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Journal articles on the topic 'Health Saudi Arabia'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Alatawy, Khald S. "Consumers’ Purchase Intention Toward Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Marketing Studies 14, no. 2 (November 23, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v14n2p121.

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Literature reported a dearth of research on Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this paper thus is to understand the antecedents of Consumers’ Purchase Intention toward Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia. The paper drew data from 355 Saudi Arabian internet buying communities. The paper used Smart-PLS 3 to analyze the data. The findings show that attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and perceived trust have significant positive influences on purchase intention toward online health insurance in Saudi Arabia. However, the relationship between religiosity and purchase intention toward online health insurance was not supported. Various theoretical and managerial implications of these findings were discussed.
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2

Alotaibi, Obaid Ghazi, and Abdulaziz Khalaf Alanazi. "Evaluating the Extent of Language Barriers Among Health Professionals in the Saudi Arabian Health System." Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20220716.

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This paper evaluates the cause, extent, and effects of language and cultural barriers within the Saudi Arabia healthcare system that have an indirect or direct effect on both the patient's perceived quality of care and the actual quality of care delivered. A systematic search of different databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, MEDLINE, and ScinceDirect.) was conducted. Using the following search terms language barrier’ AND ‘health’ AND ‘Saudi Arabia’. Additionally, the search terms ‘safety’ AND ‘quality’. The findings illustrate that the Saudi Arabian healthcare system is subject to significant impacts due to poor communication as a result of evident language barriers. Accordingly, it is proposed that individual level and an overall strategy for enhancing language and communication in healthcare across the Kingdom are implemented, including both technological solutions and organisational and human resource-based solutions. A proposed timeline for implementing these various strategies has been provided. Keywords: language barriers, Saudi Arabia healthcare system, language and communication in healthcare
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3

Alaqeel, Aqeel, Muna Almijmaj, Abdulaziz Almushaigeh, Yasser Aldakheel, Raghad Almesned, and Husam Al Ahmadi. "High Rate of Depression among Saudi Children with Type 1 Diabetes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 11714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111714.

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Saudi Arabia ranks among the top ten in type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevalence. The psychological burden, including depression, among T1D children, affects short-term and long-term outcomes. In Saudi Arabia, studies on depression among T1D children are limited. We determined the prevalence of depression among T1D children and adolescents in the Saudi Arabia-Qassim region and investigated risk factors for depressive symptoms. This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among T1D children and adolescents in the outpatient clinic of Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, between October 2020 and April 2021. Using a validated questionnaire translated into Arabic, we interviewed patients during clinic appointment. Questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data, and Clinical Depression Inventory scale were used to measure depression. There were 148 T1D respondents (children: 58.1%; adolescents: 41.9%). More than half were females (53.4%), with most Saudis (94.6%). Depression prevalence among children and adolescents was 27%. Mild, moderate, and severe depression occurred in 80%, 12.5%, and 7.5% of depressed patients, respectively. Factors significant for depression were female sex (p = 0.014), uncontrolled HbA1c level (p = 0.037), and longer diabetes duration (p = 0.013). Depression among children and adolescents was more prevalent in this study than in previous reports. Early detection of depression will improve diabetes control and quality of life.
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Bin Eid, Wasmiah, An An Lieu, Michelle Jin Yee Neoh, Suhail Mahmoud Al-Zoubi, Gianluca Esposito, and Dagmara Dimitriou. "Characteristics of Sleep Patterns in Adolescents: Comparisons between Saudi Arabia and the UK." Healthcare 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081378.

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There are concerns regarding sleep deprivation among adolescents, especially with mounting evidence for the importance of sleep during puberty, and its effects on health and families. The present study aimed to characterise sleep in typical development (TD) adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and compare their sleep profiles to TD adolescents in the UK, to evaluate sleep patterns in adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and to examine the relationship between sleep patterns and the use of social media in both groups. Findings from the current study reported a shorter sleep duration for the Saudi Arabia group than in previous studies and the UK group, which may be attributed to the lack of sleep hygiene practised in Saudi Arabia. Multiple analysis of variance results found significant differences in daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001) and a preference for morningness/eveningness (p < 0.001) between Saudia Arabia and UK adolescents. Statistically significant negative correlations (p > 0.05) between the duration of social media usage and sleep duration were found in both the Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents, where a lower number of sleep hours was observed with a higher duration of social media use. This study fills a gap in the research of sleep in Saudi Arabia in adolescents, and offers important insights on the comparison in sleep habits between Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents.
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5

Frolova, Elena Vladimirovna. "Healthcare in Saudi Arabia." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 10 (August 12, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2110-09.

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Saudi Arabia is a large state located on the Arabian Peninsula; this country is considered the birthplace of Islam. The population of Saudi Arabia is approaching 35 million. About 7% of GDP is allocated annually for the maintenance of the healthcare system, while about 1,500 US dollars is spent on medical care for each resident of the country (according to this indicator, the country ranks 41st in the world). The share of private spending on health care is 37.6%. The average life expectancy in Saudi Arabia was 74.4 years in 2019. According to Healthcare Index 2021, the assessment of the effectiveness of the healthcare system, Saudi Arabia was ranked 54th out of 93 countries, while gaining 60.7 points out of 100 possible. A feature of this country is the fact that it is here that the largest annual mass event in the world is held - the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, which puts a very serious burden on the healthcare system.
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6

Alassaf, Abdullah, Basim Almulhim, Sara Ayid Alghamdi, and Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni. "Perceptions and Preventive Practices Regarding COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak and Oral Health Care Perceptions during the Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Saudi Arabia." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080959.

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Aims: The study aimed to evaluate perceptions and preventive practices regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and oral health care perceptions during the lockdown in the Saudi Arabian population. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was performed by collecting the data from individuals belonging to various parts of the Saudi Arabian Population through an online self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire had two main parts: first comprised of demographic data include the region of residence, gender, nationality, age, the number of family members, monthly income of the family, and the second was further divided into three sections of perception (P), practice (PRA) and oral health care practice (D) questions. All these (P, PRA, and D) were analyzed by comparing all of the demographic characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS IBM (version 21.0), and statistical significance was set at a 5% level. Results: Overall, 2013 participants (54% males and 46% females) contributed to the Saudi Arabia study. Only 5% of non-Saudis live in Saudi Arabia were participated in the study, while the majority of participants were of 21–40 years age group (45%), 59% of having more than five family members, and 60% of them had ≤10 K Suadi riyal monthly income respectively. The majority of the participants were from Riyadh (33.7%) and Asir (25.1%) in the study. Overall, 89.5% of the participants were aware of the COVID-19 global pandemic. The majority of the participants (55%) from Saudi Arabia utilized the Ministry of Health website, a source of information regarding COVID-19. However, 56.5% of the participants had COVID-19 related perception, and 74.3% followed an appropriate preventive practice. Approximately 60% had good oral health practice. The study participants showed mixed opinions on perceptions regarding COVID-19, preventive practice, and oral health practices. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the Saudi Arabian population has good attention to COVID-19, but preventive practice and oral health perception need better awareness to control this novel virus spread. The Ministry of Health website utilized as a significant source of information among the Saudi Arabian population regarding COVID-19.
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7

Alwakid, Wafa, Sebastian Aparicio, and David Urbano. "The Influence of Green Entrepreneurship on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Formal Institutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105433.

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This study explores the influence of green entrepreneurial activity on sustainable development, using institutional economics as a theoretical framework. Also, the role of entrepreneurship policy is analysed in the context of Saudi Arabia. Using information from the General Authority for Statistics from 13 Saudi Arabian cities, the main findings show that green entrepreneurship positively contributes to the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development during the period 2012–2017. These results demonstrate a measurable indication of sustainable development outcomes, whereby Saudi Arabian institutions align entrepreneurial activities with a positive triple bottom line effect. Accordingly, these findings contribute new evidence to justify government commitment to supporting green entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and encourage future domestic policies.
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8

Almuayqil, Saleh, Anthony S. Atkins, and Bernadette Sharp. "Ranking of E-Health Barriers Faced by Saudi Arabian Citizens, Healthcare Professionals and IT Specialists in Saudi Arabia." Health 08, no. 10 (2016): 1004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.810104.

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9

Abed, Lowai G. "COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: A Study of the Understanding, Attitudes and Behaviors of Social Media Users." International Journal on Social and Education Sciences 3, no. 4 (October 10, 2021): 768–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.273.

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The dissemination of information via social media is important, particularly during a public health emergency. However, while it is undoubtedly useful in the targeting of genuine health communications, social media may also be used to spread health-related misinformation at times of disease outbreak or pandemic. The study presented here researches the spread of COVID-19 misinformation in Saudi Arabia, by exploring the relevant understanding, attitudes, and behaviors of Saudi Arabian citizens. The current study comprises a survey of 318 adults in Saudi Arabia, of all age groups and educational backgrounds, and from all Saudi Arabian provinces. This study highlights the significance of COVID-19 misinformation and concludes that, despite risks to public health and wellbeing, Saudi Arabian citizens do not consider COVID-19 misinformation to be a significant problem. Participants in this study were relatively aware of such misinformation and its dangers, but it did not greatly concern them, and generally they declined to tackle it proactively.
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10

Burki, Talha Khan. "Respiratory health in Saudi Arabia." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 3, no. 10 (October 2015): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00370-7.

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11

Alenezi, Aishah, Amanda Kimpton, Karen Livesay, and Ian McGrath. "Health-related Quality of Life Among Patients With an Ostomy Regarding Sex, Disease Diagnosis, Health Care Provider, and Ostomy Type: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study." Wound Management & Prevention 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2022.10.2027.

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BACKGROUND: Ostomy surgery can negatively affect quality of life; however, the lived experiences of individuals with ostomies in Saudi Arabia are not well understood. PURPOSE: To examine how sex, ostomy type, disease diagnosis, and health care provider shape health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with ostomies in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on self-reported data of a convenience sample of 421 patients (239 male, 182 female) with ostomies (206 temporary, 211 permanent, 4 unknown) from 5 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using the City of Hope-Quality of Life-Ostomy Questionnaire (Arabic version) and analyzed by univariate and multiple regression analyses to identify predictors of physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and overall HRQOL. RESULTS: HRQOL scores correlated significantly with ostomy type (temporary vs permanent), sex, and health care provider. There were no significant differences in HRQOL scores by disease diagnosis (cancer vs non-cancer). CONCLUSION: Several potential predictors of HRQOL among patients with ostomies in Saudi Arabia were identified, which may assist in developing intervention strategies to improve patients’ HRQOL. Additional studies are needed to understand the specific barriers in each group.
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12

El Hazmi, Mohsen A. F., A. B. Warsy, and R. Sulairnani. "Diabetesmellitus as a health problem in Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 4, no. 1 (January 15, 1998): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1998.4.1.58.

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A total of 25 337 Saudis [11 713 males [46.2%] and 13 624 females [53.8%] were screened for diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance using WHO criteria for diagnosis. The prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the total Saudi male population was 0.23%, 5.63% and 0.50% respectively, and in the total Saudi female population was 0.30%, 4.53% and 0.72% respectively. Differences were observed in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance between the provinces. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus increased to 28.82% and 24.92% in males and females respectively over the age of 60 years, while impaired glucose tolerance increased to 1.60% and 3.56%
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13

Alwin Robert, Asirvatham, and Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish. "Microvascular complications among patients with diabetes: An emerging health problem in Saudi Arabia." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 16, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164118820714.

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Diabetes mellitus, besides disrupting the carbohydrate metabolism process, also induces vascular disease and impacts nearly all the types and sizes of blood vessels. In fact, vascular complications cause majority of the morbidity, hospitalizations and mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy (microvascular complications) impact hundreds of millions of diabetics and normally target those having long-term or uncontrolled forms of the disease; however, these disorders can also exist at the time of diagnosis or in those yet to be diagnosed. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the biggest country in the Middle East that occupies around four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula supporting a population of more than 33.3 million people. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an alarming rate in Saudi Arabia. Over 25% of the adult population is suffering and that figure is projected to more than double by 2030. In fact, diabetes mellitus has approximately registered a 10-fold upsurge in the past three decades in Saudi Arabia. However, the prevalence and risk factors of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients have not yet been clearly documented in Saudi Arabia. Hence, in this review, we aim to provide an overview of the microvascular complications among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia, utilizing data from the currently available published literature. This is an attempt to facilitate the government and healthcare systems aware of the enormous worth of prevention, early detection and appropriate management of such microvascular complications.
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14

Algabbani, Aljoharah, Amani Alqahtani, and Nasser BinDhim. "Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable diseases in Saudi Arabia." Food and Drug Regulatory Science Journal 2, no. 2 (August 4, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32868/rsj.v2i2.29.

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Abstract Background Chronic diseases are considered the leading cause of mortality in Saudi Arabia. With a lack of national health surveillance systems, this study examines chronic disease prevalence and multimorbidity and their associated factors in Saudi Arabia. Methods Data was pooled from two cross-sectional national surveys conducted across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia between March and July 2018. The study targeted Arabic speakers aged 18 years or older. The presence of chronic diseases was assessed according to self-reported medical diagnoses of chronic conditions. Multimorbidity was assessed based on the reported number of diseases (no condition, at least 1, and ≥ 2 conditions). Factors associated with chronic diseases’ presence were examined using regression analysis. Results Out of the total participants (N= 7,317), the most reported chronic conditions were cardiovascular diseases (15.1%) followed by respiratory diseases (14.16%). The multimorbidity prevalence (≥ 2 chronic conditions) was nearly 5.6% (n= 564). Factors found to be significantly associated with the presence of chronic diseases were age, gender, employment status, marital status, and smoking. The findings showed that those who rated their health as fair or poor were almost three times more likely to be diagnosed with at least one chronic condition (95% CI: 2.21 - 3.56, P <0.001). Conclusions The study found a proportion of Saudis living with chronic diseases and multimorbidity with the highest risk among elderly people. The study findings are useful in building a sustainable health surveillance system and designing effective health policies and interventions to tackle the burden of chronic disease in Saudi Arabia.
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15

Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0955603600003184.

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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.27.10.386.

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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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17

Almatroudi, Ahmad. "Brain Tumors in Saudi Arabia: An Observational and Descriptive Epidemiological Analysis." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091796.

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Introduction: Brain tumors are one of the major causes of death and morbidity around the world. A prospective existential retrospective observational population-cohort study based on the comprehensive research work on brain tumors in the Saudi population was conducted, with statistics drawn from the Saudi Cancer Registry data collected and published by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, which is a national document prepared and maintained by the National Health Information Center, from 2006 to 2016. For the analysis of the brain tumor distribution and trends in Saudi Arabian inhabitants, the current study outlined the brain tumor incident rates in the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and crude incidence rates (CIRs) in the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia by distinct age cohorts, the year of diagnosis, and the core administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. Method: Statistical tools, such as GraphPad Prism and SPSS 2.0, were used for the analyses of the t-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and descriptive statistics, including the sex ratio and other demographic features. Between 2006 and 2016, Saudi Arabia recorded 1854 and 1293 cases of brain tumors in males and females, respectively. Results: The highest percentage and mean number of brain tumor cases were recorded among males and females in the age group 0–4 years, and the lowest proportion of brain tumor cases were reported among males and females in the higher age group (55–69 years). The highest mean CIR and ASIR were found in the male and female populations of the Riyadh region, and the highest CIR and ASIR sex ratios were found in the Baha and Naj regions of Saudi Arabia, respectively. Males in the Jazan region had the lowest average CIRs and ASIRs. The Baha and Jazan regions of Saudi Arabia recorded the lowest mean CIR and ASIR among females. Conclusion: The Riyadh region had the most significant increases in ASIRs and CIRs for brain tumors in males and females from 2006 to 2016, whereas the Jazan region had the least significant changes in the ASIRs in males and females.
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18

Khoja, Tawfik A., and Lubna A. Al-Ansary. "Asthma in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 4, no. 3 (May 1998): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124784-199805000-00008.

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19

Al-Tayib, Omar. "An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia." Pathogens 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010025.

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Currently, there has been an increasing socioeconomic impact of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animals to humans worldwide. Recently, in the Arabian Peninsula, including in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological data indicated an actual increase in the number of emerging and/or reemerging cases of several viral zoonotic diseases. Data presented in this review are very relevant because Saudi Arabia is considered the largest country in the Peninsula. We believe that zoonotic pathogens in Saudi Arabia remain an important public health problem; however, more than 10 million Muslim pilgrims from around 184 Islamic countries arrive yearly at Makkah for the Hajj season and/or for the Umrah. Therefore, for health reasons, several countries recommend vaccinations for various zoonotic diseases among preventive protocols that should be complied with before traveling to Saudi Arabia. However, there is a shortage of epidemiological data focusing on the emerging and reemerging of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animal to humans in different densely populated cities and/or localities in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, further efforts might be needed to control the increasing impacts of zoonotic viral disease. Also, there is a need for a high collaboration to enhance the detection and determination of the prevalence, diagnosis, control, and prevention as well as intervention and reduction in outbreaks of these diseases in Saudi Arabia, particularly those from other countries. Persons in the health field including physicians and veterinarians, pet owners, pet store owners, exporters, border guards, and people involved in businesses related to animal products have adopted various preventive strategies. Some of these measures might pave the way to highly successful prevention and control results on the different transmission routes of these viral zoonotic diseases from or to Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the prevention of these viral pathogens depends on socioeconomic impacts, available data, improved diagnosis, and highly effective therapeutics or prophylaxis.
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20

Al-Aqeel, Sinaa. "Health technology assessment in Saudi Arabia." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 18, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2018.1474102.

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21

Carlisle, Jessica. "Mental health law in Saudi Arabia." BJPsych International 15, no. 1 (February 2018): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2017.10.

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During the past 30 years the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has developed an extensive hospital-based mental health system culminating in the passing of a mental health law in 2014. This legislation embodies many of the international standards promoted by the World Health Organization. However, the mechanisms for protecting the human rights of psychiatric patients are neither sufficiently independent nor adequately robust.
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22

Ibrahim, Mohammad A., and Mohammad NS Kordy. "End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Saudi Arabia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 6, no. 3 (July 1992): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959200600304.

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Information was collected on patients with End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) receiving maintenance dialysis in all of the dialysis facilities in Saudi Arabia. Similar information was also collected from the Saudi Arabian government-sponsored patients with ESRD in the United States between December 1985 to March 1986. As of March 31, 1986, 806 Saudi patients were on maintenance hemodialysis and 16 on peritoneal dialysis in hospital-based dialysis facilities in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence rate of ESRD was 139/million at the completion of the study. The rates increased with age and were similar when compared on a regional basis, but were higher in the rural areas for both sexes in all regions except the Southern Region. Here, the prevalence rates for the female urban residents were higher than for female rural residents. Although primary health care services are available in rural areas, a delay was noted in seeking medical care. This was attributed to the possible lack of health education, knowledge of the disease and information on the availability of the health services. Upon completion of this study, it was concluded that a need exists for further research in all aspects to delineate the role of the various factors that affect ESRD in Saudi Arabia, with the universal goal of preventing development of the disease in the population.
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23

Albagawi, Bander S., and Linda K. Jones. "Quantitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to nurse-patient communication in Saudia Arabia." Journal of Hospital Administration 6, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v6n1p16.

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Nurses with effective communication skills play a critical role in minimising the stress associated with hospitalisation for both patients and their families. Effective communication has become increasingly reported as a key component in effective health care outcomes, which is even more crucial in countries such as Saudi Arabia with a large foreign healthcare workforce. The presence of a large expatriate workforce with a different language from the host society and the ensuing complexity of sociocultural linguistic and heath beliefs systems has been poorly researched. This study aimed to investigate barriers and facilitators of nurse-patient communication in Saudi Arabia using the Nurses’ Self-Administered Communication Survey. The survey was distributed to a random sample of 291 nurses working in medical and surgical departments at five hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the Philippine and Saudi Arabian nurses perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal/social characteristics, job specifications and environmental factors then nurses of other nationalities. In addition, nurses with shorter experience in Saudi Arabia perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to the clinical situation of patient and environmental factors than the nurses with longer experience. Lastly, nurses who had not attended specialist courses on communication skills acquisition perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal characteristics and job specifications than nurses who had attended such courses. This study highlights the need to better prepare expatriate nurses before they enter the workforce in Saudi Arabia on cultural competence and language skills.
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Helal, Sanaa Mohamed Aly, and Haga Abdelrahman Elimam. "Measuring the Efficiency of Health Services Areas in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A Comparative Study between the Years 2014 and 2006." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 4 (March 20, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n4p172.

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The study aimed to assess the efficiency of health services provided by the government hospitals in various districts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The number of beds at hospitals, doctors, nursing staff and paramedical categories were used as inputs for the model. The average productivity efficiency of government hospitals in the districts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2014 was 92.3%; whereas, the average internal production efficiency of these districts in the provision of health services through their respective hospitals was 94.7%; and the average external productivity efficiency in the different cities of the districts in Kingdom of the Saudi Arabia was 97.5%. It has been found that the average overall productivity efficiency was 90.2%, concerning the relative efficiency indicators of government hospitals, which were based on the hospitals’ distribution of Saudi Arabian districts in 2006. An analysis of the indicator showed that the average production efficiency of the services provided (internally) by the districts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was 94.7%, and that the average of the external production efficiency for such services was 95.4%. The Data Envelopment Analysis is a successful technique in measuring the performance efficiency of hospitals and it also assists to identify possible improvement and reduction in cost.
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25

Sebai, Zohair A. "Malaria in Saudi Arabia." Tropical Doctor 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558801800415.

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In the 1940s Anopheles mosquitoes were abundant about the wells and marshy areas in Saudi Arabia. Nearly 100% of the population in many villages and oases had suffered from malaria at one time or another. However, the progress made in the malaria program in Saudi Arabia from the time of its inception in 1948 is possibly one of the most significant achievements in public health in the Kingdom over the last 40 years. The challenge which the country now faces is to control malaria in the Southern Province and in the residual foci in the Western Province, while maintaining the rest of the country malaria free.
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AlNemer, Hashem Abdullah. "The Availability and Efficiency of Health Insurance to Expatriates: Empirical Findings from Saudi Arabia." International Business Research 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n3p58.

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Health Insurance represents the largest sectors among all types of insurance in Saudi Arabia with a Gross Written Premiums of 51% of the whole insurance market in Saudi Arabia. The high growth of health insurance sector in Saudi Arabia was driven by the obligation mandated by the Ministry of Health "MOH" and Council of Cooperative Health Insurance "CCHI" for expatriates and their families living in Saudi Arabia to have their health insurance, affected mid of 2014. However, the regulations didn’t specify the types and quality of health insurance used. The regulations also didn’t take into consideration the salaries of the expatriates which might affect their financial positions in case of policy cancelation. No studies have been conducted on the Saudi Arabian health insurance market to explore the efficiency and quality of expatriates’ health insurance policy. This paper attempts to fill the gap. The main aim of this study was to explore the availability and efficiency of health care system to expatriates. The quality of health insurance policy relies on the selections made by the employers. The research used qualitative methodology for collection of primary data. A total of 324 responds were received and considered usable for the research. The results were astonishing that most of the participants have their own health insurance policy, however not all service are available to them. Most of the participants clarified that their health insurance policy, did not cover of most of the risk they encountered, it did not cover the medical treatment expenses, as well as the surgery and operation expenses. Such results will put financial burden on expatriates in case their health insurance claims been canceled.
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Koshak, E. A., and R. Z. Tawfeeq. "Tuberculin reactivity among health care workers at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 5-6 (March 31, 2003): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.5-6.1034.

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Tuberculosis is both a nosocomial and an occupational infection. The prevalence of positive tuberculin skin reactions at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia, was investigated by testing 298 health care workers. Conventional tuberculin skin testing was performed using 0.1 mL of purified protein derivative injected intracutaneously. After 48-72 hours, induration size was recorded. The prevalence of positive tests [induration > / = 10 mm] was 78.9% overall, 60.0% for Saudi Arabians compared with 81.8% for non-Saudi Arabians [P < 0.01]. The mean response size [8.9 +/- 7 mm] for Saudis was also significantly lower than for non-Saudis [13.9 +/- 7 mm, P < 0.001]. To enhance the protection of both health care workers and hospitalized patients, effective preventive measures and annual tuberculin testing of health care workers should be considered
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Khaled H. Alhomayani, Faisal, Awatif Elmohamady Edrees, Amal Abdullah Aljuaid, Shahad Saud Alhamyani, Najwa Jameel Althobaiti, Asma Ahmed Alharthi, and Hebatullah Abdulaziz Alshehri. "POPULATION AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS INTAIF, SAUDI ARABIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15729.

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Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Many studies showed misconceptions and low awareness in different regions of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim: of this study is to evaluate the level of awareness among general population in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. Methodology:across-sectional study using a self-administrated online Arabic questionnaire. Results: a total of responses from 408 participants whose sociodemographic characteristics showed 34.8% belonged to the age group of 18-24 years, 66.2% were females, 53.7% were married, 83.6% were Saudis, 35.5% had post-graduate education, and 46.1% were medical students. The analysis showed that 89% had poor awareness, only 3.7% had good awareness and 7.6% had a fair awareness about SLE. Conclusion: This study showedlow general awareness and some misconceptionsamong the Taif-KSA population regarding the SLE. Recommendations: health education campaigns to increase awareness of SLE among the Saudi population, will be helpful to detect and diagnose early cases of SLE patients to reduce its complication and improve the quality of patients life.
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Alqurashi, Afnan, Enas A. Sindy, Heba Dosh, Sumaya Z. Khayat, Lujain M. Alqarna, Wafa M. Sodagar, Mohammed Samannodi, et al. "Perception and Acceptance of Using Different Generic Types of COVID-19 Vaccine, the “Mix-and-Match” Strategy, in Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 13889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113889.

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Background: Soon after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, a pharmaceutical company expressed rapid interest in developing a safe and effective vaccine candidate to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The FDA approved the Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Moderna, and Janssen vaccines. Here, we investigated the attitude and acceptance of using different generic types of COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study using an online survey conducted in Saudi Arabia from the 19th of October to the 6th of December 2021. The questionnaire was distributed using social media platforms such as Twitter, WhatsApp, and Facebook. The inclusion criteria to participate in this study were adults who live in Saudi Arabia (Saudis or non-Saudis) and had two doses of COVID-19 vaccinations. Result: 3486 participants were included in this study, and 67.5% of the participants had side effects after the first dose. Similarly, 66.7% of the study participants had side effects after administering the second dose. Our data showed that most participants were unsure if the heterologous COVID-19 vaccination could cause severe side effects. In addition, 47.6% of the participants refused to receive a different generic type of COVID-19 vaccine due to fear of health problems. However, most participants obtained information regarding COVID-19 vaccination from the Saudi Ministry of Health. Conclusions: We found a low level of acceptance for receiving different generic types of vaccines if the participants had a choice. Therefore, plans should focus on increasing the acceptance level among the Saudi population through official platforms such as the Saudi Ministry of Health and private clinics.
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Alothman, Adel, Khalid Altalhi, Abdulrahman Al Saedy, and Thamer Al Enazi. "What is the Real Prevalence of HIV-Infection in Saudi Arabia?" Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 3 (January 2010): IDRT.S5250. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/idrt.s5250.

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to be transmitted in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) produces an annual report from the United Nations AIDS (UNAIDS) Epidemic Update declaring the new AIDS cases across the world. UNAIDS had to make an estimates from certain countries like Saudi Arabia (SA), due to the fact that there is no adequate reporting of AIDS cases to the WHO. In 2001, the Ministry of Health in SA had created the Saudi AIDS—National Program which became responsible for counting old and new HIV-infection in Saudis and non-Saudis cases and produce an annual report in SA. Data collection shows that obtaining number of AIDS from Saudi—National Program would be more accurate than UNAIDS estimate in SA.
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Althumiri, Nora A., Mada H. Basyouni, Norah AlMousa, Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim, Adel A. Alhamdan, Faisal Saeed Al-Qahtani, Nasser F. BinDhim, and Saleh A. Alqahtani. "Exploring Weight Stigma in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179141.

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Background: Weight stigma (WS) in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, is widely ignored. People with obesity are blamed for their weight, and there is a common perception that weight stigmatization is justifiable and may motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors. The authors of this study aimed to explore WS prevalence and factors associated with WS in a large nationwide study of Saudi Arabian adults. Methods: This study was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via phone interviews in June 2020. A proportional quota-sampling technique was adopted to obtain equal distributions of participants by age and sex across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. In total, 6239 people were contacted, and 4709 (75.48%) responded and completed the interview. The authors of the study collected data about WS using the Arabic Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ), BMI, smoking, nutritional knowledge, bariatric surgery, risk of depression, and demographic variables. Results: Participants had a mean age of 36.4 ± 13.5 (18–90), and 50.1% were female. The prevalence of higher WS was 46.4%. Among other risk factors, there was a significant association between WS and obesity (odds ratio (OR): 3.93; 95% CI: 2.83–5.44; p < 0.001), waterpipe smoking (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.20–2.69; p < 0.001), bariatric surgery (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.53–2.81; p < 0.001), and risk of depression (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.36–2.09; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This was the first study to explore WS and its associated factors among adults in a community setting in Saudi Arabia. This study revealed some risk factors associated with WS that may help to identify people at risk of WS and to develop interventions to reduce WS, such as improving nutritional knowledge, correcting the ideas about bariatric surgery and obesity in general, and ceasing waterpipe smoking.
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Al Hazzaa, H. M. "Prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia: a brief review." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, no. 4-5 (September 13, 2004): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.4-5.663.

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Major lifestyle changes in recent years in Saudi Arabia may be leading to physical inactivity and a low level of physical fitness. This paper reviews the current literature about physical inactivity in the Saudi Arabian population and discusses its implications for health. Available data from a small number of studies suggests a high prevalence [43.3%-99.5%] of physical inactivity among Saudi children and adults alike. Furthermore, the proportion of Saudi children and adults who are at risk due to inactivity is much higher than for any other coronary heart disease risk factor. It is recommended that a national policy encouraging activity in daily life be established and more studies are carried out to address physical activity patterns with representative samples of the Saudi Arabian population
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Al-Amoudi, Samia. "Health empowerment and health rights in Saudi Arabia." Saudi Medical Journal 38, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.8.19832.

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Al-Khadra, Basil H. "Dental Health and Health Care in Saudi Arabia." Annals of Saudi Medicine 9, no. 6 (November 1989): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1989.592.

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Alharbi, Saleh Hadi, Fahad A. Alateeq, Khalil Ibrahim Alshammari, Abdulaziz Saad Sharea Alshammri, Naif Abdulmohsen Naif Alabdali, Motab Ali Saud Alsulaiman, Sami Mamdouh Ibrahim Algothi, Abdulrahman Sulaiman Altoraifi, Maha Qasem Almutairi, and Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed. "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Dietary Habits in Northern Saudi Arabia." Health 11, no. 03 (2019): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2019.113025.

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Abdullah, Rana, and Bahjat Fakieh. "Health Care Employees’ Perceptions of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications: Survey Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): e17620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17620.

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Background The advancement of health care information technology and the emergence of artificial intelligence has yielded tools to improve the quality of various health care processes. Few studies have investigated employee perceptions of artificial intelligence implementation in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian world. In addition, limited studies investigated the effect of employee knowledge and job title on the perception of artificial intelligence implementation in the workplace. Objective The aim of this study was to explore health care employee perceptions and attitudes toward the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in health care institutions in Saudi Arabia. Methods An online questionnaire was published, and responses were collected from 250 employees, including doctors, nurses, and technicians at 4 of the largest hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results The results of this study showed that 3.11 of 4 respondents feared artificial intelligence would replace employees and had a general lack of knowledge regarding artificial intelligence. In addition, most respondents were unaware of the advantages and most common challenges to artificial intelligence applications in the health sector, indicating a need for training. The results also showed that technicians were the most frequently impacted by artificial intelligence applications due to the nature of their jobs, which do not require much direct human interaction. Conclusions The Saudi health care sector presents an advantageous market potential that should be attractive to researchers and developers of artificial intelligence solutions.
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Rawash, Ahmed, and Mohamed Abdelrahman. "Digital Transformation of the Health Sector During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey 13, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcses.2022.13401.

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Background: In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia was confirmed. In reaction to the outbreak, Saudi Arabia ordered the closure of the majority of governmental and private services. Technology and digital solutions have made it possible to provide essential services after the implementation of these severe protection requirements. Objective: This study aims to show how Saudi Arabia used digital technology during the COVID-19 epidemic in the fields of public health and health care services, and shedding insight on the efficacy of digital transformation in Saudi Arabia for preventing the spread of Covid-19. Methods: Using public announcements, press briefings and releases, news clips, published statistics, peerreviewed literature, and professional debates, we documented Saudi Arabia's usage of digital technologies throughout the epidemic. Results: The government and business sectors of Saudi Arabia jointly created and released around 19 applications and platforms that support public health duties and offer health care. Detailed descriptions of each are given. Companies in the telecommunications industry collaborated well and took steps to assist continuing efforts. Using social media, websites, and SMS text messages, risk communication initiatives adhered to best practice guidelines. Conclusions: An important step toward digital transformation has been taken by Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 framework. This shift was made possible by COVID-19. For future epidemics in Saudi Arabia, artificial intelligence might be used to integrate data from several sources. Reducing the number of applications and combining their operations may also boost and make it easier for people to utilize them.
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Adly, Heba M., Imad A. AlJahdali, Mohammed A. Garout, Abdullah A. Khafagy, Abdulla A. Saati, and Saleh A. K. Saleh. "Correlation of COVID-19 Pandemic with Healthcare System Response and Prevention Measures in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186666.

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Background: The Saudi government has taken the decision to prevent the entrance of about 2.5 million international pilgrims seeking to perform hajj in order to protect the world from a catastrophic widespread of disease. Moreover, health systems in Saudi Arabia are offering free testing for residents whether Saudi and non-Saudi. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the spread of COVID-19 associated with preventive measures taken in Saudi Arabia and to develop a detailed COVID-19 prevention strategy as a framework for the Saudi Arabia community. Methodology: Population size and age distributions among the country of Saudi Arabia were taken from the 2020 World Population Prospects. Contact patterns were measured using the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health Statistical Annual Report. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that performing screening tests as early as possible to facilitate the rapid detection of infected cases, fast treatment, and instant isolation for suspected cases is the most definitive rejoinder for public health. Moreover, our study revealed the significance of performing preventive measures in reducing infection and death rates around Saudi Arabia by 27%, while in other countries, it reduced the death rate ranging from 10–73%. This study provides an achievable strategy for prevention and early detection of COVID-19 spread.
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Chattu, Vijay Kumar, M. Alzohairy, B. Sahsah, F. Barsamin, and M. Albelaihi. "Global Health & Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Study." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v10i2.9709.

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Introduction: A retrospective study to explore the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Tuberculosis among Saudis, migrant workers from SAARC and other nations. The objective of this study is to study the prevalence and clinical features of Tuberculosis among Saudis & other migrant workers in central Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A Retrospective study was conducted based on the secondary data pertaining to the patients registered at Regional TB center in Buraidah Central Hospital from Jan 2005 to December 2009. Results: A total of 355 case records were included of which 187 cases are from Saudi Arabia and remaining 168 were from South Asian countries. Cough with expectoration, fever with evening rise, loss of appetite were the chief clinical presentations. Out of the total non Saudi patients, the Indonesian patients contribute to 74 (21%) followed by Indians 39 (11%), Nepalese 12 (3.4%), Philippines & Bangladesh with 9 cases each (2.5%), and Pakistan with 8 cases (2.3%). Among the total cases, there were 341 (96%) new cases, 12 (3.4%) relapse cases and 2 (0.6%) defaulters. Conclusion: Prevalence of TB among migrant is relatively high. Preventive measures for early diagnosis should be performed especially among migrant workers from countries with high-prevalence of Tuberculosis. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2013; X(2); 21-26 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v10i2.9709
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40

Alghamdi, Saeed M., Abdullah S. Alsulayyim, Jaber S. Alqahtani, and Abdulelah M. Aldhahir. "Digital Health Platforms in Saudi Arabia: Determinants from the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111517.

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COVID-19 poses a significant burden to healthcare systems. Healthcare organisations with better health innovation infrastructures have faced a reduced burden and achieved success in curbing COVID-19. In Saudi Arabia, digital technologies have played a vital role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this paper, we aimed to summarise the experience of optimising digital health technologies in Saudi Arabia as well as to discuss capabilities and opportunities during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was conducted up to September 2021 to document the experience of using DHTPs in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. We also considered any published data, press briefings, and announcements by the MOH in Saudi Arabia. The findings were synthesised in narrative form. Health officials succeeded in optimising and maintaining a strategy to mitigate the spread of the virus via different digital technologies, such as mobile health applications, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The quick digital response in Saudi Arabia was facilitated by governmental support and by considering users and technology determinants. Future research must concentrate on establishing and updating the guidelines for using DHTPs.
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Alshehri, Saad Zafir, Jenny Byrne, and Marcus Grace. "Saudi Arabian university students’ perceptions of health risk behaviours." Health Education 119, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-12-2018-0066.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how and why Saudi Arabian students engage in specific health risk behaviours (HRBs), and if there are gender differences. Design/methodology/approach In order to find out the situation regarding university students in Saudi Arabia, quantitative data were collected by administering questionnaires to 722 respondents, and qualitative data were collected using a series of interviews with 17 students. Findings The findings of this mixed methods sequential explanatory study suggest that lifestyle and personal factors, as well as economic, social, policy and other aspects of the environment played a significant role in influencing students’ HRBs. Recommendations for mitigating HRBs among these students and other youth in the Saudi Arabian context are provided. Originality/value This paper addresses an important gap in the research on HRBs among university students from the perspectives of students.
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Hallila, Liisa Elina, and Jehad Omar Al-Halabi. "Saudi female university employee self-determination in their own health-related issues." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 8, no. 8 (March 19, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v8n8p12.

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Introduction: To date, there have been no studies located investigating Saudi women's self-determination in their own health-related issues. This study aims to investigate how women in Saudi Arabia see their ability and willingness to decision making in this matter.Methodology: The study design is ethnonursing and Leininger’s Sunrise model was utilized as background theory; qualitative data analysis method was used. 12 Saudi women worked at a large University in Saudi Arabia were interviewed in-depth.Results and discussion: Seven universal Saudi Arabian cultural themes were identified: customs and traditions, women’s decision-making denied, shared decision-making, informed women and empowerment rise, financial status matters, emerging changes in the society, and impact from the Western world.Conclusions: One of the major findings in the interviews was that all research participants observed themselves as more independent and empowered than in the accounts reflecting other women they knew. They saw other women, whom they met at the hospital or who were their friends or relatives, were without equal rights for independent decision making. Mainly, men are interested in reproductive health and are willing to dominate women’s independent decision making in healthcare. The main conclusion, according to this study, the Saudi women research participants who are educated, are more independent in their health-related decision making than the previous literature suggested. The result may be different in villages and among less educated women and their husbands.
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Abdelmoneim, I., M. Y. Khan, A. Daffalla, S. Al Ghamdi, and M. Al Gamal. "Knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS among Saudi and non-Saudi bus drivers." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 08, no. 06 (December 15, 2002): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.6.716.

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We explored the AIDS knowledge and attitudes of long-distance [non-Saudi] and in-city [Saudi] bus drivers in Saudi Arabia. The 69 non-Saudi drivers tended to score higher on knowledge than the 40 Saudi drivers although there were several gaps in their knowledge. As regards attitude, more Saudis knew that chastity could protect against AIDS and both groups tended to think that they were not the kind of people to get AIDS. Intensive health education and follow up is highly recommended for this sector of workers.
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Algarni, Majed A., Mohammad S. Alzahrani, Yasser Alatawi, Raghad A. Alasmari, Hashem O. Alsaab, Atiah H. Almalki, Abdullah A. Alhifany, and Yusuf S. Althobaiti. "Perception of Threat and Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Expatriates in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 6650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126650.

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In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases among all regions in Saudi Arabia. More than 80% of these reported cases were non-Saudi residents. In this study, we evaluated the perceived threat from and psychological impact of COVID-19 among non-Saudi residents of Makkah region. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected using a standardized self-report questionnaire. A total of 292 expatriates were included in the study, the majority of whom were non-Arabic speakers. The prevalence of self-reported depression was nearly 40%, anxiety was 32%, and stress was 43%. The findings indicated variability in the prevalence of psychological symptoms among expatriates from different ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, work environment and perceived threat were strong predictors of psychological disorders. This suggested that the perceived threat from and psychological burden of COVID-19 among non-Saudis in Makkah region is substantial. Future research should investigate the reasons behind these variations in the psychological impact of the pandemic among different ethnic groups.
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Vennu, Vishal, Aqeel M. Alenazi, Tariq Ahmed Abdulrahman, and Saad M. Bindawas. "The quantity of health-related article publications from universities in Saudi Arabia: A bibliometric analysis, 2008–2017." Science Progress 104, no. 1 (January 2021): 003685042110005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211000509.

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Several studies have summarized the biomedical publications in Arab countries. However, the quantity of health-related article publications from universities in recent years in Saudi Arabia is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis that showcases the quantitative health-related article publications output from universities in Saudi Arabia between 2008 and 2017. An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The search was limited to original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in the English language reporting on humans from medicine and health sciences colleges by researchers affiliated with any university in Saudi Arabia between January 2008 and December 2017. A total of 3172 articles were found published between January 2008 and December 2017. The number of publication output increased significantly ( p = 0.0027) from 73 (2.3%) in 2008 to 721 (22.7%) in 2017. The highest quantity of publications came from the Riyadh region ( n = 2257), specifically King Saud University ( n = 1538). Of specific journals, the BioMed Central journals published the most articles by Saudi Arabian researchers ( n = 112). The total number of publications increased from 2% to 24.8% by region. However, approximately 80% of the papers were published in journals with an impact factor (IF) <3. Around 3.8% of the papers were published in journals that had an IF ≥6 and has increased significantly ( p = 0.030) from 0% to 1.2% in the past decade. The journal with the highest IF that published a high quantity of articles was the American Journal of Human Genetics. This study has identified a continuous significant increase in the publication of health-related articles from universities in Saudi Arabia. This study extended our knowledge of the quantity of scientific productivity in the field of medicine and health sciences over a recent decade.
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Alquwez, Nahed, Jonas Preposi Cruz, Farhan Alshammari, and Norah Sharea H. Alotaibi. "Psychometric Properties of the Health Empowerment Scale Arabic Version for Working Women in Saudi Arabia." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211056040.

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In a country such as Saudi Arabia where gender equality-related challenges continue to be social issues, measuring the health empowerment of Saudi working women is critical in understanding the real picture of women empowerment in the country during this era of great transformation. Therefore, we conducted this research to evaluate psychometric properties of the Health Empowerment Scale Arabic version (HES-A) in measuring the health empowerment of Saudi working women. We surveyed a sample of 322 Saudi working women from June to August 2020 using an online survey constituting questions on demographic and work-related information and the HES-A. The computed values for the item-level content validity index of the 8 scale items were from .80 and 1.00, whereas the computed value of the scale-level content validity index by average method was .91. The principal component and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a unidimentional scale. The computation revealed an alpha of .92. Education, type of employment, years of working experience, and salary were identified as significant factors influencing the health empowerment. The HES-A exhibited adequate validity and internal consistency for use in measuring the health empowerment of Saudi women. The HES-A can expand the research agenda on health empowerment Arab women. Researchers and policymakers could use the HES-A in assessing the status of health empowerment of Arabic-speaking women, which could inform policies and interventions aimed at ensuring health empowered women in this part of the globe.
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Hossain, A., A. S. Bolbol, T. M. F. Bakir, M. A. Siddiqui, M. R. Rajan, and G. Kumarasinghe. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 108, no. 2 (April 1988): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408810800211.

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Alotaibi, Bashair S., Maryam A. Althobaiti, Amal Y. Hazazi, Sarah Y. Hazazi, Rawan A. Nassir, Mahmoud S. Alhaddad, and Sayed F. Abdelwahab. "Exploration of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Residents of Saudi Arabia Toward Hepatitis Viruses." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211059965.

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Background and aim: Data available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) about public knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward viral hepatitis infection are scarce. Such information is essential for designing effective intervention strategies for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice among residents of KSA toward hepatitis viruses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 549 participants in Saudi Arabia. An electronic questionnaire (in Arabic) was used to measure the KAP of the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 at significance level of .05. Results: Most of the 549 participants were Saudi citizens (96%; n = 527) and 26.6% (n = 146) of them were males and mostly from the western Saudi Arabia (72.9%; n = 400). Most participants did not hear about hepatitis viruses and showed low level of knowledge on viral hepatitis (42%). On the other hand, a positive attitude was apparent from participants’ responses, and their practices were toward protecting their bodies from the infection. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about viral hepatitis was low (42%) among KSA residents, and the practice and attitude of the participants were toward avoiding the infection. Awareness campaigns are required to increase the public knowledge about viral hepatitis.
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Al-Swailem, Abdul-Rahman F. "Assessing Health Care Delivery in Saudi Arabia." Annals of Saudi Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 1990): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1990.63.

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Alshammari, Muteb H. "Electronic-health in Saudi Arabia: A review." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.06.001.

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Different nations across the world are attempting to embrace e-health as a platform for transforming healthcare delivery. This review focuses on the state of e-health in KSA, including studies on trends and current technologies employed in e-health. It has been determined in this paper that even though e-health is being implemented in Saudi Arabia, the rate of implementation is quite slow, and it seems to lag behind the rate that was desired and envisioned. Additionally, some challenges hinder the adoption and effective implementation of e-health, including lack of awareness, lack of talented workforce, and ineffective planning. It has been determined that if these challenges are overcome, then e-health can be adapted efficiently.
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