 minutes in the sauna. During this period, the body cannot disperse the sauna heat, thereby increasing the body temperature. In return, the heart rate and sweating increase. There are four different types of saunas. These include traditional saunas, usually heated with wood-burning stoves, rocks, or an electric coil. Far-infrared saunas are usually heated by metallic or ceramic elements that produce a small spectrum of light, referred to as far-infrared. Infrared lamp saunas are heated using heat lamps that produce radiant heat. The last type is steam saunas, traditionally heated, but water increases the humidity and air temperatures. During sauna therapy, the heart rate of an individual increase from the standard range up to 120 or 150 beats per minute. Unlike physical activity, sauna therapy does not involve any active function of the skeletal muscles. Even though skeletal muscles are inactive during a sauna session, blood volume is partially redirected to the internal organs' exterior body parts due to decreased venous return. Sauna therapy assists in liberating toxins piled in our tissues, facilitating lymph and blood circulation and strengthening one's immune system. Sauna bathing has mainly been used for purposes of relaxation and pleasure. Today, the activity is increasingly becoming popular as a form of treatment therapy. Several pieces of evidence claim that sauna bathing has numerous health benefits, including hemodynamic regulation processes, reduced risk of vascular diseases, cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive diseases, mortality, pulmonary diseases, stabilized arterial blood pressure, and enhancement of conditions such as flu, headache, and arthritis. However, response to stress from heat can increase muscle blood flow. This report will precisely explore the benefits of sauna bathing on lung capacity and heart health for people with cardiovascular, lung-related or respiratory-related, and neurocognitive diseases.
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Nazir, Muhammad Mudasser, Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz, Atif Nisar Ahmed, Azhar Maqbool, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Oneeb, Ghulam Yasin, et al. "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis Species DNA in the Heart and Breast Muscles of Rock Pigeons (Columbia livia)." Journal of Parasitology Research 2018 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6264042.
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Little is known about the prevalence of protozoan parasites in the muscles of rock pigeons (Columbia livia). The muscles from 54 (heart from 45 and breast from 54) rock pigeons were examined for DNA of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis species using PCR. Twenty-four were female and 30 were males. The birds were part of flocks of pigeons housed at the tombs of saints in Lahore, Pakistan. Birds that died or were euthanized due to poor health were submitted for necropsy at the Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, where DNA isolations and PCR were conducted. Nineteen (35.1%) of the birds were positive for T. gondii DNA. Seven males and 12 females were positive. Breast tissue was always infected in T. gondii positive birds, while the heart was infected in 13 (28.8%) of breast positive birds. Five (9.2%) of the pigeons, 2 males and 3 females, were positive for N. caninum. The distribution of N. caninum DNA was more variable in the muscles of pigeons than T. gondii and was found only in the heart of 1 (female), heart and breast muscle of 2 (male), and only the breast muscle of 2 birds (female). One of the 54 rock pigeons (female) was positive for both T. gondii (heart and breast) and N. caninum (heart only). Two of the positive Neospora caninum amplicons were sequenced and had 97% nucleotide identity with N. caninum isolates. Sarcocystis DNA was not found in any bird. The prevalence of T. gondii in rock pigeons and their predation by cats suggest that they may play an unrecognized role in maintaining environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts by cats. Our study indicates that rock pigeons are intermediate hosts of N. caninum and this information will aid in understanding the epidemiology of N. caninum.
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Shaikh, Rumana M. "Cardiovascular Diseases Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 11, 2021): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2426.
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A broad variety of health conditions are involved in heart disease. Several illnesses and disorders come under the heart disease umbrella. Heart disease forms include: In arrhythmia, abnormality of the heart rhythm. Arteriosclerosis, Hardening of the arteries is atherosclerosis. Via cardiomyopathy, this disorder causes muscles in the heart to harden or grow weak. Defects of the congenital heart, heart abnormalities that are present at birth are congenital heart defects. Disease of the coronary arteries (CAD), the accumulation of plaque in the heart's arteries triggers CAD. It's called ischemic heart disease occasionally. Infections of the heart, bacteria, viruses, or parasites may trigger heart infections. Heart diseases namely arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, heart attacks, cardiomyopathy will be detect using the proposed algorithm in this paper. Here I compared three algorithms namely Restricted Boltzmann Machines, Deep Belief Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks for electrocardiogram (ECG) classification for heart disease.
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Dubuisson, Nicolas, Romain Versele, María A. Davis-López de Carrizosa, Camille M. Selvais, Sonia M. Brichard, and Michel Abou-Samra. "Walking down Skeletal Muscle Lane: From Inflammasome to Disease." Cells 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113023.
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Over the last decade, innate immune system receptors and sensors called inflammasomes have been identified to play key pathological roles in the development and progression of numerous diseases. Among them, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD-), leucine-rich repeat (LRR-) and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is probably the best characterized. To date, NLRP3 has been extensively studied in the heart, where its effects and actions have been broadly documented in numerous cardiovascular diseases. However, little is still known about NLRP3 implications in muscle disorders affecting non-cardiac muscles. In this review, we summarize and present the current knowledge regarding the function of NLRP3 in diseased skeletal muscle, and discuss the potential therapeutic options targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in muscle disorders.
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Caron, Marc-André, Richard Debigaré, P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen, and François Maltais. "Comparative assessment of the quadriceps and the diaphragm in patients with COPD." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 3 (September 2009): 952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00194.2009.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other chronic diseases such as heart failure are accompanied by skeletal muscle alterations that further enhance morbidity and mortality in affected individuals. Several studies have highlighted important structural and biochemical modifications in limb and respiratory muscles in COPD. Reviewing the similarities and differences between the two most studied muscles in COPD, the quadriceps and the diaphragm, may be helpful in providing important clues about the mechanisms underlying muscle changes associated with this disease. Although oxidative stress is present in both muscles, other muscle alterations are clearly distinct between the quadriceps and the diaphragm. For example, the oxidative metabolism varies in opposite directions, the diaphragm exhibiting increased resistance to fatigue while the quadriceps in COPD is characterized by premature fatigability. Differences in muscle phenotypic expression between the diaphragm and the quadriceps indicate that, in addition to systemic factors, the local microenvironment must participate in the reorganization seen in these two skeletal muscles in COPD.
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Kovalev, Dmitriy. "Myocarditis complicated by therapy-resistant heart failure." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2002-07.
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscles, caused by direct or indirect — through immune mechanisms — exposure to infectious, physical and chemical factors, as well as developing in case of autoimmune diseases and heart transplantation. Inflammatory myocardial diseases are one of the rare nosological forms in cardiology, which, despite its nearly two-century history, still does not have clear guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
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Moalla, Wassim, Grégory Dupont, Abdou Temfemo, Yves Maingourd, Matthew Weston, and Said Ahmaidi. "Assessment of exercise capacity and respiratory muscle oxygenation in healthy children and children with congenital heart diseases." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 3 (June 2008): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-196.
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Muscular and cardiorespiratory dysfunction contributes to exercise intolerance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cardiopulmonary response andrespiratory muscle oxygenation of children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) when compared with those of healthy children. Twelve children with CHD in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III, and 14 healthy children participated in the study. All subjects performed conventional spirographic measurements and a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and power output were measured. Oxygenation of respiratory muscles was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during exercise and recovery. Pulmonary function was normal and no significant difference was found between groups. At rest, CHD patients had cardiorespiratory variables comparable with those of the healthy group. At submaximal intensity (ventilatory threshold) and at peak exercise, power output, HR, VO2, VCO2, and VE were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in CHD patients. Respiratory muscles deoxygenated during exercise in both groups. However, deoxygenation was more pronounced in the CHD group than in the healthy children from an intensity of 40% up to exhaustion. Likewise, children with CHD showed a slower recovery of oxygenation than healthy children (113.4 ± 17.5 vs. 74.6 ± 13.0 s; p < 0.001). Compared with healthy children, these results demonstrated that children with CHD have reduced performance and present a defected exercise capacity. Children with CHD showed a more pronounced decrease of respiratory muscle oxygenation and slower recovery of oxygen kinetics.
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Musa, Ahmed, and Dheyauldeen Shabeeb. "Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products." Medicina 55, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the majority of deaths worldwide. Radiation-induced heart diseases (RIHD) is one of the side effects following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Exposure could be from various forms such as diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy for cancer treatment, as well as nuclear disasters and nuclear accidents. RIHD is mostly observed after radiotherapy for thoracic malignancies, especially left breast cancer. RIHD may affect the supply of blood to heart muscles, leading to an increase in the risk of heart attacks to irradiated persons. Due to its dose-limiting consequence, RIHD has a negative effect on the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Several methods have been proposed for protection against RIHD. In this paper, we review the use of natural products, which have shown promising results for protection against RIHD.
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Skopenkova, Victoria V., Tatiana V. Egorova, and Maryana V. Bardina. "Muscle-Specific Promoters for Gene Therapy." Acta Naturae 13, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11063.
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Many genetic diseases that are responsible for muscular disorders have been described to date. Gene replacement therapy is a state-of-the-art strategy used to treat such diseases. In this approach, the functional copy of a gene is delivered to the affected tissues using viral vectors. There is an urgent need for the design of short, regulatory sequences that would drive a high and robust expression of a therapeutic transgene in skeletal muscles, the diaphragm, and the heart, while exhibiting limited activity in non-target tissues. This review focuses on the development and improvement of muscle-specific promoters based on skeletal muscle -actin, muscle creatine kinase, and desmin genes, as well as other genes expressed in muscles. The current approaches used to engineer synthetic muscle-specific promoters are described. Other elements of the viral vectors that contribute to tissue-specific expression are also discussed. A special feature of this review is the presence of up-to-date information on the clinical and preclinical trials of gene therapy drug candidates that utilize muscle-specific promoters.
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Ahmed, Dr Ahmed Mohammed, Abdullah Abdulkhaliq Qazzaz, and Dr Hydair Sachet Khalaf. "Ischemic Heart Disease Treatment." International Journal of Research in Science and Technology 12, no. 01 (2022): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrst.v12i01.005.
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Ischemic heart disease IHD is a rapidly increasing common cause of death in the world. This disease is the insufficient status of oxygen within the cardiac muscles due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, and a cardiac disease that occurs as a result of coronary artery stenosis. Ischemic heart disease diseases are the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries ,among these IHD is the most prevalent manifestation and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The clinical presentation of IHD include silent ischaemia, stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure and sudden death.
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Naumova, Anna V., Gregory Kicska, Kiana Pimentel, Lauren E. Neidig, Hiroshi Tsuchida, Kenta Nakamura, and Charles E. Murry. "Quantitative Analyses of the Left Ventricle Volume and Cardiac Function in Normal and Infarcted Yucatan Minipigs." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7070107.
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(1) Background: The accuracy of the left ventricular volume (LVV) and contractility measurements with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is decreased if the papillary muscles are abnormally enlarged, such as in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human patients or in pig models of human diseases. The purpose of this work was to establish the best method of LVV quantification with CMRI in pigs. (2) Methods: The LVV in 29 Yucatan minipig hearts was measured using two different techniques: the “standard method”, which uses smooth contouring along the endocardial surface and adds the papillary volume to the ventricular cavity volume, and the “detailed method”, which traces the papillary muscles and trabeculations and adds them to the ventricular mass. (3) Results: Papillary muscles add 21% to the LV mass in normal and infarcted hearts of Yucatan minipigs. The inclusion or exclusion of these from the CMRI analysis significantly affected the study results. In the normal pig hearts, the biggest differences were found in measurements of the LVV, ejection fraction (EF), LV mass and indices derived from the LV mass (p < 0.001). The EF measurement in the normal pig heart was 11% higher with the detailed method, and 19% higher in the infarcted pig hearts (p < 0.0001). The detailed method of endocardium tracing with CMRI closely represented the LV mass measured ex vivo. (4) Conclusions: The detailed method, which accounts for the large volume of the papillary muscles in the pig heart, provides better accuracy and interobserver consistency in the assessment of LV mass and ejection fraction, and might therefore be preferable for these analyses.
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Mujovic, Natasa, Nebojsa Mujovic, Vladimir Zugic, Ljubica Nikcevic, Milan Savic, and Mihailo Stjepanovic. "Rehabilitation treatment in diseases of the pulmonary interstitium." Medical review 66, suppl. 1 (2013): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns13s1072m.
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Introduction. Patients with interstitial lung disease suffer from a wide range of persistent symptoms, such as fatigue, shortness of breath and general weakness. Discussion and Review of Literature. So far, there have scarcely been any specific nonpharmacological treatments to reduce the above mentioned symptoms in the treatment of these patients. However, it has been shown that physical exercise improves health status, exercise capacity, skeletal muscle function and reduces fatigue and dyspnea in patients with chronic lung and heart diseases. These symptoms significantly deteriorate the quality of daily life in these patients. The mechanisms by which dyspnea is produced by interstitial lung diseases differ in some aspects from those of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and they include neuromechanical and physiological limitations, ventilatory-perfusion disorder, damaged diffusion, circulatory and cardiovascular limitations, anxiety, depression, as well as ventilating and skeletal muscle weakness. Early initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation is likely to improve several of these factors, particularly cardiovascular performance, muscular strength and mood disorders. Conclusion. Dysfunction of peripheral and respiratory muscles may contribute to a decrease in exercise tolerance due to systemic manifestations of disease, unwanted therapeutic effects or deconditioning of patients.
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Rassier, Dilson E., and Anna Kashina. "Protein arginylation of cytoskeletal proteins in the muscle: modifications modifying function." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 316, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): C668—C677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00500.2018.
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The cytoskeleton drives many essential processes in normal physiology, and its impairments underlie many diseases, including skeletal myopathies, cancer, and heart failure, that broadly affect developed countries worldwide. Cytoskeleton regulation is a field of investigation of rapidly emerging global importance and a new venue for the development of potential therapies. This review overviews our present understanding of the posttranslational regulation of the muscle cytoskeleton through arginylation, a tRNA-dependent addition of arginine to proteins mediated by arginyltransferase 1. We focus largely on arginylation-dependent regulation of striated muscles, shown to play critical roles in facilitating muscle integrity, contractility, regulation, and strength.
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Christa, Martin, Stefanie Hahner, Herbert Köstler, Wolfgang Rudolf Bauer, Stefan Störk, and Andreas Max Weng. "Primary hyperaldosteronism induces congruent alterations of sodium homeostasis in different skeletal muscles: a 23Na-MRI study." European Journal of Endocrinology 186, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): K33—K38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-22-0074.
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Background Sodium homeostasis is disrupted in many cardiovascular diseases, which makes non-invasive sodium storage assessment desirable. In this regard, sodium MRI has shown its potential to reveal differences in sodium content between healthy and diseased tissues as well as treatment-related changes of sodium content. When different tissues are affected disparately, simultaneous assessment of these compartments is expected to provide better information about sodium distribution, reduce examination time, and improve clinical efficiency. Objectives The objectives were (1) to investigate sodium storage levels in calf and pectoral muscle in healthy controls and patients and quantify changes following medical treatment and (2) to demonstrate homogeneous disruption in skeletal muscle sodium storage in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). Methods We assessed sodium storage levels (relative sodium signal intensity, rSSI) in the calf and pectoral muscles of eight patients with PHA prior and after treatment and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Results Calf and pectoral muscle compartments exhibited similar sodium content both in healthy subjects (calf vs pectoral rSSI: 0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.03) and PHA patients (calf vs pectoral rSSI: 0.19 ± 0.03 vs 0.18 ± 0.03). Further, we observed similar treatment-related changes in pectoral and calf muscles in the patients (proportional rSSI change calf: 26%; pectoral: 28%). Conclusion We found that sodium was distributed uniformly and behaved equally in different skeletal muscles in Conn’s syndrome. This allows to measure both heart and skeletal muscle sodium signals simultaneously by a single measurement without repositioning the patient. This increases 23Na-MRI’s clinical feasibility as an innovative technique to monitor sodium storage.
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Ciołkiewicz, Mariusz, Anna Kuryliszyn-Moskal, Anna Hryniewicz, and Karol Kamiński. "Sarcopenia and myokines profile as risk factors in cardiovascular diseases?" Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 73 (October 24, 2019): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5442.
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Skeletal muscles and substances released during physical activity (myokines) have a beneficial influence on the functioning of the organism. Myokines (released also by myocardium) together with hepatokines and adipokines play an important role not only in energetic metabolism, but they also influence, among others, the function of the circulatory and nervous systems, modulation of inflammatory state and atherogenesis. Under pathological conditions connected with the presence of chronic diseases, chronic inflammatory state, low physical activity, long-term immobility the following consequences are observed: reduction of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) and changed profile of released myokines. The incidence of sarcopenia is connected with an unfavorable course of the aging process, often leading to disability and multiple morbidities. Sarcopenia can also lead to frailty syndrome, which not only worsens the prognosis of various diseases, but it can also increase the risk of medical procedures. Sarcopenia and adverse przymyokine profile are modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and affecting them may improve functional status and prognosis. An important intervention to improve muscles function and myokine profile, apart from nutritional treatment and pharmacotherapy, is regular physical activity as a component of cardiac rehabilitation. In our paper we focused on a review of the newest research regarding the association of sarcopenia and the profile of released myokines with incidence and course of cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure, coronary artery disease, carotid artery atherosclerosis or ischemic cerebral stroke.
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Moalla, Wassim, Mohamed Elloumi, Karim Chamari, Grégory Dupont, Yves Maingourd, Zouhair Tabka, and Said Ahmaidi. "Training effects on peripheral muscle oxygenation and performance in children with congenital heart diseases." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 4 (August 2012): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-036.
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We investigated the effect of training on peripheral muscular performance and oxygenation during exercise and recovery in children with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Eighteen patients with CHD aged 12 to 15 years were randomly assigned into either an individualized 12-week aerobic cycling training group (TG) or a control group (CG). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and endurance at 50% MVC (time to exhaustion, Tlim) of the knee extensors were measured before and after training. During the 50% MVC exercise and recovery, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to assess the fall in muscle oxygenation, i.e., deoxygenation ([Formula: see text]) of the vastus lateralis, the mean rate of decrease in muscle oxygenation, the half time of recovery (T1/2R), and the recovery speed to maximal oxygenation (RS). There was no effect of time on any parameter in the CG. After training, significant improvements were observed in TG for MVC (101.6 ± 14.0 vs. 120.2 ± 19.4 N·m, p < 0.01) and Tlim (66.2 ± 22.6 vs. 86.0 ± 23.0 s, p< 0.01). Increased oxygenation (0.20 ± 0.13 vs. 0.15 ± 0.07 a.u., p < 0.01) and faster mean rate of decrease in muscle oxygenation were also shown after training in TG (1.22 ± 0.45 vs. 1.71 ± 0.78%·s–1, p < 0.001). Moreover, a shorter recovery time was observed in TG after training for T1/2R (27.2 ± 6.1 vs. 20.8 ± 4.2 s, p < 0.01) and RS (63.1 ± 18.4 vs. 50.3 ± 11.4 s, p < 0.01). A significant relationship between the change in [Formula: see text] and both MVC (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) and Tlim (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) in TG was observed. We concluded that exercise training improves peripheral muscular function by enhancing strength and endurance performance in children with CHD. This improvement was associated with increased oxygenation of peripheral muscles and faster recovery.
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Maimaiti, Rexiati, Chaoqun Zhu, Yanghai Zhang, Qiyue Ding, and Wei Guo. "RBM20-Mediated Pre-mRNA Splicing Has Muscle-Specificity and Differential Hormonal Responses between Muscles and in Muscle Cell Cultures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062928.
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Pre-mRNA splicing plays an important role in muscle function and diseases. The RNA binding motif 20 (RBM20) is a splicing factor that is predominantly expressed in muscle tissues and primarily regulates pre-mRNA splicing of Ttn, encoding a giant muscle protein titin that is responsible for muscle function and diseases. RBM20-mediated Ttn splicing has been mostly studied in heart muscle, but not in skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated splicing specificity in different muscle types in Rbm20 knockout rats and hormonal effects on RBM20-mediated splicing both in cellulo and in vivo studies. The results revealed that RBM20 is differentially expressed across muscles and RBM20-mediated splicing is muscle-type specific. In the presence of RBM20, Ttn splicing responds to hormones in a muscle-type dependent manner, while in the absence of RBM20, Ttn splicing is not affected by hormones. In differentiated and undifferentiated C2C12 cells, RBM20-mediated splicing in response to hormonal effects is mainly through genomic signaling pathway. The knowledge gained from this study may help further understand muscle-specific gene splicing in response to hormone stimuli in different muscle types.
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Esteves, Patrícia R., Karla P. C. Araújo, Carlos E. Ambrósio, Dulcinéa G. Teixeira, Daniele S. Martins, Adriana C. Morini, João C. Morini Junior, et al. "Study of the cardiac left atrioventricular valvar complex in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of the Jafarabadi breed." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 10 (October 2009): 852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009001000013.
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Atrioventricular valve complex of 30 Jafarabadi water buffaloes, adult males were studied in this research with no heart diseases. The animals were obtained from a slaughterhouse in Brazilian State of Parana. The hearts were opened at the third portion affording access to the valve complex. The complexes had its area, number and type of tendinous cords submitted to analysis. The results showed that the complex is composed by two cusps and four accessory cusps, two or three papillary muscles in which 10-25 tendinous cords fix on the cusps that face the ventricle wall. The total area of the complex was on average 38.56cm², with a minimum of 24.96cm² and a maximum of 55.54cm². Statistically, no relation between the number of cords and the cusps' area where they are inserted or with the number of papillary muscle where they originated from was observed.
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Rauniyar, RK, U. Sharma, and S. Baboo. "Isolated Extra hepatic Hydatid Cyst of Para spinal Muscle - Unusual Presentation - a Case Report." Nepalese Journal of Radiology 2, no. 1 (October 23, 2012): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v2i1.6977.
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Hydatid disease (echinococcosis) commonly involves liver while other known extrahepatic sites of involvement are lung, heart, brain, kidney, bones, spleen, pancreas, adrenal and muscles.1-3 Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) features are characteristic especially in hepatic disease and hence diagnosed easily, while isolated extrahepatic diseases are sometimes difficult to diagnose. Here, we present an interesting case of hydatid cyst in paraspinal muscle with unusual clinical and imaging features, but treated successfully inspite, initial diagnostic dilemma. Imaging features and follow up result are discussed. NJR I VOL 2 I ISSUE 1 31-34 Jan-June, 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v2i1.6977
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Chou, Ting-Heng, Sarah Janse, Albert J. Sinusas, and Mitchel R. Stacy. "SPECT/CT imaging of lower extremity perfusion reserve: A non-invasive correlate to exercise tolerance and cardiovascular fitness in patients undergoing clinically indicated myocardial perfusion imaging." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 27, no. 6 (January 14, 2020): 1923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-02019-w.
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Abstract Background Although exercise is often prescribed for the management of cardiovascular diseases, a non-invasive imaging approach that quantifies skeletal muscle physiology and correlates with patients’ functional capacity and cardiovascular fitness has been absent. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of lower extremity single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT perfusion imaging as a non-invasive correlate to exercise tolerance and cardiovascular fitness. Methods Patients (n = 31) undergoing SPECT/CT myocardial perfusion imaging underwent additional stress/rest SPECT/CT imaging of the lower extremities. CT-based image segmentation was used for regional quantification of perfusion reserve within the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles. Metabolic equivalents (METs) at peak exercise and heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise were recorded. Results Peak METs were significantly associated with perfusion reserve of tibialis anterior (p = 0.02), soleus (p = 0.01) and gastrocnemius (p = 0.01). HRR was significantly associated with perfusion reserve of the soleus (p = 0.02) and gastrocnemius (p = 0.04) muscles. Perfusion reserve of the tibialis anterior (40.6 ± 20.2%), soleus (35.4 ± 16.7%), and gastrocnemius (29.7 ± 19.1%) all significantly differed from each other. Conclusions SPECT/CT imaging provides regional quantification of skeletal muscle perfusion reserve which is significantly associated with exercise tolerance and cardiovascular fitness. Future application of SPECT/CT may elucidate the underlying skeletal muscle adapations to exercise therapy in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Kandasamy, Thilagasundari, Sabarinath Chandrasekar, Manimekalai Pichaivel, Sudhakar Pachaiappan, Gayathiri Muthusamy, and Lalitha Sumathi. "A Review of Zebrafish as an Alternative Animal Model and Its Benefits over Other Animal Models in Various Disease Conditions." Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjbr.2022.v07i12.005.
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The zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has been exponentially adopted because it is a small tropical freshwater fish with crucial genetic, anatomical, and physiological homology with humans. Therefore, zebrafish constitute an excellent experimental model for behavioral, genetic, and toxicological studies that unravel the mechanisms of various human diseases. The zebrafish is a vertebrate, as it shares many organs with humans, including the blood, muscles, kidneys, and eyes. Genome organization and the pathways involved in controlling signal transduction appear to be highly conserved between zebrafish and humans, and therefore zebrafish may be used for modeling human diseases. The zebrafish genome has been sequenced, allowing scientists to study the functions of more than 14,000 genes by inducing mutations in those genes. Zebrafish have a special ability to repair their heart muscle, and scientists are attempting to determine the specific factors involved in this process to help people with heart problems. This review focuses on the use of zebrafish as a potential alternative model and its advantages over other animal models for conducting biomedical research on various human disease conditions.
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Indumathy, D., and S. Sudha. "Delineation of Blood Vessels in Coronary Artery Region for Classification of Different Types of Plaques." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2020.2307.
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Cardiac arrest in human arises owing to blood vessel diseases or heart defects. Blood vessel diseases result due to the blockage of blood in the heart vessels, which leads to pain in the heart. Heart defects occur because of damage in the cardiac muscles indicated by abnormal heart rhythms. Cardiovascular diseases cause mortality which could be avoided through the earlier detection of cardiovascular diseases. The major cause for cardiovascular diseases is cholesterol deposition inside the artery walls which later forms plaques that block the blood flow. Until now, plaques have been detected through medical imaging only after the heart attack. The plaques are blasted through angioplasty or reduced with medicine. Classification of the plaques before treatment, leads to effective medication based on the type of plaque. The sub classification of the plaque types such as rupture-prone plaque, ruptured plaque with sub occlusive thrombus, erosion-prone plaque, calcified nodule and non-plaque has been segmented and identified. In this paper, we propose a novel Spatial Fuzzy Propensity Score Matching (SFPSM) method to classify the plaques. The SFPSM method consists of clustering, ranking the cluster and region-based pixel wise analysis. Pixel analysis inspects specific regions of sub pixel points and calibrates the plaque. From the experimental results, the classification of plaque based on the 50-image data set has exhibited accuracy of 85% after validation. The plaque accuracy of classification provides the standard digital number values for the sub classification of plaques.
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Crippa, Stefania, Marco Cassano, Graziella Messina, Daniela Galli, Beatriz G. Galvez, Tomaz Curk, Claudia Altomare, et al. "miR669a and miR669q prevent skeletal muscle differentiation in postnatal cardiac progenitors." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 7 (June 27, 2011): 1197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201011099.
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Postnatal heart stem and progenitor cells are a potential therapeutic tool for cardiomyopathies, but little is known about the mechanisms that control cardiac differentiation. Recent work has highlighted an important role for microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) as regulators of cardiac and skeletal myogenesis. In this paper, we isolated cardiac progenitors from neonatal β-sarcoglycan (Sgcb)–null mouse hearts affected by dilated cardiomyopathy. Unexpectedly, Sgcb-null cardiac progenitors spontaneously differentiated into skeletal muscle fibers both in vitro and when transplanted into regenerating muscles or infarcted hearts. Differentiation potential correlated with the absence of expression of a novel miRNA, miR669q, and with down-regulation of miR669a. Other miRNAs are known to promote myogenesis, but only miR669a and miR669q act upstream of myogenic regulatory factors to prevent myogenesis by directly targeting the MyoD 3′ untranslated region. This finding reveals an added level of complexity in the mechanism of the fate choice of mesoderm progenitors and suggests that using endogenous cardiac stem cells therapeutically will require specially tailored procedures for certain genetic diseases.
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Rodrigues, Gabriel Dias, and Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares. "Home-Based Resistance Training in Heart Diseases: Don't Stop the Music, your Muscles are still Listening." International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences 34, no. 2 (2021): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210034.
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Chen, Tsung-Hsien, Shan-Wen Liu, Mei-Ru Chen, Kuan-Hung Cho, Tzu-Yin Chen, Pao-Hsien Chu, Yu-Ying Kao, Ching-Han Hsu, and Kurt Ming-Chao Lin. "Neonatal Death and Heart Failure in Mouse with Transgenic HSP60 Expression." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/539805.
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Mitochondrial heat shock proteins, such as HSP60, are chaperones responsible for the folding, transport, and quality control of mitochondrial matrix proteins and are essential for maintaining life. Both prosurvival and proapoptotic roles have been proposed for HSP60, and HSP60 is reportedly involved in the initiation of autoimmune, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. The role of HSP60 in pathogenesis of these diseases remains unclear, partly because of the lack of mouse models expressing HSP60. In this study we generated HSP60 conditional transgenic mice suitable for investigatingin vivooutcomes by expressing HSP60 at the targeted organ in disease models. Ubiquitous HSP60 induction in the embryonic stage caused neonatal death in mice at postnatal day 1. A high incidence of atrial septal defects was observed in HSP60-expressing mice, with increased apoptosis and myocyte degeneration that possibly contributed to massive hemorrhage and sponge-like cardiac muscles. Our results showed that neonatal heart failure through HSP60 induction likely involves developmental defects and excessive apoptosis. The conditional HSP60 mouse model is useful for studying crucial biological questions concerning HSP60.
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V. Gaikwad, Vikas, Abasaheb B. Patil, and Madhuri V. Gaikwad. "Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2008): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2008.1.2.1.
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Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth. Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.
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Behera, Aruna K., Ethan Hildebrand, Roderick T. Bronson, George Perides, Satoshi Uematsu, Shizuo Akira, and Linden T. Hu. "MyD88 Deficiency Results in Tissue-Specific Changes in Cytokine Induction and Inflammation in Interleukin-18-Independent Mice Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 3 (March 2006): 1462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.3.1462-1470.2006.
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ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the control of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Deficiencies in TLR-2 or the shared TLR adapter molecule MyD88 have been shown to result in greatly increased bacterial burdens in mice. However, although in vitro studies have shown that the activation of TLR pathways by B. burgdorferi results in the release of inflammatory cytokines, studies in deficient mice have shown either no change or increased rather than decreased inflammation in infected animals. In this study, we looked at mechanisms to explain the increase in inflammation in the absence of MyD88. We found that MyD88-deficient mice infected with B. burgdorferi did not show increased inflammation at sites typically associated with Lyme disease (joints and heart). However, there was markedly increased inflammation in the muscles, kidneys, pancreas, and lungs of deficient animals. Muscle inflammation was typically seen perivascularly and perineuronally similar to that seen in infected humans. Chemotactic chemokines and cytokines were greatly increased in the muscle and kidneys of MyD88-deficient animals but not in the joints or heart tissue, suggesting that MyD88-independent pathways for recognizing B. burgdorferi and inducing these chemokines are present in the muscle and kidneys. Interleukin-18 signaling through MyD88 does not appear to play a role in either control of infection or inflammation.
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Ross, Colton J., Junnan Zheng, Liang Ma, Yi Wu, and Chung-Hao Lee. "Mechanics and Microstructure of the Atrioventricular Heart Valve Chordae Tendineae: A Review." Bioengineering 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010025.
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The atrioventricular heart valves (AHVs) are responsible for directing unidirectional blood flow through the heart by properly opening and closing the valve leaflets, which are supported in their function by the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles. Specifically, the chordae tendineae are critical to distributing forces during systolic closure from the leaflets to the papillary muscles, preventing leaflet prolapse and consequent regurgitation. Current therapies for chordae failure have issues of disease recurrence or suboptimal treatment outcomes. To improve those therapies, researchers have sought to better understand the mechanics and microstructure of the chordae tendineae of the AHVs. The intricate structures of the chordae tendineae have become of increasing interest in recent literature, and there are several key findings that have not been comprehensively summarized in one review. Therefore, in this review paper, we will provide a summary of the current state of biomechanical and microstructural characterizations of the chordae tendineae, and also discuss perspectives for future studies that will aid in a better understanding of the tissue mechanics–microstructure linking of the AHVs’ chordae tendineae, and thereby improve the therapeutics for heart valve diseases caused by chordae failures.
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Nowak, Kristen J., Gianina Ravenscroft, Connie Jackaman, Aleksandra Filipovska, Stefan M. Davies, Esther M. Lim, Sarah E. Squire, et al. "Rescue of skeletal muscle α-actin–null mice by cardiac (fetal) α-actin." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 5 (May 25, 2009): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200812132.
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Skeletal muscle α-actin (ACTA1) is the major actin in postnatal skeletal muscle. Mutations of ACTA1 cause mostly fatal congenital myopathies. Cardiac α-actin (ACTC) is the major striated actin in adult heart and fetal skeletal muscle. It is unknown why ACTC and ACTA1 expression switch during development. We investigated whether ACTC can replace ACTA1 in postnatal skeletal muscle. Two ACTC transgenic mouse lines were crossed with Acta1 knockout mice (which all die by 9 d after birth). Offspring resulting from the cross with the high expressing line survive to old age, and their skeletal muscles show no gross pathological features. The mice are not impaired on grip strength, rotarod, or locomotor activity. These findings indicate that ACTC is sufficiently similar to ACTA1 to produce adequate function in postnatal skeletal muscle. This raises the prospect that ACTC reactivation might provide a therapy for ACTA1 diseases. In addition, the mouse model will allow analysis of the precise functional differences between ACTA1 and ACTC.
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Hinkle, Emma R., Hannah J. Wiedner, Eduardo V. Torres, Micaela Jackson, Adam J. Black, R. Eric Blue, Sarah E. Harris, et al. "Alternative splicing regulation of membrane trafficking genes during myogenesis." RNA 28, no. 4 (January 26, 2022): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.078993.121.
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Alternative splicing transitions occur during organ development, and, in numerous diseases, splicing programs revert to fetal isoform expression. We previously found that extensive splicing changes occur during postnatal mouse heart development in genes encoding proteins involved in vesicle-mediated trafficking. However, the regulatory mechanisms of this splicing-trafficking network are unknown. Here, we found that membrane trafficking genes are alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner, with striated muscles exhibiting the highest levels of alternative exon inclusion. Treatment of differentiated muscle cells with chromatin-modifying drugs altered exon inclusion in muscle cells. Examination of several RNA-binding proteins revealed that the poly-pyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and quaking regulate splicing of trafficking genes during myogenesis, and that removal of PTBP1 motifs prevented PTBP1 from binding its RNA target. These findings enhance our understanding of developmental splicing regulation of membrane trafficking proteins which might have implications for muscle disease pathogenesis.
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Lin, BL, S. Govindan, S. Sadayappan, L. Zhao, J. Xu, and R. Han. "ID: 77: FAST-SKELETAL MYOSIN BINDING PROTEIN-C REGULATES SKELETAL MUSCLE CALCIUM SENSITIVITY." Journal of Investigative Medicine 64, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 917.1–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2016-000120.13.
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Mutations in myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) cause both cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and distal arthrogryposis. There are three isoforms of MyBP-C: slow-skeletal, fast-skeletal, and cardiac (ssMyBP-C, fsMyBP-C, and cMyBP-C, respectively). These isoforms reside within the sarcomere, the functional unit of muscle contraction at the molecular level. However, the function of the three major MyBP-C isoforms remains unclear. The present study is the first to focus on the least characterized isoform, fsMyBP-C, which is expressed in fast- and mixed-type skeletal muscles. To determine the necessity of fsMyBP-C for regulation of contraction in the sarcomere, we generated a conventional fast-skeletal MyBP-C knockout (FSKO) mouse model. We analyzed both structural changes and regulatory function of skeletal muscles from heterozygous (FSKO−/+) and homozygous (FSKO−/−), compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Neither heterozygous nor homozygous FSKO mice exhibited changes in morbidity or mortality relative to WT mice. Molecular analyses revealed a complete knockout of fsMyBP-C in the FSKO−/− skeletal muscles compared to FSKO−/+ and WT mice. Histopathological analyses of both Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles revealed no obvious abnormalities, such as fibrosis or calcification, in either heterozygous or homozygous FSKO mice. Though fiber structure is preserved, we demonstrated that EDL muscles from FSKO−/− mice increases Ca2+-sensitivity of force development, suggesting that fsMyBP-C regulates contraction at the molecular level by decreasing Ca2+-sensitivity. While others have previously proposed the role of cMyBP-C is to increase Ca2+-sensitivity to normalize a Ca2+ gradient imbalance in the heart, we propose that the role of fsMyBP-C in skeletal muscles is to reduce Ca2+-sensitivity of the thin filaments in order to normalize the reversed Ca2+ gradient imbalance. Despite opposite effects on Ca2+-sensitivity, MyBP-C share the same functional role in both cardiac and skeletal muscles. Thus, in addition to elucidating the role of fast-skeletal MyBP-C and its regulation of skeletal muscle contraction, the present study provides insight into the cardiac isoform and its regulation of cardiac contraction.
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Sarshar, Nazanin Tataei, and Mohammad Mirzaei. "Premature Ventricular Contraction Recognition Based on a Deep Learning Approach." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (March 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1450723.
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Electrocardiogram signal (ECG) is considered a significant biological signal employed to diagnose heart diseases. An ECG signal allows the demonstration of the cyclical contraction and relaxation of human heart muscles. This signal is a primary and noninvasive tool employed to recognize the actual life threat related to the heart. Abnormal ECG heartbeat and arrhythmia are the possible symptoms of severe heart diseases that can lead to death. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is one of the most common arrhythmias which begins from the lower chamber of the heart and can cause cardiac arrest, palpitation, and other symptoms affecting all activities of a patient. Nowadays, computer-assisted techniques reduce doctors' burden to assess heart arrhythmia and heart disease automatically. In this study, we propose a PVC recognition based on a deep learning approach using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Firstly, 10 heartbeat and statistical features including three morphological features (RS amplitude, QR amplitude, and QRS width) and seven statistical features are computed for each signal. The extraction process of these features is conducted for 20 s of ECG data that create a feature vector. Next, these features are fed into a convolutional neural network (CNN) to find unique patterns and classify them more effectively. The obtained results prove that our pipeline improves the diagnosis performance more effectively.
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Goodman, Barbara E. "Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles across the neuromuscular junction: basic function and pathophysiology." Advances in Physiology Education 32, no. 2 (June 2008): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00091.2007.
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Ion channels are essential for the basic physiological function of excitable cells such as nerve, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Mutations in genes that encode ion channels have been identified to cause various diseases and disorders known as channelopathies. An understanding of how individual ion channels are involved in the activation of motoneurons and their corresponding muscle cells is essential for interpreting basic neurophysiology in nerves, the heart, and skeletal and smooth muscle. This review article is intended to clarify how channels work in nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle function and what happens when these channels are defective. Highlighting the human diseases that result from defective ion channels is likely to be interesting to students in helping them choose to learn about channel physiology.
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Maria Celina Morales, M. d., and M. D. José Milei. "Immunoperoxidase technique in experimental chronic chagasic myocarditis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 2 (April 1987): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000200001.
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Chagas'disease has been described as the commonest form of chronic myocarditis. An immunologic pathogenesis has been discribed for this form of the disease. So far, no immunoperoxidase technique has been used for the detection of immunological deposits in chronic experimental Chagas'myocardiopathy. Forty-one Swiss mice, three months old were inoculated intraperitoneally with doses between 10 and 10(5) Tulahuen trypomastigotes. Mice were reinoculated one month after with doses between 10² and 10(5) and sacrificed at 6 (n=21) and 9 months (n=9) after the first inoculation. ECGs were recorded before sacrifice. Immunoperoxidase technique (peroxidase-antiperoxidase method), immunofluorescence (direct and indirect) as well as histological studies were performed in myocardiums and skeletal muscles of the surviving animals. The most sensitive methods for detecting chronic chagasic infection were the routine histologic studies (73%) and the ECGs 83% and 89% on 6 and 9 mo. post-infected mice, respectively. Myocardial involvement varied from interstitial mild focal lymphocyte infiltrates up to replacement of myocytes by loose connective tissue. Atrial myocardiums (21/23, 91%) were more affected than ventricles (9/23, 39%). Typical chagasic nests were rarely found. Skeletal muscle involvement (11/18 and 7/9) varied from mild to extensive lymphocyte and plasmacell infiltrates, and necrotic fibers. The involved antigen were shown in skeletal muscles by the immunoperoxidase technique as diffusely arranged granular intracytoplasmatic deposit for both IgC and total immunoglobulins. The coincidence between this technique and histologic muscle lesions was 11/18 (61(%) in 6 mo. and 6/8 (75%) at 9 mo. post-infection. In heart, delicate granular deposits of total immunoglobulins were seen diffusely arranged within the ventricular myocytes; coincidence between immunoperoxidase technique anl histologic involvement increased from 36 to 66% in animals sacrifeced 6 and 9 mo. post-infection. This strongly stressed the increase of immunologic phenomena with the chronification of infection. Concerning sensitivity, immunoperoxidase and direct immunofluorescence were highly sensitive in skeletal muscle (100%, p < 0.01). Conversely, direct immunofluorescence technique showed poor results in heart while immunoperoxidase increased its sensitivity from 21.4% (at 6 mo.) to 66.6% (at 9 mo.) post-infection (p < 0.001). Considering the necessity of obtaining an adequate vaccine in order to prevent this disease an experimental model like this, rendering immunological reactions as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, would be useful.
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Garousi, F. "The essentiality of selenium for humans, animals, and plants, and the role of selenium in plant metabolism and physiology." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Alimentaria 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausal-2017-0005.
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AbstractAfter its discovery, selenium was most noted for its harmful effects. Selenium was the first element identified to occur in native vegetation at levels toxic to animals. Poisoning of animals can occur through consumption of plants containing toxic levels of selenium. Livestock consuming excessive amounts of selenized forages are afflicted with “alkali disease” and “blind staggers”. Typical symptoms of these diseases include loss of hair, deformed hooves, blindness, colic, diarrhoea, lethargy, increased heart and respiration rates, and eventually death. On the other hand, selenium deficiency in animal feeds can cause “white muscle disease”, a degenerative disease of the cardiac and skeletal muscles. In this regard, this review paper attempts to summarize the essentiality of selenium for humans, animals, and plants and the role of selenium in plant metabolism and physiology.
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Padula, Cynthia A., and Evelyn Yeaw. "Inspiratory Muscle Training: Integrative Review of Use in Conditions Other Than COPD." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 21, no. 2 (June 2007): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088971807780852039.
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Inspiratory muscle training (IM training) is a technique that is designed to improve the performance of the respiratory muscles (RMs) that may be impaired in a variety of conditions. Interest in IM training has expanded over the past two decades, and IM training has been used in an increasingly wide range of clinical conditions. However, the benefits of IM training continue to be debated, primarily because of methodological limitations of studies conducted to date. The focus of this article is to provide a critical review of IM training research in conditions other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for which it has been used, including asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pre- and postsurgery, ventilator weaning, neuromuscular diseases, and chronic heart failure. Emphasis is placed on what has been learned, remaining questions, future applications, and significance to practice.
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Vogt, Éverton Lopes, Maiza Cristina Von Dentz, Débora Santos Rocha, Jorge Felipe Argenta Model, Lucas Stahlhöfer Kowalewski, Samir Khal de Souza, Vitória de Oliveira Girelli, et al. "Metabolic and Molecular Subacute Effects of a Single Moderate-Intensity Exercise Bout, Performed in the Fasted State, in Obese Male Rats." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147543.
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Introduction and objectives: Obesity represents a major global public health problem. Its etiology is multifactorial and includes poor dietary habits, such as hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diets (HFDs), physical inactivity, and genetic factors. Regular exercise is, per se, a tool for the treatment and prevention of obesity, and recent studies suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise can be potentiated by the fasting state, thus potentially promoting additional effects. Despite the significant number of studies showing results that corroborate such hypothesis, very few have evaluated the effects of fasted-state exercise in overweight/obese populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the subacute effects (12 h after conclusion) of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout, performed in either a fed or an 8 h fasted state, on serum profile, substrate-content and heat shock pathway–related muscle protein immunocontent in obese male rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats received a modified high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance. The animals were allocated to four groups: fed rest (FER), fed exercise (FEE), fasted rest (FAR) and fasted exercise (FAE). The exercise protocol was a 30 min session on a treadmill, with an intensity of 60% of VO2max. The duration of the fasting period was 8 h prior to the exercise session. After a 12 h recovery, the animals were killed and metabolic parameters of blood, liver, heart, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were evaluated, as well as SIRT1 and HSP70 immunocontent in the muscles. Results: HFD induced obesity and insulin resistance. Soleus glycogen concentration decreased in the fasted groups and hepatic glycogen decreased in the fed exercise group. The combination of exercise and fasting promoted a decreased concentration of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. In the heart, combination fasting plus exercise was able to decrease triglycerides to control levels. In the soleus muscle, both fasting and fasting plus exercise were able to decrease triglyceride concentrations. In addition, heat shock protein 70 and sirtuin 1 immunocontent increased after exercise in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Conclusions: An acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, when realized in fasting, may induce, in obese rats with metabolic dysfunctions, beneficial adaptations to their health, such as better biochemical and molecular adaptations that last for at least 12 h. Considering the fact that overweight/obese populations present an increased risk of cardiovascular events/diseases, significant reductions in such plasma markers of lipid metabolism are an important achievement for these populations.
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Jong, Chian Ju, Priyanka Sandal, and Stephen W. Schaffer. "The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More Than Just an Antioxidant." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164913.
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Taurine is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid that is found abundantly in excitatory tissues, such as the heart, brain, retina and skeletal muscles. Taurine was first isolated in the 1800s, but not much was known about this molecule until the 1990s. In 1985, taurine was first approved as the treatment among heart failure patients in Japan. Accumulating studies have shown that taurine supplementation also protects against pathologies associated with mitochondrial defects, such as aging, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. In this review, we will provide a general overview on the mitochondria biology and the consequence of mitochondrial defects in pathologies. Then, we will discuss the antioxidant action of taurine, particularly in relation to the maintenance of mitochondria function. We will also describe several reported studies on the current use of taurine supplementation in several mitochondria-associated pathologies in humans.
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Melnikov, V. P., and V. V. Pronin. "Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation – novel dangerous disease of farmed Salmonidae." Veterinary Science Today, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2020-1-32-3-10.
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Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is one of the most widespread economically relevant diseases of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and it poses serious danger to its aquaculture. The disease was first reported in Norway in 1999. In 2006, the Norwegian researchers demonstrated its viral etiology. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation is a novel and understudied highly contagious transboundary disease of Salmonidae characterized by erythrocyte damage, blood circulation failure, jaundice and aggregated signs of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. The disease associated economic damage to aquaculture is enormous. Total cumulative mortality can reach 30% and morbidity can amount to 100%. Loss of quality of the commercial fish products due to melanised foci in the salmons’ muscles further increases the disease-associated economic losses. Aquacultured Atlantic salmon is the most susceptible to HSMI. Rainbow trout, chub salmon and bull trout are also susceptible species and the list is still being continued. The disease is caused by the virus belonging to genus Orthoreovirus in the family Reoviridae. Currently Piscine orthoreovirus demonstrates the tendency towards its global spread. The virus-induced disease is reported in Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark and Alaska. The majority of the outbreaks are registered in Central and Northern parts of Norway, which borders the Murmansk Oblast. The vicinity of the affected areas to Russia, the Gulf Stream passing the Norwegian shore while moving towards the Murmansk Oblast as well as wild Salmonidae migration to the Barents Sea, White Sea and Pechora Sea through the Norwegian territorial waters coupled with high stability of the virus compose high threat of Piscine orthoreovirus introduction to the Russian Federation from the adjacent countries.
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Тymchik, Svitlana, Оleksandr Bryksin, and Eugenia Omelyanchuk. "Influence of different types of loads on the cardiovascular and muscular systems in the process of physical education classes in the department of athletic gymnastics." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(136) (May 22, 2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.5(135).30.
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In the modern world with the advent of devices that facilitate work (computer, technical equipment) has decreased sharply motor activity of people compared to previous decades. This, in the end, leads to a decrease in human functionality, as well as various diseases. Today, purely physical work does not play a significant role, it is replaced by mental. Intellectual work dramatically reduces the efficiency of the body. Lack of human energy expenditure leads to inconsistencies in the functioning of individual systems (muscular, skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with the environment, as well as reduced immunity and impaired metabolism.
Exercise affects all muscle groups, joints, ligaments, which become strong, increase muscle volume, elasticity, strength and rate of contraction. Increased muscle activity forces the heart, lungs and other organs and systems of our body to work with additional load, thereby increasing the functional capabilities of man, his resistance to adverse environmental influences. Regular exercise primarily affects the musculoskeletal system, muscles. When you exercise, the muscles generate heat, to which the body responds by increased sweating. During exercise, blood flow increases: the blood brings oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, which in the process of life break down, releasing energy. When movements in the muscles additionally open reserve capillaries, the amount of circulating blood increases significantly, which causes an improvement in metabolism. In response to the reaction of the human body to exercise, the first place is occupied by the influence of the cerebral cortex on the regulation of the functions of the basic systems: there is a change in the cardiorespiratory system, gas exchange, metabolism, and others. Exercises enhance the functional restructuring of all parts of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular and other systems, improve tissue metabolism. Under the influence of moderate physical activity increases the efficiency of the heart, hemoglobin and red blood cell count, increases the phagocytic function of the blood. Improves the function and structure of the internal organs, improves chemical processing and promotion of food in the intestine. The combined activity of muscles and internal organs is regulated by the nervous system, the function of which is also improved by regular exercise.
If the muscles do not work - their nutrition deteriorates, volume and strength decrease, elasticity and resilience decrease, they become weak, sluggish. Restrictions in movement (hypodynamia), passive lifestyle lead to various pre-pathological and pathological changes in the human body. So, the American doctors, having deprived volunteers of movements by imposing of high plaster and having kept to them a normal diet, were convinced that in 40 days at them muscle atrophy began and fat has accumulated. At the same time increased the reactivity of the cardiovascular system and decreased basal metabolism. However, during the next 4 weeks, when the subjects began to move actively (with the same diet), the above phenomena were eliminated, the muscles were strengthened and hypertrophied. Thus, due to physical exertion, recovery was possible both in functional and structural terms. Exercise has a multifaceted effect on the human body, increasing its resistance to adverse environmental influences. For example, physically trained people have better tolerance to oxygen starvation than untrained people. High ability to work at increase of body temperature over 38 ° C during physical exertions is noted. It has been noticed that radiologists who exercise have a lower degree of influence of penetrating radiation on the morphological composition of the blood. Animal experiments have shown that regular muscle training slows the development of malignant tumors.
Regular exercise in physical education promotes good health and affects the various physiological adaptations of the neuromuscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the human body. Types of physical activities are considered: aerobic, anaerobic, interval and hypoxic physical activities.
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Silva, Daniela N., Bruno S. F. Souza, Carine M. Azevedo, Juliana F. Vasconcelos, Paloma G. de Jesus, Malena S. Feitoza, Cassio S. Meira, et al. "IGF-1-Overexpressing Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Promote Immunomodulatory and Proregenerative Effects in Chronic Experimental Chagas Disease." Stem Cells International 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9108681.
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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been investigated for the treatment of diseases that affect the cardiovascular system, including Chagas disease. MSCs are able to promote their beneficial actions through the secretion of proregenerative and immunomodulatory factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which has proregenerative actions in the heart and skeletal muscle. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of IGF-1-overexpressing MSCs (MSC_IGF-1) in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Colombian strain Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with MSCs, MSC_IGF-1, or vehicle (saline) six months after infection. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the presence of transplanted cells in both the heart and skeletal muscle tissues. Transplantation of either MSCs or MSC_IGF-1 reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the heart when compared to saline controls. Moreover, treatment with MSCs or MSC_IGF-1 significantly reduced TNF-α, but only MSC treatment reduced IFN-γ production compared to the saline group. Skeletal muscle sections of both MSC- and MSC_IGF-1-treated mice showed a reduction in fibrosis compared to saline controls. Importantly, the myofiber area was reduced in T. cruzi-infected mice, and this was recovered after treatment with MSC_IGF-1. Gene expression analysis in the skeletal muscle showed a higher expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in MSC_IGF-1-treated mice compared to MSCs alone, which significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. In conclusion, our results indicate the therapeutic potential of MSC_IGF-1, with combined immunomodulatory and proregenerative actions to the cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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Hanafi, Noorul Izzati, Noor Hafizoh Saidan, Maizan Mohamed, KNS Sirajudeen, Siew Hua Gan, Khomaizon A. K. Pahirulzaman, and Rao Pasupuleti Visweswara. "REVIEW: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM LINN.) IN CARDIOPROTECTION." Jurnal Teknologi 84, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17542.
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Ischemic heart disease, often known as coronary heart disease (CHD), is a term for heart disorders caused by narrowing heart arteries (coronary arteries) that provide blood to the heart's muscles. The body is prone to heart attacks when there is less oxygen supply (hypoxia) to the heart resulting a major cell death in the heart tissues. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Over the last few decades, the potential therapeutic effects of herbs and other types of complementary medicines for managing risk factors for CVD have gotten a lot of attention. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn.) is a very important spice in most Asian dishes. In Malaysia, fenugreek, locally known as ‘halba’, is used in the preparation of popular dishes; ‘nasi dagang’ for breakfast, and ‘putu halba’ as snacks for hi-tea and sometimes applied in drinks. Although, to date, the effect of fenugreek against diabetes and heart diseases is well investigated, most studies do not focus on its the effects at molecular levels. This review gives an insight on the ischemic heart disease and the nutritional values of fenugreek as functional food in protecting the heart.
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Ramesh, Venkat, Vishnu R. Polati, P. Swathi Prakasham, Suneetha Narreddy, Ganta Saidulu, and Sneha Varahala. "An unusual case of tropical pyomyositis: cryptococcal pyomyositis." Tropical Doctor 50, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520927633.
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The more common manifestations of cryptococcal infections are restricted to the central nervous system and lungs. A young man, suffering from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%, presented with subacute, painful tender swelling in both legs initially attributed to congestive cardiac failure. No response to diuretics was achieved. Metabolically active lesions in the muscles of both lower limbs suggestive of muscle abscesses were found. A diagnosis of tropical pyomyositis was therefore made, but aspiration surprisingly revealed gram-positive yeast cells, staining of which on India ink and culture confirmed Cryptococcus. A good response to a combination of liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine was obtained, but nevertheless the patient died from heart failure after induction of antifungal therapy.
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Taralov, Zdravko Z., Kiril V. Terziyski, and Stefan S. Kostianev. "Heart Rate Variability as a Method for Assessment of the Autonomic Nervous System and the Adaptations to Different Physiological and Pathological Conditions." Folia Medica 57, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2016): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2015-0036.
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AbstractThe autonomic nervous system controls the smooth muscles of the internal organs, the cardiovascular system and the secretory function of the glands and plays a major role in the processes of adaptation. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive and easily applicable method for the assessment of its activity. The following review describes the origin, parameters and characteristics of this method and its potential for evaluation of the changes of the autonomic nervous system activity in different physiological and pathological conditions such as exogenous hypoxia, physical exercise and sleep. The application of heart rate variability in daily clinical practice would be beneficial for the diagnostics, the outcome prognosis and the assessment of the effect of treatment in various diseases.
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Real, Eusebio, José Icardo, Gaspar Fernández-Barreras, José Revuelta, Marta Calvo Díez, Alejandro Pontón, José Gutiérrez, José López Higuera, and Olga Conde. "Identification of Human Pathological Mitral Chordae Tendineae Using Polarization-sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030543.
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Defects of the mitral valve complex imply heart malfunction. The chordae tendineae (CTs) are tendinous strands connecting the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets to the papillary muscles. These CTs are composed of organized, wavy collagen bundles, making them a strongly birefringent material. Disorder of the collagen structure due to different diseases (rheumatic, degenerative) implies the loss or reduction of tissue birefringence able to be characterized with Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT). PS-OCT is used to discriminate healthy from diseased chords, as the latter must be excised and replaced in clinical conventional interventions. PS-OCT allows to quantify birefringence reduction in human CTs affected by degenerative and rheumatic pathologies. This tissue optical property is proposed as a diagnostic marker for the identification of degradation of tendinous chords to guide intraoperative mitral valve surgery.
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Christiansen, Liselotte B., Flemming Dela, Jørgen Koch, Christina N. Hansen, Pall S. Leifsson, and Takashi Yokota. "Impaired cardiac mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 308, no. 10 (May 15, 2015): H1237—H1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00727.2014.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are important players in the development of various cardiovascular diseases, but their roles in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remain unknown. We examined whether mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity was impaired with enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress in HCM. Cardiac and skeletal muscles were obtained from 9 domestic cats with spontaneously occurring HCM with preserved left ventricular systolic function and from 15 age-matched control cats. Mitochondrial OXPHOS capacities with nonfatty acid and fatty acid substrates in permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria were assessed using high-resolution respirometry. ROS release originating from isolated mitochondria was assessed by spectrofluorometry. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were also measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Mitochondrial ADP-stimulated state 3 respiration with complex I-linked nonfatty acid substrates and with fatty acid substrates, respectively, was significantly lower in the hearts of HCM cats compared with control cats. Mitochondrial ROS release during state 3 with complex I-linked substrates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the heart were significantly increased in cats with HCM. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity, mitochondrial ROS release, and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle between groups. Mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity with both nonfatty acid substrates and fatty acid substrates was impaired with increased mitochondrial ROS release in the feline HCM heart. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiology of HCM and support the hypothesis that restoration of the redox state in the mitochondria is beneficial in the treatment of HCM.
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Raza, Hasnain, Touqeer Ahmad Raza, Faryal Batool, and Muhammad Umar Khallidoon. "Design of Dry and Long-Lasting Electrodes for ECG." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol4iss4pp9-14.
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Humans and animals both generate bioelectric signals through their tissues in static and active forms. These signals could be used to check the different physiological conditions of the body. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the signals produced by the heart. ECG helps to monitor the health of the heart such as heart rate, contraction of heart muscles, and blood circulation. Abnormality in these parameters can cause serious cardiovascular diseases. Thus, monitoring of ECG helps to early diagnose cardiovascular diseases. To measure these signals electrodes or sensors are used. There are several types of electrodes are developed to measure heart bioelectric signals, but they are not very efficient, consume more power, and can harm the skin. The focus of this research was to design new and more efficient dry electrodes. For this purpose, ECG noise was simulated in MATLAB and the main schematic diagram was designed. Suitable components of the electrode were selected according to the desired output. The circuit was designed through Proteus software and printed on PCB sticker paper. The evaluation result revealed that our designed ECG dry electrodes were more efficient than traditional gel-based ECG electrodes. Newly designed electrodes displayed less noise impedance and did not harm the skin of the patients. These dry electrodes can be used in hospitals to monitor ECG.