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1
Casas, Ruiz Lidia 1978. "Microbial exposures, cleaning products and child health." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133453.
Full textAbstract:
Background and aims: The immune, respiratory and central nervous system start
developing during pregnancy and continue during the first years of life. Therefore,
environmental exposures during these periods may play a role on the maturation of
these systems. In particular, the exposure to indoor microbial agents, indoor factors
such as pets or dampness, and to household cleaning products during infancy or
childhood may have important implications in the development processes. This thesis
aims to assess the long term effects of indoor exposure to microbial agents and
chemical based cleaning products on respiratory and mental health among children
from birth to the age of 13 years old.
Methods: We used data from nine European birth cohorts that are part of three
projects: the European HITEA project, the Spanish INMA project; and the German
GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohort studies. Information on the exposure to indoor
dampness, pet ownership, the use of cleaning products and allergy and respiratory
health was periodically collected through questionnaires and health tests. Living room
dust samples were collected when the children were 2-3 months and analysed for
microbial agents concentrations (bacterial endotoxin, fungal extracellular
polysaccharides (EPS) from Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp, and mould β(1,3)-
glucans). Multivariable regression models were used to assess the associations
between the exposures and the health outcomes.
Results: 1) Concentrations of measured microbial agents varied differently across the
cohorts. 2) Season of dust sampling, dog ownership, indoor report of dampness, and
number of people living in the home is associated with the concentrations of microbial
agents. 3) Early life exposure to endotoxin and dogs in the home is associated with
lower levels of FeNO at school age. 4) Domestic use of cleaning sprays, air fresheners
and solvents during pregnancy is associated with a higher prevalence of wheezing and
LRTI during the first year of life. 5) At school age, bystander exposure to domestic
cleaning sprays increases the levels of FeNO, and exposure to air freshening sprays
and solvents decreases the lung function. 6) Persistent exposure to indoor dampness
during early life has negative effects on the cognitive function and social competences
at 4 years old. 7) Exposure to visible mould, dampness and pet ownership during the
first 10 years of life increases the risk of borderline or abnormal scores in the SDQ at
10 years of age.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that indoor exposure to microbial agents during early
life and exposure to chemical based cleaning products during pregnancy, infancy and
childhood play a role in the development of the respiratory, immune and central
nervous systems.Introducció i objectius: El desenvolupament dels sistemes immunitari, respiratori i nerviós central comença durant l’embaràs i continua al llarg la infància. Així, els primers anys de vida són moments crucials en que qualsevol exposició ambiental pot influir el desenvolupament d’aquests sistemes. Concretament, l’exposició durant la infància a agents microbiològics, humitat, animals de companyia i productes de neteja pot tenir implicacions importants en els processos de maduració d’aquests sistemes. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és el d’avaluar els efectes a llarg termini de la exposició a agents microbiològics i a productes de neteja de base química a la llar, sobre la salut respiratòria i mental des del naixement fins a l’edat de 13 anys. Mètodes: En aquesta tesi hem fet servir dades de nou cohorts de naixement europees que formen part de tres projectes: el projecte europeu HITEA, el projecte espanyol INMA, i els estudis alemanys GINIplus i LISAplus. La informació sobre la exposició a humitat, a animals de companyia, la utilització de productes de neteja, al·lèrgies i salut respiratòria es va recollir en tots els projectes mitjançant qüestionaris administrats als pares/mares i proves mèdiques o tests neuropsicològics. A més, es van recollir mostres de pols dels menjadors de les cases quan els nens/es tenien 2-3 mesos d’edat que es van analitzar per determinar les concentracions d’agents microbiològics (endotoxines bacterianes, polisacàrids extracel·lulars (EPS) d’Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp i β(1,3)-glucans fúngics). Per l’avaluació de les associacions entre exposicions i resultats de salut s’han desenvolupat models de regressió múltiple. Resultats: 1) Les concentracions d’agents microbiològics mesurats en pols de les llars varien per cohort. 2) L’estació de l’any en que es recull la mostra de pols, la presència de gossos a la casa, reportar humitat a la casa i el número de persones que hi viuen estan associats amb la concentració d’agents microbiològics a la pols. 3) L’exposició durant els primers mesos de vida a endotoxines i gossos a la llar s’associa amb nivells baixos de FeNO a edat escolar. 4) L’ús d’esprais i dissolvents per la neteja de la casa, i ambientadors durant l’embaràs està relacionat amb un increment en la prevalença de sibilants i infeccions respiratòries de vies baixes al llarg del primer any de vida. 5) En edat escolar, la exposició passiva a productes de neteja domèstics utilitzats en forma d’esprais incrementa els nivells de FeNO, i l’exposició a esprais ambientadors i dissolvents per la neteja de la llar disminueix la funció pulmonar. 6) L’exposició persistent a humitat a la llar durant els 2 primers anys de vida té un efecte negatiu sobre la funció cognitiva i les competències socials mesurades als 4 anys d’edat. 7) L’exposició a fongs procedents de la humitat, a humitat i a animals de companyia a casa al llarg dels primers 10 anys de vida incrementa el risc de puntuacions “borderline” o anormals al questionari SDQ administrat als 10 anys. Conclusió: els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi suggereixen que l’exposició a agents microbiològics durant els primers mesos de vida i l’exposició a productes de neteja durant l’embaràs i la infància juguen un paper important en el desenvolupament dels sistemes respiratori, immunològic i nerviós central.
2
McAuley, Kimberley. "Disinfection by-products and public health concerns." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0070.
Full textAbstract:
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are a major group of water contaminants and their role in causing adverse health outcomes, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, endocrine disruption, respiratory related adverse health outcomes and cancer has been subject to extensive epidemiological and toxicological research and review. Determination of safe exposure to DBPs, particularly within drinking water supplies, has been a topic of extensive debate, with a wide range of acceptable levels set across the industrialized world. The focus of the research in this thesis was on two of the main health outcomes associated with DBP exposure, namely adverse pregnancy outcomes and asthma related symptoms. To assess adverse pregnancy outcomes in Perth, an extensive classification quantification of the major DBPs in Perth drinking water was conducted. A registrybased prevalence study was carried out to assess birth defects in relation to high, medium and low DBP areas (defined by the water sampling and analysis). It was found that women living in high THM areas are 22% (odds ratio (OR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-1.48) more likely of having a baby with any birth defect. High exposure was also strongly associated with an increased risk of having a baby with a cardiovascular defect (62% increased risk). Low birth weight and prematurity were also assessed; however these outcomes were not associated with an increased risk through an increase in exposure. Following on from this analysis, a population risk assessment model was developed for DBPs in high exposure environments. This involved a three step process: (i) Firstly a questionnaire-based validation and reliability study was used to assess water consumption patterns of a population of pregnant women in Perth. (ii) Secondly a prediction model for teratogenic burden of DBPs in Perth was developed, related to the exposure patterns of the population of pregnant women involved in the validation and reliability study. (iii) Finally, combining the information collected in (i) and (ii), along with the regression slope estimates for birth weight from the prevalence study (defined in Section 2.2.1), a dose-response model for THMs and birth weight was developed. Predictive simulations for birth weights at given THM levels were then conducted. It was estimated that pregnant women in Perth are exposed to between 0.3 4.10 µg/day ingested TTHM, and of this, the more toxic brominated forms accounted for between 0.27 3.69 µg/day. Based on a dose-response model used, birthweights calculated for the hypothetical exposures ranged from 3403.2g for the highest exposure to 3503.5g in the lowest exposure, which is a difference of over 100g. Although the resulting reduction in birth weight is not extreme, there is still a significant reduction in birth weight present as exposure to TTHMs increases. This is the first doseresponse model to be developed to assess an adverse pregnancy outcome based on pregnant women exposure data, and will be a useful tool for assessing varying exposures throughout not only Australia but also throughout the industrialised world, where DBP exposure is highly prevalent.
3
Cunha, Ricardo Filipe Soares Alves. "Research and development strategy on health products." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10484.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Biomedicina FarmacêuticaEste relatório descreve a minha experiência de nove meses como estagiário no departamento de Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Inovação na Eurotrials Scientific Consultants, uma empresa dedicada à investigação clínica e consultoria científica. A Indústria Farmacêutica tem trabalhado para aumentar a produtividade face ao aumento dos custos de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, diminuição das previsões de receita e aumento do número de compostos a falhar em estadios tardios do seu desenvolvimento. Para fazer face a estes problemas, as empresas farmacêuticas estão a estabelecer parcerias com a academia e com institutos de investigação. Com este propósito, procurei avaliar quais as áreas de interesse que as Companhias Farmacêuticas e Companhias de Dispositivos Médicos procuram para estabelecer parcerias, desenvolvi projectos de investigação básica com a academia e institutos de investigação e participei em actividades de transferência de tecnologia. Além disso, tive a oportunidade de participar em projectos de investigação clínica nomeadamente em estudos da iniciativa do investigador e também numa formação externa. Em conclusão, o estágio permitiu-me pôr em prática o conhecimento adquirido durante este Mestrado, funcionando como uma ponte entre o mundo académico e o mundo laboral.
This report describes my experience of 9 months as an intern in the department of Research & Development and Innovation at Eurotrials Scientific Consultants, a company dedicated to clinical research and scientific consulting. Pharmaceutical Companies are struggling to deliver improved R&D productivity in the face of rising development costs, stagnating revenue forecasts and continued late stage terminations. In order to increase the number of New Molecular Entities, Pharmaceutical Companies are establishing partnerships with academia and research institutes. With this purpose I researched Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices partnership areas of interest, developed basic research projects with academia and research institutes and participated in technology transfer activities. Furthermore, I had the opportunity to participate in clinical research projects namely investigator driven studies and to be part of an external formation. In conclusion, the training allowed me to put in practice what I learnt in the University, functioning as a bridge between the academic and the working worlds.
4
Wong, Po-yin. "Health supplement for aging and the related regulatory issues in Hong Kong an overview /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41712055.
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Esposito, Tiziana. "Technologies for the development of health products based on up-cycling of agro-food by-products." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2019. http://elea.unisa.it:8080/xmlui/handle/10556/4268.
Full textAbstract:
2017 - 2018The agro-industrial processing produces large volumes of wastes and by-products. In recent years, wastes and by-products have attracted attention as an excellent renewable source of active compounds with beneficial effects for the human health. However, in that respect a substantial amount of research and complex processes of extraction, characterization and technological transformation are necessary for an efficient use of by-products with the purpose to develop stable and bioactive ingredients for pharmaceutical, food, and nutraceutical products. The main problems for an efficient use are that plant by-products and wastes may be sticky materials, have penetrating smell and unpleasant taste, show critical water solubility and dramatic stability behaviour over time. The present project was aimed to contribute to the zero waste society and country designing and developing new bioactive polymeric particle systems and edible films containing extracts obtained from agro-food wastes and by-products. In particular, the PhD program involved: Selection of wastes/by-products from Campania agro-industries; Production, chemical and biological characterization of the extracts from selected wastes/by-products: I) hazelnut shells (HSE), II) hazelnut skins (RHS-H) and III) chestnut spiny burs (CSB-H) polar extracts. Design, development, technological and biological characterization of new polymeric microparticle systems loaded with HSE. Design, development and characterization of active edible films loaded with RHS-H and CSB-H and evaluation of their functional efficacy. Polyphenol-rich extracts (HSE, CSB-H, and RHS-H) were produced by exhaustive maceration and Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) from the wastes. The quali/quantitative analysis of the extracts was carried out by chromatographic (Sephadex LH-20, RP-HPLC-DAD, HPLC-HRMS) and spectroscopic techniques (NMR). With the aim to overcome stability and bioavailability problems, new microparticulate powders loaded with the antioxidant and chemopreventive raw HSE extract were produced by spray drying. Pre-formulation studies allowed to select the appropriate multipolymeric matrix composed of coating polymers and loading carriers (proline, medium viscosity hydroxyethyl cellulose, and pectin). The influence of instrumental and operating (temperature, air and fluid flow, pressure, nozzle diameter liquid feed viscosity and pH) process conditions on yield and encapsulation efficiency was evaluated. The produced engineered particles were characterized in terms of active HSE loading (HPLC-DAD), particles dimension (Laser Light Scattering), morphology (SEM and FM), thermal behavior (DSC), water dissolution release (USP II), preservation of bioactivity (DPPH test, MTT assay) and stability under harsh storage conditions (ICH-Guide Lines). The developed HSE particle system is water-soluble, easy handling and functional powder that can be used in topical or oral dosage forms, as adjuvant in the treatment or prevention of melanoma and cervical cancers. CSB-H and RHS-H with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were used to design an edible pullulan-based films by Casting technique. The effect of extracts on the film mechanical properties, thickness, infrared spectroscopy characteristics (FTIR-ATR), optical properties (UV-Vis transmittance), and biological activity was studied. The developed CSB-H and RHS-H films are shown to be an interesting tool to extend foodstuffs shelf life, being able to protect from the influence of external environmental and biotic factors (oxidative processes and microorganism spoilage). [edited by Author]
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6
Costa, Sara Filipa Abrantes. "Training in regulatory strategy and regulatory affairs of health products." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10587.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Biomedicina FarmacêuticaO presente relatório descreve as atividades desenvolvidas como estagiária no departamento de Estratégia e Assuntos Regulamentares da empresa Eurotrials, Consultores Científicos, empresa especializada na investigação clínica e consultoria científica na área da saúde. O objetivo principal desta experiência de 9 meses era um primeiro contacto com mundo do trabalho, consolidando e aprofundando os conteúdos abordados no Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica. Os Assuntos Regulamentares estão fortemente envolvidos em todo o processo de desenvolvimento do produto, desde a ideia inicial ao final do seu ciclo de vida. Tendo em conta a variedade de atividades com as quais tive oportunidade de lidar, ao longo deste relatório incluí a minha perspetiva em relação à natureza multidisciplinar que envolve a temática dos Assuntos Regulamentares.
This report describes the activities performed as a trainee in the Regulatory Strategy and Regulatory Affairs department of Eurotrials, Scientific Consultants, a company specialized in clinical research and scientific consultancy in the area of health. The main objective of this 9-month experience was the first contact with the employment world, with consolidation and deeper understanding of the contents approached in the Master in Pharmaceutical Biomedicine. Regulatory Affairs are strongly involved in the entire process of the product development, since the initial idea to the end of its life-cycle. Taking into account the variety of activities I had the opportunity to deal with, in the course of this report I included my own perspective regarding the multidisciplinary nature of Regulatory Affairs.
7
Martin, Kelly M. "Are disinfection by-products in tapwater associated with intrauterine growth retardation?" Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31269.
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Introduction. Chlorination of surface water for human consumption results in a number of potentially toxic by-products. Recent investigation of the effects of these by-products on reproductive outcomes has demonstrated small increases in the risk of both intrauterine growth retardation and low birthweight with increasing exposure.Objective. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between one group of disinfection by-products, trihalomethanes, and intrauterine growth retardation. The secondary objective was to compare the relationship found with the commonly used estimate of exposure, THM concentration, to that found with aggregate exposure measures.
Methods. A case-control study was carried out with 200 cases and 200 matched controls. The risk of THM exposure was estimated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for the confounding effect of maternal smoking, prepregnancy weight and education.
Results. A small, but imprecise, increase in the risk of IUGR was found with increasing levels of the brominated THMs, particularly bromoform. A decrease in the odds ratio was observed with increasing exposure information in the aggregate measures.
Conclusions. The results of this study support previous studies demonstrating a relationship between THMs and intrauterine growth retardation, particularly the brominated THMs. However, the small sample size does not allow any firm conclusions to be drawn about this relationship.
8
Wang, Tao 1958. "Prostaglandins and lipid peroxidation products in atherosclerosis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70253.
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Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. It is responsible for modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL), injury to endothelial cells and has been reported to alter prostacyclin synthesis. We therefore investigated lipid peroxidation in human LDL and in LDL and aortae from rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. We also studied the correlation between lipid peroxidation and prostanoid production in vivo and in vitro.Unsaturated fatty acids in human LDL are oxidized to their monohydroxy derivatives during the incubation with CuSO$ sb4$ and endothelial cells. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of monohydroxy fatty acids revealed a similar mechanism of peroxidation of LDL lipids by endothelial cells as that by CuSO$ sb4,$ i.e., autooxidation of LDL lipids.
Increased amounts of monohydroxy fatty acids in LDL and aorta were observed in rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. The increased amounts of monohydroxy derivatives of oleic and linoleic acids, but not those of arachidonic acid, were due to the increased amounts of their fatty acid precursors. The increased amounts of aortic monohydroxy derivatives of arachidonic acid, but not those of oleic and linoleic acids, were positively correlated with the severity of the atherosclerotic lesions.
Prostacyclin production by aortae was slightly increased after cholesterol-supplemental diets despite evidence for increased lipid peroxidation in this tissue. This may be because esterified hydroperoxy fatty acids in aorta are not very effective in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. In contrast to the moderate changes in aortic PGI$ sb2$ synthesis, there was a dramatic increase in the synthesis of thromboxane B$ sb2$ by aortae from hypercholesterolemic rabbits, suggesting a role for thromboxane A$ sb2$ in atherogenesis.
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Sarna, Lindsei. "Regulation of oxidative stress and its modulation by natural health products." NRC Research Press, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30624.
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Oxidative stress is characterized by the cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased production of ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2.-), or a deficiency in their clearance by antioxidant defenses, mediates the cellular pathology. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum liver disorder commonly manifesting in milieu of the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mediator in NAFLD, and in its associated morbidities like atherosclerosis. The objective of my research was to investigate the regulation of oxidative stress and the antioxidant actions of natural health products (NHPs) in the context of NAFLD and its associated disorders. The O2.- generating NADPH oxidase contributes to atherogenesis by facilitating macrophage induced vascular injury. In manuscript I, the plant alkaloid berberine effectively abolished NADPH oxidase mediated O2.- production in lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophages. Real-time PCR analysis and siRNA transfection studies revealed that berberine mediated its effects through down-regulation of the oxidase’s catalytic subunit gp91phox. Berberine also restored the activity of the O2.- clearing enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). High fat diet (HFD) fed rodents are a popular model for investigating NAFLD pathogenesis. In manuscript II, folic acid supplementation significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic oxidative stress and liver injury in mice. Folic acid decreased NF-kB/DNA binding, down-regulated NADPH oxidase gene expression, and inhibited the oxidase. The antioxidant activities of SOD and catalase were restored and the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG) was re-established with folic acid supplementation. Folic acid’s hepatoprotective antioxidant effects were associated with a marked improvement in liver histology. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels are perturbed in NAFLD, but the etiology is unclear. In manuscript III, HFD fed mice exhibited decreased Hcy levels. Real-time PCR and Western Immunoblotting analysis revealed that Hcy catabolising enzymes cystathionine-b-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-g-lyase (CSE) were increased in the liver of these animals. The transsulfuration activities of these enzymes were elevated and coincided with enhanced hepatic hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. Glutathione was maintained despite increased hepatic oxidative stress. Taken together, NHPs such as berberine and folate, and Hcy catabolising enzymes CBS and CSE, might have therapeutic potential for managing oxidative stress in NAFLD and its associated co-morbidities.October 2015
10
Pagano, Imma. "Bioactives from agricultural food by-products: application in food and health." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2556.
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2015 - 2016Agriculture and agri-food industry produce a large amount of residues in non-edible portions from cultivation and processing of crops. These wastes, considered by-products, give serious environment damage, if not properly disposed, also because of their seasonal production. Until a few years ago the only goal was the disposal of these by-products. Recently the researchers discovered the characteristics of these wastes and their possible exploitation as sources of interesting compounds and energy for pharmaceutical, cosmetics and nutraceutical sectors. Fruit and vegetable by-products, in fact, are rich in bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, minerals and phenolic compounds, with correlated beneficial health effects. In this context the activity of the PhD project evaluated agricultural by-products as sources of bioactive compounds. The aims of the present PhD project were the development of innovative and selective analytical methodologies, for determination of bioactive compounds, using liquid chromatography methods (UHPLC) coupled to UV-Vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (high resolution, HRMS and tandem mass, MS/MS), the improvement of new extraction techniques, which can optimize extraction yields, minimize costs and environmental impact, such as pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical antisolvent fractionation (SAF), and finally the study of antioxidant activity of obtained extracts, using chemical and biological assays (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC, CAA). The analysis of bioactive compounds in plant extracts through advanced sample preparation techniques and modern separation tools allows a comprehensive study of the matrix. The project, very relevant, was to provide innovative methodologies, procedures and final products for different companies of healthcare area, in terms of innovation, costs and profits. The project was divided into three major areas, corresponding to the three selected by-products. The determination of chemical profile and the development and optimization of innovative and green extraction procedure for recovery of bioactive compounds have been carried out for each matrix. Selected by-products were: the main artichoke by-products, bracts and leaves, derived from cultivation and industrial processing, hazelnut by-products, roasted skins, derived from kernel industrial processing, and aromatic plants by-products, distillation waste waters, derived from essential oils production. All by-products studied have proved to be low cost sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. Furthermore, among innovative extraction techniques, PHWE procedures have allowed obtaining final extracts selectively rich in compounds of interest without formation of artefacts, and compared to existing extraction methods were simple, fast, environmentally friendly and fully automated. Moreover my PhD project provided new analytical methods to standardize vegetable extracts. The most relevant results showed that discarded raw materials are suitable ingredients for the production of formulated health products and nutraceuticals. [edited by author]
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Fidora, Aldo F. "Knowledge and Barriers to Safe Disposal of Pharmaceutical Products Entering the Environment." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689631.
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The use of pharmaceutical products has steadily increased in the United States from 2 billion prescriptions in 1999 to 3.9 billion in 2009. Half of patients do not comply with the recommended prescription regimen and dispose of unused drugs in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and many researchers have highlighted the human-health risks associated with improperly disposing of pharmaceutical products. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the potential correlations between people’s actual disposal practices and their knowledge of the impact of disposal practices on the environment and human health, and availability of disposal options. The conceptual framework selected for this study comprised 2 models: the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Respondents to an online survey were 485 residents of the northeast United States, polled from the general population. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to model responses from the dependent variable actual disposal practice (ADP) across the independent variables, and analysis of variance explored whether ADP differed across demographic variables. Statistically significant associations emerged among individuals’ knowledge of environment and human-health impact, recommended disposal practices, disposal options, and that person’s likelihood to practice recommended disposal. Demographic variables did not impact disposal behavior. To promote positive social change, it is recommended that policymakers plan and implement the expansion of convenient drug disposal options, as well as information campaigns on proper disposal practices. In parallel, health care professionals should stress to their patients the importance of complying with prescribed regimens, thus minimizing the amount of unused or expired medications.
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Furbacher, Todd Raymond. "Bioassay-guided isolation of potential antineoplastic natural products from Southwestern plants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279927.
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This dissertation details the investigation of numerous plants for potential antineoplastic compounds. 144 plants (391 extracts) were prescreened with an assortment of assays. The pre-screens included an Agrobacterium tumefaciens/potato disk gall tumor inhibition assay, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant topoisomerase assay, and an Escherichia coli plasmid scission assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation was conducted on three plants, Phoradendron juniperinum, Psorothamnus thompsoniae , and Acourtia thurberi, using a different assay for each. Phoradendron juniperinum (Viscaceae) was screened with a plasmid scission assay and the novel compound, 5-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (I) was isolated, the first chlorogenic acid to be reported for the genus. Chemical structure was established using NMR and MS data and published structural information. The EC₅₀ for 5-caffeoyl- epi-quinic acid-mediated plasmid DNA cleavage was 76 μM. Fractionation of Psorothamnus thompsoniae (Fabaceae) was directed using the potato disk assay. The active component was dalrubone (II). P. emoryi was fractionated to obtain dalrubone and to search for related compounds. 5-Methoxydalrubone (III) was isolated and tested with dalrubone in cell line assays. 5-Methoxydalrubone was active against MCF-7 (IC₅₀ = 28.2 μM), while dalrubone (IC₅₀ = 1.3 mM) was not. Neither compound significantly inhibited the growth of NCI-H460 or SF-268. Acourtia thurberi (Asteraceae) was active in the yeast mutant assay. Fractionation yielded the sesquiterpene, 14,15-diacetoxy-,8-hydroxy-,3-(3-methylbutanoyl)-14, 15-epoxy-isocedrene (IV). This compound was weakly active against the topoisomerase II sensitive yeast strain, RS321N, with an IC12 of 342 μg/mL. The isocedrene was active in the yeast assay but inactive against human topoisomerase IIalpha. Ten celastroloids (unsaturated, oxygenated D:A-friedo-nor-oleanane triterpenoids from Sri Lankan Celastraceae) and their derivatives, some of which were also weakly active against RS321N, were tested for activity against human topoisomerase IIalpha. Demethylzeylasterone (ex. Kokoona zeylanica) strongly inhibited topo IIalpha with an IC50 of 17.6 μM. All others, including the structurally similar zeylasterone, possessed no activity at 100 μM. Demethylzeylasterone was determined to be a "catalytic inhibitor," preventing DNA from binding to the enzyme while not interacting with the DNA itself. Demethylzeylasterone selectively inhibits the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 of 12.5 μM.
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Liu, Rui. "Effects of Selected Natural Health Products on Drug Metabolism: Implications for Pharmacovigilance." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19818.
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Seventeen Cree anti-diabetic herbal medicines and eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been examined for their potential to cause interactions with drugs, which is considered as a major reason for adverse drug effects. Specifically, the effect of these natural health products was examined on major Phase I drug metabolism enzymes including cytochrome P450, human carboxylesterase-1 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. Several of these natural health products have the potential to cause adverse drug effect through the inhibition of major drug metabolism enzymes. The results indicated that 7 Cree medicines plant extracts inhibited CYP3A4 activity, and 3 of them have been proven to cause potent mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4. Seven of eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been identified as strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; the ethanol extract of Goji has identified as a potent inhibitor for CYP2C9 and 2C19. Goji juice showed universal inhibitory effects on most of the tested enzymes except flavin-containing monooxygenases 3.
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Chauhan, Bobby. "The influence of genetic polymorphisms and natural health products on drug metabolism." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27234.
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The activities of two major components involved in drug metabolism, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and members of the cytochrome P450 oxidase (CYP) family were studied. This investigation specifically examined the influence of polymorphisms within the ABCB1 gene on P-gp efflux activity and expression. Additionally, the role of natural health products (NHPs) on the activity of both P-gp and members of the CYP3A subfamily was also studied. Findings from this study suggest that the haplotype relationship of C3435T, G2677A/T and C1236T within the ABCB1 gene does not influence P-gp efflux activity or expression. Furthermore, some commonly consumed NHPs, including trans-beta-carotene, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. (Kinnikinnick), Acorus americanus Raf. and Acorus calamus L. (Acorus), Curcuma longa L. (turmeric powder), Capsicum annuum L. (chilli powder) and Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), are able to influence the activity of P-gp and members of the CYP3A subfamily in vitro. The results suggest that in order for conventional drug therapy to he effective, the genotype of an individual in relation to drug metabolism, as well as the influence of concomitantly consumed NHPs, should be considered in determining how the bioavailability of therapeutic drugs are influenced.
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Kaur, Suman D. "A Comparative Analysis of Post-market Surveillance for Natural Health Products (NHPs)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30254.
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Natural health products (NHPs) are attractive due to the public’s perception that they are natural and safe but there is wide variety of risks associated with these products. Post-market surveillance is the key to control hazards produced from NHPs. A set of activities are involved in post-market surveillance designed to assure the safety, efficacy and quality of products after being launched into the market. Although post-market surveillance is an efficient tool to preserve the safety of users from adverse reactions of NHPs but there are various challenges associated with performing post-market surveillance specifically for NHPs. This research project is focused on defining a framework for performing post-market surveillance for NHPs and on identifying best practices in its application. An international comparative analysis was undertaken to formulate best practices by reviewing existing frameworks for post-market surveillance of NHPs in Australia, Germany, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. Evidence-based best practices are compared with the Canadian post-market surveillance framework to identify key gaps in the Canadian system. Recommendations are provided for bridging each gap, and making the Canadian NHPs surveillance system, strong according to the international standards of best practices.
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Rubio, Brent Kawika. "Bioactive natural products for global health from Papua New Guinea marine sponges /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Holmes, Catherine Ann. "Healthy marketplaces : insights into policy, practice and potential for health promotion /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031031.160623/index.html.
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黃寶賢 and Po-yin Wong. "Health supplement for aging and the related regulatory issues in Hong Kong: an overview." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41712055.
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Fidora, Aldo Francesco. "Knowledge and Barriers to Safe Disposal of Pharmaceutical Products Entering the Environment." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4624.
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The use of pharmaceutical products has steadily increased in the United States from 2 billion prescriptions in 1999 to 3.9 billion in 2009. Half of patients do not comply with the recommended prescription regimen and dispose of unused drugs in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and many researchers have highlighted the human-health risks associated with improperly disposing of pharmaceutical products. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the potential correlations between people's actual disposal practices and their knowledge of the impact of disposal practices on the environment and human health, and availability of disposal options. The conceptual framework selected for this study comprised 2 models: the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Respondents to an online survey were 485 residents of the northeast United States, polled from the general population. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to model responses from the dependent variable actual disposal practice (ADP) across the independent variables, and analysis of variance explored whether ADP differed across demographic variables. Statistically significant associations emerged among individuals' knowledge of environment and human-health impact, recommended disposal practices, disposal options, and that person's likelihood to practice recommended disposal. Demographic variables did not impact disposal behavior. To promote positive social change, it is recommended that policymakers plan and implement the expansion of convenient drug disposal options, as well as information campaigns on proper disposal practices. In parallel, health care professionals should stress to their patients the importance of complying with prescribed regimens, thus minimizing the amount of unused or expired medications.
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Tam, Teresa. "The effects of Cree anti-diabetic natural health products on drug metabolism and cardiomyocytes." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28230.
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Seventeen Cree anti-diabetic medicinal plant were investigated for their capacity to cause adverse effects when used as alternative or complementary medicine. Two aspects of safety were studied using their extracts: the ability to affect the contraction rate of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in vitro to determine if the plants can influence the human heart rate, and the ability to interfere with drug metabolism by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. The results suggest that several Cree plants may cause a harmful effect through different mechanisms. The extracts ofW2, W4, W5, and W9 did not affect the contraction rate of cardiomyocytes; however W9 extract was cardiotoxic at 10 mug/mL. Extracts of AD01, AD07, W2, and W4 had moderate or strong inhibitory potency towards the CYP isoforms involved in metabolizing common anti-diabetic drugs. Furthermore, AD02 extract was identified as a possible CYP3A4 mechanism-based inhibitor. Overall, the results suggest that several of the plant species can cause adverse events when used by diabetic patients.
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Phasha, Mmolawa Cynthia. "Health and safety aspects of the use of products from urine-diversion toilets." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02262007-183119.
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Lima, M. "Analysis of advanced glycation end-products (ages) and their impact on gut health." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517389.
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Grellier, James. "Environmental health impact assessment of exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542936.
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Claydon, Nicholas C. A. "Development and application of methods to study plaque control by dental health products." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324269.
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Trichia, Eirini. "Dairy products and cardio-metabolic health : aspects from nutritional, molecular and genetic epidemiology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290034.
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There is accumulating evidence on differences in the link between types of dairy products and cardio-metabolic health, but inconsistent findings limit the field. In my PhD project, I undertook an epidemiological investigation comprising inter-related but distinct themes evaluating aspects of nutritional, molecular and genetic epidemiology to advance scientific understanding. I undertook research to describe dairy consumption patterns over time by evaluating nationally-representative data of the United Kingdom National Diet and Nutrition Survey. I observed significant time trends for specific dairy types and groups, which were different among different groups of people e.g. adults younger than 65 years or elderly people. Using data from the large Fenland (n~12,000) and EPIC Norfolk (n~25,000) studies, I investigated associations of total and types of dairy consumption with markers of metabolic risk and adiposity as potential pathways to cardio-metabolic disease. The analyses showed differential associations of dairy types and groups mainly with markers of adiposity and lipidaemia. I explored the potential of objective markers to assess dairy consumption, by examining metabolomics profiles and blood fatty acids to identify a set of biomarkers predicting dairy consumption and prospective associations of the identified biomarkers with type 2 diabetes risk. I was able to develop and validate metabolite scores reflecting consumption of some dairy products and observed inverse associations between some of these scores and type 2 diabetes incidence. I analysed genetic determinants of dairy consumption, using a genome-wide association study in the UK Biobank (n~500,000) and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms predicting milk, cheese and total dairy consumption. Overall, this PhD work contributed towards (1) a more precise description of dairy consumption patterns in the UK, (2) hypothesis formulation for potential biological pathways linking to cardio-metabolic disease, (3) discovery of metabolite scores as potential dairy biomarkers and (4) hypothesis formulation for potential genetic predictors of dairy consumption.
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Droopad, Debra Ann. "A Case Study in Corporate Responsibility: Removal of Tobacco Products by CVS Health." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579149.
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Many companies are investing in improving business ethics and corporate social responsibility, because it enhances their reputations and creates a better environment for their stakeholders. One example is CVS Health that recently made a decision to remove tobacco products from all of the stores. In order to understand the reasoning behind this strategy and the ramifications of this decision, one must explore the overview of the company along with its history, industry analysis, and business model. This study analyzes the ethics and corporate social responsibility by applying the methods of utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, maximization of profits, moral minimum, stakeholder interests, and corporate citizenship. Also, the competitive advantage of CVS Health is described in comparison to the competitors such as Walgreens and Rite Aid with their reactions.
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Kristova, Petra. "Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring carbonation reactions and quantification of their products." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/416cf26e-b0d4-4edb-ac4c-8b38a0fb59d6.
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Synthetic and naturally occurring calcium and magnesium carbonate minerals are widely used in a range of industrial and environmental applications where the mineral quality and purity is often critical for their intended use. Hence accurate characterisation of the mineral assemblages is essential. Equally important is an understanding of the chemical and physical pathways leading to mineral formation and their roles in carbon sequestration from greenhouse gases. This study investigates the application of Raman and infrared spectroscopies to Ca-Mg carbonate analysis. A full quantitative calibration has been achieved for quaternary mixtures by Raman spectroscopy (RS) employing monovariable and multivariable methods. The method was validated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The lowest error on component values was obtained by Principal Component Regression with application of Standard Normal Variate. The quantifications show that RS is comparable to XRD. The effect of particle size on the fundamental vibrations of the [CO32-] anion in calcite is investigated by mid-infrared and RS. While the effect of particle size on the infrared signature of internal modes of the [CO32-] anion is well documented, this thesis documents associated changes in Raman spectra as a function of particle size. With decreasing size spectral contrast diminishes and changes in the relative ratios of the internal modes occur. For RS the turnaround from optically thick to thin material occurs in the 42-59 μm size range with further changes occurring at ≤ 5 μm. RS was also utilized to monitor carbonate reaction kinetics after dissolution of [Mg(OH)2] by CO2 sparging in the presence of calcium salts at 35 °C, 30 days duration. Four experiments employing different calcium salts, Ca:Mg ratios and effect of hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2.xH2O] seeding were examined utilizing vibrational spectroscopies, XRD and SEM. Results suggest that carbonate mineral paragenesis is driven by geochemical feedback between a range of calcium and magnesium carbonate dissolution-precipitation events where decomposition of nesquehonite [Mg(HCO3,OH)∙2H2O] leads to formation of magnesium carbonate hydrates [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2.xH2O]. XRD confirmed that these hydrated phases contain 8 and/or 5 molecules of crystalline water. However, RS cannot distinguish these phases. Traces of barringtonite [Mg(CO3)∙2H2O] found at the end of experiments were interpreted as an indicator of incongruent dissolution of nesquehonite. Findings suggest that the Raman active ν1 mode of barringtonite is situated at ca. 1094-1095 cm-1. The limitations of Raman analysis in the context of mineral assemblage quantification, short range ordering and particle size effects are discussed in the context of these findings.
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Niven, Catherine. "Evaluating Australian and US consumer product safety regulatory responses to hazardous children's products." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203461/2/Catherine_Niven_Thesis.pdf.
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While there is evidence that unsafe children's products enter the Australian market, no research currently examines product safety regulatory responses to identify their frequency, type and nature. This study built, and then analysed, an extensive knowledge base of Australian and US product safety regulatory responses over the period 2011-17 to provide a more comprehensive understanding of hazardous children's products. This cross-disciplinary research then applied a public health approach to this unique empirical evidence to identify the need for further child product safety research and regulatory reform in Australia.
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Dunn, Ryan N. "Product selection for a startup animal health company." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20585.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Vincent Amanor-Boadu
Most corporations seem geared to buy assets, not sell them. Estimates suggest corporations acquire three businesses for every one they divest (Mankins 2008). A corporation with a disciplined approach to divestiture seems more likely to sharpen strategic focus and deliver value to shareholders. This thesis defines and explores the concept of an orphan product as an opportunity for divestiture from a parent company and subsequent acquisition for a startup company. Orphan product is defined by reviewing literature and selecting the following criteria for a given product; the product has a lack of marketing support/focus, the product is not considered core to the parent company, product sales trend over a 5-year time frame is decreasing, cash flows are uncertain, market growth for the category the product competes in is smaller than the industry average, the product life cycle position is mature, and portfolio synergy is low due to the parent company having other products that deliver similar benefits. A scorecard is developed and used to score orphan characteristics of four products in the animal health industry. Two of the four products analyzed are classified as orphan products and therefore potential candidates for purchase by the startup company. A Strategy Canvas is developed and value curves are assigned per product to show how the startup company can market an acquired product relative to the critical success factors in the animal health industry (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005). A framework of critical questions is posed to each product resulting in recommendations for the startup on critical success factors to eliminate, reduce, raise, or create. For the orphan products, a recommendations include: raise price, increase marketing support, and/or create new factors to differentiate such as to offer additional services or to develop pricing models that are simple and clear. Application of this research can be applied to companies seeking to acquire animal health products that would like to better understand how to improve their chances for success.
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Ellert, Alexander [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Nell. "Supplementary Products in the Health Insurance Market and its Implications : 4 Essays in Health Economics / Alexander Ellert. Betreuer: Martin Nell." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031280251/34.
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Yu, Weiling. "The gene products of Listeria monocytogenes induced specifically during rabbit infection." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26820.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative, intracellular bacterium that can cause severe food-borne illness referred to as listeriosis in both humans and animals. This study has developed a rabbit model for the identification of L. monocytogenes gene products specifically induced during infection by constructing a L. monocytogenes protein expression library followed by differential immunoscreening with two kinds of antisera, one (RaL) from rabbits infected with viable bacteria, and the other (RaK) from animals immunized with heatkilled bacteria. This strategy led to the discovery of several L. monocytogenes proteins, including three members (InlA, InlD, and InlC2) of the internalin family, in which InlA and InlB are known bacterial virulence factors, and five novel proteins of unknown function (designated IspWei, IspLing, IspYu, IspMin, and IspLin, respectively). Library screening and Western blots showed that these proteins reacted only with RaL, indicating that they are specifically induced during infection. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Brault, Sonia. "Isoprostanes and lysophosphatidic acid : major lipid peroxidation products potentially involved in periventricular leukomalacia." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102480.
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Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the principal form of brain injury in preterm neonates. In addition to the vasculopathy associated with hypoxicischemic injury, PVL is characterized by the loss of progenitor oligodendrocytes (OLs). Oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation increase in hypoxic-ischemic injuries, particularly in the immature brain. We hypothesized that the major lipid peroxidation products isoprostanes 15-F2t-IsoP and 15-E2t-IsoP, and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) could be implicated in the pathogenesis of PVL by affecting the survival of brain OLs and microvascular endothelial cells (ECs).Cytotoxicity of the lipid peroxidation products was assessed on cultured rat progenitor and mature OLs and piglet cerebromicrovascular ECs using the MTT assay. The two isoprostanes displayed different cytotoxic profiles. 15-E 2t-IsoP induced progenitor OL death but did not affect mature OL or microvascular EC survival. In contrast, 15-F2t-IsoP induced death of ECs but not of progenitor and mature OLs. As well, LPA triggered brain microvascular EC death. In all cases, cells did not exhibit classical features of apoptosis (nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL), caspases activation) but displayed signs of oncotic necrosis (propidium iodide incorporation, cell swelling, lactate dehydrogenase release). Cytotoxicity conveyed by both isoprostanes involved TxA2 synthesis, as determined by radioimmunoassay and by the protective effect of TxA2 synthase inhibitors. In addition, progenitor OLs were susceptible to 15-E2t-IsoP due to their low antioxidant defenses. On the other hand, LPA caused EC death through the LPA1 receptor which activated the stress activated protein kinases p38 MAPK and JNK; these kinases were responsible for the decreased intracellular glutathione content observed and the induction of iNOS which caused protein nitrosylation. EC death and neuromicrovascular degeneration caused by 15-F2t-IsoP and LPA were observed ex vivo on isolated microvessels and brain explants and in vivo, with intracerebroventricular infusion and intraocular injections.
These novel data implicate 15-E2t-IsoP, 15-F2t-IsoP and LPA as major lipid peroxidation products that may contribute to the genesis of PVL by affecting the survival of progenitor OLs and microvascular ECs.
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Edin, Malin. "Persuasive Advertising : Consumers' views of and responses to the advertising of health-related products." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18260.
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The problem that this thesis deals with is that the intense competition and increasing consumer power in the health industry calls for the operating companies to take consumers’ considerations into account when advertising their products. It is further suggested that consumers will be extra careful before buying health-related products due to their direct effect on their personal health. Thus, companies selling health-related products must gain an understanding of how consumers form their judgments of the advertisements for the same in order to be able to create persuasive and thus effective advertisements. The purpose of this thesis is to understand consumers’ views of different persuasion strategies used for advertising health-related products and how these affect their willingness to purchase the advertised product. This will be done as a means to provide the concerned companies with a basis for how to create positively perceived, yet effective, advertisements. In order to fulfill the purpose of this thesis a qualitative study was conducted through the use of focus groups. During the focus groups the participants were, among other things, encouraged to discuss their views of three different advertisements for health-related products. Each advertisement represented one persuasion strategy used in the advertising of health-related products. The gathered data was interpreted and analyzed by comparing it with theories from previous research. The study shows that consumers require extensive information and strong evidence behind the arguments provided in advertisements for health-related products. Advertisements that communicate consequences that correspond to consumers’ existing beliefs are likely to be positively perceived. Conversely, if the communicated consequences contradict consumers’ beliefs their responses are likely to be negative. Consumers that are more informed in regards to the products are more likely to critically judge the advertisements for the same. The likelihood that consumers’ attitudes will be reflected in their behavior increases along with the strength of their attitudes.
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Erten, Tayyibe. "A hydrodynamic study of microbial polysaccharides considered for use in food and health products." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33794/.
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Microbial polysaccharides are widely used in many industrial and therapeutic applications as bioactive compounds, drug release and encapsulation materials for pharmaceuticals, and as natural ingredients or additives in food applications. To increase the utilisation or to improve for the food and healthcare applications of these polysaccharides, it is critical to have the detailed knowledge of macromolecular properties and interactions with other polymers. In this study, to properly understand the relationship between physical properties and functionality, the microbial polysaccharides-namely xanthan, gellan, microbial hyaluronic acid (HA) and schizophyllan, which have widely been used for many food and medical applications, were investigated. Taking advantage of recent advances in hydrodynamic techniques, including analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) based on sedimentation velocity and equilibrium, size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and viscometry, the solution properties of these polysaccharides were studied. Since conformation analyses are important for macromolecular structure function relationships, the conformation of these microbial polysaccharides were examined using the accomplished method-Multi-HYDFIT. For schizophyllan and gellan, the samples were depolymerised using heat treatment to estimate the conformation. The results indicated that, the three microbial polysaccharides (xanthan, gellan, schizophyllan) adapted the rigid rod conformation whereas another polysaccharide-microbial HA adapted semi-flexible coil structure. Then, the possible interactions of these polysaccharides were investigated with chitosan of different degrees of acetylation using the principle of co-sedimentation in AUC. Xanthan-chitosan mixture presented strong evidence by proving a clear interaction on the basis of changes in the distribution of sedimentation coefficients in the solution form of mixture whereas the mixture of chitosan schizophyllan and chitosan-HA did not show or prove any clear interactions at studied concentrations and solution conditions.
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Toulemon, Léa. "Job quality, health insurance and the price of medical products : essays in applied economics." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0041/document.
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Cette thèse étudie deux facteurs majeurs pour le bien-être individuel, la qualité de l'emploi et l'accès aux soins. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions l'effet de la perte d’emploi suite à une fermeture d’usine sur un large panel d’indicateurs mesurant la qualité de l'emploi retrouvé. Nous utilisons une stratégie d’appariement exact par tranche qui prend en compte les inobservables fixes dans le temps. Nos résultats principaux montrent une dégradation de la qualité de l’emploi suite au licenciement, dont la durée et l’ampleur dépendent de la dimension considérée. Le second chapitre étudie l'impact d'une assurance maladie publique plus généreuse sur la consommation de soins de santé. Nous utilisons la coexistence de deux systèmes d'assurance maladie en France, tous deux publics et obligatoires : le système national, et le régime local d'Alsace Moselle, donc les taux de remboursement sont plus élevés. Nous évaluons comment les personnes déménageant en Alsace Moselle modifient leur consommation de soins, en utilisant les personnes déménageant entre d’autres régions françaises comme groupe de contrôle. En étudiant plusieurs postes de santé, nous trouvons qu’au total, le régime d’Alsace Moselle n’engendre pas de hausse des dépenses. Le dernier chapitre s'intéresse à l'effet de l'achat groupé sur les prix des médicaments dans les hôpitaux français, en utilisant les créations de groupements entre 2009 et 2014. Nos données contiennent les prix d’achat des médicaments innovants dans les hôpitaux publics. Nos résultats montrent que l'achat groupé baisse les prix des médicaments en oligopole, mais n'a aucun impact sur les prix des médicaments qui n'ont pas de concurrentsThis thesis focuses on two major aspects of individual well-being : job quality and the availability of medical care. We first investigate the long-term effects of job displacement on several dimensions of job quality. We use a coarsened exact matching method that takes into account time-invariant unobservables. Our main findings point to a deterioration of job quality after displacement. The magnitude and duration of the observed negative impact depends on the dimension considered. The second chapter studies the impact of a more generous public health insurance. We use the coexistence of two compulsory public health insurance systems in France, the national system, and the Alsace Moselle local system, which offers higher reimbursement rates. We investigate how moving to Alsace Moselle affects healthcare consumption, taking individuals who move between other French regions as a control group. Overall, we show that the Alsace Moselle local system does not increase healthcare consumption. The third chapter estimates the impact of group purchasing on medicine prices in French hospitals. We take advantage of the creation of regional purchasing groups between 2009 and 2014. We use a unique database that provides information on the average annual prices paid by public hospitals for all innovative medicines. Using a fixed effects model controlling for medicine-specific bargaining abilities of hospitals and medicine-specific price trends, we find that group purchasing reduces prices of medicines in oligopoly markets, but has no impact on prices of medicines for which there exist no competitors
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Styhler, Angela. "Proliferative response of airway smooth muscle cells to macrophage-derived products." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22812.
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Brown Norway rats show increased airway smooth muscle content following repeated allergen challenges. Macrophages synthesize many growth factors in vitro which potentially stimulate proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. Leukotriene C$ sb4$, an important mediator of allergic airway responses, can stimulate macrophages to release platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which is a potent stimulator of proliferation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the macrophage in the proliferative response of airway smooth muscle cells leading to airway remodelling. Macrophages were harvested from 7- to 9-week-old male Brown Norway rats, allowed to adhere to plastic 25cm$ sp2$ culture flasks for 25 minutes, rinsed with sterile PBS at 37$ sp circ$C to wash off cells other than macrophages and maintained in short-term culture in serum-free medium. Airway smooth muscle cells were also harvested and cultured. Supernatant from macrophages significantly stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation 5-fold as compared to controls (p $<$ 0.05). This stimulation was affected neither by the addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ASA, nor by the addition of the LTD$ sb4$ inhibitor MK-571. However, stimulation was decreased by the addition of the PDGF inhibitor suramin, as well as by an anti-PDGF polyclonal antibody. Maximal inhibition observed with antibody was 34% (p $<$ 0.01). We conclude that macrophages have the ability to stimulate airway smooth muscle cell proliferation by releasing growth factors, that one of these growth factors is PDGF, and that PDGF contributes 34% of the total airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Therefore, it is likely that macrophages play an important role in airway remodelling and that this airway remodelling may be an important component in the pathology of asthma. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Zhang, Wei, Xue Zhang, Yuling Tian, Yan Zhu, Yindong Tong, Ying Li, and Xuejun Wang. "Risk Assessment of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Aquatic Products from Offshore Farms in China." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2624.
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Contamination of methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic products has been a wide spread health concern. The objective of this study is to determine total mercury (THg) and MeHg concentrations in different species of aquatic products from major offshore farms in China, and to assess health impacts from consumption. Results showed that the concentrations of THg and MeHg ranged 5.6–328.4 ng/g (wet weight) and 4.3–303.6 ng/g (wet weight) in aquatic products, respectively, and were very variable among species and origin sources. Target hazard quotient (THQ) suggested that MeHg exposure via consumption posed high health risks to children aged 2–7 and higher income families. Residents above the age of 13 and with low income have relatively lower health risk of MeHg exposure. Health impacts on heart attacks and newborns’ IQ from MeHg exposure were evaluated using dose-response relationships. Results showed that mother’s consumption of aquatic products (at 6 ounce per day) may cause a loss of 0.38 IQ points for newborns. For non-pregnant, consumption of aquatic products may cause an increase rate of mortality and morbidity of heart attacks at 10.59 and 78.45 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The negative health impact of consuming seawater fish was higher than freshwater fish.
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Gunpinar, Serkan. "Supply Chain Optimization of Blood Products." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4684.
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Major challenges in the management of blood supply chain are related to the shortage and wastage of the blood products. Given the perishability characteristics of blood which can be stored up to a limited number of days, if hospitals and blood centers keep an excessive number of blood units on inventory, wastages may occur. On the other hand, if sufficient number of blood units are not stored on inventory, shortages of this resource may cause the cancellations of important activities and increase the fatality rates at hospitals. Three mathematical models have been developed with the goal to improve the efficiency of blood related activities at blood centers and hospitals. The first model uses an integer programming (IP) approach to identify the optimal order levels that minimizes the total cost, shortage and wastage levels of blood products at a hospital within a specified planning horizon. The IP model explicitly considers the age of blood inventory, uncertain demand, the demand for two types of patients and crossmatch-to-transfusion ratio. The second model formulates the different shortage and inventory distribution strategies of a blood center supplying blood products to multiple hospitals. The third model develops a vehicle routing problem for blood centers to minimize the daily distance travelled by bloodmobiles during the blood collection process. Optimal routing for each bloodmobiles is identified using CPLEX solver, branch \& bound and column generation algorithms and their solution times are compared.
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Zhang, Yan. "Exploring New Zealand management attitudes to customer involvement in new product development in the health supplement industry a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2009 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/780.
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Ouimette, Monique Y. "Cleaning House: Considerations of Ecological Health and Sustainability in the Selection of Household Cleaning Products." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3054.
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Thesis advisor: Juliet B. SchorIn an era of increasing awareness about the impacts of everyday consumption on ecological sustainability, this study investigates the factors that influence mothers' selection of household cleaning products. The data for this study are from 28 in-depth interviews with mothers who maintain diverse preferences across a cleaning product profile spectrum. Incorporating the concepts of risk, trust, and convenience, the analysis highlights the ways in which considerations of ecological health in relation to cleaning products influence purchasing decisions of some participants but not others. This study contributes to understandings of how consumer practices shift toward environmental sustainability
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
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Querido, Emmanuelle. "Regulation of the p53 tumor suppressor by early products of adenovirus serotype 5." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36827.
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DNA tumor virus oncoproteins have evolved to regulate the p53 tumor suppressor. They must overcome p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which would interfere with viral replication. Upon cellular stress, signalling to p53 takes the form of a large increase in the stability of the protein, by inhibition of the MDM2 protein which normally targets p53 for rapid degradation. Expression of the adenovirus type 5 early region 1 A (E1A) polypeptides can stimulate a quiescent cell to reenter the cell cycle and induces the accumulation of p53 protein and p53-dependent cell death under certain conditions. We mapped the regions of E1A necessary to induce p53 stabilization. Binding of either the p300 or pRb family of proteins can signal to p53, and these are the same activities required for E1A to push the cell to enter S phase. To replicate, the virus must combat this accumulation of p53, and we discovered that two other early viral proteins, E1B55K and E4orf6, can target p53 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the 26S proteasome. We found that when cells are infected with adenovirus, no significant accumulation of p53 occurs, and this is due to a large reduction in the half-life of the protein. E4orf6 and E1B55K each bind p53 and also bind each other, and we generated a series of E4orf6 mutations to study the regions necessary for this interaction. We identified a region at the amino terminus of E4orf6 that is the minimal domain permitting interaction with E1B55K. We also determined that binding E1B55K along with functions requiring most of the E4orf6 carboxy terminus have to be intact for E4orf6 to mediate p53 degradation. We tested the activity of the viral proteins in MDM2-deleted cells, and found that E4orf6/E1B55K don't require MDM2 to induce p53 turnover. A series of cellular proteins that interact with E4orf6 were discovered in our lab, and we identified this complex as Cullin 5, Elongin B, Elongin C, Rbx1, E4orf6 and E1B55K. This complex is very similar
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Hodgins, Mary Ellen. "Innovation policy in Canada’s agri-food system : the functional food and natural health products’ segment." Thesis, City University London, 2011. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1121/.
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Public policy regarding innovation in the Canadian value-added agri-food sector does not appear to meet its intended outcomes. Rather than being a commodity producing nation, Canada has attempted to focus its attention on adding value to products that increase economic returns. Innovation capacity and ability to capture opportunities appear to be limiting factors. This research therefore conducted a general review of the food system in Canada with a specific focus on innovation in the functional food and natural health products’ (nutraceutical) sector. The findings are based on interviews with forty representatives of the key actor groups in innovation: industry, academia, government and civil society. The research concluded that the food system is comprised of complex demand networks that include global players working on various elements of innovation. The growing complexities are causing challenges for all actor groups. One major challenge is the lack of a common understanding of the concept of innovation within or among the actor groups including policy-makers. This finding puts into question any policies and measurements currently in place. The research adds new knowledge by expanding the multi-dimensional definition of innovation to include human elements. The research also shows that federal policy as it affects innovation in the Canadian high value-added agri-food sector is not evidence-based. A paradigm shift is required in policy-making to a solutions-led approach that results in public and private policies targeting solutions for a healthier Canada combining human, environmental and societal benefits.
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Martinez, Stephanie. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations of select natural products and nutraceuticals for human and veterinary health." John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31166.
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Natural products are teeming with potential therapeutic agents. One group of compounds, polyphenols, from plants, exhibit anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Four polyphenolic compounds and their enantiomers were investigated in this thesis; the stilbene, 3-methoxypterostilbene, a structural analog of resveratrol, and the chiral prenylflavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.); 8-prenylnaringenin, 6-prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol. A high performance liquid chromatography method for 3-methoxypterostilbene and enantiospecific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays for the three prenylflavonoids were developed and validated. The methods allowed for quantification of these four polyphenols in biological samples and plant-based materials. Content analysis studies of 3-methoxypterostilbene and the three prenylflavonoids in traditional Chinese medicinal plants and hops-containing nutraceuticals were carried out, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of these four compounds were delineated through intravenous and oral administration in rats. 3-Methoxypterostilbene demonstrated greater bioavailability in rats than reported values for resveratrol. Enantiomeric differences in disposition parameters were observed for the three prenylflavonoids along with differences between compounds despite only small structural differences. The in vitro pharmacodynamics of these four compounds were elucidated including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytochrome P450 modulation activities. All four compounds demonstrated a range of bioactivities related to chronic diseases and potential drug-botanical interactions. Further studies of polyphenols, especially clinical studies, are needed along with enantiospecific study when applicable to continue delineating the importance of bioactivity, pharmacokinetics and safety.
Natural products are further developed into nutraceuticals and sold over-the-counter for both human and veterinary use but are not currently required to demonstrate efficacy prior to marketing. In the final section of this thesis, Phycox®, a multi-component veterinary nutraceutical for joint health was investigated for pharmacological activity in an in vitro model of canine osteoarthritis along with select constituents. A pilot single-dose pharmacokinetic study in dogs was also undertaken. Two liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed and validated to detect constituents in serum. In vitro study results indicated that Phycox® was able to reduce inflammatory mediators similar to the NSAID, carprofen, and acute pharmacokinetic results revealed that detectable concentrations of glucosamine were evident in serum. It is suggested that further clinical studies of Phycox® are warranted to optimize its usage.May 2016
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Lafortune, Sylvie. "Canadian Community Health Survey: data and products." 2010. http://142.51.24.159/dspace/handle/10219/360.
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Weng, Ching-Sheng, and 翁青聖. "Correlates of Buying Behavior for Health Products." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30682643414806053776.
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碩士中臺科技大學
醫療暨健康產業管理系碩士班
101
Abstract Choices of health products were plenty in wide arrays of market channels, from which compete for the customers in Taiwan. The current research explored the factors associated with the pharmacy customers’ buying behavior for health products. This cross-sectional study uses a structural questionnaire as an instrument, and data were collected from pharmacy customers in central Taiwan. Of 165 returned questionnaires, 155 questionnaires were completed (93.4%). Data were analyzed using frequency, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc, and χ2 tests. Major findings from the research indicated that customers purchased mostly from a pharmacy were those health products that improve gastrointestinal function as well as that anti-fatigue. There are five factors including “risk”, “decision”, “perception”, “inference”, and “notice” in health products cognition of the pharmacy customers. Of the five factors, “risk” is the highest score (3.57), and “decision” is the lowest score(2.81). In addition, age, marriage, education occupation, drinking habit, chronic disease, and monthly income are significant difference to buying behavior. And the occupation is significant difference to health product cognition. Based on the research finding, we provide the pharmacy operator and the pharmacists suggestions of building and maintaining a professional on the health products, reducing the customer’s risk perception over any purchases with the pharmacy, from which may foster a healthy and quality life for the citizens.
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"The implications of brand positioning and identity to a health insurance company." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/295.
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The South African health care industry is characterised by strict regulation in the form of the Medical Schemes Act of 2000, high medical inflation, a deteriorating public health care system; and costly private health care schemes which are only available to the higher end of the market. Before 1992, medical inflation rose in double digits (over 20%) and medical aids traditionally responded by raising premiums considerably (Pile, 2004:19). Private health care was expensive, while the public health care system deteriorated. The financial sustainability of schemes depended on the number of young, healthy members remaining on the scheme as these members cross-subsidised the sick. For these members though, medical aids did not offer any incentive and/or reward to remain members of the scheme. The ‘use-it-or-lose-it’ principle of traditional schemes did not provide any value to members and led to young, healthy members leaving medical schemes. This tendency could potentially drive a health care industry to a meltdown (Pile, 2004:19). The South African health care environment is complex and dynamic, and within this environment, Discovery Health established itself as a successful and innovative company. The Discovery Health medical scheme is currently the largest open medical scheme in South Africa with 1.6 million members (Discovery A, 2004: on-line). Discovery is a specialist insurance company with four strong and distinct businesses (with a fifth business starting in partnership with UK insurance company Prudential in 2005). The businesses are Discovery Health, Discovery Life, Discovery Vitality and Destiny Health (US). Discovery Health is the first business of the group and was launched in 1992. Discovery listed on the JSE in 1999. The company’s strategy is to grow the business organically by building a strong foundation of innovation and engaging people in the management of their health in order to achieve better social and financial outcomes (Discovery A, 2004: on-line). While a medical aid would be an essential ‘commodity’ which consumers would not normally aspire to buy, Discovery positioned itself as a value-adding company that provides products and services that consumers want to buy. The Vitality HealthStyle programme for e.g., is similar to a loyalty programme, but with the aim of motivating members to improve their health. Members can earn points and move up different status levels by performing certain preventative activities for e.g. working out at the gym and having cholesterol and glaucoma screening tests done. Depending on their status, members can qualify for discounts on certain health and lifestyle benefits (Discovery A, 2004: on-line). The advantage of this is that while Vitality adds value to the Discovery product, it also improves the general health of members and in turn, decreases claiming from the medical scheme and assists in the overall management of the financial risk to the scheme. The company’s life assurance business was launched in 2000 and profits from this section of the business constituted 40% of operating profits in August 2004. The company succeeded in integrating the Discovery Health, Vitality, and Life product offerings through the Payback Benefit (Discovery A, 2004: on-line). This benefit allows Discovery Health members who are also Discovery Life policy holders to receive back a substantial percentage of their life assurance premiums, based on how they manage their health.H.B. Klopper
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Lai, Xin-Rong, and 賴信榮. "Production and characterization of two health-care products." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25479807084758232493.
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碩士逢甲大學
化學工程學所
94
Abstract Screening bacterium could produce the new fibrinolytic enzymes which is similar to nattokinase from Bacillus natto in the local country and utilizing genetic biotechnology to overproduction. In this study, bacterium was selected from traditional fermented-soybean sauce, such as sweet fermented glutinous rice and the thick brood-bean sauce. After screening and comparsion of sequence, it prove that bacterium can produce the nattokinase-like enzyme and showed different activity in the fibrin plate analysis. We used genetic biotechnology to overproduce fibrinolytic enzymes and displayed thermophilic, hydrophilic, and fibrinolytic activity. The biological characteristics of two fibrinolytic enzymes were found that the optimal pH value is 9.0, and the optimal temperature is 60oC both. Fibrinolytic enzymes were inhibited by the inhibitor PMSF apparently and the half-life of the enzyme in 4oC could reach 60 days. And on the other hand, utilize the genetic technology to overproduce levansucrase and further, use the method of immobile enzyme, it was retrieved a great quantity of fructan converted from sucrose. As the result of experiment, we found that the optimal condition for the immobile enzyme was at pH 5.0 and 25 oC, respectively. Compare with free enzyme, the optimal condition was equal to the immobile enzyme. Using the method of immobile enzyme, the result showed that 30~40% sucrose was converted to fructan, but the production of fructan was decreased during recycle period.
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Akter, Nazrin. "Evaluating mobile health applications as digital therapeutical products." Thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:69000.
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The emergence of new technological advancements and the unprecedented expansion of mobile phone usage has led to the exponential growth of Mobile Health Applications (mHealth apps) development and implementation in the global markets. mHealth apps have created innovative channels to diagnose, treat, monitor, and engage with patients in various healthcare settings, and therefore, it is an important exploration in the fields of information technology, healthcare, and cognitive behavioural sciences. However, a significant portion of mHealth apps has been identified to be developed without scientific or clinical evidence. The objective of implementing the proposed “mHealth App Evaluation Tool” and its validation of the perceived usefulness of the tool from clinicians, mHealth app developers and end-users is to provide a solution for addressing the current gap in evaluating the efficacy of unregulated mHealth apps. An extensive review of the literature from 2010 to 2022 was conducted in three separate phases, gathering and synthesising the core concepts of the mHealth app landscape, proposed frameworks and parameters, the evolution and construction of unidimensional and multidimensional scales and the use of multi-stakeholder participation for a holistic evaluation process. The proposed mHealth app evaluation tool was developed on the foundation of six design drivers: modifiability, scalability, multi-stakeholder involvement, simultaneous management of multiple evaluation projects, ease of use and accessibility. The development of the tool utilised the RestFul API pattern, leveraging Laravel PHP and Vue.js frameworks. The data collection process was completed in two separate phases. The first phase involved the data obtained from the participant’s evaluation of the WYSA app using the proposed mHealth App Evaluation Tool. The system auto-generated an associated average score out of 5 against each evaluation. The second phase involved the data collection during the 30 minutes interview session. Due to the ever-changing nature of software applications, it is inevitable that the elements of mHealth app evaluation will continue to evolve and change over time. What is deemed to be necessary and critical in evaluating mHealth apps today may not be so in years to come. The mHealth App Evaluation tool addresses the need for future criteria modifications, scalability, and the necessity to obtain expert knowledge from multiple stakeholders for a holistic mHealth app evaluation.
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CHU, LI-YUAN, and 朱立元. "Consumer Behavior Research with Health Ealth Bakery Products." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73534723744774404084.
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碩士義守大學
管理學院管理碩士在職專班
101
Baking industry is a traditional industry, but baking industry is the people's livelihood industry, a ring, and the people's lives, so in Europe and other advanced countries, has still spent a lot of money to develop new products, materials and equipment, and personnel training, while investing the majority of the marketing communication resources, and consumers to establish good communication channels, making all kinds of baked goods with the brand image, habitual become people's daily food, so the baking industry is still in the traditional industries continue to improve to meet the trend of the world, ahead of the times front end. In addition, since joining the WTO domestic baking industry will face more and more competition with foreign intense, more and weak profits, the baking industry want sustainable only through enhanced product quality, features and attention to marketing strategies to sustainable development. However, changes in society, to enhance the standard of living after the consumer for the quality of bakery products, features plus more requirements, and baking industry In order to make the product more sophisticated the better it must rely on the development and production of raw materials to products.
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Callery, William. "Impact of health warning messages on smokeless tobacco products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4840.
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Tobacco remains the leading preventable cause of death in the world, and 5 million people worldwide continue to smoke. Further adding to the problem is the fact that smoking cessation rates are very low, and there are some smokers for whom quitting smoking is extremely difficult. Many smokers find nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products unappealing, and even when used as directed NRTs only achieve modest cessation rates. Smokeless tobacco (ST) may be more appealing than NRT and deliver nicotine in a more palatable way to cigarette smokers. ST is also far less harmful than smoking. It is for these reasons that many scientists and health professionals have suggested the use of ST as a substitute for smoking to reduce tobacco-related harm.
Although the health risk posed by ST appears to be much less than conventional cigarettes, the extent to which ST may serve as a harm reduction product is highly contentious. Furthermore, although ST products are legal and widely available, it remains unclear whether conventional cigarette smokers in Canada will use ST products as a substitute for cigarettes or as a cessation aid, if at all. And despite the strong evidence for the effectiveness of cigarette warning labels, there is little research on ST health warning labels.
The current study investigated perceptions of ST products with and without HWLs and relative health risk messages among 611 young adult Canadian smokers aged 18-30. The study sought to examine the impact of ST health warning labels (HWLs) on appeal, willingness to use, and perceived health risk and addictiveness. Participants completed a survey during which they were asked to view and provide their opinions on a series of ST packages that were digitally altered according to each of six experimental conditions: (1) "standard" packages of leading ST brands, (2) "standard" packages + a relative risk message about the harm of cigarettes compared to ST added, (3) "Standard" packages + text HWL, (4) "Standard" packages + text HWL and relative risk message, (5) "Standard" packages + picture HWL, and (6) "Standard" packages + picture HWL and relative risk message.
The findings indicate that many smokers are unaware that ST is less harmful to health compared to smoking. Despite this, approximately half of young adult Canadian smokers indicated that
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they were willing to try ST as a substitute for smoking and to help quit smoking. Picture warnings increased misperceptions about the health risk of ST and decreased smokers‘ willingness to try ST, whereas text warnings did not. Similarly, adding a relative health risk message to the warning label that communicates the lower risk of ST compared to cigarettes increased willingness to try ST when added to text warnings, and decreased willingness to try ST even further when added to picture warnings. This study is among the first to examine ST warning labels, and is the first to examine the impact of picture warning labels on ST. Overall, the findings suggest picture warnings may make it more difficult to communicate the differences in risk between ST and cigarettes.