Dissertations / Theses: 'HEALTH EU'

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Nováková, Veronika. "eHealth -- Elektronické zdravotnictví v rámci EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75866.

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This thesis deals with the problems of e-Health in the Czech Republic within the European Union. The thesis is divided into five main parts. The first of them describes the definition and concept of e Health together with other selected topics. It also describes the reasons why e-health needs support. The second part is focused on the computerization of health care and describes the recommendations of the EU standards and documents for support of e-health. The third part describes the state of e-health in selected EU Member States. The fourth part is focuses on e-health in the Czech Republic. The final part suggests possible ways how to solve problems of IZIP project in the Czech Republic to be more useful. The first goal is to analyze the e-Health environment and current trends in this area in the Czech Republic. The goal is to analyze the EU initiative on data interoperability and support from European Union to member states. The third goal is to analyze the situation of e-health in at least three other EU countries (excluding the CR). All the objectives will be achieved by studying available electronic materials issued by the EU, national government agencies, private experience and consultations with professional public. The benefit of this work is the current view of the state of e-Health in the Republic and in selected EU countries, according to available resources. Another benefit is the proposal addressing some of weaknesses IZIP project in the CR, which I chose as the most important representative e-health solution in the country.

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Bengtsson, Fredrik, and Martin Svanberg. "Toothwhit"eu"ning." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19960.

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SyfteAtt utvärdera effekterna och bieffekterna av tandblekningsprodukter innehållande eller utsöndrande av väteperoxid på permanenta tänder hos personer under 18 år. Studien gjordes med tanke på barn som drabbats av missfärgade tänder med ett objektivt och subjektivt behandlingsbehov. Detta i syfte att insamla all nuvarande forskning på området samt ställa detta mot EU-direktiven utfärdade 2012. SökstrategierEn systematisk sökning av litteraturen gjordes i databaserna Medline, Cochrane, Embase och Scopus. Inkluderade artiklar skulle vara på antingen Engelska, Svenska, Danska eller Norska. SelektionskriterierStudierna skulle vara gjorda på personer under 18 år med produkter som innehöll eller utsöndrande väteperoxid. Enbart studier på permanenta tänder inkluderades. Studierna var tvungna att utvärdera positiva och/eller negativa effekter av behandlingen. Blekningen skulle utföras in vivo. Fallrapporter inkluderades enbart i syfte att finna eventuella allvarliga bieffekter. ResultatTotalt identifierades 214 artiklar varav 13 stycken uppfyllde inkluderings- och exkluderings-kriterierna. Fyra studier bedömdes ha låg risk av bias, åtta av medelhög samt en som hög risk av bias. Syftet och studiedesignen varierade mellan de inkluderade studierna. De flesta studierna var utförda på mildare missfärgningar samtidigt som de saknade erforderliga uppföljningstider. SlutsatsDet finns inte tillräckligt med studier gjorda på personer under 18 år som utvärderar effekterna av bleking med väteperoxid på fall med mer omfattande missfärgningar. Ett begränsat antal studier med medelhög risk av bias ger ett visst stöd för blekning med väteperoxid på mildare fall av missfärgningar. Samtidigt rapporterades ett stort antal milda, övergående bieffekter. Tills motsatsen bevisats finns ett etiskt stöd för EU-direktiven etablerade 2012.
AimTo investigate the effects and adverse events of tooth whitening performed on children with permanent teeth by the use of products containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide. This was made considering children affected by objectively and subjectively observed tooth discolorations in purpose to consolidate existing research and compare it to the EU directives established 2012.Search strategiesA systematic search of the literature was conducted using the databases Medline, Cochrane, Embase and Scopus. Only studies published in English, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian were included. Selection criteriaThe selection criteria aimed to include studies performed on patients under the age of 18, using whitening products containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide. The bleaching process had to be performed in vivo on permanent teeth. Case reports were included only to be separately reviewed looking for severe side effects and adverse events.ResultsA total of 214 articles were identified and 13 met the inclusion criteria. Four papers were judged to have a low risk of bias, eight a moderate risk and one a high risk of bias. Most studies were performed on mild discolorations while they lacked in necessary follow-up times.ConclusionThere are not enough studies evaluating the effect of using hydrogen peroxide to bleach more severe discolorations on individuals under 18 years old. A limited number of studies showed some support for bleaching with hydrogen peroxide on mild tooth discolorations. Parallel to this, the included studies demonstrated a high number of mild and transient adverse events. Until proven otherwise, the lack of studies gives some ethical support to the EU-directives established 2012.

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Hysková, Ivana. "Health care expenditure in the EU countries: A panel data approach." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135904.

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This thesis examines the convergence in health care spending in euro area member countries during the period 1995-2010 and the influence of joining euro zone on convergence of health care expenditure. Panel data set covering 17 cross-sectional units (current eurozone member countries) over 15-years time period is examined using the classical approach to convergence. The analyses presented in this thesis provide evidence of sigma-convergence of HCE as a share of GDP. Conditions for sigma-convergence of HCE per capita are not satisfied. As for beta-convergence, the analysis of HCE as a share of GDP confirm the absolute convergence, conditional convergence did not occur. As for HCE per capita, absolute and conditional convergence hypotheses were affirmed. In both cases of absolute convergence, joining the euro area significantly supported convergence of HCE.

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Nixon, John. "Convergence : an analysis of European Union (EU) health care systems, 1960-95." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10814/.

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Gassner, Ulrich M. "Blockchain in EU e-health - blocked by the barrier of data protection?" Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32043.

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Compliance with data protection requirements is always a tricky business and even more intricate when it comes to cutting-edge technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT), better known as Block Chain Technology (BCT). These difficulties increase even more when the personal data concerned is accorded a special level of protection, as is the case with health data. The following article aims to describe and analyze the legal issues associated with this scenario. The focus here is on the European Union's (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 1, which took effect on May 25, 2018. Furthermore, the functionality of BCT and its possible fields of application in healthcare will be outlined.

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Rocha, Luanna dos Santos. "“Eu te benzo, eu te curo”: saberes e práticas de benzedeiras de Maceió-AL." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1495.

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This paper, from exploratory qualitative descriptive approach, aimed to understand the knowledge and practices of traditional healers (benzedeiras) in Maceió city, Alagoas, considering the components of healing and care of such as knowledge and practices , as well as the social role played by these persons in the community and the public health system. The case study are the healers who work in Maceió. Where all the data acquirement was performed through narrative interviews with an analysis of them supported by content analysis , the thematic , which consists of three steps : Pre -analysis , material exploration and processing and interpretation of results . Emerged in the study five central themes , which were described and analyzed (according to benchmarks in the area of health and anthropology) , namely: 1 ) Health and disease : insights and approaches to the world of healers , 2) Cure, Care and Culture: intersections between knowledge and doings of healers; 3) A path to faith: cure and care as a gift, learning, spiritual growth and wisdom; 4) Multiple relationships between healers and the community, and 5) Approaches and differences between traditional healers and the public health system. The main results obtained allowed us to understand the knowledge and practices of healers as a popular expression, meaningful of the cure and care. Through the systematic interview with the healers, we recognize that this study contributes for preservation of a popular practice and include this practices as an important component of the health system.
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O presente trabalho, a partir de abordagem qualitativa descritiva exploratória, buscou compreender os saberes e práticas de benzedeiras no município de Maceió-AL, considerando os componentes de cura e cuidado desses saberes e práticas, bem como o papel social desempenhado por estas em sua relação com a comunidade e com o sistema oficial de saúde. Constituem-se sujeitos do estudo benzedeiras que atuam na cidade de Maceió-AL. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas narrativas, sendo a análise das mesmas respaldada em análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática, a qual consta de três etapas: pré- análise, exploração do material e tratamento e interpretação dos resultados. Emergiram no estudo cinco núcleos temáticos, que foram descritos e analisados (segundo referenciais da área de saúde e antropologia), a saber: 1) Saúde e doença: compreensões e aproximações ao universo das benzedeiras; 2) Cura, cuidado e cultura: interseções entre os saberes e os fazeres das benzedeiras; 3) Um caminho de fé: a benzeção como dom, aprendizado, desenvolvimento espiritual e sabedoria; 4) Múltiplas relações entre as benzedeiras e a comunidade; e 5) Aproximações e distanciamentos entre as benzedeiras e o sistema oficial de saúde. Os resultados alcançados neste estudo permitiram a compreensão dos saberes e práticas das benzedeiras como expressão popular, significativa e singular dos modos de se pensar e fazer saúde. Enquanto registro sistemático das narrativas de benzedeiras sobre seus fazeres e saberes, entendemos que este estudo contribui para a preservação da memória popular e para a construção social de mentalidade que incorpore os saberes e as práticas tradicionais populares de saúde como componentes eficazes do leque de práticas saúde de forma geral.

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Rieder, Clemens M. "Cementing solidarity in EU health care law : the role of rights and the ECJ." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559258.

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In a series of cases over the last 10 years or so the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) has begun to link health care with the principle of free movement of services. In this way health care, a traditional prerogative of the nation state, has become a focal point ofEU integration. One distinctive aspect of public national health care systems is that they are based on solidarity. Therefore any discussion of EU health care also needs to address the rather elusive concept of solidarity. A core question to be discussed in this context is whether it is accurate to assume that the nation state is the largest entity in which robust forms of solidarity are possible. The legal framework, in particular rights, whilst having an important role to play in this discussion can only provide a starting point in the analysis of this question. This thesis argues that the Court has applied consequentialism in its case law which made it easier for Member States to accept the supranational involvement in the sensitive area of health care. It will seek to tease out what might be regarded as Pareto and utilitarian influenced reasoning in the Court's case law which so far has been a crucial factor in developing EU health care law. A consequence of this approach is that it is primarily focused on national solidarity as the basis of EU health care. An alternative conceptual proposition would be deontology. The thesis discusses possible implications of such an approach; one being that supranational solidarity would become more prevalent in EU health care. Therefore it is necessary to study the relationship between the normatively desirable, and the factually possible ('ought' implies 'can'). In answering this question the thesis analyses whether we fmd different motivational factors between the national and the supranationallevel which may serve as an explanation for the fact that so far, the nation state seems to be the biggest entity in terms of robust solidarity.

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Fries, Axel, and Sofia Haraldsson. "Upplevelse av hälsa hos hemlösa EU-migranter från Rumänien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270879.

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Migrationen inom Europeiska Unionen har ökat de senaste åren vilket även har påverkat migrationen till Sverige, hemlösa EU-migranter som ofta är socialt utsatta är idag ett förekommande inslag i stadsbilden. Hälsa kan upplevas på olika sätt och det är viktigt att studera denna grupps upplevelser av hälsa då det finns sparsamt med forskning på området. Studiens syfte var att utforska hur EU-migranter upplever hälsa. En kvalitativ metod har använts där data bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer och kvalitativ innehållsanalys resulterade i tre kategorier; Upplevelser av hälsa, Upplevelser av ohälsa samt Upplevelser av social och ekonomisk utsatthet. Studiedeltagarna upplevde god hälsa främst som avsaknad av sjukdom och som förmåga att arbeta, ohälsa upplevdes främst som känsla av sjukdom, orkeslöshet och smärta. Att lida av psykisk ohälsa upplevdes som värre att drabbas av än fysisk ohälsa. Avsaknad av sjukförsäkring beskrevs av deltagare som att vara utestängd från sjukvården och upplevdes som svårt. Studiens resultat är användbart för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i bemötandet av hemlösa EU-migranter.
Migration within the European Union has increased in recent years, this has also affected the migration to Sweden, homeless EU-migrants who are often socially vulnerable are now an occurring sight in the city. Health can be experienced in different ways and it is important to study this group's experiences of health since few previous studies have focused on this topic. The study's aim was to explore how EU-migrants experience health. A qualitative method has been used where data consisted of semi-structured interviews and content analysis resulted in three categories: Experiences of health, Experiences of illness, and Experiences of social and economic vulnerability. Study participants experienced good health mainly as the absence of disease and the ability to work, illness was perceived primarily as a feeling of disease, fatigue and pain. Suffering from mental illness was perceived as worse than suffering from physical illness. Lack of medical insurance was described by participants as being excluded from healthcare and was perceived as difficult. The study results are useful for health professionals in the caring for homeless EU migrants.

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Křížová, Jana. "Úmrtnost na kardiovaskulární onemocnění v ČR a vybraných zemích EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162887.

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This thesis deals with the problems of cardiovascular diseases in Czech Republic and selected EU countries. Over the long term mortality in the Czech Republic there are changes in mortality rates. Largest fluctuations in the intensity of mortality were caused just cardiovascular diseases. These changes can be explained by the greater part of the changing economic and social factors, eating habits and decrease levels of some risk factors. On overall cardiovascular mortality in the long term the most involved two groups of diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. In international comparisons, the differences in the development of cardiovascular mortality between developed countries and the former socialist countries considerable.

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Majewski, Katarzyna M. "Legitimacy, community and citizenship in the EU, building social citizenship through health care in the European Union." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63335.pdf.

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Nakatani, Janete. "PRIMEIRO EU: empoderamento de Agentes Comunitários para o protagonismo na promoção da Saúde." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1223.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Janete Nakatani.pdf: 3413051 bytes, checksum: 20385d1c82041205b521c15f5868eb1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-23
The Community Health Agent in the family health strategy and its competence or lack thereof, in the development of health promotion actions, has been the focus of constant reflections and studies. Whereas competence as: "knowing, know-how and knowing how to be", we observe that these professionals are so diseased as those whom they propose to handle. Believing it to be possible to empower them to better care for themselves, consequently, making it the best caretakers of others, we proposed the intervention- -"First I: empowerment of community agents for the role in health promotion". An opportunity to stop, look at you, analyze your actions and conceptions of the cuddle up, reflecting on health promotion, rebuilding and resignificando knowledge and individual supremacy. Participated in this intervention, 13 ACS members of two teams of the family health strategy the Health Center Dr. Antonio Guanaré, located in the sanitary district, municipality of São Luís Coroadinho, MA. We held six meetings, with five of them leadership workshops, named: I and my belly button; I Me Hunter; Behold and Watch all of you; Mirror, mirror, there's no better Caregiver of Me than me?; D-day I. In these workshops, active methodologies have been proposed such as: interviews, group dynamics, dispersion and construction activities of individual records in logbooks. The most obvious results of this craving to experience different, perceived in the logs and observed behaviors, was the expansion of self knowledge and reflection of the situation of individual health and its relationship with the leading role in health promotion, the need to plan better and plan for the care of themselves with the details of time and frequency of execution, the construction of an individual care plan based on survey and mapping of risks and co-morbidities.
O protagonismo do Agente Comunitário de Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família e sua competência ou a falta dela, no desenvolvimento das ações de promoção da saúde, tem sido foco de constantes reflexões e estudos. Considerando competência como: "saber, saber-fazer e saber ser", observamos que estes profissionais estão tão adoecidos quanto aqueles a quem se propõem cuidar. Acreditando ser possível empoderá-los para melhor cuidar de si, consequentemente, tornando-os melhores cuidadores dos outros, propusemos a intervenção - "Primeiro Eu: empoderamento de Agentes Comunitários para o protagonismo na promoção da saúde". Uma oportunidade de parar, olhar para si, analisar suas ações e concepções sobre o cuidar-se, refletindo sobre a promoção da saúde, reconstruindo e resignificando conhecimentos e protagonismos. Participaram desta intervenção, 13 ACS integrantes das duas equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família do Centro de Saúde Dr. Antonio Guanaré, localizado no distrito sanitário do Coroadinho, município de São Luís, MA. Realizamos seis encontros, sendo cinco deles oficinas de protagonismo, nomeadas: Eu e o Meu Umbigo; Eu Caçador de Mim; Olhai e Vigiai Todos Vós; Espelho, Espelho Meu, Existe Melhor Cuidador de Mim do que Eu?; e Dia D EU. Nestas oficinas, foram propostas metodologias ativas tais como: entrevistas, dinâmicas de grupo, atividades de dispersão e construção de registros individuais em diários de bordo. Os resultados mais evidentes desta experiência de protagonismos diversos, percebidos nos registros e comportamentos observados, foi a ampliação do autoconhecimento e a reflexão da situação de saúde individual e sua relação com o protagonismo na promoção da saúde, a necessidade de se programar melhor e planejar o cuidado de si com o detalhamento de tempo e frequência de execução, a construção de um plano de cuidados individual fundamentado no levantamento e mapeamento de riscos e co - morbidades.

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Nilsson, Anna-Lena, Graham H. Turner, Haaris Sheikh, and Robyn Dean. "A Prescription for Change: Report on EU Healthcare Provision for Deaf Sign Language Users." Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för teckenspråk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-86261.

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Executive Summary During 2010-2012, a Leonardo da Vinci-funded EU project focused on enhancing the language skills of Deaf people, interpreters and Health Care Professionals. Project partners from Cyprus, Ireland, Poland, Scotland and Sweden reviewed current knowledge of policy and practice, and embedded the resulting analysis into a programme of materials to support reflection, knowledge and skills development internationally. This report presents the project's initial 'state-of-the-art' review, with particular reference to the partner countries. Sign languages are now widely recognised, for theoretical and practical purposes, as full, natural languages, and sign language interpreting has consequently been established as a respected profession. Sign language interpreters mediate between hearing and deaf people: this entails a complex transfer of meaning between languages, cultural domains and linguistic modalities, and between members of highly literate communities and those whose languages have no written form. Decades of development in understanding of the most effective part to be played by interpreters in small-group dialogue have concluded that communication is best facilitated with recognition of the interpreter as a linguistic partner, and an active participant in the joint creation of meaning. Good practice in interpreting rarely entails a passive role whereby the interpreter acts as a mere conduit for others' words. In respect of healthcare interpreting, the situation in the partner countries (and beyond) varies widely, from minimal recognition of the need for dedicated provision for deaf patients, to relatively explicit and well-resourced entitlement to services. In none of the partner countries do services address all identified requirements, despite recognition that inadequate provision can lead to damaging and indeed life-threatening consequences. Training and associated resources for all three key groups – interpreters, healthcare staff and deaf people – are insufficient or non-existent across the board. No-one has a stable, clear set of expectations about how communication can most effectively proceed in these situations. In this context, it is predictable that regulation of quality can be highly problematic. Comparison with North America and Australia highlights a range of adoptable best practices, requiring investment over time in order to generate and implement more effective approaches. It must be recognised that the mere provision of sign language interpreters is only the beginning of true access to healthcare for deaf people. In order to maximise positive outcomes, members of all three key groups must become familiar with a common set of assumptions and practices to reinforce the need to operate as a collaborating triad in the co-constructing of effective interaction. Consistent, high-quality outcomes need to be assured through empowered regulatory mechanisms, for which models exist internationally.
MEDISIGNS

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Silva, Fernanda Machado da. ""HIPERTENSÃO: EU APRENDI A VIVER COM ELA" - RELATOS DO SABER CONSTRUÍDO COMO EMANCIPAÇÃO DOS SUJEITOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7327.

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Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is presented as an important problem of public health, in the national and world scenery, for its epidemiologic and social relevance, evidenced by the high prevalence, by the indexes of mortality and by the fragility in the life of its bearers. Among the public policies for the SAH control, the education in health has been pointed out as a tool for social health promotion. Lined in the health promotion, the educational process in health, as a social practice, brings up a concern with the emancipation development of the subjects faced with the health/disease/care, in an individual and collective environment. It is a qualitative research, of the observational and descriptive type, whose objective was to know how the education in health influences in the lives of bearers of SAH, accompanied by a family health team. For the data collecting a semi-structured interview, document observation and analysis, in the period from February to August 2009 were used. Nine people bearers of SAH participated in the research, accompanied by Urlandia Family Health Team. The data underwent the theme analysis proposed by Minayo, from which four analytical categories emerged. It was observed that the interview, carried out in the home environment, enabled a moment of reflection to the subjects, what allowed that they reassessed and re-elaborated their conceptions about the meaning of the SAH and how they manage their lives towards the chronicity . This reflection was permeated by the way they noticed or experienced the health/disease/care process, lined in their life experiences in the social-cultural context to which they belong. Thus, it was evidenced that it pervaded in the speeches of the subjects the reflexes of their own health education, in relation to what they understand, how they live and manage their lives, in the living with SAH. With that, this study revealed that the repercussion of education in health, in the lives of these people, was intimately articulated with their conceptions and attitudes about this action and with the position taken by them towards their health/disease/care process. It is understood, thus, that the knowledge in health, built in the education actions in health represents the first step in the emancipation process of the subjects.
A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) apresenta-se como um importante problema de saúde pública, no cenário nacional e mundial, por sua relevância epidemiológica e social, evidenciada pela alta prevalência, pelos índices de morbimortalidade e pela fragilidade na qualidade de vida de seus portadores. Dentre as políticas públicas para o controle da HAS, a educação em saúde tem sido apontada como uma ferramenta para promoção social de saúde. Pautado na promoção da saúde, o processo educativo em saúde, como prática social, traz uma preocupação com o desenvolvimento da emancipação dos sujeitos frente ao processo saúde/doença/cuidado, em âmbito individual e coletivo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo observacional e descritivo, cujo objetivo foi conhecer como a educação em saúde influencia na vida das pessoas portadoras de HAS, acompanhadas por uma equipe de saúde da família. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, observação e análise documental, no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2009. Foram participantes desta pesquisa nove pessoas portadoras de HAS, acompanhadas pela Equipe de Saúde da Família Urlândia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática proposta por Minayo, da qual emergiram quatro categorias analíticas. Observou-se que a entrevista, realizada no ambiente domiciliar, proporcionou um momento de reflexão aos sujeitos, o que permitiu que reavaliassem e reelaborassem suas concepções acerca do significado da HAS e sobre como administram suas vidas frente à cronicidade . Essa reflexão foi permeada pela forma como percebiam e vivenciavam o processo saúde/doença/cuidado, pautados nas suas experiências de vida e no contexto sociocultural a que pertencem. Assim, evidenciou-se que a HAS não representa uma condição de doença na vida dos sujeitos desta pesquisa, sendo apontada com uma condição que exige cuidados em vários âmbitos da vida. Dessa forma, constatou-se que perpassam nas falas dos sujeitos os reflexos da própria educação em saúde, em relação ao que entendem, como vivenciam e como administram suas vidas, na convivência com a HAS. Com isso, este estudo revelou que a repercussão da educação em saúde, na vida dessas pessoas, estava intimamente articulada com suas concepções e atitudes sobre essa ação e com o posicionamento assumido pelas mesmas perante o seu processo saúde/doença/cuidado. Entende-se, assim, que o saber em saúde, construído nas ações de educação em saúde representa o primeiro passo no processo de emancipação dos sujeitos.

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Birg, Laura [Verfasser]. "Parallel Trade of Pharmaceuticals. Conflicts in Health Policy Objectives and Regulatory Externalities in the EU Internal Market / Laura Birg." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024884678/34.

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SPEECKAERT, Morgane Catherine. "Addressing the pig in the room : how is animal welfare governance in EU intensive farming systems impacting public health?" Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74804.

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Award date: 17 June 2022. Supervisor: Adam Kamradt-Scott, European University Institute
European agriculture has drastically changed in the last forty years. As intensive farming systems have now become the norm in animal husbandry, the problems arising from the poor hygiene, intensive indoor confinement and chronic stress of animals have become hard to ignore. While public health implications of these high-output, low-cost production systems are becoming more apparent with the rise of Anti-Microbial Resistance, EU policy intervention remains lethargic. This paper explores the way in which EU animal welfare governance addresses the pressing problems of intensive farming systems by looking at European pig farming. By conducting a policy analysis on EU animal welfare policies and legislation on pig welfare, this paper finds that the EU’s ambition to make its agricultural systems more sustainable are limited by its own governance strategies and its outdated Common Agricultural Policy.

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Patrão, Ivone Alexandra Martins. "Eu faço, tu fazes, elas ainda não fizeram... : Comportamentos de adesão ao rastreio do cancro do colo do útero." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/762.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde
O objectivo desta investigação é estudar os Comportamentos de Adesão ao rastreio do Cancro do Colo do Útero e explorar quais as variáveis que estão significativamente relacionadas. Esta investigação é de tipo descritivo, correlacional, exploratória e transversal. Definiu-se os Comportamentos de Adesão como a variável principal, e as variáveis de Caracterização das Participantes e as Psicológicas, como as de influência. A amostra é constituída por 400 mulheres ( entre os 18 e 65 anos ) utentes do Centro de Saúde de Peniche, que preencheram um questionário. Para o tratamento dos dados recorreu-se à estatística descritiva, percentual e à estatística não paramétrica. Verificou-se, descritivamente, que existe um comportamento de baixa adesão ( 74,8 % ) à citologia. Os resultados da relação entre variáveis parecem interessantes, pois caracterizam os Comportamentos de (baixa/elevada ) Adesão à citologia. As mulheres com um comportamento de baixa adesão posicionam-se de forma indiferente na crença de obstáculos, têm uma baixa crença de vulnerabilidade e preocupação com o Cancro do Colo do Útero e atribuem um baixo valor à sua saúde. Para além disso, são mais novas, solteiras, não têm filhos, fumam, vão ao Médico por doença, nunca foram a consultas de planeamento familiar, não usam método contraceptivo, as que têm filhos não realizaram a revisão do parto, não têm recomendação médica e não têm intenção de realizar a citologia, e preferem um Médico do sexo feminino. As mulheres com um comportamento de elevada adesão têm uma baixa crença de obstáculos, uma elevada crença de vulnerabilidade e preocupação média com o Cancro do Colo do Útero e atribuem elevado valor à sua saúde. Estas mulheres são mais velhas, casadas, têm filhos, não fumam, vão ao Médico para vigiar a saúde, vão a consultas de planeamento familiar, usam a pílula, realizaram a revisão do parto, têm recomendação médica, intenção de realizar a citologia, e não têm preferência pelo sexo do Médico.

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Kisch, Helén, and Blücker Nicoleta Tintea. "GOD OMVÅRDNAD - En litteraturstudie om patientens upplevelse av god omvårdnad inom EU och Norden." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27039.

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Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa patientens upplevelse av god omvårdnad, inom EU och Norden, given av sjuksköterskor verksamma på avdelningar inom somatisk vård. Återkommande upplevelser i de granskade artiklarna identifierades och blev fyra huvudkategorier med underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: kommunikation, sjuksköterska, patient och miljö. Det har funnits många gemensamma faktorer, som var viktiga för att patienten skulle uppleva god omvårdnad. För att kunna uppleva god omvårdnad krävdes bl a: patientorienterad och individuell kommunikation, att sjuksköterskan skulle ha en vårdande ansats samt vara observant och förutseende, inneha egenskaper såsom empati, humor, kompetens samt att se patienten som en unik individ delaktig i omvårdnadssituationen. Resultatet kunde kopplas till Watson tio omvårdnads- faktorer.
The aim of this study was to illustrate patients' experience of good care, in EU and the Nordic countries, given to them by nurses working at somatic wards. Recurrent view in the result of the scrutinizing articles was identified and categorized into four head categories with subcategories. The head categories were: communication, nurse, patient and environment. Many common factors, which were important for patients’ to experience good care, were identified. To be able to experience good care the following has to be involved: patient orientated and individual communication, the nurse had a willing to care and that she was observant and predicted of care, she should have qualities like empathy, sense of humour, competence for the patient to be seen as a unique individual and be able to participate in his own care. The results then could be connected to Watson's ten factors of mening.

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Tejding, Ronny, and Cecilia Lemon. "ATT VÅRDA PATIENTER FRÅN ANDRA KULTURER : En litteraturstudie eu ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40153.

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Bakgrund: Globalisering och folkvandringar ställer nu helt andra krav på hälso- och sjukvård i hela Europa. Bara i Sverige är 1/5 av Sveriges befolkning är födda i andra länder är Sverige. Vi är med andra ord ett mångkulturellt samhälle. Detta ställer den svenska sjukvården inför stora utmaningar och på hur sjuksköterskorna förmår att möta denna utmaning i det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med olika kulturella bakgrunder. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie utfördes med hjälp av tio kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Resultatet i detta arbete beskriver omvårdnadsarbetet med transkulturella patienter i tre dimensioner enligt följande: kommunikationsproblem, kulturellt könsrollsrelaterade diskrepanser samt avslutningsvis, att sjuksköterskorna påvisar stereotypisering vid arbete med transkulturella patienter. Slutsats: Det har framkommit i detta arbete att sjuksköterskor i sitt dagliga arbete med transkulturella patienter upplever olika språk, kommunikations och kulturrelaterade problem i den praktiska omvårdnadssituationen. Den transkulturella omvårdandsteorin har gjort anspråk på att kunna förklara och lösa denna typ av friktion mellan sjuksköterskan och de transkulturella patienterna, men har inte lyckats göra detta. Det har föreslagits att den transkulturella omvårdandsteorin är inaktuell för dagens snabba föränderliga mångkulturella migration. Det behövs ny forskning som kan stödja sjuksköterskeprofessionen in i framtiden
Background: Globalization and immigration now make completely different demands on healthcare service throughout Europe. In Sweden one fifth of the population are born in another country. In other words, Sweden is a multicultural society. The healthcare service of Sweden faces a great challenge and in how nurses are capable to meet this challenge. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients with different cultural backgrounds. Method: A descriptive literature study was performed analyzing ten qualitative studies. Result: It has been found in this thesis that when working with transcultural patient’s nurse’s experiences problems in three dimensions surrounding the nursing situation. The problems were the following: Language and communications problems, culture-gender role discrepancies and finally stereotyping by nurses. Conclusion: It has been found that nurses in their daily work with transcultural patients experience different cultural problems in their nursing situation. The transcultural care theory has claimed to be able to explain and solve this kind of friction between the nurse and the transcultural patient, but not managed to do so. It has been argued that the transcultural care theory has proven to be out-of-date for today’s fast multicultural migration. New research is needed to support the nursing profession into the future.

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Puthoopparambil, Soorej Jose. "Life in Immigration Detention Centers : An exploration of health of immigrant detainees in Sweden and three other EU member states." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-272493.

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Governments around the world use immigration detention to detain and deport irregular immigrants, which negatively affects their health. The aim of this thesis was to explore, describe and identify factors that could mitigate the effect of immigration detention on the health of detainees. This was a mixed method study using qualitative methods (Papers I and II), quantitative methods (Paper III) and descriptive case comparison (Paper IV) comparing the Swedish system to the system in the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg). The study design was strengthened by triangulation of methods and data sources. Detainees experienced lack of control over their own lives due to lack of information in a language they can understand, inadequate responses from detention staff and restrictions within detention centers further limiting their liberty. Duration of detention was negatively associated with satisfaction of services provided in detention and the detainees’ Quality of Life (QOL). Detainees had low QOL domain scores with the psychological domain having the lowest score (41.9/100). The most significant factor positively associated with the QOL of detainees was the support received from detention staff. A sense of fear was present among detainees and staff. Detainees’ fear was due to their inadequate interaction with authorities, perceiving it as threatening, and due to their worry of facing repercussions of being involved in incidents caused by others. The potential for physical threat from detainees created a sense of fear among the staff. The detention staff expressed the need for more support to manage their emotional dilemma and role conflict of being a civil servant, simultaneously enabling the deportation process while providing humane care to detainees as fellow human beings. Detention centers in the Benelux countries had more categories of staff providing different services to detainees. Compared to the Benelux countries, healthcare services at the Swedish detention centers were limited. Detainees were offered no medical screening on arrival and no regular access to mental healthcare professionals. Detaining authorities have the obligation to safeguard the health of detainees. Challenges faced by the detention staff and detainees must be addressed to create a supportive environment and fulfill that obligation.

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Bamyr, Hanssen Soziar, and Rosemarie Ohanyan. "Konsekvenserna av (EU) 2017/746- förordningen på tillverkning och användning av medicintekniska produkter för in vitro-diagnostik inom Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset." Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297857.

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In collaboration with the Karolinska University Hospital, this research was carried out with the aim of executing a consequence analysis of the new regulation (EU) 2017/746. The consequences of the regulation regarding access, distribution, manufacturing and in-house production of in vitro diagnostic products were examined for various departments at the Karolinska University Hospital. This was investigated through an extensive literature study and interviews that were conducted digitally and through email. Of the departments examined, attention was drawn to the fact that only Lab & Primary Health Care and the Karolinska University Laboratory were affected by the new regulation. The availability of products may be affected as a consequence of the new requirements for risk classification and the notified bodies. If the manufacturer does not meet the new requirements, this may lead to a shortage of materials and products, which can affect Lab & Primary Care and the Karolinska University Laboratory. Lab & Primary Health Care will be affected by the requirements for distribution in the new regulation if they decide to distribute new in vitro diagnostic products to other businesses. The Karolinska University Laboratory has a production that they currently CE mark according to the old directive and an in-house production. In order for the Karolinska University Laboratory to continue its own production, it is required that they meet the requirements imposed on in-house production in the new regulation. With continued CE marking of the products, they will be classified as manufacturers and need to meet its requirements. In summary, it can be stated that both Lab & Primary Health Care and the Karolinska University Laboratory have three paths to go; distribute, produce in-house or manufacture in vitro diagnostic products. Depending on the decision they make, they are classified differently according to the new regulation (distributors, in-house manufacturers or manufacturers) and thus have different requirements to follow.
I samarbete med Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset utfördes denna studie med målet att genomföra en konsekvensanalys av det nya regelverket (EU) 2017/746. Regelverkets konsekvenser gällande tillgång, distribution, tillverkning och egentillverkning av in vitro-diagnostik produkter undersöktes för olika enheter inom Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. Detta undersöktes genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och intervjuer som utfördes digitalt och via mail. Av de enheter som granskades uppmärksammades att endast Lab & Primärvård och Karolinska Universitetslaboratoriet påverkades av den nya lagstiftningen. Tillgången på produkter kan komma att påverkas som en konsekvens av de nya kraven på riskklassificering och på de anmälda organen. Om tillverkaren inte uppfyller de nya kraven kan detta leda til brist på material och produkter, vilken kan påverka Lab & Primärvård samt Karolinska Universitetslaboratoriet. Lab & Primärvård kommer beröras av kraven för distribution i den nya förordningen om de beslutar att distribuera nya in vitro-diagnostik produkter till andra verksamheter. Karolinska Universitetslaboratoriet har en tillverkning som de i dagsläget CE-märker enligt det gamla direktivet samt en egentillverkning. För att Karolinska Universitetslaboratoriet ska fortsätta sin egentillverkning krävs det att de uppfyller kraven som ställs på egentillverkare i nya regelverket. Vid fortsatt CE-märkning av produkterna kommer de att klassas som tillverkare och behöver uppfylla dess krav. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att både Lab & Primärvård och Karolinska Universitetslaboratoriet har tre vägar att gå; distribuera, egentillverka eller tillverka in vitro-diagnostik produkter. Beroende på beslutet de fattar klassas de olika enligt det nya regelverket (distributörer, egentillverkare eller tillverkare) och har därmed olika krav att följa.

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Antonino, Raffaello. "The crossroad : experiences of non-EU/EEA international Masters students in their last year of study in the UK." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2017. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1218/.

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Background: International students (IS) are arguably a population facing both educational and migratory challenges. These are understood within Culture Shock (CS, Oberg, 1960), a process of culture learning. Available literature on IS seems to focus mainly on the phases of CS between the arrival in the host country until adaptation, or at the later stage of returning home. The last part of the IS journey in the host country, before the possible return home, appears neglected. Research suggests that in this period, named the ‘crossroad’ in this study, important decisions could be made, such as whether to stay in or leave the host country. Rationale: Internal struggles, dilemmas and uncertainty can arise due to the possible changes to self that IS can develop while abroad, and could be exacerbated by immigration laws. Thus, the crossroad can be a phase of psychological struggle, which can be of interest to mental health professionals. There is limited qualitative evidence on this sub-phase of CS on IS and this research attempts to address this gap by looking holistically at the subjective experiences of these students and letting their specific psychological needs arise. Methodology and main findings: An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was chosen for this research, using semi-structured interviews. Three superordinate themes emerged from the analysis of the transcripts: a) Changes to self and identity; b) Uncertainty, temporariness and emotional responses; c) Dilemmas at the crossroad. The crossroad emerged from the results as a phase dominated by uncertainty towards the future, leading to experiencing difficult emotions such as worry, anxiety and low mood. From the participants’ accounts, it seemed that the limitations imposed by the UK immigration law were the main trigger for such uncertainty, and that IS perceived their circumstances as largely out of their control. The IS’ psychological and emotional responses seemed connected with having developed a sense of belongingness to the UK, resulting from a process of changes to self and identity experienced during their time abroad.

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Audhav, EvA, and Csilla Norenius. "SVENSKA TJÄNSTEMÄNS UPPFATTNING OM ORGANISATORISKA STRESSFÖREBYGGANDE STRATEGIER : EN KVALITATIV STUDIE." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för vård och natur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6076.

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Psykosocial ohälsa är en av de största orsakerna till sjukfrånvaro bland tjänstemän. Få studier syftar till att undersöka förebyggande aktiviteter för stress på organisationsnivå. Europeiska arbetsmiljöbyrån, EU-OSHA, erbjuder råd för att på företag förebygga stress. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva hur tjänstemän upplevde EU-OSHA:s råd för organisatoriska stressförebyggande insatser. Undersökningen sökte svar på om råden upplevdes genomförbara, om det fanns hinder som försvårade genomförandet och vilka förutsättningar som krävdes. Metoden som användes var en induktiv kvalitativ ansats, där 16 intervjuer genomfördes på sex stora Svenska företag. Resultatet visade att EU-OSHA:s råd upplevdes som genomförbara men de upplevdes ibland för övergripande och otydliga. De olika förutsättningarna och hindren som beskrevs formade följande teman: Kulturen på företaget, Krav, Kontroll & Stöd samt Kunskap & Kompetens. Diskussion: EU-OSHAs råd kan tyckas vara enkla men de ger inte praktiskt stöd till företagen. Alla informanter fann råden bra men de var tvetydiga och tolkades därför olika. Råden hade ingen inbördes prioritetsordning. Informanterna angav ett antal hinder och visade på förutsättningar som krävdes för att genomförande av råden skulle få effekt. Förutsättningarna tycktes ligga i att skapa bra kultur på företaget, ha möjlighet att påverka och kontrollera arbetsmiljön samt att kunskap fick chansen att förädlas till kompetens.
Psychosocial health is one of the biggest causes of absenteeism among employees. Few studies are designed to investigate prevention activities for stress at the organizational level. EU-OSHA offers recommendation to companies about stress prevention. The purpose of this study was to describe how officials experience EU-OSHA´s recommendation on organizational stress prevention. The study aimed to clarify whether the recommendations may be considered feasible, if there are any obstacles making implementation difficult and what conditions are required to fulfill implementation. The method used had an inductive qualitative approach, in which 16 interviews were conducted at six large Swedish companies. The result showed that the recommendations were considered feasible but they were at times experienced too general and vague. The various conditions and constrains described formed the following theses: Company Culture, Requirements, Control & Support and Knowledge & Skills. Discussion: The recommendations may seem simple but it was found that they do not give practical support to companies. All respondents found them good but sometimes ambiguous and consequently interpreted differently. Moreover, the recommendations are given no particular order of priority. The respondents listed different barriers that made implementation difficult. The conditions needed for a successful implementation seem to depend on good company culture, the possibility to influence and manage your own working environment as well as the chance to turn personal knowledge into practical skills.

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Norenius, Csilla, and Eva Audhav. "Svenska tjänstemäns uppfattning om organisatoriska stressförebyggande strategier : En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för vård och natur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6149.

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Psykosocial ohälsa är en av de största orsakerna till sjukfrånvaro bland tjänstemän. Få studier syftar till att undersöka förebyggande aktiviteter för stress på organisationsnivå. Europeiska arbetsmiljöbyrån, EU-OSHA, erbjuder råd för att på företag förebygga stress. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva hur tjänstemän upplevde EU-OSHA:s råd för organisatoriska stressförebyggande insatser. Undersökningen sökte svar på om råden upplevdes genomförbara, om det fanns hinder som försvårade genomförandet och vilka förutsättningar som krävdes. Metoden som användes var en induktiv kvalitativ ansats, där 16 intervjuer genomfördes på sex stora svenska företag. Resultatet visade att EU-OSHA:s råd upplevdes generellt som genomförbara men ibland för övergripande och otydliga. De olika förutsättningarna och hindren som beskrevs formade följande teman: Kulturen på företaget, Krav, Kontroll & Stöd samt Kunskap & Kompetens. Diskussion: För att kunna jobba med stressförebyggande insatser på organisationsnivå och få de önskade effekterna, som välmående personal och förbättrad produktivitet, måste alla delar av organisationen vara beredda att bidra i arbetet. Utmaningen i denna process är hur samverkan ska gå till och hur resurser ska tas fram i form av tid och kompetent personal. Om företagsledningen lyckas med detta, skapas det förutsättningar för en bra psykosocial arbetsmiljö, vilket är ett nyckelord för ett friskt och lönsamt företag.
Psychosocial health is one of the biggest causes of absenteeism among employees. Few studies are designed to investigate prevention activities for stress at the organizational level. EU-OSHA offers recommendation to companies about stress prevention. The purpose of this study was to describe how officials experience EU-OSHA´s recommendation on organizational stress prevention. The study aimed to clarify whether the recommendations may be considered feasible, if there are any obstacles making implementation difficult and what conditions are required to fulfill implementation. The method used had an inductive qualitative approach, in which 16 interviews were conducted at six large Swedish companies. The result showed that the EU-OSHA recommendations were considered feasible but at times were general and vague. The various conditions and constrains described formed the following theses: Company Culture, Requirements, Control & Support and Knowledge & Skills. Discussion: To be able to work with stress prevention efforts at organizational level and get the desired affects as, well being staff and improved productivity, all parts of the organization have to be willing to contribute at the work. The challenge in this process is how the collaboration will be done and how resources should be developed in terms of time and skilled personnel. If management succeeds doing this, than the conditions for a good psychosocial work environment will be created, which is a keyword for a healthy and profitable company.

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Tran, Ngoc Nha Tinh. "EU Competition Law under Ordoliberalism - A case study of Excessive Pricing in Pharmaceutical Sector." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23820.

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The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the ideational influence of Ordoliberalism on EU Competition Law while addressing a problematic social issue that has been witnessing a surge in the number of cases, which is excessive price abuse under Article 102(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) within the spectrum of pharmaceutical sector. By utilizing Nedergaard (2020)’s analytic framework for Ordoliberalism’s operationalization, the study successfully proves the impacts of five characteristics of Ordoliberalism, including Politics by rules, Economic Constitution, Market Construction, Role of Consumers and Role of the states towards consumers, on the practices of EU Competition Law, using the empirical data collected from two excessive pricing examples: Aspen in Italy and Pfizer/Flynn in the United Kingdom. The study also highlights the unique features of the pharmaceutical market due to its significant impacts on public healthcare and medicine assessment. At the end of the study, some recommendations are provided for further investigations.

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Tsekhmestruk, Nataliia. "Roma should not be left out from the health care system more than they already are : A qualitative study exploring access to health care for vulnerable EU citizens in Umeå Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174101.

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Introduction: Vulnerable European Union citizens (vulnerable EU citizens) are those who come to Sweden from EU member states. In Sweden the term “vulnerable EU citizens” is associated with the word “beggars”, which in turn is associated with Roma people. By November 2015 the number of vulnerable EU citizens in Sweden was estimated to be 4 700. The majority of these were from Romania. Roma as citizens of an EU member state have the right to reside in EU countries in accordance with the EU’s freedom of movement rights concept for up to but no longer than three months. However, to obtain the right for residence after three months, proof of financial resources and health insurance are required. Lacking these resources, vulnerable EU citizens have subsequently lost their right for residence and therefore became undocumented. They often find themselves in the same situation as undocumented migrants from outside the EU, having poor health outcomes and limited access to health care. In my study I aim to explore access to health care for vulnerable EU citizens in Umeå, a city in eastern Sweden. Methods: A qualitative design methodology has been applied in this thesis. Those contacted for this study were; Doctors of the World, Health on Equal Terms, Staff for planning and control Västerbotten Region, University Hospital of Umeå and representatives of vulnerable EU citizens’ community from Romania in Umeå. Seven in-depth interviews were collected with professionals and volunteers from these organisation/institutions and members of vulnerable EU citizens’ community. Questions were asked about their experience and knowledge regarding access to health care for vulnerable EU citizens. Data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three main categories and one final theme were developed during data analysis. The first category “Difficult to access health care for vulnerable EU citizens in Sweden without European Health Insurance” elaborates the dependence of vulnerable EU citizens’ access to health care on having health insurance, specifically European Health Insurance and National Health Insurance. It also describes what kind of access to health care vulnerable EU citizens have in Sweden. The second category “Decision about how much access to health care provide for vulnerable EU citizens lies on medical personnel” discusses the situation of health care personnel when they treat vulnerable EU citizens in hospitals. The third category “Organisations, Doctors of the World and Health on Equal Terms, mediate connection between vulnerable EU citizens and hospitals, so they can have their right to health fulfilled” elaborates about the role the organisation plays when vulnerable EU citizens are in need of health care. After grouping categories and looking at the data from more interpretive, abstracted higher level, the final theme was created “Lack of attention from the national and international levels to the situation of vulnerable EU citizens’ access to health care”. Conclusion: This study highlights the difficulty for vulnerable EU citizens to access health care in Umeå if they do not have European Health Insurance. Being treated as undocumented migrants is the only way they have access to emergency services. Health care personnel feel insecure when treating vulnerable EU citizens, because there are no clear guidelines when vulnerable EU citizens can be treated as undocumented migrants as well as what is included in the clause “the care that cannot wait”. Because of this situation, vulnerable EU citizens sometimes are not able to receive the medical help they need. Organisations, Doctors of the World and Health on Equal Terms, help to mediate the connection between vulnerable EU citizens and hospitals which helps them to access the health care and fulfille their right to health. Lack of attention from the national as well as international governments to this situation is found to be important factor influencing vulneralbe EU citizens’ access to health care

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Lund, Lasse. "Public Health and Public Security versus Free Movement of Persons : Restriction on Cross-border Traffic at the Internal Borders of the EU." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-87726.

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Conceição, Tainá Souza. ""Fazer mais e melhor com o pouco que eu tenho": um estudo da Política Nacional de Humanização implementada em Manaus." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3364.

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Este trabalho estuda a política de humanização implementada no estado do Amazonas. Para fazer este percurso utiliza-se uma abordagem ampla, acerca dos processos sociais, econômicos e políticos ocorridos no sistema capitalista, que mudam a tônica do discurso sobre o papel do Estado na provisão de bens e serviços sociais para a sociedade e que impactam diretamente na seguridade social brasileira e em especial, a política de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, se faz uma breve discussão sobre as desigualdades regionais engendradas no país, à luz da teoria do desenvolvimento desigual e combinado, trazendo alguns elementos sobre o federalismo a fim de enriquecer o debate. Então, o panorama da saúde no Amazonas é abordado, pensando-o em suas várias dimensões e procurando dar ênfase ao orçamento da saúde, para analisar a política de humanização que implementada no estado. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada por meio de dezoito entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pessoas consideradas chave no processo, como Apoiadores, Multiplicadores da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH), os Conselheiros de Saúde dos níveis Estadual e Municipal, além de trabalhadores ligados ao projeto Amigos da Saúde. Também foram utilizados relatórios do Tribunal de Contas do Estado (TCE), para a análise do orçamento estadual da saúde, os relatórios de gestão da Secretaria Executiva do Ministério da Saúde, o Plano Estadual de Saúde do Amazonas e os relatórios do município, sobre a política de humanização, e do projeto Amigos da Saúde. Desta forma, a questão que permeia este trabalho é: que tipo de política de humanização está sendo implementada, visando que tipo de política de saúde?
The present work studies the humanization policy implemented in the State of Amazonas. To pursue this objective, a broad approach is taken, concerning the social, economic and political processes in the capitalist system that changed the speech thematic over the States role in the provision of social services and goods to the society, and that directly impact in the Brazilian social security, specially, the health policy. At the same time, a study of the countrys regional inequalities, using the unequal and combined development theory, is done, bringing some elements of the federalism study, to enhance the debate. Then, the outlook of the health system in Amazonas is studied, considering its multiple dimensions and emphasizing its health system budget, to analyze the humanization policy implemented in the State. The field research was done throughout eighteen semi-structured interviews with key participants, such as: Supporters, PNH Multipliers, City and State Health Council Members and Amigos da Saúde project workers. Several documents were studied: Health Ministry Executive Secretary Reports, Amazonas Health Plan and Manaus reports, concerning humanization policy and Amigos da Saúde Project. The State Court of Auditors reports were also studied to analyze Amazonas health budgets. Therefore, the question that pervades the present work is: what kind of humanization policy is being implemented, seeking what kind of health policy?

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Wångdahl, Josefin. "Health literacy among newly arrived refugees in Sweden and implications for health and healthcare." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Socialmedicin, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333427.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the distribution of health literacy (HL) levels in newly arrived Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden. Further aims were to investigate sociodemographic characteristics associated with inadequate HL in this group, and to investigate whether HL levels are associated with experiences of the health examination for asylum seekers (HEA), health seeking behaviour and health. Three quantitative cross-sectional studies, using data from two different surveys, were conducted among Arabic-, Dari-, and Somali-speaking, newly arrived refugees taking part in courses in Swedish for immigrants or civic orientation. In addition, an explorative qualitative study, based on focus group discussions, was performed on Arabic- and Somali-speaking newly arrived refugees who had taken part in an HEA. All data were collected 2013-2016. The quantitative data were analysed using different statistical methods, foremost descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses. The qualitative data were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman’s method for latent content analysis. The main findings were that the majority of Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden have limited functional health literacy (FHL) and/or limited comprehensive health literacy (CHL). Having a low education level and/or being born in Somalia were associated with having inadequate FHL, but not with having inadequate CHL. Limited FHL was associated with inadequate CHL. Experiences of poor quality of communication and having benefited little from the HEA were more common among those with limited CHL, as compared to those with higher CHL. Experiences of communication problems and a lack of information related to the HEA were found in the qualitative studies as well. In addition, it was more common that those with limited CHL reported poor general health and impaired psychological well-being, and that they had refrained from seeking healthcare. In conclusion: limited HL is common among newly arrived refugees in Sweden and seems to be of importance for the experience of the HEA, health-seeking behaviour and health. HL needs to be taken into consideration in the work with refugees in order to increase equity in healthcare and health.

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Germundsson, Frida, and Nicole Kvist. "MDR 2017/745 - New EU Regulation for Medical Devices: A Process Description for EHR Manufacturers on How to Fulfill the Regulation." Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279137.

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On the 26th of May 2021 the new regulation for medical devices, MDR 2017/745, will come into force. The underlying incentives to go from the medical device directive (MDD 93/42/EEC) to MDR are a series of adverse events involving medical devices. The main goal of MDR is to strengthen and improve the already existing legislation and thus will entail large changes for manufactures, one of them being manufacturers of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems. For medical software, such as EHR systems, the new regulation will imply an upgrade in risk classification. This upgrade will bring additional requirements for EHR manufacturers. Furthermore, the released guidelines have been insufficient regarding the specific requirements for medical device software and thus EHR manufacturers are in need of tools and guidance to fulfill MDR. This thesis examines the new regulation for medical devices and thus identifies main requirements for EHR manufacturers. A qualitative approach was conducted comprising a literature study as well as a document study of the medical device regulation along with interviews with experts within the field of medtech regulatory affairs and quality assurance. The information gathered was analyzed to create a process description on how EHR manufacturers are to fulfill MDR. The process description is a general outline and presents the main steps on the route to be compliant with MDR in a recommended order of execution. The main steps are: divide the system into modules, qualify the modules, classify the modules, implement a quality management system, compile a technical documentation, compile the declaration of conformity, undergo a conformity assessment and finally, obtain the CE-mark. To each of the main steps additional documentation provides further information and clarification. The process description functions as a useful tool for EHR manufacturers towards regulatory fulfillment. Even though the process description is created for EHR manufacturers, it can be useful for other medical device software manufacturers. The process description provides an overview of the path to a CE mark and functions as a guidance. It can be used in educational purposes as well as to serve as a checklist for the experienced manufacturer to make sure everything is covered. However, it is not sufficient to rely solely on the process description in order to be in full compliance with MDR. Moreover, there is still a need for further clarifications from the European Commission regarding specific requirements on medical device software.

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Almeida, Marília de Fátima Serra. "Stressado(a) eu?: percepções de stress ocupacional em profissionais de saúde: estudo numa instituição hospitalar do Alentejo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15283.

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As novas formas de organização do trabalho originam desgaste profissional. Frequentemente, os profissionais de saúde encontram-se expostos a situações de stress, no entanto, alguns parecem subsistir melhor do que outros, às dificuldades do quotidiano profissional. Tendo em conta a relativa escassez de estudos publicados em Portugal, pretende-se clarificar a importância que algumas variáveis demográficas, organizacionais e extrínsecas ao trabalho poderão ter nas experiências de stress ocupacional de 201 profissionais de saúde de uma instituição hospitalar. A análise dos dados foi realizada através do SPSS. Os resultados indicam que, na sua maioria, estes profissionais consideram que a sua profissão lhes proporciona moderado a bastante stress, variando este, consoante o horário de trabalho e a situação contratual. Concluímos também que o stress ocupacional relaciona-se com o spillover positivo trabalho-família e família-trabalho; ABSTRACT:The new forms of work organization originate professional detrition. Often, health professionals are exposed to stress, however, some seem to survive better than others, the difficulties of everyday work. Given the relative shortage of published studies in Portugal, it’s intended clarify the importance that some demographic, organizational and extrinsic work variables may have in the occupational stress experiences of 201 health professionals at a hospital institution. Data analysis was realized using SPSS. The results indicate that the majority of these professionals feels that their work gives them a moderate stress and quite stress, depending on the type of working hours and contractual status. We also conclued that occupational stress is related to the positive spillover work-family and family-work.

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Mzyece, Dingayo. "An investigation into the implementation of the construction (design and management) regulations in the construction industry." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/558782.

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The European Union (EU), in 1992, issued the Temporary or Mobile Construction Sites (TMCS) Directive, which requires EU members to introduce specific law to improve health and safety (H&S) performance outcomes by placing specific duties on key stakeholders. This Directive led to the introduction of the first Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations in the UK construction industry on 31 March 1995 and since their introduction, the overall performance of construction H&S has improved gradually. However, despite this positive outlook, there are still significant concerns surrounding the implementation of the CDM Regulations, a subject on which empirical research has been very scanty. It is against such a background that this study investigates the practical implementation of the CDM Regulations and extends current knowledge and understanding, and develops a framework for appropriate remedial action by industry. The research method involved a thorough critical review of literature, semi-structured interviews, and two postal questionnaire surveys, using as research informants, practitioners with experience of the Designer, CDM Coordinator (CDM-C), and Principal Contractor (PC) roles under the CDM Regulations. Primary data were collected and analysed from in-depth interviews with six organisations purposively selected based on their construction design expertise and 122 questionnaires returned in total. The finding regarding lack of collaborative working amongst duty holders is a significant outcome of this study; a requirement expressed explicitly within the CDM Regulations, yet questionable in terms of its implementation. Further, the study reveals a number of statistically significant correlations between the extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of importance. However, the strength of the majority of these correlations is weak. In particular, the evidence indicates that 50% of the duties of the CDM-C are misaligned in terms of extent of discharge and perceived degree of importance, whereas 25% of the PC duties are also misaligned. This signals a lack of understanding regarding the importance of duties, towards achieving improved H&S management. Surprisingly, a comparison between extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of difficulty reveals that all the duties of the PC are statistically significant, meaning that the perceived degree of difficulty does not impede their extent of discharge. While 90% of the CDM-C duties are also statistically significant, again the same interpretation applies. Further, a consensus reached by Designers supports the view that CDM-Cs provide insufficient input throughout the planning and construction phase, raising doubt as to whether the duty holder is fit for purpose. Overall, the results confirm that interdependent working of duty holders is still a challenge, demonstrated by the Designer duty to ensure appointment of the CDM-C (Regulation 18(1)), the CDM-C duty to ensure Designers comply with their duties (Regulation 20(2)(c)), and the PC duty to liaise with the CDM-C and Designer (Regulation 22(1)(b)). Three recurring themes emerge from the results, that is: (i) collaboration, (ii) accountability and compliance, and (iii) facilitation, which in turn inform the remedial action framework comprising 13 remedial actions and 8 change drivers. Validation of the remedial action framework by 15 study participants reveals that, at least 10 remedial actions and 7 change drivers are considered likely to improve CDM implementation. The top three remedial actions are: (i) ensuring adequate arrangements for coordination of H&S measures; (ii) including provisions within the regulations specifying the stages for the appointment of duty holders; and (iii) amending the ACoP to provide guidance on determining what resources are adequate for a particular project. Whereas, the top three change drivers are: (i) management leadership; (ii) the proactive participation of duty holders; and (iii) training to equip duty holders with sufficient knowledge on provision of timely and adequate preconstruction information. Based on these outcomes, conclusions, recommendations, and further areas of research are drawn.

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von, Ameln Felix. "Grenzen der Dienstleistungsfreiheit im Bereich des Gesundheitswesens unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenrichtlinie 2011/24/EU." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-171223.

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Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie stellt die sog. „Patientenrichtlinie“ 2011/24/EU dar. Diese beruht auf der Rspr. des EuGH, wonach für die Inanspruchnahme grenzüberschreitender Gesundheitsleistungen die Dienstleistungsfreiheit Anwendung findet. Bezogen auf den Bereich des Gesundheitswesens steht die Dienstleistungsfreiheit jedoch in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der Organisationshoheit der Mitgliedstaaten für ihre Gesundheitssysteme. Diese Arbeit widmet sich daher zunächst dem Begriff der Gesundheitsleistungen und führt das Bestehen des Spannungsverhältnisses auf die historische Entwicklung der Sozialregelungen in den Verträgen zurück. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der Dienstleistungsfreiheit für den Bereich der Gesundheitsleistungen untersucht. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Analyse der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Dieser versucht das Spannungsverhältnis auf der Ebene der „Rechtfertigung“ zu lösen. Letztlich führt jedoch dieser Ansatz nicht zur Lösung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses, da durch die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit des Primärrechts rechtliche Unsicherheiten entstehen. Auch die Patientenrichtlinie, welche auf der Rechtsprechung des EuGH beruht, kann daher nur bedingt zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unsicherheiten bei grenzüberschreitenden Gesundheitsleistungen beitragen. Ebenso können weitere in der Literatur vorgestellte Alternativen das Grundproblem nicht lösen. Notwendig wäre vielmehr eine klarere Abgrenzung der Regelungszuständigkeiten im Primärrecht selbst
The starting point for this study is the so-called „Patient Directive“ 2011/24/EU. This is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, according to which when using cross-border healthcare services the free movement of services finds application. Referring to the area of healthcare the free movement of services however is in a relationship of tension with the organisational sovereignty of member states for their healthcare systems. For this reason this work addresses itself firstly to the concept of healthcare services and leads the existence of a relationship of tension back to the historical development of social regulations in the contracts. In a further step then the actual applicability of the free movement of services for the area healthcare services is examined. Following this an analysis of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice takes place. This attempts to solve the relationship of tension at the level of „justification“. In the end however this starting-point does not lead to solving this tension relationship, for through the need for interpretation of primary law legal uncertainties arise. Also the patient directive, which is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, can for this reason only partially contribute to the removal of uncertainties existing with cross-border healthcare services. Equally further alternatives presented in literature cannot solve the basic problem. Rather a clearer delimitation in the primary law itself would be required

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33

Hennings, Viktoria. "Use of notifiable infectious disease surveillance data for benefit/risk monitoring of vaccines in the EU within the context of the IMI ADVANCE project : Estimating the annual burden of invasive meningococcal disease in the EU/EEA, 2011-2015." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353553.

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The Innovative Medicines Initiative Accelerated Development of VAccine beNefit-risk Collaboration in Europe (IMI ADVANCE) project aims to develop a framework for best practice methods on integrated rapid benefit/risk monitoring of vaccines in the European Union (EU). Burden of disease is one of the measures considered when estimating vaccine benefits. This study explores the use of notifiable infectious disease surveillance data for this purpose by estimating burden of invasive meningococcal disease in the EU/European Economic Area (EEA). We use the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe toolkit for computing disability-adjusted life years from incidence-based data retrieved from the European Surveillance System (TESSy) held at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Invasive meningococcal is a common cause of meningitis and septicaemia, with high case-fatality (~10%) and sequelae. We found that the median annual burden of invasive meningococcal disease in the EU/EEA, 2011-2015, was 3.87 DALYs per 100 000 total population (95% UI: 3.79-3.95). Children below one year of age and children below five years of age were at greatest risk of invasive meningococcal disease serogroup B with 89.15 DALYs per 100 000 stratum specific population (95% UI: 83.11-95.02) and 22.57 DALYs per 100 000 stratum specific population (95% UI: 21.03-24.12), respectively. We found that the distribution of burden of invasive meningococcal disease serogroup B differs widely between countries in the EU/EEA and consequently confirm that national assessment of the new infant meningococcal B vaccine is highly relevant.

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34

Videgren, Victor. "The united European response on Covid-19 : A qualitative analysis on the integrative process in the EU health policy as a response of the pandemic crisis." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101230.

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The European emergence of Covid-19 has come to characterise a new kind of enemy for the EU, a cross border health threat which knows no borders and affect the EU’s health, economic, social and transport sectors indiscriminately. Therefore this thesis aims to explores the measures taken by the EU to respond to the outbreak of Covid-19. By using three European integration theories, neofunctionalism and liberal and new intergovernmentalism, different aspects behind the EU’s crisis response can be analysed and later put into evaluation in relation to the European integration project. It is found that, while facing initial challenges in solidarity, the EU has managed to present significant responses toward the pandemic. These are mostly based in the economic arena through the NGEU and the MFF for 2021-2027. Still, there are significant measures presented to enhance the capabilities of the EU’s current health framework, under the new EU4health-programme.

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35

von, Ameln Felix. "Grenzen der Dienstleistungsfreiheit im Bereich des Gesundheitswesens unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenrichtlinie 2011/24/EU." Universitätsverlag Chemnitz, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20264.

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Abstract:

Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie stellt die sog. „Patientenrichtlinie“ 2011/24/EU dar. Diese beruht auf der Rspr. des EuGH, wonach für die Inanspruchnahme grenzüberschreitender Gesundheitsleistungen die Dienstleistungsfreiheit Anwendung findet. Bezogen auf den Bereich des Gesundheitswesens steht die Dienstleistungsfreiheit jedoch in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der Organisationshoheit der Mitgliedstaaten für ihre Gesundheitssysteme. Diese Arbeit widmet sich daher zunächst dem Begriff der Gesundheitsleistungen und führt das Bestehen des Spannungsverhältnisses auf die historische Entwicklung der Sozialregelungen in den Verträgen zurück. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der Dienstleistungsfreiheit für den Bereich der Gesundheitsleistungen untersucht. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Analyse der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Dieser versucht das Spannungsverhältnis auf der Ebene der „Rechtfertigung“ zu lösen. Letztlich führt jedoch dieser Ansatz nicht zur Lösung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses, da durch die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit des Primärrechts rechtliche Unsicherheiten entstehen. Auch die Patientenrichtlinie, welche auf der Rechtsprechung des EuGH beruht, kann daher nur bedingt zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unsicherheiten bei grenzüberschreitenden Gesundheitsleistungen beitragen. Ebenso können weitere in der Literatur vorgestellte Alternativen das Grundproblem nicht lösen. Notwendig wäre vielmehr eine klarere Abgrenzung der Regelungszuständigkeiten im Primärrecht selbst.
The starting point for this study is the so-called „Patient Directive“ 2011/24/EU. This is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, according to which when using cross-border healthcare services the free movement of services finds application. Referring to the area of healthcare the free movement of services however is in a relationship of tension with the organisational sovereignty of member states for their healthcare systems. For this reason this work addresses itself firstly to the concept of healthcare services and leads the existence of a relationship of tension back to the historical development of social regulations in the contracts. In a further step then the actual applicability of the free movement of services for the area healthcare services is examined. Following this an analysis of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice takes place. This attempts to solve the relationship of tension at the level of „justification“. In the end however this starting-point does not lead to solving this tension relationship, for through the need for interpretation of primary law legal uncertainties arise. Also the patient directive, which is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, can for this reason only partially contribute to the removal of uncertainties existing with cross-border healthcare services. Equally further alternatives presented in literature cannot solve the basic problem. Rather a clearer delimitation in the primary law itself would be required.

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36

Bedük, Selçuk. "Measuring poverty in the EU : investigating and improving the empirical validity in deprivation scales of poverty." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22f61b32-32a3-4fb3-b0ce-67b1b8fe8c00.

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Non-monetary deprivation indicators are now widely used for studying and measuring poverty in Europe. However, despite their prevalence, the empirical performance of existing deprivation scales has rarely been examined. This thesis i) identifies possible conceptual problems of existing deprivation scales such as indexing, missing dimensions and threshold; ii) empirically assesses the extent of possible error in measurement related to these conceptual problems; and iii) offer an alternative way for constructing deprivation measures to mitigate the identified conceptual problems. The thesis consists of four stand-alone papers, accompanied by an overarching introduction and conclusion. The first three papers provide empirical evidence on the empirical consequences of the missing dimensions and threshold problems for the measurement and analysis of poverty, while the fourth paper exemplifies a concept-led multidimensional design that can reduce the error introduced by these conceptual problems. The analysis is generally held for 25 EU countries using European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); only in the second paper, the analysis is done for the UK using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS).

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Ades, Moraes Felipe. "Evaluation of the disparities in trastuzumab approval, reimbursement and uptake across the 27 European Union Member States (EU-27)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209132.

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Introduction: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic confederation

composed by 27 member states (EU-27). The EU implemented several standardizations in laws,

justice and home affairs and shares the consensus that health care should be regulated by the

state. A high level of human protection should be ensured in all its member states. European

health systems are funded and managed by each national government and for historical

reasons health policy and health expenditure are not homogeneous.

Whereas cancer incidence is dependent on factors such as population age, life-style and

genetic predisposition, cancer mortality in general is dependent on the efficacy of health

systems in providing cancer prevention, efficient screening methods and treatments.

Around 20% of the breast cancers show amplification/overexpression of HER2 that is

associated with a more aggressive disease and worse clinical outcome. By targeting the HER2

receptor trastuzumab has significantly improved overall survival and changed the natural

course of this disease.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate (1) the association of health expenditure with

breast cancer outcome, (2) to explore to which degree the differences in breast cancer survival

are related to the speed of uptake of trastuzumab and its determinants and (3) to evaluate the

real usage of trastuzumab and its relation to breast cancer survival in the EU.

Results: Breast cancer survival was found strongly correlated with health expenditure. A

clear cutoff divides Western and Eastern Europe in that regard, with western countries showing

higher health expenditure and higher breast cancer survival than Eastern Europe. Trastuzumab

reimbursement was faster in Western European countries, a factor associated with higher

health expenditure and better health policy performance. Trastuzumab uptake is increasing all

over Europe in the last 12 years, however it is still being under used in Eastern countries while

in Western Europe the uptake is sufficient to treat virtually all patients in need of the drug.

Conclusion: Important discrepancies in breast cancer survival exist in the EU. Western

Europe has higher breast cancer survival and higher health expenditure than Eastern Europe.

This can be partially explained by the faster approval and increased uptake of trastuzumab in

Western countries. Higher health expenditure and better health policy performance were

factors linked to faster reimbursement and uptake of trastuzumab.
Doctorat en sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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38

Guimarães, Amanda. "Global Warming, Health and the Animal Industry. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Advertisements from the Animal Industry in EU after the Reports by WHO, FAO and IPCC." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23153.

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IPCC, WHO and FAO have recently published reports connecting the animal industry with Global warming, cancer and 70% of modern diseases. In fact, IPCC (2014) indicated that the greatest potential for reducing emissions is placed on the consumer’s level. For this context, grounded in concepts of the Foucauldian Discourse Analysis and the Compositional Analysis (Rose, 2001) this study analyzed a series of advertisements issued in the period after the reports (2013-2015). The analysis was guided by three central questions: (1) Which linguistic and visual approaches, as well as their organization and strategies applied in the discourse, is the Animal Industry using in the construction of their advertisements and how they react to this moment of crises? (2) Considering Barthes ́ approach of food as symbols containing a communicational construction, what are the meanings built around animal products understood from the perspective of discourse? (3) How is the Animal Industry positioning themselves towards audiences and culture and what functions are they giving to themselves in society? Following a political theoretical framework, the proposition that the animal commodification is an ideology affirmed in western societies will be discussed. Advertisements from seven enterprises of the Animal Industry in EU will be used, selected for having leading positions in their sectors (meat and dairy). Among the results, it was verified that the relation toward human interaction is the major enunciator in the advertisements. The following lines of enunciation were identified: example and empathy; imperative discourses; tradition. The enunciations of meat have emotional basis; while the constructions around dairy focuses on the western representation of archaic nature (Haraway, 1989). The denotative qualities of the foods where very little considered. The political and ethical questions around the animal products were absent. This study focuses on the necessity of a political and critical approach of the marketing strategies of the Animal Industry. KEY WORDS: Animal Industry, Global Warming, Discourse Analysis, Foucault

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Vallin, Anders. "Motives behind securitization : -a study on the securitization of terrorism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91158.

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Since securitization processes are agued to be able to create excessive power to actors, there are arguments that claim that securitization is a negative process. By combining aspects of the original securitization theory with Juha Vuoir’s theory of illocutionary force, this thesis makes an attempt at finding what different actors claimed was threatened in their respective securitization of the issue terrorism. The motive behind the actors are also investigated and argued to be made visible through the different speech acts each actor employs when trying to securitize an issue. The thesis concludes that all three securitizing actors use some traditional notions of what is being threatened, namely the state. However, they are all found to use less traditional referent objects in addition to the state. The thesis also concludes that the motives of the different actors are found. These are showcased through the president of the USA trying to create deterrence for attackers of his state and trying to create control on the international arena. The High Representative of the EU, trying to legitimize future acts of more integration in the Union. Finally the World Health Organization’s motive is argued to have been to put the issue on the agenda.

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Silveira, Wagner Jaernevay. "“Eu vejo a hemodiálise como meu trabalho”: saberes e experiências de familiares de pessoas com doença renal crônica." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/873.

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A pesquisa envolve o tema do cuidar de enfermagem com ênfase para a família da pessoa em programa contínuo de hemodiálise (HD). No campo desta temática o objeto de investigação é: os saberes da família da pessoa submetida à HD sobre a doença renal crônica (DRC), as suas crenças, valores e práticas de cuidado em saúde, tomando como referência o processo de cuidar do enfermeiro nos serviços de HD e na atenção primária à saúde (APS). A pesquisa teve como aporte teórico a Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Leininger. Definiu-se como objetivo geral o de compreender os saberes culturais dos familiares de um grupo de pessoas em tratamento hemodialítico em relação à DRC e cuidados com a saúde. A metodologia utilizada foi a etnoenfermagem. O cenário inicial foi uma Unidade de Terapia Renal Substitutiva (TRS), onde os sujeitos da pesquisa, familiares dos indivíduos em programa contínuo de HD, foram identificados. Depois, o local principal passou a ser o domicílio dos informantes. A coleta de dados baseou-se nas técnicas de observação participante e entrevista do tipo semiestruturada. Ademais, aplicou-se um questionário para caracterizar o perfil sócio demográfico e de saúde dos informantes. Da análise dos dados emergiram quatro categorias: “Estou me cuidando melhor, não tô cem por cento, mas eu me esforço”: saberes e práticas de saúde; “É assustadora, mas tratando, cuidando é possível viver com ela”: Doença Renal Crônica; “Num primeiro instante, o socorro que eles dão num primeiro momento é que teria que ser permanente”: experiência da família no serviço de hemodiálise; “Toda vez que você precisa é uma dificuldade danada”: Trajetória da família na rede de atenção à saúde. Os achados indicam que há um fator comportamental a partir dos saberes em saúde relacionada com a cultura que definem o modo de cuidar da mesma. Além desse, o experimentar a doença em questão, em especial do tratamento hemodialítico, repercute no ser biopsicosocial, bem como na maneira de viver dos membros da família. Por fim, percebem-se dificuldades para que o indivíduo e família usufruam dos conceitos de universalidade, equidade e integralidade a partir da rede de atenção, impactando de forma negativa na saúde da população. Espera-se que a pesquisa fomente estratégias de cuidados de enfermagem direcionados ao indivíduo/família/comunidade de forma congruente à cultura.
The research involves the theme of care nursing with emphasis on the family of the person in continuous hemodialysis (HD). In the field of this subject is the object of investigation: the knowledge of the family of the person subjected to the HD on chronic kidney disease (CKD), their beliefs, values and practices of health care, with reference to the process of nursing care in HD and primary health care (PHC) services. The research was theoretical contribution to the Cultural Diversity and Universality Care Leininger. Was defined as the overall goal of understanding the cultural knowledge of the relatives of a group of people on hemodialysis and CKD in relation to health care. The methodology used was ethnonursing. The initial scenario was a Unit of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT), where the research subjects, relatives of individuals in continuous program of HD were identified. Then the main site became the home of the informants. Data collection was based on the techniques of participant observation and semi-structured interview type. Moreover, we applied a questionnaire to characterize the socio demographic and health profile of the informants. From the data analysis, four categories emerged: "I'm taking care of myself better,'m not one hundred percent, but I struggle": knowledge and health practices; "It's scary, but treating, caring can live with it": Chronic Kidney Disease; "In the first moment, the help they give is that at first would have to be permanent": family experience in the hemodialysis service; "Whenever you need is a damned difficult": Trajectory of the family in the healthcare network. The findings indicate that there is a behavioral factor from the health knowledge related to culture that define how to take care of it. Besides this, the experience the disease in question, in particular hemodialysis, be reflected in the biopsychosocial as well as way of life of family members. Finally, realize it is difficult for the individual and family to enjoy the concepts of universality, fairness and integrity from the attention network, impacting negatively on population health. It is expected that research promotes strategies for nursing care directed to the individual / family / culture congruent form community.

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Stewart, Arabella. "The impact of the case law on patient mobility of the European Court of Justice upon the development of EU law and policy in relation to health care." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31095.

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This thesis takes the view that there has been a spillover from internal market integration into the area of health care policy, consistent with the neo-functionalist theory of European integration, in spite of the reluctance of the Member States to relinquish control in this area. This research considers the responses of the EU institutions to the patient mobility judgements and evaluates the legislative and policy initiatives leading from the case law, and influenced by it. It is contended that the impact of the case law has been significantly wider than simply according individuals the right to be reimbursed for cross border treatment. In particular, it is argued that the case law has acted both as a catalyst, and as a justification, for policy development and attempts at legislative action in the field of health care, which seek to go beyond a codification of the case law into other aspects of health care policy. Furthermore, whilst the case law starts from an internal market perspective, an analysis of the relationship between the conditions for access to cross border care contained in the case law on patient mobility and the fundamental right to health care shows a substantial degree of consistency between the two. In conclusion, it is suggested that, in the evolving role of the EU in relation to health care, there are signs of a shift away from the conception of health care as a service within the internal market and towards an approach which recognises an autonomous right to health care.

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Scocco, Therese. "Transnationellt arbete och arbetsmiljöreglering : En studie av EU:s påverkan på den svenska arbetsmiljöregleringen och det nationella manöverutrymmet utifrån fallet med utstationerade arbetare i byggbranschen 1994–2018." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354160.

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Since Sweden joined the European labor market there has been an increase of posted workers, primarily in the construction industry. The aim of this thesis is to study how the EU has affected the Swedish health and safety regulation in the case of posted workers in the construction industry and what room for maneuver there was on the government agency level in the application of the EU-regulations, during the period of 1994–2018. Three research questions are examined: 1) How has the number of posted workers in the construction industry changed? 2) How has the work environment for the posted workers in the construction industry developed? and 3) How has the Swedish Work Environment Authority ap-plied the work environment regulation for posted workers in the construction industry? The results show that there are major gaps in the statistics and enforcement. Most alarmingly, while the posted workers’ share of employment, according to public records, at its highest is around 2 percent, in 2018, their share (together with unregistered foreign workers) of the death accidents in 2008–2017 is much higher, at 14 percent. The EU has weakened the regulation but there have also been hindrances on the national level.

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Haji, Modiri Shima. "Impacts of Living and Working Conditions on the Health of Immigrants : A Comparative Study on Asylum-Seekers in Germany and the Netherlands." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121851.

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During the last several decades, many people, fleeing from disasters or political threats, have applied for asylum in the European countries. Council Directive 2003/9/EC, laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum-seekers, as well as several other directives, have been developed in the EU in order to ensure fair treatment of the asylum-seekers in all the European countries. However, there are huge differences in the national asylum laws of countries and consequently, the way they treat the asylum-seekers. In this research, the national asylum laws of Germany and the Netherlands are studied and compared, showing that though following the Council Directive, fair or equal treatment of asylum-seekers cannot be guaranteed. In the Netherlands asylum-seekers are granted with a great extent of benefits while in Germany, they are greatly discriminated against. Based on the Social Determinants of Health Model, developed by Dahlgren and Whitehead in 1991, the hypothesis is that the asylum seekers in the Netherlands enjoy better health status than the ones in Germany, because based on the Dutch asylum laws, they have better living and working conditions. In order to confirm or negate this hypothesis, a meta-study of available literature on the health status of asylum-seekers has been done. However, the hypothesis could not be confirmed/ negated due to extreme lack of availability of data in this area. By discussing the relationship between life conditions and health of individuals, reviewing current legal instruments regulating asylum in the EU and analyzing the available data on the health status of asylum-seekers, this paper draws the attention to the importance of data and research on these topics and the need for development of practices for collection of such information. Availability of such information can affect future decision and policy makings regarding asylum-seekers and their health and might result in comprehensive reformations in the current national or international legal instruments.

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Perez, Karine Vanessa. ""Se eu tirar o trabalho, sobra um cantinho que a gente foi deixando ali" : clínica de psicodinâmica do trabalho na atividade de docentes no ensino superior privado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70043.

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Cette recherche vise à étudier les questions relatives à la santé mentale et le travail des professeurs, plus spécifiquement liés à l'expérience du plaisir et la souffrance au travail des professeurs dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur (EES) privés. Dans le contexte actuel, on peut voir une expansion considérable des établissements d'enseignement supérieur et, par conséquent, une surcharge de travail qui reflète la santé physique et mentale des professionnels qui travaillent dans ce domaine. Théoriquement, cette recherche est fondée sur des hypothèses que parlent de la santé mentale et le travail dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur privé d'enseignement. Elle est basé théorique et méthodologiquement dans la clinique de la psychodynamique du travail. La méthode qualitative a été utilisée, avec la réalisation d'entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées avec dix-huit professeurs des établissements d'enseignement supérieur privé. L'analyse des résultats a été mis au point avec des hypothèses de la psychodynamique du travail, mettant en évidence des très large journée de travail qui, souvent, envahit la vie à l'extérieur du travail, mettant en évidence leur frais généraux activités demandé, qui, en conséquence, compromet la santé physique et psychologique des enseignants. Pour éviter des souffrances et des maladies psychiques, les enseignants interrogés font usage des stratégies de promotion de la santé, parmi lesquels ont été mis en évidence les stratégies défensives qui favorisent le maintien de l'Organisation du travail et les stratégies qui stimulent la continuité du travail d'enseignement. De cette façon, il a été possible d'identifier ce qui a été le plus gros changement demander: conquête d'un espace pour discuter de questions relatives au travail; la distribution obligatoire de la journée de travail pour être compatible avec le temps de préparation de classes et d'activités scolaires; moins d'heures à travailler dans la salle de classe, afin de permettre le développement d'activités et notamment l'extension de la recherche et la qualification. On peut donc voir que le travail peut être reconnu par leur potentiel constitutive de l'émancipation, de la subjectivité et de l'identité, mais d'autre part lorsqu'il résume la vie des travailleurs, mais s'il n'y aucune expérimentation au-delà du travail, il devient aliénant et causant des souffrances. Cependant travail dans cette étude n'est pas seulement comprise comme le lieu de production de souffrance santé/maladies, mais surtout, l'espace de vie et de socialisation, où la subjectivité est appelée constament de se (re) configurer. Pour un changement dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire d'aller au delà de l'espace physique des IES et d'amener cette discussion sur la souffrance dans le travail de l'enseignement dans d'autres sphères, afin de faire une question d'intérêt public et ainsi construire des stratégies efficaces des politiques pour le bénefice de la santé des professeurs d'université.
Esta pesquisa propõe-se a investigar temáticas referentes à saúde mental e o trabalho de docentes universitários, especificamente relacionadas às vivências de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho de professores universitários em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) privadas. No atual contexto brasileiro, percebe-se uma considerável expansão de Instituições de Ensino Superior e, consequentemente, uma sobrecarga de trabalho o que repercute na saúde física e mental dos profissionais que atuam neste âmbito. Teoricamente esta pesquisa está sedimentada em pressupostos que inter-relacionam a saúde mental e o trabalho docente em IES privadas. Fundamenta-se teórica e metodologicamente na Clínica da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Utilizou-se o método qualitativo, com a realização de entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas com dezoito professores universitários de IES privadas. A análise dos resultados foi desenvolvida a partir dos pressupostos da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, evidenciando uma extensiva jornada de atividades que, com frequência, invade a vida fora do trabalho, revelando a sobrecarga de atividades que lhes é solicitada cotidianamente, o que, como consequência, compromete a saúde física e psíquica dos professores. Para evitar o sofrimento e adoecimento psíquico os docentes entrevistados fazem uso de estratégias que promovam a saúde, dentre elas foram evidenciadas as estratégias defensivas que favorecem a manutenção da organização do trabalho, sendo estas consideradas alienadoras, e as estratégias que estimulam a continuidade do trabalho docente. Dessa forma foi possível identificar as maiores solicitações de mudança neste contexto, sendo elas: conquista de um espaço para discutir as questões do trabalho; a obrigatoriedade da distribuição na jornada de trabalho compatível com o tempo de preparação de aulas e atividades acadêmicas; menor carga horária direcionada ao trabalho em sala de aula, para permitir o desenvolvimento de atividades ligadas a extensão e, especialmente, à pesquisa e à qualificação. Sendo assim, percebe-se que o trabalho pode ser reconhecido por seu potencial emancipador, constituinte da subjetividade e da identidade, mas por outro lado, quando ele resume a vida dos trabalhadores, não havendo experimentações fora, o trabalho torna-se alienante e causador de sofrimento. Entretanto, o trabalho, neste estudo não é entendido apenas como o lugar da produção de sofrimento saúde/adoecimentos, mas sim, e principalmente, o espaço do viver e do conviver, em que a subjetividade é convocada constantemente a se (re) configurar. Para que haja transformação neste contexto é necessário transcender o espaço físico das IES e levar esta discussão sobre o sofrimento no trabalho docente para outras esferas, com o intuito de tornar este problema público, e assim, construir estratégias que implementem de forma eficaz políticas que viabilizem a saúde dos professores universitários.
This research proposes to investigate topics related to mental health and the work of university professors, more specifically related to the experiences of pleasure and pain in the work of university professors in private higher education institutions (HEI). In the current context, there is a considerable expansion of higher education institutions and consequently an work overload which affects the physical and mental health of people who work in this field. Theoretically this research is rooted in assumptions that interact to mental health and the teaching work in private HEI. It is based on theoretical and methodological in the Clinic of Psychodynamics of Work. The qualitative method was used, with the realization of individual semi-structured interviews with eighteen university professors of private HEI. The analysis of the results was developed from the assumptions of the psychodynamics of work, showing an extensive workday, which often, invades the life outside of work, showing the overload of the required daily activities, which results in impaired physical and mental health of teachers. To avoid suffering and psychic illness, the interviewed teachers make use of strategies that promote health, among them were evidenced the defensive strategies that favor the maintenance of work organization, which were more alienated, and strategies that encourage the continuity of teaching. This way it was possible to identify which were the largest change requests in this context, as follows: conquest of space to discuss the issues of work; distribution of workday compatible with the time of preparation of classes and academic activities; lower classroom workload directed to work in the classroom, to allow the development ofactivities related to extension and particularly research and qualification. Thus it is seen that the work can be recognized by its potential emancipator, constituent of subjectivity and identity, but on the other hand when he summarizes the life of the workers, there is no experimentation outside it, the work becomes alienating and causing suffering. However, work in this study is not only understood as the place of production of suffering health/diseases, but more importantly, the living space and socialization, where subjectivity is constantly referred to (re) configure. For any processing in this context it is necessary to transcend the physical space of the HEI and lead this discussion on suffering in the teaching work to other spheres, with the aim of making this public problem and thus build strategies that implement effectively policies that make possible the health of university professors.

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45

Elzbergas, Tadas. "Pacientų teisių gynimo galimybės ir ribos nacionaliniame ir tarptautiniame lygmenyse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060314_103422-40016.

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The author in his essay lays down pretreal and judicial opportunities of protection of patient‘s rights. For comparison there are analysed Lithuanian and British systems of protection of patient‘s rights. Patients suffer certain dificulties inherent only for this category of cases. Only a small number of patients have opportunity to embrace their rights in international level. Patients migrating wthin European Union have opportunity to apply to the Court of Justice of European Communities.

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46

Cisneros, Örnberg Jenny. "The Europeanization of Swedish Alcohol Policy." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för socialvetenskaplig alkohol- och drogforskning (SoRAD), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8411.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to study the Europeanization of Swedish alcohol policy from 1995-2006. It analyses the development of Swedish and European alcohol policy and answers the following research questions: How has alcohol policy developed on the national and the EU level during this period? What are the Swedish alcohol policy initiatives on the EU level? What does the interplay between Swedish and European policy processes look like? Of interest for this dissertation is also how the Swedish view on alcohol policy has been received on EU level. The dissertation comprises four related articles and an introductory chapter. In the articles official documents and interviews are analyzed in the context of the literature on Europeanization, using the concepts framing, narrative and new modes of governance. Article I explores the history of negotiations between Sweden and the EU on the traveller’s allowances question. Article II and III analyse how Swedish authorities, first through research and later through formal policy-making during the Swedish Presidency, tried to reframe alcohol on the EU-level. Finally, the fourth article is a comparative analysis of the Nordic retail monopolies, analyzing how the monopolies have developed and reacted to national and international pressures on their activities. The dissertation shows that Swedish authorities have influenced the EU level by putting alcohol on the agenda, and offered pressure and economic support to make sure that alcohol as a public health question has become and been kept as a prioritized question. This development is, however, nested inside the changing scope and emphasis of the EU. The emergence of a European alcohol policy as a public health-oriented process has been made possible through a new focus on the EU level, with increased cooperation between member states and a trend toward harmonization of policy and frames when it comes to alcohol.

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47

THORSSON, BJÖRN J., and HADY R. SOLIMAN. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle for Power Generation : Utilizing Waste Heat in EU Industries." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282919.

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The industrial sector accounts for approximately 30% of the global total energy consumption and up to 50% of it is lost as waste heat. Recovering that waste heat from industries and utilizing it as an energy source is a sustainable way of generating electricity. Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycles can be integrated with various heat sources including waste heat. Current literature primarily focuses on the cycle’s performance without investigating the economics of the system. This is mainly due to the lack of reliable cost estimates for the cycle components. Recently developed cost scaling models have enabled performing more accurate techno-economic studies on these systems. This enables a shift in focus from plant efficiency to economics as a driver for commercialization of sCO2 technology. This work aims to develop a techno-economic model for these waste-heat-to-power systems. Based on the literature, waste heat from different industries is calculated, showing that the four industries with the greatest potential for waste heat recovery are cement, iron and steel, aluminum and gas compressor stations. Six different sCO2 cycle configurations were developed and simulated for these four industries. The techno-economic model optimizes for the highest Net Present Value (NPV) using an Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. The optimization variables are the pressure levels, split ratios, recuperators effectiveness, condenser temperature and the turbine inlet temperature limited by the heat source. The results show a vast potential for industries to cut down costs using this system. Out of the four industries modeled, a waste heat recovery system in an iron and steel factory yielded the highest NPV. Results show that the integration of sCO2 cycle in the cement industry could help reduce their waste heat by 60%, whilst simultaneously enabling them to cover up to 56% of their electricity demand. The payback period for the four industries varies between 6 to 9 years. Furthermore, simple recuperated sCO2 cycles with preheating are more economical than recompression cycles. Even though recompression cycles have higher thermal efficiency, they are limited by the temperature glide in the waste heat exchanger. This analysis could help investors and engineers take more informed decisions to increase the efficiency and economic return on investment for sCO2 cycles and heat recovery at industrial sites. To encourage adoption of supercritical CO2 cycles, a demo is needed along with more research for higher temperature applications with special attention to mechanical integrity.
Industrisektorn står för cirka 30% av den globala totala energiförbrukningen och upp till 50% av den går förlorad som spillvärme. Återskapa att spillvärme från industrier och använda det som energikälla är ett hållbart sätt att producera el. Superkritiska CO2 (sCO2) cykler kan integreras med olika värmekällor inklusive spillvärme. Nuvarande litteratur fokuserar främst på cykelens prestanda utan att undersöka systemets ekonomi. Detta beror främst på bristen på tillförlitliga kostnadsberäkningar för cykelkomponenterna. Baserat på nyligen utvecklade kostnadsskalningsmodeller är det möjligt att utföra mer exakta teknikekonomiska studier på dessa system. Detta möjliggör en förskjutning i fokus från cykeleffektivitet till ekonomi som drivkraft för kommersialisering av sCO2 teknologi. Detta arbete syftar till att utveckla en teknisk ekonomisk modell för dessa avfall-värme-till-kraftsystem. Baserat på litteraturen beräknas spillvärme från olika industrier, vilket visar att de fyra industrierna med störst potential för återvinning av spillvärme är cement, järn och stål, aluminium och gaskompressorstationer. Sex olika sCO2 konfigurationer utvecklades och simulerades för dessa fyra industrier. Den teknisk-ekonomiska modellen optimerar för det högsta Net Present Value (NPV) med hjälp av en artificiell bi-kolonialgoritm. Optimeringsvariablerna är pressure levels, delade förhållanden, recuperatorseffektivitet, kondensortemperatur och turbininloppstemperaturen begränsad av värmekällan. Resultaten visar en stor potential för industrier att sänka kostnaderna med detta system. Av de fyra modellerna industrin gav ett återvinningssystem i en järn och stålfabrik den högsta NPV. Resultaten visar att integrationen av sCO2 cykeln i cementindustrin kan bidra till att minska deras spillvärme med 60%, samtidigt som de gör det möjligt för dem att täcka upp till 56% av deras elbehov. Återbetalningsperioden för de fyra branscherna varierar mellan 6 till 9 år. Dessutom är simple recuperated sCO2 cykler med förvärmning mer ekonomiska än recompressioncykler. Trots att recompressioncykler har högre termisk effektivitet, begränsas de av temperaturglidningen i spillvärmeväxlaren. Denna analys kan hjälpa investerare och ingenjörer att fatta mer informerade beslut för att öka effektiviteten och ekonomiska avkastningen på investeringar för sCO2 cykler och värmeåtervinning på industriområden. För att uppmuntra antagandet av superkritiska CO2 cykler krävs en demo tillsammans med mer forskning för högre temperaturapplikationer med särskild uppmärksamhet på mekanisk integritet.

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Pham, Ngoc Thanh Tam. "L'offre des soins médicaux dans l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G019.

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Les Etats membres de l’Union européenne sont confrontés à des défis communs de l’offre de soins dont le vieillissement de la population, le déséquilibre entre l’offre et la demande de soins, l’augmentation des coûts des nouvelles technologies médicales. La mobilité des médecins peut être envisagée comme une réponse à ces défis, dans le cadre du droit de libre circulation des travailleurs de l’Union européenne. La thèse étudie la validité de ces réponses à partir d’une typologie des pays qui représente des systèmes de santé idéaux-typiques de l'Union (France, Royaume-Uni, Italie et Roumanie). Si la variable économique (montant de la rémunération) joue un rôle clé dans la migration, elle est ajustée en fonction des caractéristiques de la prestation des soins de santé des modèles d'organisation des systèmes de santé. Prenant acte de la diversité des réponses à ces défis formulées par les pays de l’Union européenne, l’étude propose quelques réflexions à l’amélioration de ces flux migratoires médicaux en s’appuyant sur des éléments clés du droit européen de la santé : droit de liberté de circulation des médecins salariés, de liberté d’établissement et de prestation de services pour les médecins exerçant en libéral, d’équivalence des diplômes et de coordination de différents systèmes de sécurité sociale
European Union member states have faced growing challenges in health care provision, such as: an aging population, an imbalance between supply and demand for care, and the rising cost of new medical technologies. Physician mobility could be a response to these challenges in the context of the right of free movement of workers within the European Union (EU). This thesis examines the validity of these responses from a typology of countries representing ideal-type health systems in the EU (France, UK, Italy and Romania). If economic variable (amount of compensation) plays a key role in the migration, it is adjusted according to the characteristics of the delivery of health care organizational models of health systems. Noting the diverse response of EU member states to these challenges, the study offers some thoughts on improving the medical migration flows based on the following key elements of European health law: right to freedom of movement of salaried physicians, freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services for physicians in private practice, equivalence of diplomas and coordination of various social security systems

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TOGNI, ENRICO. "LA DIMENSIONE RELAZIONALE DEGLI ALIMENTI. INDICAZIONI NUTRIZIONALI E SULLA SALUTE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6536.

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L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di porre in luce la cosiddetta “dimensione relazionale” dell’informazione fornita ai consumatori di alimenti tramite l’etichettatura nutrizionale e salutistica, intesa quale strumento normativo per l’attuazione delle politiche nutrizionali perseguite dall'Unione Europea. Il presente scritto analizza come le funzioni dell’etichettatura alimentare siano mutate durante i decenni, a partire dalla fine degli anni settanta del secolo scorso, quando essa era sì concepita come strumento informativo, ma il cui scopo principale rimaneva tuttavia quello di appianare le varie difformità legislative o regolamentari esistenti tra i vari Stati Membri – potendo queste rappresentare un ostacolo alla creazione di un mercato comune – sino ai giorni nostri, che vedono l’etichetta come una protagonista attiva in seno ad un più ampio programma di politica nutrizionale; più precisamente, attraverso un’adeguata etichettatura alimentare, le istituzioni dell’Unione Europea ambiscono a plasmare le abitudini alimentari dei consumatori, indirizzandoli verso percorsi nutrizionali più salutari. In tale contesto, il Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute fornite sugli alimenti rappresenta un ambizioso e, al tempo stesso, controverso tassello del diritto alimentare europeo, le cui premesse ispiratrici erano indubbiamente lodevoli, ma che è stato vittima, successivamente, di un’attuazione che ha generato notevole scontento ed incertezza sia tra i consumatori che nell'industria, al punto tale che da più parti si nutrono dubbi in merito alla sua efficacia e validità. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ambisce quindi a fornire una profonda analisi del Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute, offrendo una panoramica di esso in chiave storica, sociale, ed economica, imprescindibile al fine di una corretta e completa comprensione delle scelte normative e delle loro implicazioni di mercato. In ossequio a tale intento, in ogni apertura di paragrafo è offerto un inquadramento di taglio storico-normativo, mentre, in conclusione, si tenta di fornire qualche spunto critico da cui potrebbe, o avrebbe potuto, derivare una migliore attuazione del Regolamento. Dopo una breve introduzione, la ricerca entra nel suo vivo attraverso l’analisi di ogni aspetto del Regolamento (CE) n. 1924/2006, soffermandosi, in particolar modo, su quello che è l’aspetto cruciale e problematico relativo alla sua attuazione: il ruolo della scienza e, più precisamente, la valutazione circa la fondatezza scientifica dei claims, procedimento che, in assenza di chiare definizioni normative ed operative, è di fatto rimesso alla discrezionalità interpretativa dell’EFSA, avallata (implicitamente o esplicitamente) dalla Commissione Europea e dalla Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, generando così reazioni critiche tra pratici ed accademici che accusano una illegittima applicazione del principio di precauzione in un ambito che gli è estraneo, vale a dire quello dell’informazione alimentare al consumatore finale. Il lavoro prosegue poi con una riflessione sull'esito finale di un siffatto adagiamento sul processo di validazione scientifica condotto dall’EFSA, che ha ridotto la più parte della conoscenza nutrizionale a poco più di 200 indicazioni sulla salute autorizzate, la cui formulazione letterale, tra l’altro, si dubita assai possa essere agevolmente compresa dal cosiddetto consumatore medio. Inoltre, il Regolamento lascia irrisolti e aperte molti dilemmi e questioni, che devono urgentemente trovare un positivo interessamento al fine di non vanificare gli apprezzabili sforzi di spinta alla ricerca innovativa e di garanzia di una leale ed effettiva concorrenza nell'industria alimentare; il riferimento corre, tra gli altri, ai cosiddetti “claims botanici” ed ai “probiotici”, in relazione ai quali è ad oggi impedito reclamizzare in etichetta un’indicazione salutistica, sull’assunto per cui non è ancora stato raggiunto un livello accettabile di consenso scientifico relativamente alla loro sicurezza d’uso ed efficacia. Di conseguenza, se lo stato dell’arte è connotato da un simile proibizionismo, gli operatori del settore alimentare si trovano nella situazione di dover ricorrere a diverse strategie commerciali, quali l’utilizzo di claims suggestivi che, proposti attraverso messaggi non testuali, come nel caso del food design, si rivelano cionondimeno in grado di veicolare un messaggio salutistico, senza però la soggezione allo stretto rigore scientifico richiesto dall’EFSA. Infine, il presente lavoro, seppur prevalentemente rivolto alla descrizione dello scenario regolativo europeo, non dimentica di fornire una utile prospettiva del tema anche in chiave comparata, spaziando dalle linee guida predisposte dal Codex Alimentarius agli accordi vigenti in ambito OMC applicabili all’etichettatura degli alimenti, alimentando, per l’appunto, perplessità circa la compatibilità del Regolamento (CE) n° 1924/2006 con le obbligazioni gravanti sull’Unione Europea imposte dalla sua appartenenza al WTO.
The topic of the present research is to highlight the relational dimension of the information provided to consumers via food labelling, intended as a legal tool for the implementation of the nutrition policy carried out by the EU institutions since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The present work analyses how the function of food labelling has changed during the decades, since the late Seventies of the past century, when it was merely conceived as a mean of information whose main purpose was the harmonisation of the different national legislations, which could constitute an unnecessary obstacle to the realization of the common internal market, to the most recent days, when food labelling is thought as a tool of active nutrition policy; more precisely, through an adequate labelling, the EU institutions try to shape consumers’ behaviours, driving them toward a healthier eating. In this regulatory scenario, the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on foods is an ambitious and controversial piece of European food law, whose premises were undoubtedly laudable, but which has been during the years (partially) implemented in a manner which has caused much more discontent and confusion among both consumers and manufacturers, so that nowadays many doubts are still arising for what concerns its efficacy and its validity. This research represents a deep analysis of the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims, also taken into consideration from the historical, sociological, and economic perspective, which must be necessarily intertwined for a complete and critical comprehension of the legal framework and its implications for the various stakeholders. For this reason, each paragraph begins with a sort of normative background, and concludes with a critical analysis of the existing situation, providing some hints for a better implementation of the NHCR. After a brief introduction, the core of the research is completely and deeply focused on each and every aspect of the Regulation, with a central part which takes into consideration the very crucial aspect of its partial and problematic ongoing implementation: the role of science and, more precisely, the requirement of the scientific substantiation of the claims, whose assessment is demanded to the EFSA that, in the absence of definitions and clear guidelines on how to conduct such an evaluation, has de facto given its personal interpretation of the normative provisions of the Regulation, on which also the Commission and the European Court of Justice (implicitly or explicitly) rely, causing discontent among operators and legal scholars who see this as an illegitimate application of the precautionary principle to the field of food information, and a possible departure from the traditional categories of the risk assessment, risk management, and legal interpretation. The analysis proceeds then by criticizing the results of the total reliance on the scientific evaluation carried out by the EFSA, which reduced most of the knowledge about nutrition science in few more than 200 approved health claims, whose wording is probably incomprehensible for the average consumer. Moreover, there are also many other open issues in the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims which need to be urgently addressed in order not to vanish the laudable purpose of stimulating innovation and competition in the food sector, namely the botanical claims and probiotics, which are now prevented from bearing health claims on the consideration that a complete scientific consensus about their safety and efficacy has not yet been reached. But if this is the largely prohibitive state of the art, manufacturers are of course encouraged to find different escape routes, one of which is recurring to implied health claims, adopted through non-textual messages, or, to rephrase, through a smart food design, which can convey the same representation of healthiness without being subject to the strict scientific boundaries standardised by the EFSA. In addition, and as a conclusion, the present work, although mainly focused on the European Union regulatory environment, tries to give a comparative view on what the international arena offers on the topic, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission to the various WTO Agreements pertaining to food labelling, instilling doubts about the NHCR compatibility with the obligations that the EU must fulfil in the international trade law relations.

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50

TOGNI, ENRICO. "LA DIMENSIONE RELAZIONALE DEGLI ALIMENTI. INDICAZIONI NUTRIZIONALI E SULLA SALUTE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6536.

Full text

Abstract:

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di porre in luce la cosiddetta “dimensione relazionale” dell’informazione fornita ai consumatori di alimenti tramite l’etichettatura nutrizionale e salutistica, intesa quale strumento normativo per l’attuazione delle politiche nutrizionali perseguite dall'Unione Europea. Il presente scritto analizza come le funzioni dell’etichettatura alimentare siano mutate durante i decenni, a partire dalla fine degli anni settanta del secolo scorso, quando essa era sì concepita come strumento informativo, ma il cui scopo principale rimaneva tuttavia quello di appianare le varie difformità legislative o regolamentari esistenti tra i vari Stati Membri – potendo queste rappresentare un ostacolo alla creazione di un mercato comune – sino ai giorni nostri, che vedono l’etichetta come una protagonista attiva in seno ad un più ampio programma di politica nutrizionale; più precisamente, attraverso un’adeguata etichettatura alimentare, le istituzioni dell’Unione Europea ambiscono a plasmare le abitudini alimentari dei consumatori, indirizzandoli verso percorsi nutrizionali più salutari. In tale contesto, il Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute fornite sugli alimenti rappresenta un ambizioso e, al tempo stesso, controverso tassello del diritto alimentare europeo, le cui premesse ispiratrici erano indubbiamente lodevoli, ma che è stato vittima, successivamente, di un’attuazione che ha generato notevole scontento ed incertezza sia tra i consumatori che nell'industria, al punto tale che da più parti si nutrono dubbi in merito alla sua efficacia e validità. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ambisce quindi a fornire una profonda analisi del Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute, offrendo una panoramica di esso in chiave storica, sociale, ed economica, imprescindibile al fine di una corretta e completa comprensione delle scelte normative e delle loro implicazioni di mercato. In ossequio a tale intento, in ogni apertura di paragrafo è offerto un inquadramento di taglio storico-normativo, mentre, in conclusione, si tenta di fornire qualche spunto critico da cui potrebbe, o avrebbe potuto, derivare una migliore attuazione del Regolamento. Dopo una breve introduzione, la ricerca entra nel suo vivo attraverso l’analisi di ogni aspetto del Regolamento (CE) n. 1924/2006, soffermandosi, in particolar modo, su quello che è l’aspetto cruciale e problematico relativo alla sua attuazione: il ruolo della scienza e, più precisamente, la valutazione circa la fondatezza scientifica dei claims, procedimento che, in assenza di chiare definizioni normative ed operative, è di fatto rimesso alla discrezionalità interpretativa dell’EFSA, avallata (implicitamente o esplicitamente) dalla Commissione Europea e dalla Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, generando così reazioni critiche tra pratici ed accademici che accusano una illegittima applicazione del principio di precauzione in un ambito che gli è estraneo, vale a dire quello dell’informazione alimentare al consumatore finale. Il lavoro prosegue poi con una riflessione sull'esito finale di un siffatto adagiamento sul processo di validazione scientifica condotto dall’EFSA, che ha ridotto la più parte della conoscenza nutrizionale a poco più di 200 indicazioni sulla salute autorizzate, la cui formulazione letterale, tra l’altro, si dubita assai possa essere agevolmente compresa dal cosiddetto consumatore medio. Inoltre, il Regolamento lascia irrisolti e aperte molti dilemmi e questioni, che devono urgentemente trovare un positivo interessamento al fine di non vanificare gli apprezzabili sforzi di spinta alla ricerca innovativa e di garanzia di una leale ed effettiva concorrenza nell'industria alimentare; il riferimento corre, tra gli altri, ai cosiddetti “claims botanici” ed ai “probiotici”, in relazione ai quali è ad oggi impedito reclamizzare in etichetta un’indicazione salutistica, sull’assunto per cui non è ancora stato raggiunto un livello accettabile di consenso scientifico relativamente alla loro sicurezza d’uso ed efficacia. Di conseguenza, se lo stato dell’arte è connotato da un simile proibizionismo, gli operatori del settore alimentare si trovano nella situazione di dover ricorrere a diverse strategie commerciali, quali l’utilizzo di claims suggestivi che, proposti attraverso messaggi non testuali, come nel caso del food design, si rivelano cionondimeno in grado di veicolare un messaggio salutistico, senza però la soggezione allo stretto rigore scientifico richiesto dall’EFSA. Infine, il presente lavoro, seppur prevalentemente rivolto alla descrizione dello scenario regolativo europeo, non dimentica di fornire una utile prospettiva del tema anche in chiave comparata, spaziando dalle linee guida predisposte dal Codex Alimentarius agli accordi vigenti in ambito OMC applicabili all’etichettatura degli alimenti, alimentando, per l’appunto, perplessità circa la compatibilità del Regolamento (CE) n° 1924/2006 con le obbligazioni gravanti sull’Unione Europea imposte dalla sua appartenenza al WTO.
The topic of the present research is to highlight the relational dimension of the information provided to consumers via food labelling, intended as a legal tool for the implementation of the nutrition policy carried out by the EU institutions since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The present work analyses how the function of food labelling has changed during the decades, since the late Seventies of the past century, when it was merely conceived as a mean of information whose main purpose was the harmonisation of the different national legislations, which could constitute an unnecessary obstacle to the realization of the common internal market, to the most recent days, when food labelling is thought as a tool of active nutrition policy; more precisely, through an adequate labelling, the EU institutions try to shape consumers’ behaviours, driving them toward a healthier eating. In this regulatory scenario, the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on foods is an ambitious and controversial piece of European food law, whose premises were undoubtedly laudable, but which has been during the years (partially) implemented in a manner which has caused much more discontent and confusion among both consumers and manufacturers, so that nowadays many doubts are still arising for what concerns its efficacy and its validity. This research represents a deep analysis of the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims, also taken into consideration from the historical, sociological, and economic perspective, which must be necessarily intertwined for a complete and critical comprehension of the legal framework and its implications for the various stakeholders. For this reason, each paragraph begins with a sort of normative background, and concludes with a critical analysis of the existing situation, providing some hints for a better implementation of the NHCR. After a brief introduction, the core of the research is completely and deeply focused on each and every aspect of the Regulation, with a central part which takes into consideration the very crucial aspect of its partial and problematic ongoing implementation: the role of science and, more precisely, the requirement of the scientific substantiation of the claims, whose assessment is demanded to the EFSA that, in the absence of definitions and clear guidelines on how to conduct such an evaluation, has de facto given its personal interpretation of the normative provisions of the Regulation, on which also the Commission and the European Court of Justice (implicitly or explicitly) rely, causing discontent among operators and legal scholars who see this as an illegitimate application of the precautionary principle to the field of food information, and a possible departure from the traditional categories of the risk assessment, risk management, and legal interpretation. The analysis proceeds then by criticizing the results of the total reliance on the scientific evaluation carried out by the EFSA, which reduced most of the knowledge about nutrition science in few more than 200 approved health claims, whose wording is probably incomprehensible for the average consumer. Moreover, there are also many other open issues in the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims which need to be urgently addressed in order not to vanish the laudable purpose of stimulating innovation and competition in the food sector, namely the botanical claims and probiotics, which are now prevented from bearing health claims on the consideration that a complete scientific consensus about their safety and efficacy has not yet been reached. But if this is the largely prohibitive state of the art, manufacturers are of course encouraged to find different escape routes, one of which is recurring to implied health claims, adopted through non-textual messages, or, to rephrase, through a smart food design, which can convey the same representation of healthiness without being subject to the strict scientific boundaries standardised by the EFSA. In addition, and as a conclusion, the present work, although mainly focused on the European Union regulatory environment, tries to give a comparative view on what the international arena offers on the topic, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission to the various WTO Agreements pertaining to food labelling, instilling doubts about the NHCR compatibility with the obligations that the EU must fulfil in the international trade law relations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'HEALTH EU'

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