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1
Collyer, Fran, and Catherine Heal. "Patient Satisfaction with Sex Re-assignment Surgery in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 3 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02039.
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An evaluation of the effect of sex re-assignment surgery on a group of patients attending a private clinic in Sydney, Australia. Fifty-seven patients who underwent full male-to-female sex re-assignment surgery between 1987 and 2000 completed a satisfaction survey. Several factors that might influence the extent of satisfaction with surgical outcome were explored, including age, work status, social life, and the appearance and function of the new genitalia. Patients reported significantly improved social and personal satisfaction following surgery, compared with five years previously. The study challenges outcomes from previously reported studies with regard to the age of patients at the time of surgery, and the finding that from the patient's perspective, there is no fundamental association between a successful surgical outcome and a satisfactory post-operative life experience.
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Chandra, Meena, Anthea Duri, and Mitchell Smith. "Prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in 35- to 44-year-old humanitarian arrivals to New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18042.
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The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in humanitarian arrivals to Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) with the Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations aged 35–44 years. Data on risk factors collected from 237 refugees presenting to the NSW Refugee Health Service (RHS) from January 2015 to August 2016 were retrospectively analysed and compared with data from the Australian Health Surveys, 2011–13 for the Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian populations. This study found significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=3; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); hypertension (z=3.2; 95% CI, 0.17–0.29); and smoking (z=3.5; 95% CI, 0.27–0.33) in refugees compared with the general Australian population. The Indigenous population had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=4; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); body mass indexes (BMIs) (z=3.3; 95% CI 0.58–0.72); and smoking (z=5.4; 95 CI 0.27–0.33) compared with refugees. Based on the study findings, screening for chronic disease risk factors from age 35 years may be warranted in all humanitarian arrivals to Australia, along with dietary and lifestyle advice.
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Middleton, Sandy, Carol Walker, and Rosemary Chester. "Implementing root cause analysis in an area health service: views of the participants." Australian Health Review 29, no. 4 (2005): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050422.
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Purpose: This study identifies the attitudes of participants in the root cause analysis (RCA) process and barriers to it?s implementation within one New South Wales area health service. Method: Employees and consumer representatives of the former South Western Sydney Area Health Service who participated in an RCA as either a team member or a team leader between December 2002 and October 2003 completed a self-administered survey. Results: Thirty seven of 39 eligible participants completed the survey (response rate 95%). The respondents identified formulation of causal statements, ensuring the causal statements met the ?rules of causality? outlined by New South Wales Health, and arranging times for interviews as most difficult. Team leader respondents (n = 7) ranked keeping the team focused, organising the first meeting within 7 days of the incident, and completing the RCA in three 2-hour meetings as barriers to the process. Conclusions: Training was valued by participants, however greater emphasis on the development of causal statements could be beneficial. Team leaders expressed difficulty in keeping the team focused and meeting the stipulated RCA timeframes, suggesting that additional support for RCA participants may be warranted.
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Hume, Frank, and Kay Wilhelm. "Career Choice and Experience of Distress Amongst Interns: A Survey of New South Wales Internship 1987–1990." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075646.
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Successive cohorts of interns assigned to a Sydney teaching hospital since 1987 were interviewed at the beginning and end of their intern year to document factors influencing career choice and psychological morbidity, with comparisons between the graduates of the three NSW medical faculties. Intellectual challenge and altruism were the two most reported motivating factors in choosing Medicine. Many interns expressed regret at their career choice. Apart from anger, self-reported psychological morbidity during internship was low. Interns' evaluation of the relevance of their undergraduate training declined during internship, except for Newcastle graduates. Increased “hands on” clinical experience during undergraduate years, career guidance, assertive-ness training, and time management skills should be included in the undergraduate curriculum. More registrar teaching, frequent performance feedback, regular grievance sessions and decreased clerical activities contribute to more enriching intern experiences.
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Farrell, Hazel, Penelope Ajani, Shauna Murray, Phil Baker, Grant Webster, Steve Brett, and Anthony Zammit. "Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring in Commercial Wild Harvest Bivalve Shellfish in New South Wales, Australia." Toxins 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110446.
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An end-product market survey on biotoxins in commercial wild harvest shellfish (Plebidonax deltoides, Katelysia spp., Anadara granosa, Notocallista kingii) during three harvest seasons (2015–2017) from the coast of New South Wales, Australia found 99.38% of samples were within regulatory limits. Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) were present in 34.27% of 321 samples but only in pipis (P. deltoides), with two samples above the regulatory limit. Comparison of these market survey data to samples (phytoplankton in water and biotoxins in shellfish tissue) collected during the same period at wild harvest beaches demonstrated that, while elevated concentrations of Dinophysis were detected, a lag in detecting bloom events on two occasions meant that wild harvest shellfish with DSTs above the regulatory limit entered the marketplace. Concurrently, data (phytoplankton and biotoxin) from Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) harvest areas in estuaries adjacent to wild harvest beaches impacted by DSTs frequently showed elevated Dinophysis concentrations, but DSTs were not detected in oyster samples. These results highlighted a need for distinct management strategies for different shellfish species, particularly during Dinophysis bloom events. DSTs above the regulatory limit in pipis sampled from the marketplace suggested there is merit in looking at options to strengthen the current wild harvest biotoxin management strategies.
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Ho, Tze Gek, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Bayzidur Rahman, and Mohamud Sheikh. "Health literacy and health-promoting behaviours among Australian-Singaporean communities living in Sydney metropolitan area." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 27, no. 2 (November 12, 2017): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105817741906.
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Background: Health literacy affects how individuals navigate and make decisions within the healthcare system and has been recognized to influence health behaviours. However, less is known about its associations with health-promoting behaviours amongst Australian migrant populations. This study is an attempt to fill this gap by investigating the level of health literacy and its associations with physical activity, healthy diet, smoking and health services utilization among Australian-Singaporean communities. Methods: A total of 157 participants were recruited from Singaporean communities living in Sydney metropolitan areas, New South Wales, Australia. Data was collected through a cross-sectional online survey from January 2016 to August 2016. Results: Most of the respondents were female (56.1%), employed (70.7%) and had lived in Sydney for >5 years (80.3%). About 60% of the participants were inadequately health-literate (Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool score ≤ 16). The level of health literacy varied significantly based on participants’ socioeconomic status. Regression analysis indicated that health literacy was a reliable predictor of health-promoting behaviours including diet, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption, physical activity and having a medical check-up. Conclusions: This study’s findings have significant implications for health policy makers and suggest that health literacy should be encouraged and included in any health-promoting behaviour interventions amongst migrant populations.
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Prestage, Garrett, Fengyi Jin, Iryna Zablotska, John Imrie, John M. Kaldor, and Andrew E. Grulich. "Trends in HIV prevalence among homosexual and bisexual men in eastern Australian states." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07074.
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Objectives: In Australia, HIV notification rates in homosexual men, previously much higher in New South Wales, have become similar across the eastern states. We examined whether trends in HIV prevalence in community-based samples of homosexual men were consistent with the trends in HIV notifications. Methods: We examined data on self-reported HIV status from annual cross-sectional, self-completed anonymous surveys of homosexual men conducted between 1998 and 2006 in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Men were recruited at gay community venues, clinics and large gay community events. We calculated age-specific and age-standardised HIV prevalence rates. Comparisons of HIV prevalence between the three cities and across time were carried out using age-specific rates, and using logistic regression, controlling for age. Results: Men recruited from clinics had a much higher prevalence of HIV (P < 0.001) and were excluded from further analyses. Among the 50 239 completed questionnaires obtained at non-clinic sites, there was a marked decline in aged-standardised HIV prevalence in Sydney (from 14.2 to 8.98%, P < 0.001), a small decline in Brisbane (from 8.51 to 6.94%, P = 0.012) and no change in Melbourne (from 8.35 to 8.06%, P = 0.848). There were significant declines in men aged less than 50 years in Sydney, and in men aged less than 30 years in Brisbane. In Melbourne there was no significant trend in HIV at any age. Conclusion: HIV prevalence among young homosexual men has declined in Sydney, and these data suggest that HIV incidence among homosexual men is now similar in the eastern state capitals of Australia.
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Muscat, Danielle Marie, Wenbo Song, Erin Cvejic, Jie Hua Cecilia Ting, Joanne Medlin, and Don Nutbeam. "The Impact of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program on Health Literacy: A Pre-Post Study Using a Multi-Dimensional Health Literacy Instrument." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010058.
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This study assessed the impact of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) on different domains of health literacy using a pre-post study design. Participants aged over 16 years and with one or more self-reported chronic diseases were recruited for the CDSMP in western Sydney (a highly diverse area of New South Wales, Australia) between October 2014 and September 2018. Health literacy was assessed pre- and immediately post-intervention using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), with differences in mean scores for each HLQ domain analysed using paired sample t-tests. A total of 486 participants were recruited into the CDSMP. Of those, 316 (65.0%) completed both pre- and post-intervention surveys and were included in the analysis. The median age of the participants was 68 years, the majority were female (62.5%), and most were born in a country other than Australia (80.6%). There were statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvements across all nine domains of the HLQ. This is the first study evaluating the potential impact of the CDSMP on improving different domains of health literacy amongst a diverse sample of participants with chronic diseases using a multi-dimensional instrument. The absence of a control population in this study warrants caution when interpreting the results.
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Webb, Cameron Ewart, Raffaele Catanzariti, and Steven Hodosi. "Response of Mosquitoes Associated with Estuarine Wetlands to Bushfire in Australia." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6972.1.
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ABSTRACT The response of mosquitoes to bushfire is poorly understood. During the 2019–20 summer, many regions of Australia were impacted by devastating bushfires. An area of estuarine and brackish-water wetlands alongside the Georges River, Sydney, New South Wales, was burned in January 2020. Mosquito populations within the area were monitored as part of the local authority's mosquito management program, providing a unique opportunity to record the response of key mosquitoes of pest and public health concern to bushfire. Ground pools within a tidally influenced swamp oak forest dominated by Casuarina glauca and associated wetlands dominated by Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus spp. had been identified as suitable habitat for a range of mosquitoes, including Aedes alternans, Ae. vigilax, and Verrallina funerea. Surveys of immature stages of mosquitoes within recently burned habitats inundated by tides demonstrated that mosquito eggs survived the direct and indirect impacts of fire and immature stages successfully completed development as reflected in concomitant changes in adult mosquito populations following the bushfire. This unique observation has implications for mosquito management following bushfire in Australia and internationally.
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Chong, Shanley, Roy Byun, Soumya Mazumdar, Adrian Bauman, and Bin Jalaludin. "Effects of Distant Green Space on Physical Activity in Sydney, Australia." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0142.
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Background:The aim was to investigate the association between distant green space and physical activity modified by local green space.Methods:Information about physical activity, demographic and socioeconomic background at the individual level was extracted from the New South Wales Population Health Survey. The proportion of a postcode that was parkland was used as a proxy measure for access to parklands and was calculated for each individual.Results:There was a significant relationship between distant green space and engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at least once a week. No significant relationship was found between adequate physical activity and distant green space. No significant relationships were found between adequate physical activity, engaging in MVPA, and local green space. However, if respondents lived in greater local green space (≥25%), there was a significant relationship between engaging in MVPA at least once a week and distance green space of ≥20%.Conclusion:This study highlights the important effect of distant green space on physical activity. Our findings also suggest that moderate size of local green space together with moderate size of distant green space are important levers for participation of physical activity.
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Assifi, Anisa Rojanapenkul, Melissa Kang, Elizabeth Sullivan, and Angela J. Dawson. "Assessing care trajectories of adolescent females seeking early induced abortion in New South Wales: multistage, mixed-methods study protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e039819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039819.
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IntroductionIn Australia, New South Wales (NSW), abortion has recently been removed from the criminal code. Previous research from Australia and other high-income countries has focused on adult women’s access to abortion services. This protocol describes a five-stage mixed-methods study to determine the care trajectories and experiences of adolescent females, aged 16–19 years, seeking an early induced abortion in NSW. The aims are to (1) explore the needs and perspectives of adolescent females seeking sexual and reproductive health services in NSW and (2) develop a framework for abortion service provision for adolescents in NSW.Methods and analysisThis study comprises: (1) semistructured qualitative interviews with key informants, individuals with diverse, in-depth experience of providing and/or supporting abortion care in NSW; (2) a cross-sectional online survey of adolescent females residing in NSW; (3) case study interviews with adolescents females who have accessed an abortion service in NSW; (4) a co-design workshop with adolescents who took part in stage 3 to develop relevant knowledge and recommendations and (5) a knowledge dissemination forum with key stakeholders.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been received from the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee for this study. Data collection commenced in March 2019 and will continue until the end of 2020. This study aims to develop a deep understanding of adolescent abortion care trajectories and experiences of abortion services in NSW. The study will deliver co-produced recommendations to improve adolescent access to abortion information and services.
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Price, Anna M. H., Anna Zhu, Huu N. J. Nguyen, Diana Contreras-Suárez, Natalie Schreurs, Jade Burley, Kenny D. Lawson, et al. "Study protocol for the Healthier Wealthier Families (HWF) pilot randomised controlled trial: testing the feasibility of delivering financial counselling to families with young children who are identified as experiencing financial hardship by community-based nurses." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e044488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044488.
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IntroductionPoverty and deprivation can harm children’s future health, learning, economic productivity and societal participation. The Australian Healthier Wealthier Families project seeks to reduce the childhood inequities caused by poverty and deprivation by creating a systematic referral pathway between two free, community-based services: universal, well-child nursing services, which provide health and development support to families with children from birth to school entry, and financial counselling. By adapting the successful Scottish ‘Healthier Wealthier Children’ model, the objectives of this Australian pilot are to test the (1) feasibility of systematising the referral pathway, and (2) short-term impacts on household finances, caregiver health, parenting efficacy and financial service use.Methods and analysisThis pilot randomised controlled trial will run in three sites across two Australian states (Victoria and New South Wales), recruiting a total of 180 participants. Nurses identify eligible caregivers with a 6-item, study-designed screening survey for financial hardship. Caregivers who report one or more risk factors and consent are randomised. The intervention is financial counselling. The comparator is usual care plus information from a government money advice website. Feasibility will be evaluated using the number/proportion of caregivers who complete screening, consent and research measures, and access financial counselling. Though powered to assess feasibility, impacts will be measured 6 months post-enrolment with qualitative interviews and questionnaires about caregiver-reported income, loans and costs (adapted from national surveys, for example, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey); health (General Health Questionnaire 1, EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale short-form); efficacy (from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children); and financial service use (study-designed) compared between arms.Ethics and disseminationEthics committees of the Royal Children’s Hospital (HREC/57372/RCHM-2019) and South West Sydney Local Health District (2019/ETH13455) have approved the study. Participants and stakeholders will receive results through regular communication channels comprising meetings, presentations and publications.Trial registration numberACTRN12620000154909; prospectively registered. Pre-results.
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Panesar, Narinder, Iveta Valachova, Robert Schmidtman, and Daniel Kam Yin Chan. "Staff awareness of the application of Mental Health and Guardianship Legislation in the care of hospitalised older persons." Australasian Psychiatry 26, no. 5 (February 26, 2018): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218758545.
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Objective: The study aimed to survey hospital staff knowledge of the application of the Mental Health Act 2007 (NSW) (MHA) and the Guardianship Act 1987 (NSW) (GA) in the care and treatment of older persons in a teaching hospital in Sydney. Method Over a two-month period in 2017, a survey questionnaire was distributed to staff involved in older persons’ care across the hospital. Results: The majority of the hospital staff demonstrated basic theoretical knowledge of both the GA (76%) and of the MHA (84.5%). Fewer (64.5%) appeared to understand the practical application of the MHA in the hypothetical clinical situations. An even lower proportion of staff appeared to understand the application of the GA either to obtain consent for medical treatment or to appoint a guardian through the Guardianship Division of the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT). Conclusion: Although clinical staff of the hospital displayed fair knowledge and awareness about the application of the MHA and the GA to inpatient care of older adults, further education is necessary, particularly about the application of the GA. The authors suggest similar findings may occur at other New South Wales hospitals, which may raise concern and need for education.
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Power, Melissa, Kevin Dong, Jennifer Walsh, David A. Lewis, and Daniel Richardson. "Barriers to HIV testing in hospital settings within a culturally diverse urban district of Sydney, Australia." Sexual Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20189.
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Background Eleven percent of people living with HIV in Australia remain unaware of their diagnosis, and there are missed opportunities for HIV testing in priority settings in New South Wales. HIV testing remains low outside of sexual health clinics with the exception of antenatal settings where HIV testing is routine. To understand why HIV testing rates are low, we sought to identify health worker-related barriers to HIV testing. Methods: We conducted an anonymous online survey to health workers in Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) in September 2019. Tick-box, Likert scale responses were analysed using Chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis statistical tests, and free text responses were analysed with thematic analysis. Results: Three percent (n = 420) of WSLHD’s estimated 14 000 health workers responded. These included 317 clinicians (171 nurses, 65 doctors, 56 allied health professionals (AHPs), 25 midwives, and 103 health workers in non-clinical roles). Health workers were from a variety of in-patient/out-patient settings. Many health workers (291/420, 69%; 95%CI = 64.9–73.7%) were unaware that HIV testing is offered in their areas; doctors (82%) and midwives (80%) were more aware than nurses (23%) and AHPs (11%) (P < 0.0001). Doctors (Likert score = 3.62; 3.45/5) and midwives (2.84; 2.76) were significantly more comfortable discussing and confidently offering HIV testing than nurses (2.42; 1.81) or AHPs (1.83; 0.91) (P < 0.0001 for both). The top five barriers to HIV testing were (1) procedural knowledge, (2) identification of at-risk patients, (3) HIV knowledge, (4) positive result management, and (5) privacy concerns. Free text responses highlighted perceived stigma, testing/result responsibilities and resource challenges as barriers to HIV testing. Conclusions: Clinicians working in priority settings and with priority populations require more education and support to increase targeted HIV testing.
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Harvey, Lara A., Nargess Ghassempour, Mark Whybro, and W. Kathy Tannous. "Health impacts and economic costs of residential fires (RESFIRES study): protocol for a population-based cohort study using linked administrative data." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e037709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037709.
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IntroductionResidential fires remain a significant global public health problem. It is recognised that the reported number of residential fires, fire-related injuries and deaths significantly underestimate the true number. Australian surveys show that around two-thirds of respondents who experience a residential fire are unwilling to call the fire service, and international studies highlight that many individuals who access medical treatment for fire-related injuries do not have an associated fire incident report. The objectives of this study are to quantify the incidence, health impacts, risk factors and economic costs of residential fires in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Methods and analysisThe RESFIRE cohort will include all persons living at an NSW residential address which experienced a fire over the period 2005–2014. Nine data sources will be linked to provide a comprehensive picture of individual trajectories from fire event to first responder use (fire and ambulance services), emergency department presentations, hospital admissions, burn out-patient clinic use and death. These data will be used to describe the circumstances and characteristics of residential fires, provide a profile of fire-related injuries, examine trends over time, and explore the relationship between fire circumstance, emergency and health services utilisation, and health outcomes. Regression modelling, including multilevel modelling techniques, will be used to explore factors that impact on these relationships. Costing models will be constructed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been obtained from the NSW Population and Health Service Research Ethics Committee and Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee. The study reference group comprises key stakeholders including Fire and Rescue NSW, policy agencies, health service providers and burns clinicians ensuring wide dissemination of results and translation of data to inform practice and identify areas for targeted prevention. Summary reports in formats designed for policy audiences in parallel with scientific papers will be produced.
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Douglas, Catriona, Rachel Deacon, and Julie Mooney-Somers. "Pap smear rates among Australian community-attached lesbian and bisexual women: some good news but disparities persist." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14210.
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Background Research in the US and UK shows that lesbian women are less likely than their heterosexual peers to attend for routine Pap smear tests. This study examined Pap smear test rates among community-attached lesbian, bisexual and queer (LBQ) women in New South Wales (NSW), to investigate if rates had changed between 2002 and 2012, compare rates to the general NSW population and identify predictive factors for Pap smear test attendance. Methods: Data was taken from the Sydney Women and Sexual Health (SWASH) survey, a self-completed biennial questionnaire of LBQ women’s health and wellbeing. Results: Of the 4083 respondents, 83% had ever had a Pap smear test. Recent attendance rates were similar to the general NSW population. Significant predictors for ever having attended for a Pap smear test were older age, post Year 12 education, ever having had a sexually transmissible infection test, being out about sexuality to a regular doctor and ever having had sex with men. Conclusions: Pap smear rates for LBQ women are encouraging when compared with rates from countries such as the US or UK. A significant proportion of LBQ women are never receiving Pap smear tests. Predictive factors suggest a continued perception that women who have not had sex with men are not at risk of human papillomavirus, and highlight the importance of health providers providing a safe and welcoming environment for LBQ women to openly discuss their health.
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Monrouxe, Lynn V., Peter Hockey, Priya Khanna, Christiane Klinner, Lise Mogensen, D. A. O'Mara, Abbey Roach, Stephen Tobin, and Jennifer Ann Davids. "Senior medical students as assistants in medicine in COVID-19 crisis: a realist evaluation protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e045822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045822.
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IntroductionThe assistant in medicine is a new and paid role for final-year medical students that has been established in New South Wales, Australia, as part of the surge workforce management response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligibility requires the applicant to be a final-year medical student in an Australian Medical Council-accredited university and registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. While there are roles with some similarities to the assistant in medicine role, such as assistantships (the UK) and physician assistants adopted internationally, this is completely new in Australia. Little is known about the functionality and success factors of this role within the health practitioner landscape, particularly within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the complexity of this role, a realist approach to evaluation has been undertaken as described in this protocol, which sets out a study design spanning from August 2020 to June 2021.Methods and analysisThe intention of conducting a realist review is to identify the circumstances and mechanisms that determine the outcomes of the assistant in medicine intervention. We will start by developing an initial programme theory to explore the potential function of the assistant in medicine role through realist syntheses of critically appraised summaries of existing literature using relevant databases and journals. Other data sources such as interviews and surveys with key stakeholders will contribute to the refinements of the programme theory. Using this method, we will develop a set of hypotheses on how and why the Australian assistants in medicine intervention might ‘work’ to achieve a variety of outcomes based on examples of related international interventions. These hypotheses will be tested against the qualitative and quantitative evidence gathered from all relevant stakeholders.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the larger study was obtained from the Western Sydney Local Health District (2020/ETH01745). The findings of this review will provide useful information for hospital managers, academics and policymakers, who can apply the findings in their context when deciding how to implement and support the introduction of assistants in medicine into the health system. We will publish our findings in reports to policymakers, peer-reviewed journals and international conferences.
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Murray, Danielle, Limin Mao, T. H. (Horas) Wong, Tim Chen, Brent Mackie, Shih-Chi Kao, Azizul Haque Mahee, et al. "High levels of engagement with testing for HIV and sexually transmissible infection among gay Asian men in Sydney and Melbourne: an observational study." Sexual Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18216.
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Background Gay and other men who have sex with men of Asian background (GAM) have been identified as a key population in efforts to eradicate HIV in New South Wales. The aims of the present study were to evaluate current levels of engagement with HIV and sexually transmissible infection (STI) testing services, assess knowledge of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis and to identify factors associated with service engagement in this group. Methods: A survey of 604 GAM residing in Sydney and Melbourne was undertaken. Results: The data identified that a significant proportion of non-HIV-positive men (i.e. HIV-negative men and men whose HIV status was unknown) surveyed (n = 567; 93.9%) had engaged in frequent HIV testing and comprehensive STI testing in the 12 months prior to the survey (n = 180; 31.7%). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in sexual practices at the bivariate level between those who reported frequent and comprehensive HIV/STI testing and those who did not. Those who tested regularly were substantially more sexually active, were more likely to have multiple partners (P = 0.001) and were more likely to engage in condomless anal intercourse with both casual (P < 0.001) and regular (P = 0.002) partners. Those who engaged with testing initiatives were more likely to discuss HIV status with both regular (P = 0.008) and casual (P < 0.001) partners, and identified more reasons to test than their counterparts (P < 0.001). The data also highlighted key service venues, with gay men most likely to have used public sexual health clinics (46.9%) as their most recent testing venue. Conclusions: The data demonstrate an association between high levels of male-to-male sexual activity and engagement in frequent and comprehensive HIV and STI testing. This likely derives from both self-perceived notions of risk and current reliance on established gay community organisations to convey information around testing. Increasing engagement with testing initiatives beyond GAM who self-identify as being at high HIV and STI risk will require the use of novel routes by which to disseminate this information.
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Cvejic, Erin, Gordon Parker, Samuel B. Harvey, Zachery Steel, Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic, Claire L. Macnamara, and Uté Vollmer-Conna. "The health and well-being of Australia’s future medical doctors: protocol for a 5-year observational cohort study of medical trainees." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e016837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016837.
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IntroductionClinical training in the undergraduate medical course places multiple stressors on trainees, which have been held to lead to heightened distress, depression, suicide, substance misuse/abuse and poor mental health outcomes. To date, evidence for morbidity in trainees is largely derived from cross-sectional survey-based research. This limits the accuracy of estimates and the extent to which predispositional vulnerabilities (biological and/or psychological), contextual triggers and longer-term consequences can be validly identified. Longitudinal clinical assessments embedded within a biopsychosocial framework are needed before effective preventative and treatment strategies can be put in place.Methods and analysisThis study is an observational longitudinal cohort study of 330 students enrolled in the undergraduate medicine course at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Australia. Students will be recruited in their fourth year of study and undergo annual assessments for 4 consecutive years as they progress through increasingly demanding clinical training, including internship. Assessments will include clinical interviews for psychiatric morbidity, and self-report questionnaires to obtain health, psychosocial, performance and functioning information. Objective measures of cognitive performance, sleep/activity patterns as well as autonomic and immune function (via peripheral blood samples) will be obtained. These data will be used to determine the prevalence, incidence and severity of mental disorder, elucidate contextual and biological triggers and mechanisms underpinning psychopathology and examine the impact of psychopathology on performance and professional functioning.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted by the UNSW human research ethics committee (reference HC16340). The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations, and distributed to key stakeholders within the medical education sector. The outcomes will also inform targeted preventative and treatment strategies to enhance stress resilience in trainee doctors.
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Beard, F. "Influenza related hospitalisations in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Archives of Disease in Childhood 91, no. 1 (May 10, 2005): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.060707.
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Burnley, I. H. "Mortality from respiratory system cancer in New South Wales and Sydney." Australian Journal of Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00063.x.
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Miskiewicz, AG, BD Bruce, and P. Dixon. "Distribution of Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) Larvae along the Coast of New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960331.
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The distribution of tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) larvae is described on the basis of the results of four plankton surveys undertaken in northern and central New South Wales (NSW) coastal waters. These comprised a single survey during May 1989 along the northern NSW coast and multiple surveys in January, March and May 1983 between Sydney and Brisbane. Pomatomus saltatrix larvae occurred throughout the survey period, with the highest abundances on the northern NSW coast. Most larvae were caught in mid and outer continental shelf waters at water temperatures of ≥22�C. The only known spawning locality for P. saltatrix is in the vicinity of Fraser Island in southern Queensland from August to October. The occurrence of larvae along the NSW coast from January to May indicates that the spawning season of P. saltatrix is more extensive than previously reported and that spawning occurs along the east coast of Australia in localities other than Fraser Island. Further surveys of larvae in southern Queensland and northern NSW waters, especially from August to December, are required to determine if P. saltatrix has one extended or two discrete spawning seasons along the eastern coast of Australia.
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Day, Carolyn, Rohan Jayasuriya, and Graham Stone. "Hepatitis C-related discrimination in New South Wales." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720057.
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Carolyn Day is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Rohan Jayasuriya is at the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Wollongong. Graham Stone is with HIV, Program AIDS, Northern Sydney Health, Manly Hospital.Acknowledgements: The HepCare trial was funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Welfare and the NSW Health Department.Hepatitis C-related discrimination was examined. Intake interviews with 606 HepCare trial participants from New South Wales were analysed to determine the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C related discrimination. The sample was a mean age of 37 years, 54% were males, 79% reported a history of drug injecting and 35% were current injectors. Forty percent of the sample reported experiencing hepatitis C-related discrimination. Multivariate analysis revealed that current injectors, 35-44 year olds, females, those who had recently consulted a general practitioner and those who had been referred to a specialist for their hepatitis C were more likely to report discrimination than other groups. More research is required to attain a better understanding of hepatitis C-related discrimination.
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Burnley, I. H. "Stomach cancer mortality in New South Wales and Sydney, 1980 to 1985." Australian Journal of Public Health 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1991.tb00317.x.
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Gonsalves, Leroy, and Bradley Law. "Seasonal activity patterns of bats in North Sydney, New South Wales: implications for urban bat monitoring programs." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17031.
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Behavioural and physiological traits of bats may influence seasonal bat activity in urban areas. To examine this, we used acoustic surveys to monitor insectivorous bat activity in urban bushland and at two day-roosts of Miniopterus orianae oceanensis between September 2013 and August 2014. Day-roosts were also assessed for potential as swarming sites and monthly estimates of colony size were made at one of these, while radio-tracking was used to identify additional roosts. Acoustic surveys identified seven species, with Mi. o. oceanensis and Chalinolobus gouldii most commonly recorded. Nightly species richness was lower in winter than in other seasons, while total bat activity was greatest in autumn, reflecting increased activity by C. gouldii and Mi. o. oceanensis in this season. One Mi. o. oceanensis day-roost was used from autumn to early spring, with numbers of bats increasing from ~50 to 300 and high fidelity shown to this site by radio-tagged bats in autumn, while nightly activity at another day-roost was suggestive of swarming. Seasonal differences in bat activity were species-specific and, for Mi. o. oceanensis, corresponded to changes in population size as bats migrated to and from Sydney to meet reproductive and overwintering requirements. We recommend urban bat monitoring programs sample multiple seasons to adequately document trends in activity for all bat species.
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Rissel, Chris, Anthony Smith, Juliet Richters, Andrew Grulich, and Richard de Visser. "The Australian Study of Health and Relationships: Results for Central Sydney, inner-eastern Sydney, and New South Wales." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 14, no. 7 (2003): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb03039.
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Meyer, Roslyn, Rachelle Gilroy, and Peter Williams. "Dietitians in New South Wales: workforce trends 1984-2000." Australian Health Review 25, no. 3 (2002): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020122a.
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Complete surveys of the dietetic workforce in NSW were conducted in 1984 and 1991 and have now been updated with a new survey in 2000. In the nine years since 1991, the total active workforce grew by 48%. Although there were significant improvements in the ratios of hospital dietitians per 100 acute beds (from 0.88 to1.08) and dietitians per million population (from 69.7 to 96.5), the supply of dietitians does not yet reach recommended levels, especially in rural areas. Other trends were significant increases in the proportion of dietitians employed outside hospitals (to 38% in 2000) and in non-clinical work (50% in 2000), and declines in the number of technical support staff for dietitians.
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Jones, B. J., J. Flint, J. Collins, P. A. White, J. H. Lun, and D. N. Durrheim. "Gastroenteritis outbreak at a health function caused by an emerging recombinant strain of Norovirus GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012, Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 8 (April 16, 2018): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000869.
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AbstractAn emerging recombinant norovirus GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain caused a gastroenteritis outbreak amongst attendees at a large health function in regional New South Wales, Australia. This was the third outbreak caused by the recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain in this region in 2017, which appears to be emerging as a common strain in the Hunter New England region.
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Bailey, Howard C., James R. Elphick, Rick Krassoi, Ann-Marie Mulhall, Adam J. Lovell, and Daniel J. Slee. "IDENTIFICATION OF CHLORFENVINPHOS TOXICITY IN A MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT IN SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 7 (2005): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-366r.1.
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McDonald, Robert, Carmen Vechi, Jenny Bowman, and Robert Sanson-Fisher. "Mental Health Status of a Latin American Community in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (August 1996): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065017.
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Objective: To determine the levels and predictors of psychological distress within a Latin American community in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Method: Participants (n=184) were interviewed in their homes by a bilingual interviewer using a specially prepared questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: Of the 13 independent variables examined, two demographic and two immigrant-related variables were significantly associated with an above-threshold score: marital status, employment status, perceived discrimination, and dissatisfaction with life in Australia. Conclusions: Compared to results from other community surveys, the levels of psychological distress within this Latin American community appear to be relatively high.
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Burnley, Ian H. "Differential and spatial aspects of suicide mortality in New South Wales and Sydney, 1980 to 1990." Australian Journal of Public Health 18, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1994.tb00248.x.
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MUSCATELLO, D. J., K. A. O'GRADY, K. NEVILLE, and J. McANULTY. "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: public health implications of recent clusters in New South Wales and epidemiology of hospital admissions." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 3 (June 2000): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005568.
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Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an inflammatory kidney condition that can complicate Group A streptococcal infections. Two clusters of APSGN occurred recently in New South Wales (NSW), Australia; one in a rural town in December 1999 and the other in a Sydney suburb in January 2000. We interviewed carers of the affected children but found no common exposures except three of the Sydney cases were cousins in frequent contact. To assess the probability of these clusters occurring, we analysed hospital admissions for acute glomerulonephritis, as a proxy for APSGN in younger patients. The incidence of acute glomerulonephritis in NSW during 1989/90–1997/8 in residents aged under 20 years was 2·2/100000/year (95% CI 2·0–2·5). Incidence was highest in children aged 5–9 years, boys and Aboriginal children. We found no evidence for other clusters during that period. The recent clusters highlight the continued potential for unexpected future outbreaks of APSGN.
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Rowlands, Allison. "Personal Services Assistance after the Sydney Floods of August 1986." Children Australia 12, no. 3 (1987): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000014223.
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In New South Wales, the State Disaster Welfare Plan provides the structure for disaster relief and the co-ordination of both government and non-government bodies. The plan provides for a Personal Services and Welfare Information subcommittee in each regional or local area, responsible for assistance to individuals, groups and communities. This can be of a personal (e.g. counselling, referral) and information (e.g. dissemination, publicity, meetings) nature. Separate subcommittees are responsible for accommodation, clothing, catering and registration in the immediate post-disaster phase.The New South Wales Government also provides assistance to families who have suffered material losses in bushfires or floods, though a Relief Scheme, administered by the Department of Youth and Community Services and the Bushfire/Flood Relief Committee. The department is divided into ten regions throughout the state.
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Curtin, A., D. Lunney, and A. Matthews. "A survey of a low-density koala population in a major reserve system, near Sydney, New South Wales.." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 2 (2001): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01135.
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cinereus) in Yengo National Park and Parr State Recreation Area, which together form a major reserve system where P. cinereus were known to be scarce. The first, a community survey which was distributed to 823 residences adjoining the reserves, yielded 139 responses. Of these, 31 responses provided information that allowed 26 P. cinereus locality records to be verified. A further eight P. cinereus locality records were obtained from interviews with neighbours. Most records were road-based. The second, a field survey based on scat searches, produced an additional 13 P. cinereus localities. P. cinereus scats were found under 11 tree species. Eucalyptus punctata was most frequently recorded with scats of those that were adequately sampled. A range of vegetation types and both ridges and gullies were used by P. cinereus. During field surveys, P. cinereus was found to be sparse and occurring throughout much of the survey area, concentrated in the eastern, southern and central parts of the reserve system. Both methods identified P. cinereus to be present before and after the extensive fires of January 1994, which burnt 60 % of the area. An appraisal of the methods revealed that they are complementary. The survey of residents provided recent and historical information and an indication of initial search areas for P. cinereus. The field survey yielded specific information about local P. cinereus habitat. The combination increased the number of P. cinereus records for the area more than four-fold. This study has provided the reserve managers with a clearer picture of the location of the local P. cinereus population.
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Chang, Lisa, Yvonne Scorgie, Hiep Duc, Khalia Monk, David Fuchs, and Toan Trieu. "Major Source Contributions to Ambient PM2.5 and Exposures within the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region." Atmosphere 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10030138.
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The coupled Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and Chemical Transport Model (CTM) (CCAM-CTM) was undertaken with eleven emission scenarios segregated from the 2008 New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region (NSW GMR) Air Emission Inventory to predict major source contributions to ambient PM2.5 and exposure in the NSW GMR. Model results illustrate that populated areas in the NSW GMR are characterised with annual average PM2.5 of 6–7 µg/m3, while natural sources including biogenic emissions, sea salt and wind-blown dust contribute 2–4 µg/m3 to it. Summer and winter regional average PM2.5 ranges from 5.2–6.1 µg/m3 and 3.7–7.7 µg/m3 across Sydney East, Sydney Northwest, Sydney Southwest, Illawarra and Newcastle regions. Secondary inorganic aerosols (particulate nitrate, sulphate and ammonium) and sodium account for up to 23% and 18% of total PM2.5 mass in both summer and winter. The increase in elemental carbon (EC) mass from summer to winter is found across all regions but particularly remarkable in the Sydney East region. Among human-made sources, “wood heaters” is the first or second major source contributing to total PM2.5 and EC mass across Sydney in winter. “On-road mobile vehicles” is the top contributor to EC mass across regions, and it also has significant contributions to total PM2.5 mass, particulate nitrate and sulphate mass in the Sydney East region. “Power stations” is identified to be the third major contributor to the summer total PM2.5 mass across regions, and the first or second contributor to sulphate and ammonium mass in both summer and winter. “Non-road diesel and marine” plays a relatively important role in EC mass across regions except Illawarra. “Industry” is identified to be the first or second major contributor to sulphate and ammonium mass, and the second or third major contributor to total PM2.5 mass across regions. By multiplying modelled predictions with Australian Bureau of Statistics 1-km resolution gridded population data, the natural and human-made sources are found to contribute 60% (3.55 µg/m3) and 40% (2.41 µg/m3) to the population-weighted annual average PM2.5 (5.96 µg/m3). Major source groups “wood heaters”, “industry”, “on-road motor vehicles”, “power stations” and “non-road diesel and marine” accounts for 31%, 26%, 19%, 17% and 6% of the total human-made sources contribution, respectively. The results in this study enhance the quantitative understanding of major source contributions to ambient PM2.5 and its major chemical components. A greater understanding of the contribution of the major sources to PM2.5 exposures is the basis for air quality management interventions aiming to deliver improved public health outcomes.
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Bridges, John FP, and Ralph M. Hanson. "The importance of age and other variables in predicting paediatric patient flows in New South Wales." Australian Health Review 24, no. 1 (2001): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010094.
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This research focuses upon the relationship between a child's age and the likelihood that the child was treated at aSpecialist Children's Hospital rather than at a local hospital. While it is generally regarded that younger patients aremore resource intensive, a study was required to determine whether the Specialist Children's Hospitals attractedyounger patients. The analysis is based on 42,363 children treated in Greater Metropolitan Sydney in 1996/97, andon separations classified (role delineated) as non-tertiary DRGs (defined as Level 4 activity). However, this activityis of varying degrees of severity. A number of variables were used to explain why a child was treated at either a localhospital or at a specialist children's hospital. This study clearly demonstrates that Specialist Children's Hospitals do attractyounger and more severe patients.
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Cashmore, Aaron W., Devon Indig, Stephen E. Hampton, Desley G. Hegney, and Bin Jalaludin. "Workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Health Review 36, no. 2 (2012): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11043.
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Objective. Studies have found that health workers are at elevated risk of being abused while at work. Little is known, however, about workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. We implemented a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence, sources and consequences of workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia. Methods. All employees of Justice Health (a statutory health corporation) were invited to complete a self-administered survey, which was delivered via the internet. Among nurses, medical doctors and allied health professionals, 299 usable surveys were returned; a response rate of 42%. Results. In the preceding 3 months, 76% of participants had personally experienced some form of abuse in their workplace, all but one of whom recalled verbal abuse. Only 16% reported physical abuse. Seventy per cent reported feeling safe in their workplace. Patients were identified as the main perpetrators of abuse, followed by fellow health staff. Participants felt that incidents of workplace abuse increased their potential to make errors while providing care to patients and reduced their productivity while at work. Conclusions. Compared with health workers who practise in a community setting, the risk of physical abuse among correctional health professionals appears to be low. What is known about the topic? Health professionals are at a high risk of workplace abuse. Studies have demonstrated that the risk of abuse varies by health profession and the practice environment. There is a paucity of research exploring workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. What does this paper add? A cross-sectional survey found that a relatively small proportion of correctional health professionals in New South Wales had been subjected to physical abuse in their workplace in the preceding 3 months. Verbal abuse, however, was reported by a majority of participants. Although patients were the most commonly reported source of abuse, a worrying level of health worker on health worker abuse (also known as horizontal abuse) was found. What are the implications for practitioners? Preventive strategies should address the temporal, environmental and structural determinants of workplace abuse in correctional and forensic facilities. More research is needed to identify the factors associated with horizontal abuse among correctional health professionals. This would allow the establishment of tailored preventive programs.
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Tannous, W., and Kingsley Agho. "Factors Associated with Home Fire Escape Plans in New South Wales: Multinomial Analysis of High-Risk Individuals and New South Wales Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112353.
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The preparation and practice of home-escape plans are important strategies for individuals and families seeking to reduce and/or prevent fire-related injury or death. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with, home-escape plans in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study used data from two surveys—a 2016 fire safety attitudes and behaviour survey administered to high-risk individuals (n = 296) and a 2013 NSW health survey covering 13,027 adults aged 16 years and above. It applied multinomial logistic regression analyses to these data to identify factors associated with having a written home-fire escape plan, having an unwritten home-fire escape plan and not having any home-fire escape plan. The prevalence of written home-escape plans was only 4.3% (95% CI: 2.5, 7.5) for the high-risk individuals and 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.3, 8.6) for the entire NSW population. The prevalence of unwritten escape plans was 44.6% (95% CI: 38.8, 50.5) for the high-risk individuals and 26.2% (95% CI: 25.1, 27.2) for the NSW population. The prevalence of no-escape plan at all was 51.1% (95% CI: 45.2, 56.9) for the high-risk individuals and 65.9% (95% CI: 64.8, 67.1) for the NSW population. After adjusting for other covariates, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with unwritten-escape plan and no-escape plan prevalence: speaking only the English language at home, practicing home-fire escape plans infrequently, being married, being female and testing smoke alarms less often. Future fire interventions should target people who speak only English at home and people who test their smoke alarms infrequently. These interventions should be accompanied by research aimed at reversing the trend toward use of more flammable materials in homes.
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George, Ajesh, Rebekah Grace, Emma Elcombe, Amy R. Villarosa, Holly A. Mack, Lynn Kemp, Shilpi Ajwani, et al. "The oral health behaviours and fluid consumption practices of young urban Aboriginal preschool children in south‐western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 29, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpja.29.
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Richardson, Daniel, Hubert Chan, Rohan Bopage, David A. Lewis, Shailendra Sawleshwarkar, Charles Chung, and Jen Kok. "HIV-1 subtype variability and transmitted drug resistance in a culturally diverse population in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20013.
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Abstract Background Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance (TDR) is an important contributor to antiretroviral treatment failure, and is associated with HIV-1 transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), non-MSM clusters and individuals diagnosed with concurrent sexually transmissible infections (STI). Western Sydney has a culturally diverse population, with a high proportion of non-Australian-born individuals. This study describes the prevalence of TDR and non-B HIV-1 subtypes in a clinic-based population. Methods: A clinic database was examined for all newly diagnosed treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients and information on their HIV-1 resistance and subtype, demographics including country of birth and diagnosis of a bacterial sexually transmissible infection was collected. Results: Data were available from 74/79 individuals (62 cis-male, 16 cis-female and 1 transgender woman). Of the 74 genotypes, the prevalence of non-B subtypes and TDR was 43/74 (58%; 95%CI = 46.9–69.3) and 14/74 (19%; 95%CI = 10.0 to 27.8). It was also found that 30/79 (38%) had a concurrent bacterial STI. TDR was associated with subtype B infection (OR 3.53; 95%CI = 1.41–8.82; P = 0.007) and being born in Australia (OR 12.0; 95%CI = 2.45–58.86; P = 0.002). Conclusion: The relative prevalence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes and TDR is higher in Western Sydney than in the rest of Australia. TDR is associated with subtype B HIV-1 and being Australian born, suggesting ongoing local transmission. This highlights the diversity of the HIV epidemic locally and the need for interventions to prevent ongoing HIV transmission.
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Williamson, Anna B., Beverley Raphael, Sally Redman, John Daniels, Sandra J. Eades, and Naomi Mayers. "Emerging themes in Aboriginal child and adolescent mental health: findings from a qualitative study in Sydney, New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 192, no. 10 (May 2010): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03649.x.
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Bernard, A. G. "Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Quality of Spa-Pool Waters in New South Wales (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0041.
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The increasing popularity in the use of spa pools during the 1970's and 1980's and the accompanying incidents of folliculitis and ear infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with spa-pool use has necessitated the development of bacteriological and chemical guidelines for spa-pool water quality. The New South Wales (N.S.W.) Department of Health introduced a bacteriological standard for swimming pools and spa-pools in 1981 based on the findings of a series of surveys aimed at identifying the principal factors influencing the bacteriological quality of spa waters. Four surveys are summarised in this paper. The major findings described are the tenfold higher recovery of P. aeruginosa from spa-pools than from outdoor pools; the need for at least 2.0 milligrams per litre (mg/L) free chlorine residual in order to achieve reliable satisfactory water quality in spas compared with a requirement of 1.0mg/L to achieve the same quality in outdoor pools; the need to maintain pH below 8.0 in order to ensure efficient chlorine disinfection; the apparent inability of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin to adequately disinfect spas during heavy bather load periods; and the success of the Health Department's spa-pool operator education program which resulted in a 30% reduction in the incidence of bacteriologically unsatisfactory spa-pool waters in N.S.W. between 1980 and 1986.
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Treloar, Carla, and Wen Cao. "Barriers to use of Needle and Syringe Programmes in a high drug use area of Sydney, New South Wales." International Journal of Drug Policy 16, no. 5 (October 2005): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.06.005.
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Ali, Hammad, Basil Donovan, Bette Liu, Jane S. Hocking, Paul Agius, James Ward, Christopher Bourne, John M. Kaldor, and Rebecca J. Guy. "Chlamydia prevention indicators for Australia: review of the evidence from New South Wales." Sexual Health 9, no. 5 (2012): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11183.
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Background: Annual notifications of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) diagnoses have increased steadily in Australia in the last decade. To guide public health programs, we developed 10 national chlamydia prevention indicators and report on each indicator for New South Wales (NSW). Methods: Using systematic methods, we reviewed the literature to report on the 10 health and behaviour indicators for 15- to 29–year-old heterosexuals in NSW from 2000. We included data with two or more time points. Results: Chlamydia notification rates (Indicator 1) in 15- to 29–year-olds have increased by 299%, from 237 per 100 000 population in 2001 to 946 per 100 000 population in 2010; and the percent of 15- to 34-year-olds with an annual Medicare-rebated chlamydia test (Indicator 2) increased by 326%, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2010. Since 2004, sentinel surveillance showed a 28% increase in chlamydia prevalence (Indicator 3) in 15- to 29-year-old females tested at their first sexual health service visit (from 8.5% in 2004 to 10.9% in 2010) but no significant increase in males. No NSW-specific chlamydia incidence (Indicator 4) was available. Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalisation separations rate decreased from 0.58 per 1000 in 2001 to 0.44 per 1000 in 2010 in 15- to 29-year-old females (Indicator 5).Secondary school surveys in 2002 and 2008 showed chlamydia knowledge increased in males. The sexual risk-taking behaviour of young people remained unchanged (Indicators 6–10). Conclusions: Although notifications have risen steeply, the modest increase in chlamydia prevalence maybe a more realistic reflection of transmission rates. Strategies are needed to increase testing and to modify sexual risk behaviour. Crucial gaps in epidemiological data were identified.
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Carnegie, Angus J. "Forest health condition in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2005. I. Fungi recorded from eucalypt plantations during forest health surveys." Australasian Plant Pathology 36, no. 3 (2007): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap07020.
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Waldron, Liette S., Belinda C. Ferrari, Cristel Cheung-Kwok-Sang, Paul J. Beggs, Nicola Stephens, and Michelle L. Power. "Molecular Epidemiology and Spatial Distribution of a Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak in Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (September 9, 2011): 7766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00616-11.
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ABSTRACTCryptosporidiosis is one of the most common waterborne diseases reported worldwide. Outbreaks of this gastrointestinal disease, which is caused by theCryptosporidiumparasite, are often attributed to public swimming pools and municipal water supplies. Between the months of January and April in 2009, New South Wales, Australia, experienced the largest waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak reported in Australia to date. Through the course of the contamination event, 1,141 individuals became infected withCryptosporidium. Health authorities in New South Wales indicated that public swimming pool use was a contributing factor in the outbreak. To identify theCryptosporidiumspecies responsible for the outbreak, fecal samples from infected patients were collected from hospitals and pathology companies throughout New South Wales for genetic analyses. Genetic characterization ofCryptosporidiumoocysts from the fecal samples identified the anthroponoticCryptosporidium hominisIbA10G2 subtype as the causative parasite. Equal proportions of infections were found in males and females, and an increased susceptibility was observed in the 0- to 4-year age group. Spatiotemporal analysis indicated that the outbreak was primarily confined to the densely populated coastal cities of Sydney and Newcastle.
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Wilkie, Alcuin. "Australia: getting there." Psychiatric Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1996): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.20.9.558.
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There have been two recent accounts in the Psychiatric Bulletin (Harrison, 1989; Kisely, 1993) which have given some practical advice about getting work in Australia. They did, however, rather gloss over the details. With clear memories of the difficulties of arranging a one year training post in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) and having been approached by numerous mainly junior colleagues asking about details of arranging a similar trip, I am writing what I hope will be a useful and accurate “Getting your Australian visa and medical registration made easy” guide.
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Maxwell, Michelle L., Armita Adily, and Jeanette E. Ward. "Promoting evidence-based practice in population health at the local level: a case study in workforce capacity development." Australian Health Review 31, no. 3 (2007): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070422.
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This paper describes a service-based initiative to enhance capacity for evidence-based practice (EBP) in the South Western Sydney Area Health Service Division of Population Health. A working group planned an organisational response to a customised EBP needs assessment using the New South Wales Department of Health?s framework for capacity building focussing on five key action areas; organisational development, workforce development, resource allocation, leadership and partnerships. Innovative strategies to promote EBP were developed and implemented and on-site training programs that targeted specific groups of staff were conducted. Because there was commitment and leadership from senior staff for the initiative, a comprehensive approach to building capacity for EBP in population health was possible. Evidence of impact needs to be collected in the future.
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Paton-Walsh, Clare, Peter Rayner, Jack Simmons, Sonya L. Fiddes, Robyn Schofield, Howard Bridgman, Stephanie Beaupark, et al. "A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120774.
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This paper presents a summary of the key findings of the special issue of Atmosphere on Air Quality in New South Wales and discusses the implications of the work for policy makers and individuals. This special edition presents new air quality research in Australia undertaken by (or in association with) the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub, which is funded by the National Environmental Science Program on behalf of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Energy. Air pollution in Australian cities is generally low, with typical concentrations of key pollutants at much lower levels than experienced in comparable cities in many other parts of the world. Australian cities do experience occasional exceedances in ozone and PM2.5 (above air pollution guidelines), as well as extreme pollution events, often as a result of bushfires, dust storms, or heatwaves. Even in the absence of extreme events, natural emissions play a significant role in influencing the Australian urban environment, due to the remoteness from large regional anthropogenic emission sources. By studying air quality in Australia, we can gain a greater understanding of the underlying atmospheric chemistry and health risks in less polluted atmospheric environments, and the health benefits of continued reduction in air pollution. These conditions may be representative of future air quality scenarios for parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as legislation and cleaner technologies reduce anthropogenic air pollution in European, American, and Asian cities. However, in many instances, current legislation regarding emissions in Australia is significantly more lax than in other developed countries, making Australia vulnerable to worsening air pollution in association with future population growth. The need to avoid complacency is highlighted by recent epidemiological research, reporting associations between air pollution and adverse health outcomes even at air pollutant concentrations that are lower than Australia’s national air quality standards. Improving air quality is expected to improve health outcomes at any pollution level, with specific benefits projected for reductions in long-term exposure to average PM2.5 concentrations.
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Bickford, Gary, John Toll, Judi Hansen, Elaine Baker, and Robert Keessen. "Aquatic Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Wet Weather Discharges in the Sydney Region, New South Wales, Australia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 39, no. 1-12 (January 1999): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00057-0.
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