Relevant bibliographies by topics / Healthcare expenditure- India

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Healthcare expenditure- India'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Healthcare expenditure- India"

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Kalpanapriya, D., M. Mubashir Unnissa, and Rakshanya Sekar. "A Case Study of Health Expenditure in India." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.10 (October 2, 2018): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10.20907.

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The article aims in analysing healthcare expenditure of India, as it struggles to meet the health care requirements of all the citizens. In order to acheieve this, it is important to understand the trends in healthcare expenditure of the country to create a sustainable health expenditue model. Post millenium, with various reforms and increased awareness, a certain redistribution can be observed among different arms that contribute to total healthcare expenditure.This study reviews and summarise the expenditure trends between the years 2004 and 2014. Numerical illustrtions are also provided to show the government and private sectors contributions on the health care products.
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Shaikh, Imlak Shaikh, and Shabda Singh. "ON THE EXAMINATION OF OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURES IN INDIA, PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA, MALDIVES, BHUTAN, BANGLADESH AND NEPAL." Business: Theory and Practice 18 (May 3, 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2017.003.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the healthcare expenditures in seven South Asian countries namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The longitudinal data has been taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in these countries. The per-capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop panel data pooled OLS model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, i.e. per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. The work is in line with the earlier studies of determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is highest for the India. The fixed and random effect is evidenced on health expenses across the years and cross section based on various determinants. The novel aspect of the work is that, this is an attempt to explain healthcare financing in the developing economies. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditure is the final household expenditures as the percentage of gross domestic product.
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Bowser, Diana M., Rajesh Jha, Manjiri Bhawalkar, and Peter Berman. "The Challenge of Additionality: The Impact of Central Grants for Primary Healthcare on State-Level Spending on Primary Healthcare in India." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 6 (February 18, 2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.06.

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Background: In planning for universal health coverage, many countries have been examining their fiscal decentralization policies with the goal of increasing efficiency and equity via "additionalities." The concept of "additionality," when the government of a lower administrative level increases the funding allocated to a particular issue when extra funds are present, is often used in these contexts. Although the definition of "additionality" can be used more broadly, for the purposes of this paper we focus narrowly on the additional allocation of primary healthcare expenditures. This paper explores this idea by examining the impact of central level primary healthcare expenditure, on individual state level contributions to primary healthcare expenditure within 16 Indian states between 2005 and 2013. Methods: In examining 5 main variables, we compared differences between government expenditures, contributions, and revenues for Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, and non-EAG states. EAG states are normally larger states that have weaker public health infrastructure and hence qualify for additional funding. Finally, using a model that captured the quantity of central level primary healthcare expenditure distributions to these states, we measured its impact on each state’s own contributions to primary healthcare spending. Results: Our results show that, at the state level, growth in per capita central level primary healthcare expenditure has increased by 110% from 2005-2013, while state’s own contributions to primary healthcare expenditure per capita increased by 32%. Further analyses show that a 1% change disbursement from the central level leads to a -0.132%, although not significant, change by states in their own expenditure. The effect for wealthier states is -0.151% and significant and for poorer states the effect is smaller at -0.096% and not significant. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that increases in central level primary healthcare expenditure to states have an inverse relationship with primary healthcare expenditures by the state level. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced in wealthier Indian states. This finding has policy implications on India’s decision to increase block grants to states in place of targeted program expenditures.
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Dehury, Ranjit Kumar, Janmejaya Samal, Shawnn Coutinho, and Parthsarathi Dehury. "How Does the Largely Unregulated Private Health Sector Impact the Indian Mass?" Journal of Health Management 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419868561.

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Private hospitals in India are least monitored by the government, which leads to violation of the roles and responsibility they have to offer for the community. Indeed, it is a more serious issue in a country like India where people are forced below poverty line (BPL) after every hospitalization. Of the four different models of health expenditure, India and, in fact, many developing countries follow the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure model rampantly. This is very evident from the recent working article (2015) published by NITI Aayog-Health Division, which reveals that OOP expenditures are high in India accounting for 69.5 per cent of total health expenditure. These are catastrophic economic damages for the poor and push an estimated 37 million into poverty each year. Furthermore, 66.4 per cent of the total expenditure is on medicines. A major part of these expenditures are invariably the money spent by a huge section of the community, both rich–poor and rural–urban, on healthcare services availed from the privately run corporate hospitals in India. The sector needs to be sensitive for an inclusive healthcare. However, the situation appears to be the opposite in India and the private health sector creates a divide in the society by virtue of which the rich get medical care and the poor stay sick or die. This article discusses various ethical concerns and remedial measures relating to the functionality of private hospitals which poses serious pressure on the community and marginalized sections of the society.
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Yadav, Jeetendra, Shaziya Allarakha, Denny John, Geetha R. Menon, Chitra Venkateswaran, and Ravinder Singh. "Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Poverty Impact Due to Mental Illness in India." Journal of Health Management 25, no. 1 (March 2023): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634231153210.

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Majority of people in low- and middle-income countries with mental illness do not receive healthcare, leading to chronicity, suffering and increased costs of care. This study estimated the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and poverty impact due to mental illness in India. Data was acquired from the 76th round data of the National Sample Survey (NSS) on the theme ‘Persons with Disabilities in India Survey’, July–December 2018. Data of 6,679 persons who reported mental illness during the survey was included for analysis. OOPE, CHE, poverty impact and state differentials of healthcare expenditure on mental illness were analysed using standard methods. In total, 18.1% of the household’s monthly consumption expenditure was spent on healthcare on mental illness. About 59.5% and 32.5% of the households were exposed to CHE based on 10% and 20% thresholds, respectively. About 20.7% of the households were forced to become poor from non-poor due to treatment care expenditure on mental illness. Our study suggests the critical need to accelerate on various measures for early diagnosis and management of mental health issues along with financial risk protection for reducing financial impact of healthcare expenditure on mental illness among households in India.
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Sahay, Arushi. "COVID19: A STATEWISE ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE IN INDIA." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 3490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2020.v05i11.013.

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Yadav, Jeetendra, Denny John, Geetha R. Menon, and Shaziya Allarakha. "Out-of-Pocket Payments for Delivery Care in India: Do Households face Hardship Financing?" Journal of Health Management 23, no. 2 (June 2021): 197–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634211011552.

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Background: Present study aims to examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect health care utilization, health care expenditure and financing strategies for delivery care in India. Methods: The study uses data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate regression analysis were carried out to examine health care utilization, out of pocket expenditure and financing strategies for delivery care in India. We used hardship financing as when people resort to borrowings, or sale of property/jewelry to pay for healthcare expenditure Results: Overall, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) could cover less than 40% of the delivery care expenditure across all states. One-third of the households borrowed money or sold property/jewelry for delivery care expenditure. Highest exposure to hardship financing was observed in utilisation of private healthcare facilities for delivery. Women from the higher income quintiles are less likely to experience hardship financing as compared to women from the poorest wealth quintile. Conclusions: The study results will be useful for government to ensure that financing policies for delivery such as JSY are effective to provide availability and affordability of delivery healthcare in India.
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Khan, Mohd Imran, and Valatheeswaran C. "International Remittances and Private Healthcare in Kerala, India." Migration Letters 17, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.778.

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The inflow of international remittances to Kerala has been increasing over the last three decades. It has increased the income of recipient households and enabled them to spend more on human capital investment. Using data from the Kerala Migration Survey-2010, this study analyses the impact of remittance receipts on the households’ healthcare expenditure and access to private healthcare in Kerala. This study employs an instrumental variable approach to account for the endogeneity of remittances receipts. The empirical results show that remittance income has a positive and significant impact on households’ healthcare expenditure and access to private healthcare services. After disaggregating the sample into different heterogeneous groups, this study found that remittances have a greater effect on lower-income households and Other Backward Class (OBC) households but not Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) households, which remain excluded from reaping the benefit of international migration and remittances.
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Sriram, Shyamkumar, and Muayad Albadrani. "A STUDY OF CATASTROPHIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES IN INDIA - EVIDENCE FROM NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE SURVEY DATA: 2014-2018." F1000Research 11 (February 3, 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75808.1.

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Abstract Background: India is taking steps to provide Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Out-of-pocket (OOP) health care payment is the most important mechanism for health care payment in India. This study aims to investigate the effect of OOP health care payments on catastrophic health expenditures (CHE). Methods: Data from the National Sample Survey Organization, Social Consumption in Health 2014 and 2018 are used to investigate the effect of OOP health expenditure on household welfare in India. Three aspects of catastrophic expenditure were analyzed in this paper: (i) incidence and intensity of ‘catastrophic’ health expenditure, (ii) socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditures, and (iii) factors affecting catastrophic health expenditures. Results: The odds of incidence and intensity of CHE were higher for the poorer households. Using the logistic regression model, it was observed that the odds of incidence of CHE was higher among the households with at least one child aged less than 5 years, one elderly person, one secondary educated female member, and if at least one member in the household used a private healthcare facility for treatment. The multiple regression model showed that the intensity of CHE was higher among households with members having chronic illness, and if members had higher duration of stay in the hospital. Subsidizing healthcare to the households having elderly members and children is necessary to reduce CHE. Conclusion: Expanding health insurance coverage, increasing coverage limits, and inclusion of coverage for outpatient and preventive services are vital to protect households. Strengthening public primary health infrastructure and setting up a regulatory organization to establish policies and conduct regular audits to ensure that private hospitals do not increase hospitalizations and the duration of stay is necessary.
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Ram, Manokamana. "Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: Through the lens of NSSO Data." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202147.

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This study aims to examine the determinants of health-care expenditure in the Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of 75th round on social consumption related to health were utilized. The Heckman two-step selection model was used to analyse household and individual decisions to seek care. Findings of this study reveal that having household head aged between 31 to 60 and above 60 years, household size greater than 5 members, belonging to religion other than Hindu, non-ST category as Schedule caste, Other backward class and others, people residing in urban area, people having higher economic status, private hospitals, upper primary and secondary+ schooling of household head and having household members with chronic illnesses were determinants contributing more health-care spending. However, female household head had less likely to incur healthcare expenditure as compared to male household in the region. An important finding indicates that the majority of people visited private hospitals in the region which increased the health-care spending at large and it burdened financially to the vulnerable section of the society. Based on the discussion, a few policy suggestions have been proposed to counter the above problems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Healthcare expenditure- India"

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Pandey, A. "Socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure in the older population of India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4645412/.

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Background: Equity in access and financing healthcare is a key determinant of population health. This study examined the socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure contrasting older (60 years or more) with younger (under 60 years) population in India over two decades. Methods: National Sample Survey data from all states of India on healthcare utilization (NSS-HUS 1995–96, NSS-HUS 2004 and NSS-HUS 2014) and consumer expenditure (NSS-CES 1993–94, NSS-CES 1999–2000, NSS-CES 2004–05 and NSS-CES 2011–12) were used. Logistic, generalized linear and fractional response models were used to analyze the determinants of healthcare utilization and burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Deviations in the degree to which healthcare was utilized according to need was measured by a horizontal inequity index with 95% confidence interval (HI, 95% CI). Findings: When compared with younger population, the older population had higher self-reported morbidity rate (4.1 times), outpatient care rate (4.3 times), hospitalization rate (3.6 times), and proportion of hospitalization for non-communicable diseases (80.5% vs 56.7%) in 2014. Amongst the older population, the hospitalization rates were comparatively lower for female, poor and rural residents. Untreated morbidity was disproportionately higher for the poor, more so for the older (HI: -0.320; 95% CI: -0.391, -0.249) than the younger (-0.176; -0.211, -0.141) population in 2014. Outpatient care in public facilities increased for the poor over time, more so for the older than the younger population. Households with older persons only had higher median per capita OOP payments (2.47-4.00 times across NSS-CES and 3.10-5.09 times across NSS-HUS) and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) (1.01-2.99 times across NSS-CES and 1.10-1.89 times across NSS-HUS) than the other households. The odds of CHE were significantly higher in households with older persons, households headed by females and rural households. Both the vertical and horizontal inequities in OOP payments for hospitalization by the older population increased between 1995 and 2014. Conclusion: These findings can be used for developing an equitable health policy that can more effectively provide healthcare protection to the increasing older population in India.
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Loutfi, David. "Impact of the elderly on household health expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, India." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10838.

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Dans le contexte d’une population vieillissante, nous avons étudié l’impact de la présence de personnes âgées sur les dépenses catastrophiques de santé (DCS), ainsi que leur impact sur trois effets reliés (le fait d’éviter des traitements, la perte de revenu, et l’utilisation de sources de financement alternatives). Nous avons utilisé les données d’une enquête du National Sample Survey Organization (Inde) en 2004, portant sur les dépenses reliées à la santé. Nous avons choisi un état développé (Kerala) et un état en voie de développement (Bihar) pour faire une comparaison des effets de la présence de personnes âgées sur les ménages. Nous avons trouvé qu’il y avait plus de DCS au Kerala et que ceci était probablement lié à la présence accrue de personnes âgées au Kerala ce qui mène à plus de maladies chroniques. Nous avons supposé que l’utilisation de services de santé privés serait lié à une augmentation de DCS, mais l’effet a varié en fonction de l’état, du présence d’une personne âgée, et du type de service utilisé (ambulatoire ou hospitalisation). Nous avons aussi trouvé que les femmes âgées au Bihar utilisait les services de santé moins qu’elle ne devrait, que les ménages ayant plus de 4 personnes ont possiblement un effet protecteur pour les personnes âgées, et que certains castes et group religieux ont dû emprunter plus souvent que d’autres groupes pour payer les frais de santé. La présence de personnes âgées, les maladies chroniques, et l’utilisation de services de santé privées sont tous liés aux DCS, mais, d’après nos résultats, d’autres groupes retardent les conséquences économiques en empruntant ou évitant les traitements. Nous espérons que ces résultats seront utilisés pour approfondir les connaissances sur l’effet de personnes âgées sur les dépenses de santé ou qu’ils seront utilisés dans des discussions de politiques de santé.
In the context of an ageing population in India, we have examined the impact of the elderly on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and three related access impacts (avoidance of treatment, loss of income, and alternate sources of funding). We used data from the National Sample Survey Organization (India) survey on healthcare in 2004. We chose one developed state (Kerala) and one developing state (Bihar) to compare and contrast the impact of ageing on households. Our results showed that CHE was higher in Kerala and that this was likely due to more elderly that in turn have more chronic disease. We expected the use of private treatment to lead to higher levels of CHE, and while it did for some households, the impact of private treatment on CHE, varied by state, presence of elderly, and type of health service (inpatient or outpatient). We also found that elderly females in Bihar were at a disadvantage with regards to health services utilizations, that larger household size might have a protective effect on elderly households, and that some scheduled caste and Muslim households have to borrow more often than other groups in order to fund their treatment. While the elderly, chronic disease and private treatment are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups may simply be delaying the consequences of paying for healthcare, by avoiding treatment or borrowing money. We hope that these results be used to explore the impact of the elderly in more detail in future research, or that it contribute to health policy discussions.
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Books on the topic "Healthcare expenditure- India"

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Joe, William. Household out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in India: Levels, patterns, and policy concerns. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 2009.

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Joe, William. Household out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in India: Levels, patterns, and policy concerns. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 2009.

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Joe, William. Household out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in India: Levels, patterns, and policy concerns. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 2009.

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Household out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in India: Levels, patterns and policy concerns. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Healthcare expenditure- India"

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Verma, C. S., and Shivani Singh. "Burden of Private Healthcare Expenditure: A Study of Three Districts." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 393–411. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6443-3_17.

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Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Marufa Sultana, Nurnabi Sheikh, Md Nurul Islam, Md Ripter Hossain, and Md Golam Hossain. "The Determinants Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure in Bangladesh: Evidence from Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2010." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 339–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6104-2_19.

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Bhuyan, Rimee, Nizara Kalita, and Gayatri Goswami. "Health Performance Index and Healthcare Expenditure in Assam: Are There any Structural Change?" In India Studies in Business and Economics, 229–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6104-2_12.

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Saha, Subrata. "Healthcare Expenditure and Economic Development Dynamics in India: Experiences from COVID-19 Pandemic." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 203–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5755-9_10.

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Rao, M. Govinda. "Public Expenditures in India." In Studies in Indian Public Finance, 25–44. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849601.003.0003.

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Public expenditure in India has been remarkably stable over the last two decades at around 26–28 per cent of GDP. Over the years, the shares of interest payments, subsidies, and transfers have shown a steady increase, while expenditures on basic economic and social services have stagnated. Despite children in the age group 0–14 constituting 35.4 per cent of total population, spending on basic education and healthcare are very low, and this raises questions on the government’s capacity to achieve human development and reap demographic dividend. The public expenditure allocation to various sectors shows the impact of political economy factors. Interestingly, while most observers focus on Centre’s expenditures, over the years, there has been a steady increase in the States’ share of expenditures from 50 per cent in 1990–1991 to 63 per cent in 2000–2001. In education and healthcare, the shares are over 80 per cent. There are questions on the productivity of expenditures as well.
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Valatheeswaran, C., and M. Imran Khan. "Remittances, health expenditure and demand for healthcare services." In India Migration Report 2020, 55–71. Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003109747-3.

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Shettigar, Jagadish, and Pooja Misra. "Suggestions for 2021–22 Budget." In Resurgent India, 48–52. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866486.003.0007.

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Abstract Post the havoc wrought by the pandemic, with the budget 2021– 22 being formalized and announced on February 1, 2021, the Government was required to make all all-out effort to win the confidence of the people. The focus was to be on the state of the economy, looking for a response through budget proposals. The authors explored and looked into fiscal policy measures such as personal income tax, GST, welfare measures, and hike in overall government expenditure which could kick-start consumption demand. Here the need to retain confidence amongst the youth who would be the pillars of the development of the country in the coming years is discussed. To be able to provide quality education in India and successfully implement the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the suggestion was made for increasing the education expenditure to at least 6% of GDP from 4.6% of GDP besides arguing for hike in the healthcare budget, gender budgeting and building up infrastructure spending etc.
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Mukherjee, Sovik. "Anatomy and Significance of Public Healthcare Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus in India." In Health Economics and Healthcare Reform, 122–45. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3168-5.ch008.

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The objective of this chapter is to take a closer look at the liaison between the two focus variables viz. growth and public healthcare expenditure, and the associated implications for public health infrastructure development. Initially, a theoretical model has been proposed which brings out the link between the focus variables. Panel cointegration and causality are the techniques applied in a Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) set-up using panel data from 1980-2015. Next, a health infrastructure index has been constructed using the Euclidean distance function approach for India for two time points i.e. 2005-06 and 2014-15, to evaluate the interstate performance in public healthcare infrastructure. The findings validate the existence of a cointegrated relationship between health expenditure and economic growth coupled with a bidirectional causality linking the focus variables in this model. It comes to a close by highlighting the policy implications and the future research possibilities in this regard.
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Goswami, Manisha. "The Compromised Healthcare Sector of India and Other Southeast Asian Countries." In Evaluating Trade and Economic Relations Between India and Southeast Asia, 226–48. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5774-7.ch012.

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This chapter aims to focus on the umpteen challenges in the healthcare sector of India which temper the possibility of partnerships with India and the 10 Southeast Asian countries. India's expenditure on the healthcare sector is only 1% of GDP, less than neighboring ASEAN countries. The Indian Government has privatised the healthcare sector. In the second wave of COVID-19, public and private hospitals are operating at full capacity with shortages of life-saving medicines, oxygen, ventilators, and vaccines. Lower middle-income groups and the poor are suffering the most. Nations of the world, medical scientific community, and pharmaceutical companies put their resources together to discover a vaccine for coronavirus within a year. To have an effective and sustainable model of doing business in healthcare, it is important to have partnerships and integrating best practices and innovations for improving and providing equitable and affordable access to healthcare.
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Mukherjee, Sovik. "Anatomy and Significance of Public Healthcare Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus in India." In Social, Health, and Environmental Infrastructures for Economic Growth, 120–44. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2364-2.ch007.

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The objective of this chapter is to take a closer look at the liaison between the two focus variables viz. growth and public healthcare expenditure, and the associated implications for public health infrastructure development. Initially, a theoretical model has been proposed which brings out the link between the focus variables. Panel cointegration and causality are the techniques applied in a Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) set-up using panel data from 1980-2015. Next, a health infrastructure index has been constructed using the Euclidean distance function approach for India for two time points i.e. 2005-06 and 2014-15, to evaluate the interstate performance in public healthcare infrastructure. The findings validate the existence of a cointegrated relationship between health expenditure and economic growth coupled with a bidirectional causality linking the focus variables in this model. It comes to a close by highlighting the policy implications and the future research possibilities in this regard.
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Conference papers on the topic "Healthcare expenditure- India"

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Anitha, PH. "EXPENDITURE-BASED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES." In EPHP 2016, Bangalore, 8–9 July 2016, Third national conference on bringing Evidence into Public Health Policy Equitable India: All for Health and Wellbeing. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-ephpabstracts.28.

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Nordin, NurHaiza, NurNaddia Nordin, and Nor Asma Ahmad. "The Effects of the Ageing Population on Healthcare Expenditure: A Comparative Study of China and India." In International Conference on Economics and Banking. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceb-15.2015.44.

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Singaram, Muthu, Vr Muraleedhran, Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam Sivaprakasam, and Shashwat Pathak. "Monetization Canvas Framework to Efficiently Assess the Impact of Research Outcome." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001509.

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In the current dynamically changing demands and aspirations of populations across the globe, nations are putting up impetus on innovations and entrepreneurship. There is huge disparity in demand as third world countries are struggling to fulfil the demands and developed nations are poised to fulfil aspirations while maintaining a balance with existing demands. Global economy has always been driven by innovation and in line with the Paris Agreement to create a sustainable business in different sectors while being responsible towards climate change. Inclusion of different policies such as Internal Carbon disclosure and policies to promote them through rebates at various levels. Adoption of science-based targets in sustainability is a buzz word these days. While these practices are creating a niche for the responsible organizations and nations, core still remains at development of innovative solutions to meet both demand and aspirations. Economies across the globe are spending a significant amount of their budget, after defense and healthcare, on research and development which acts like a pillar for this economic growth. It is significant to mention that the budget expenditure on research and development attracts a lot of attention and governments across the globe face wrath due to low percentage of return on investment. This happens majorly because the framework to assess the outcome of this investment is very vague and is scenario specific. It depends on many factors such as human resource, state of infrastructure, identifying needs, projection of need and many more. To understand the issue better we first need to gather information regarding the total spending by different nations from different strata of the economy. It helps us to understand that there is an urgent need to narrow down on outcome-based research, rather than lurking for some miracle to happen. A well-structured outcome-based framework, which is easy to adopt while framing the policies needs to be in place which can assess the impact and hence help in carving out the policies further. At least ninety countries around the world spent more than USD50 million based on Wikipedia (2022). The top ten countries spent over USD38 billion. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, India and South Korea amount to 70 % of the global Research and Development (R&D) spent, while the United States and China account for 50% of the spending. Based on The World Bank (2022) South. Korea and Israel are well ahead in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) spending on research the two largest economies U.S. and China are lacking in terms of GDP percentage. A report by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2015) reports not much impact on the economy of government funded R&D. Private R&D funding had an impact on the economy and University Research did have an impact. It also reports that private funding had a better impact on basic research compared to applied research. This paper describes a research monetization canvas to enhance research output in particular academic institutions.
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