Relevant bibliographies by topics / HEALTH EU

Academic literature on the topic 'HEALTH EU'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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Lewis, Sara. "EU health council meeting." Lancet 342, no. 8886-8887 (December 1993): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)80108-4.

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van de Pas, Remco, Samantha Battams, and Louise van Schaik. "The EU as a Global Health Actor: Policy Coherence, Health Diplomacy and WHO Reform." European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 4 (December 1, 2014): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014042.

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This article explores the European Union's (EU) role and position on global health, including its role in the World Health Organization (WHO), and the impact of the Lisbon Treaty. Struggles over the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty potentially undermine the EU's ability to speak with one voice and its effectiveness. EU influence is determined by the remit of the EU (defined by competences outlined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU,TFEU), as well as the specific rules and procedures of international institutions. Based on empirical research, we considered the role of the EU in global health, via policy and policy coherence across the EU when it came to health matters (including the WHO reform) and through EU representation within multilateral fora. We conclude that the EU is a significant player in global health. It has established global health policy and played a leadership role in negotiating international health agreements. It has had a coordinated voice at the WHO, whilst being less cohesive in other multilateral health fora. Effectiveness of EU representation at the WHO was affected by a number of factors, including Member State's (MS) trust in EU representation and reluctance to cede competence on health matters, lack of EU flexibility in negotiations, lengthy EU coordination processes, MS vying for influence within the EU, and MS rather than EU engagement in behind the scenes and 'soft power' diplomacy. Vertical and horizontal integration within and across the EU also determined EU influence within international organizations. The Lisbon Treaty also had limited impact due to MS and others' concerns about the EU acting on institutional matters. The results are considered in light of the role that global health plays within foreign policy, the multitude of global health actors and prior theory and research on the EU's role in multilateral governance.
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Dove, Edward S. "EU Health Law & Policy: The Expansion of EU Power in Public Health and Health Care." SCRIPT-ed 17, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2966/scrip.170220.441.

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Richards, T. "EU reshuffle has health potential." BMJ 340, jan20 2 (January 20, 2010): c382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c382.

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Muscat, N. A. "EU cross-border health care and public health." European Journal of Public Health 20, no. 2 (March 20, 2010): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckq018.

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Lilei, Song, and Bian Sai. "China-EU Two-level Cooperation and Challenges on Public Health during the COVID-19." Security science journal 2, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.2.2.9.

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International public health cooperation has always been one of the typical issues of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic ties in the international community. As two important actors in the international community, China and the EU have worked on many transnational public health cooperation projects. The two-level division of the EU's foreign policy competence decided the Cooperation and Challenges on Public Health between China-EU. Cooperation with the EU member states is expanding, the cooperation with the level of the EU started to show up. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, both China and the EU have publicly expressed their support for WHO's anti-pandemic measures. China has actively provided public health aid to Central and Eastern European countries and shared the Anti-COVID-19 experience. In this article, the author reviewed the progress and mechanism of China-EU public health cooperation, discussed how China and the EU have jointly dealt with the pandemic by sharing experience, providing aids, strengthening multilateralism and international cooperation, and building a community with a healthy future for humankind since the outbreak of COVID-19. Facing the COVID-19，China-EU health cooperation should be further strengthened to show the importance of a community with a shared future for humanity.
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Wahner-Roedler, Dietlind L. "Trends in EU Health Care Systems." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 2 (February 2007): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/82.2.254-b.

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Fahy, Nick. "Future EU strategy on health services." Clinical Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.7-1-16.

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Wahner-Roedler, Dietlind L. "Trends in EU Health Care Systems." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 2 (February 2007): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61015-x.

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Rogers, Arthur. "EU reprieve for health-related data." Lancet 345, no. 8965 (June 1995): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90127-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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Nováková, Veronika. "eHealth -- Elektronické zdravotnictví v rámci EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75866.

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This thesis deals with the problems of e-Health in the Czech Republic within the European Union. The thesis is divided into five main parts. The first of them describes the definition and concept of e Health together with other selected topics. It also describes the reasons why e-health needs support. The second part is focused on the computerization of health care and describes the recommendations of the EU standards and documents for support of e-health. The third part describes the state of e-health in selected EU Member States. The fourth part is focuses on e-health in the Czech Republic. The final part suggests possible ways how to solve problems of IZIP project in the Czech Republic to be more useful. The first goal is to analyze the e-Health environment and current trends in this area in the Czech Republic. The goal is to analyze the EU initiative on data interoperability and support from European Union to member states. The third goal is to analyze the situation of e-health in at least three other EU countries (excluding the CR). All the objectives will be achieved by studying available electronic materials issued by the EU, national government agencies, private experience and consultations with professional public. The benefit of this work is the current view of the state of e-Health in the Republic and in selected EU countries, according to available resources. Another benefit is the proposal addressing some of weaknesses IZIP project in the CR, which I chose as the most important representative e-health solution in the country.
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Bengtsson, Fredrik, and Martin Svanberg. "Toothwhit"eu"ning." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19960.

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SyfteAtt utvärdera effekterna och bieffekterna av tandblekningsprodukter innehållande eller utsöndrande av väteperoxid på permanenta tänder hos personer under 18 år. Studien gjordes med tanke på barn som drabbats av missfärgade tänder med ett objektivt och subjektivt behandlingsbehov. Detta i syfte att insamla all nuvarande forskning på området samt ställa detta mot EU-direktiven utfärdade 2012. SökstrategierEn systematisk sökning av litteraturen gjordes i databaserna Medline, Cochrane, Embase och Scopus. Inkluderade artiklar skulle vara på antingen Engelska, Svenska, Danska eller Norska. SelektionskriterierStudierna skulle vara gjorda på personer under 18 år med produkter som innehöll eller utsöndrande väteperoxid. Enbart studier på permanenta tänder inkluderades. Studierna var tvungna att utvärdera positiva och/eller negativa effekter av behandlingen. Blekningen skulle utföras in vivo. Fallrapporter inkluderades enbart i syfte att finna eventuella allvarliga bieffekter. ResultatTotalt identifierades 214 artiklar varav 13 stycken uppfyllde inkluderings- och exkluderings-kriterierna. Fyra studier bedömdes ha låg risk av bias, åtta av medelhög samt en som hög risk av bias. Syftet och studiedesignen varierade mellan de inkluderade studierna. De flesta studierna var utförda på mildare missfärgningar samtidigt som de saknade erforderliga uppföljningstider. SlutsatsDet finns inte tillräckligt med studier gjorda på personer under 18 år som utvärderar effekterna av bleking med väteperoxid på fall med mer omfattande missfärgningar. Ett begränsat antal studier med medelhög risk av bias ger ett visst stöd för blekning med väteperoxid på mildare fall av missfärgningar. Samtidigt rapporterades ett stort antal milda, övergående bieffekter. Tills motsatsen bevisats finns ett etiskt stöd för EU-direktiven etablerade 2012.
AimTo investigate the effects and adverse events of tooth whitening performed on children with permanent teeth by the use of products containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide. This was made considering children affected by objectively and subjectively observed tooth discolorations in purpose to consolidate existing research and compare it to the EU directives established 2012.Search strategiesA systematic search of the literature was conducted using the databases Medline, Cochrane, Embase and Scopus. Only studies published in English, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian were included. Selection criteriaThe selection criteria aimed to include studies performed on patients under the age of 18, using whitening products containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide. The bleaching process had to be performed in vivo on permanent teeth. Case reports were included only to be separately reviewed looking for severe side effects and adverse events.ResultsA total of 214 articles were identified and 13 met the inclusion criteria. Four papers were judged to have a low risk of bias, eight a moderate risk and one a high risk of bias. Most studies were performed on mild discolorations while they lacked in necessary follow-up times.ConclusionThere are not enough studies evaluating the effect of using hydrogen peroxide to bleach more severe discolorations on individuals under 18 years old. A limited number of studies showed some support for bleaching with hydrogen peroxide on mild tooth discolorations. Parallel to this, the included studies demonstrated a high number of mild and transient adverse events. Until proven otherwise, the lack of studies gives some ethical support to the EU-directives established 2012.
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Hysková, Ivana. "Health care expenditure in the EU countries: A panel data approach." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135904.

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This thesis examines the convergence in health care spending in euro area member countries during the period 1995-2010 and the influence of joining euro zone on convergence of health care expenditure. Panel data set covering 17 cross-sectional units (current eurozone member countries) over 15-years time period is examined using the classical approach to convergence. The analyses presented in this thesis provide evidence of sigma-convergence of HCE as a share of GDP. Conditions for sigma-convergence of HCE per capita are not satisfied. As for beta-convergence, the analysis of HCE as a share of GDP confirm the absolute convergence, conditional convergence did not occur. As for HCE per capita, absolute and conditional convergence hypotheses were affirmed. In both cases of absolute convergence, joining the euro area significantly supported convergence of HCE.
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Nixon, John. "Convergence : an analysis of European Union (EU) health care systems, 1960-95." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10814/.

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Gassner, Ulrich M. "Blockchain in EU e-health - blocked by the barrier of data protection?" Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32043.

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Compliance with data protection requirements is always a tricky business and even more intricate when it comes to cutting-edge technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT), better known as Block Chain Technology (BCT). These difficulties increase even more when the personal data concerned is accorded a special level of protection, as is the case with health data. The following article aims to describe and analyze the legal issues associated with this scenario. The focus here is on the European Union's (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 1, which took effect on May 25, 2018. Furthermore, the functionality of BCT and its possible fields of application in healthcare will be outlined.
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Rocha, Luanna dos Santos. "“Eu te benzo, eu te curo”: saberes e práticas de benzedeiras de Maceió-AL." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1495.

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This paper, from exploratory qualitative descriptive approach, aimed to understand the knowledge and practices of traditional healers (benzedeiras) in Maceió city, Alagoas, considering the components of healing and care of such as knowledge and practices , as well as the social role played by these persons in the community and the public health system. The case study are the healers who work in Maceió. Where all the data acquirement was performed through narrative interviews with an analysis of them supported by content analysis , the thematic , which consists of three steps : Pre -analysis , material exploration and processing and interpretation of results . Emerged in the study five central themes , which were described and analyzed (according to benchmarks in the area of health and anthropology) , namely: 1 ) Health and disease : insights and approaches to the world of healers , 2) Cure, Care and Culture: intersections between knowledge and doings of healers; 3) A path to faith: cure and care as a gift, learning, spiritual growth and wisdom; 4) Multiple relationships between healers and the community, and 5) Approaches and differences between traditional healers and the public health system. The main results obtained allowed us to understand the knowledge and practices of healers as a popular expression, meaningful of the cure and care. Through the systematic interview with the healers, we recognize that this study contributes for preservation of a popular practice and include this practices as an important component of the health system.
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O presente trabalho, a partir de abordagem qualitativa descritiva exploratória, buscou compreender os saberes e práticas de benzedeiras no município de Maceió-AL, considerando os componentes de cura e cuidado desses saberes e práticas, bem como o papel social desempenhado por estas em sua relação com a comunidade e com o sistema oficial de saúde. Constituem-se sujeitos do estudo benzedeiras que atuam na cidade de Maceió-AL. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas narrativas, sendo a análise das mesmas respaldada em análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática, a qual consta de três etapas: pré- análise, exploração do material e tratamento e interpretação dos resultados. Emergiram no estudo cinco núcleos temáticos, que foram descritos e analisados (segundo referenciais da área de saúde e antropologia), a saber: 1) Saúde e doença: compreensões e aproximações ao universo das benzedeiras; 2) Cura, cuidado e cultura: interseções entre os saberes e os fazeres das benzedeiras; 3) Um caminho de fé: a benzeção como dom, aprendizado, desenvolvimento espiritual e sabedoria; 4) Múltiplas relações entre as benzedeiras e a comunidade; e 5) Aproximações e distanciamentos entre as benzedeiras e o sistema oficial de saúde. Os resultados alcançados neste estudo permitiram a compreensão dos saberes e práticas das benzedeiras como expressão popular, significativa e singular dos modos de se pensar e fazer saúde. Enquanto registro sistemático das narrativas de benzedeiras sobre seus fazeres e saberes, entendemos que este estudo contribui para a preservação da memória popular e para a construção social de mentalidade que incorpore os saberes e as práticas tradicionais populares de saúde como componentes eficazes do leque de práticas saúde de forma geral.
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Rieder, Clemens M. "Cementing solidarity in EU health care law : the role of rights and the ECJ." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559258.

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In a series of cases over the last 10 years or so the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) has begun to link health care with the principle of free movement of services. In this way health care, a traditional prerogative of the nation state, has become a focal point ofEU integration. One distinctive aspect of public national health care systems is that they are based on solidarity. Therefore any discussion of EU health care also needs to address the rather elusive concept of solidarity. A core question to be discussed in this context is whether it is accurate to assume that the nation state is the largest entity in which robust forms of solidarity are possible. The legal framework, in particular rights, whilst having an important role to play in this discussion can only provide a starting point in the analysis of this question. This thesis argues that the Court has applied consequentialism in its case law which made it easier for Member States to accept the supranational involvement in the sensitive area of health care. It will seek to tease out what might be regarded as Pareto and utilitarian influenced reasoning in the Court's case law which so far has been a crucial factor in developing EU health care law. A consequence of this approach is that it is primarily focused on national solidarity as the basis of EU health care. An alternative conceptual proposition would be deontology. The thesis discusses possible implications of such an approach; one being that supranational solidarity would become more prevalent in EU health care. Therefore it is necessary to study the relationship between the normatively desirable, and the factually possible ('ought' implies 'can'). In answering this question the thesis analyses whether we fmd different motivational factors between the national and the supranationallevel which may serve as an explanation for the fact that so far, the nation state seems to be the biggest entity in terms of robust solidarity.
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Fries, Axel, and Sofia Haraldsson. "Upplevelse av hälsa hos hemlösa EU-migranter från Rumänien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270879.

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Migrationen inom Europeiska Unionen har ökat de senaste åren vilket även har påverkat migrationen till Sverige, hemlösa EU-migranter som ofta är socialt utsatta är idag ett förekommande inslag i stadsbilden. Hälsa kan upplevas på olika sätt och det är viktigt att studera denna grupps upplevelser av hälsa då det finns sparsamt med forskning på området. Studiens syfte var att utforska hur EU-migranter upplever hälsa. En kvalitativ metod har använts där data bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer och kvalitativ innehållsanalys resulterade i tre kategorier; Upplevelser av hälsa, Upplevelser av ohälsa samt Upplevelser av social och ekonomisk utsatthet. Studiedeltagarna upplevde god hälsa främst som avsaknad av sjukdom och som förmåga att arbeta, ohälsa upplevdes främst som känsla av sjukdom, orkeslöshet och smärta. Att lida av psykisk ohälsa upplevdes som värre att drabbas av än fysisk ohälsa. Avsaknad av sjukförsäkring beskrevs av deltagare som att vara utestängd från sjukvården och upplevdes som svårt. Studiens resultat är användbart för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i bemötandet av hemlösa EU-migranter.
Migration within the European Union has increased in recent years, this has also affected the migration to Sweden, homeless EU-migrants who are often socially vulnerable are now an occurring sight in the city. Health can be experienced in different ways and it is important to study this group's experiences of health since few previous studies have focused on this topic. The study's aim was to explore how EU-migrants experience health. A qualitative method has been used where data consisted of semi-structured interviews and content analysis resulted in three categories: Experiences of health, Experiences of illness, and Experiences of social and economic vulnerability. Study participants experienced good health mainly as the absence of disease and the ability to work, illness was perceived primarily as a feeling of disease, fatigue and pain. Suffering from mental illness was perceived as worse than suffering from physical illness. Lack of medical insurance was described by participants as being excluded from healthcare and was perceived as difficult. The study results are useful for health professionals in the caring for homeless EU migrants.
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Křížová, Jana. "Úmrtnost na kardiovaskulární onemocnění v ČR a vybraných zemích EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162887.

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This thesis deals with the problems of cardiovascular diseases in Czech Republic and selected EU countries. Over the long term mortality in the Czech Republic there are changes in mortality rates. Largest fluctuations in the intensity of mortality were caused just cardiovascular diseases. These changes can be explained by the greater part of the changing economic and social factors, eating habits and decrease levels of some risk factors. On overall cardiovascular mortality in the long term the most involved two groups of diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. In international comparisons, the differences in the development of cardiovascular mortality between developed countries and the former socialist countries considerable.
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Majewski, Katarzyna M. "Legitimacy, community and citizenship in the EU, building social citizenship through health care in the European Union." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63335.pdf.

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Books on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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van de Gronden, Johan Willem, Erika Szyszczak, Ulla Neergaard, and Markus Krajewski, eds. Health Care and EU Law. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-728-9.

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Erika, Szyszczak, Neergaard Ulla, Krajewski Markus, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Health Care and EU Law. The Hague, The Netherlands: T.M.C.ASSER PRESS and the author, 2011.

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de Gooijer, Win. Trends in EU Health Care Systems. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32748-8.

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Gooijer, Winfried de. Trends in EU health care system. New York, NY: Springer, 2007.

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Health & nutrition claims: Commentary on the EU health claims regulation. Berlin: Lexxion, 2010.

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European Commission. European Research Area, ed. International cooperation in EU-funded health research. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010.

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Valverde, José Luis. Health fraud and other trends in the EU. [Amsterdam]: IOS Press, 2009.

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Jones, Tom. Health and healthcare in the EU: A financial perspective. London: ACCA, 2001.

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Martin, McKee, ed. EU law and the social character of health care. Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 2002.

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Martin, McKee, Mossialos Elias, and Baeten Rita, eds. The Impact of EU law on health care systems. Brussels: Presses Interuniversitaires Européenes-Peter Lang, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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Peetso, Terje. "Addressing eHealth at the EU Level." In TELe-Health, 115–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28661-7_9.

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Randall, Ed. "The EU and Public Health." In The European Union and Health Policy, 95–134. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333981702_5.

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Randall, Ed. "Health, Information and the EU." In The European Union and Health Policy, 159–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333981702_7.

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Liu, Kai. "EU Law on Health and Safety." In Protection of Health and Safety at the Workplace, 61–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6450-5_4.

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van Herpen, Erica, and Hans C. M. van Trijp. "EU Health Claims: A Consumer Perspective." In Regulating and Managing Food Safety in the EU, 89–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77045-1_5.

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Randall, Ed. "Pharmaceuticals and the EC/EU." In The European Union and Health Policy, 68–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333981702_4.

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van de Gronden, Johan, Erika Szyszczak, Ulla Neergaard, and Markus Krajewski. "Introduction." In Health Care and EU Law, 1–16. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-728-9_1.

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McHale, Jean. "Health Care, the United Kingdom and the Draft Patients’ Rights Directive: One Small Step for Patient Mobility but a Huge Leap for a Reformed NHS?" In Health Care and EU Law, 241–62. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-728-9_10.

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van de Gronden, Johan W. "The Treaty Provisions on Competition and Health Care." In Health Care and EU Law, 265–94. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-728-9_11.

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de Vries, Sybe A. "BUPA; A Healthy Case, in the Light of a Changing Constitutional Setting in Europe?" In Health Care and EU Law, 295–317. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-728-9_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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Trajkovska, Elena. "EU HEALTH POLICIES." In "Social Changes in the Global World". Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ - Штип, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/scgw22215t.

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Misheva, Kristina. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE EU HEALTH POLICY ON THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM REFORMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." In PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF EU LAW. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/6543.

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Trifonova, Silvia. "HEALTH SYSTEMS FINANCING IN THE EU MEMBER STATES." In 5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/1.3/s03.119.

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Korpinen, L., and R. Pääkkönen. "1649b Eu directive 2013/35/eu on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1203.

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Lieck, L. "1539 New eu-osha-approach to quantify exposed worker populations in the eu." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.403.

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Pinciroli, Francesco, Gianluca De Leo, Stefano Bonacina, Beth Garzon, Mauro Giacomini, and Carmelina Ruggiero. "Outlines from EU - US experiences in Personalized Health Informatics." In 2009 6th International Workshop on Wearable Micro and Nanosystems for Personalized Health (pHealth 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phealth.2009.5754838.

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Brendler, T. "EU regulations for herbal products: how do recent changes impact access to the EU market?" In Abstracts of the NHPRS – The 15th Annual Meeting of the Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644971.

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Primorac, Željka. "COVID - 19 AS A “SIGNIFICANT CIRCUMSTANCE” FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN LIFE INSURANCE (IN AND AFTER THE PANDEMIC)." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18311.

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The data on the health status of a policyholder represent a significant circumstance for risk assessment and concluding a life insurance contract, and are also legally relevant circumstances for exercising the rights from that contract. The author starts from a theoretical analysis of the perception of data on the health status of policyholders as personal data, comparing the right to confidentiality of such data with the duty to report them (before concluding a life insurance contract) in terms of reporting all circumstances relevant to the insurance risk assessment. In order to properly fulfil the obligation of pre-contractual nature, the paper analyses the legal norms governing this issue and also provides a comparative overview of the Croatian and German insurance legislation with special emphasis on the scope of health data that the insurer is authorised to require, the clarity of legal standards and legal insurance norms contained in the insurance questionnaires and the life insurance offer. Presenting the importance of COVID-19 infection and possible chronic consequences for human health, the author indicates the extent to which COVID-19 infection (mild or severe form of disease, possible need for hospital treatment) will have an impact on the design of new insurance questionnaires and the relevance of genetic testing results in the context of concluding future life insurance contracts.
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Vasilj, Aleksandra, Biljana Činčurak Erceg, and Aleksandra Perković. "AIR TRANSPORT AND PASSENGER RIGHTS PROTECTION DURING AND AFTER THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18308.

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A pandemic caused by the COVID-19 has caused disorders and enormous damage in all modes of transport. Carriers as well as transport users have faced great challenges of maintaining traffic. Measures and requirements imposed on them were often obscure, imprecise, and the journey itself was uncertain. Passengers were in fear of whether they would be able to reach their destination, but also whether they will succeed in preserving their health. Carriers, on the other hand, have also sought to adapt and provide passengers with safe transport. Nevertheless, the pandemic caused financial collapse of many carriers, landed the world fleet and closed many airports. Various legal instruments related to the protection of public health are applied in air transport, and they have been adopted within the framework of the World Health Organisation (WHO), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which will be presented in the paper. Various epidemiological measures related to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic have been prescribed in air transport, applicable during the journey, which have certain specifics in relation to other modes of transport. The paper will present epidemiological measures as well as the procedure applied when there is a passenger on the flight who shows symptoms of an infectious disease, and new procedures related to transport of goods. It will also address the obligation to complete certain forms and provide various information as well as the obligation to compensate costs for cancelled flights. There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has a significant economic impact on air transport, and efforts will be made to present measures and provide forecasts for the recovery of air traffic in the period that follows. The paper will also address the question as to whether existing legislation and measures are appropriate, whether relevant international organisations have taken prompt measures to protect and ensure air transport during the pandemic, and whether sufficient measures have been taken to protect the health of passengers on the flight.
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Vitez Pandžić, Marijeta, and Jasmin Kovačević. "REGULATORY SYSTEMS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18360.

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The European Union (EU) actively responded to the pandemic and the consequences of the pandemic in different areas of human activity (health, economic, social, etc.) adopting a series of regulations, measures and guidelines in different fields. EU member states acted in accordance with EU regulations and within their own legal system and the management structures. The aim of this paper was to analyze ten selected EU member states and their regulatory responses in the approach to pandemic control in relation to the mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. The following hypothesis was set: The regulatory systems and management structures of selected EU member states in the framework of the management of the COVID-19 pandemic have been successfully set up and implemented and have contributed to the lower mortality rate per million inhabitants until January 15, 2021. Ten EU countries were selected for the study according to their mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. Besides Croatia (average mortality), research included three member states with high (Belgium, Slovenia, Czechia), three with average (Hungary, Austria, Slovakia) and three with low mortality rate per million inhabitants (Ireland, Denmark, Finland). All available data from EU and ten selected countries were collected and analysed: about legal framework for crisis management, regulatory powers, level of decentralization in the health care system and whether the timeline of the pandemic control criteria according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) was adequately set. Data were analysed in Microsoft Office Excel. Given the obtained results, hypothesis can be considered only partially proven. The legal framework used by studied EU countries for adopting pandemic control measures was not consistently associated with morality rate in this research. All studied EU countries used legal framework that existed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, four of them had states of emergency provided in the Constitution (Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia and Finland), four of them effectively declared statutory regimes (Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia), and Belgium adopted pandemic control measures using special legislative powers. Three studied countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland) had high level of decentralised decision making in health sector and lower COVID-19 mortality rate. In the first pandemic wave (start in March, 2020) all studied countries respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures according to the IHME criteria. In the second pandemic wave (start in October, 2020) only four countries (Czechia, Ireland, Denmark, Finland) respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures and three (Ireland, Denmark, Finland) were in low mortality group. Within the concluding considerations of the studied countries and in their pandemic management models, Finland and Denmark were recognised as the most successful with lowest COVID-19 mortality rates. Long tradition of Public Health, decentralized health care decision-making, high level of preparedness in crisis management and adequate timeline in implementation of the pandemic control measures led to lower mortality in COVID-19 pandemic. In the future EU could take even more active role within its legal powers and propose scientific based approach in crisis management to help countries implement measures to preserve lives of EU citizens.
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Reports on the topic "HEALTH EU"

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Randall, Luke. - EU Harmonised Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in E. coli from Retail Meats in UK (2020 - Year 6, chicken). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.phi798.

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In accordance with European Directive 2003/99/EC on the monitoring of bacteria that can pass from animals to humans and cause disease, Member States are obliged to ensure that procedures are in place to monitor and report on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in such bacteria. The UK continued to be subject to EU rules during the transition period up to the end of December 2020. The requirements state that 300 retail chicken meats should be tested by culture for the bacterium Escherichia coli. E. coli bacteria are a normal part of the gut flora of mammals and as such can be useful “indicators” of AMR in gut bacteria. Whilst some strains of E. coli can cause disease, most strains of E. coli do not cause observable disease in healthy animals and humans. Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK, which has led to both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window)and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP)
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Papastergiou, Vasilis. Detention as the Default: How Greece, with the support of the EU, is generalizing administrative detention of migrants. Oxfam, Greek Council for Refugees, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8250.

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Putting migrants and asylum seekers into detention for administrative reasons is a common practice in Greece, despite this policy contravening human rights. Greek authorities are using detention and the new EU-funded closed compounds as a way to discourage people from seeking asylum in Europe. Detention, as outlined in Greek law, should only be used as a final resort and only then in specific instances. Detention carries with it not only a financial cost, but also a considerable moral cost. Detention without just cause violates basic human rights, such as freedom of movement, the right to health and the right to family life. Alternatives to detention exist and must be prioritized.
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Wakefield, Benjamin. Opportunities for the European Union to Strengthen Biosecurity in Africa. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hbpq5439.

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The European Union (EU) has a long history of commitment to improving biological security and supporting multilateral approaches to arms controls and non-proliferation. It has supported various biosecurity programmes in recent years and continues to increase its financial support towards these, with a focus on the universalization of the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. More recently, through Council Decision 2021/2072/ CFSP, the EU has committed even further to strengthening biosafety and biosecurity capabilities in Africa, with more meaningful collaboration and an increase in the local and regional ownership of projects. This provides an opportunity for the EU to continue to broaden its approach and improve coordination with international partners. In particular focus is the newly formed European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), as it develops its international activities. However, there is still a demonstrated need to strengthen biosecurity-related capacities and capabilities across Africa. This paper highlights the significant opportunities for EU engagement and coordination with international initiatives, such as the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) Biosafety and Biosecurity Initiative (BBI) 2021–2025 Strategic Plan and the Global Partnership Signature Initiative to Mitigate Biological Threats in Africa.
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Jagger, Carol. EU and UK targets for healthy life expectancy – are they achievable? Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.deb01.

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Uzelac, Sarah. Incoherent at Heart: The EU’s economic and migration policies towards North Africa. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6805.

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Pre-pandemic, EU policies towards North Africa, especially Tunisia and Morocco, focused on two main paradigms: trade liberalization and the minimization of both regular and irregular migration. These agendas were incoherent and had overwhelmingly negative implications for the livelihoods and employment opportunities within the EU for the most vulnerable people in the Maghreb. As the coronavirus impacts continue to wreak havoc on world economies, any future negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) ought to be geared towards supporting fair and inclusive recovery in North Africa based on reducing inequality and promoting shared prosperity and development.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Reiter, Patrick, Hannes Poier, Christian Holter, Sabine Putz, Werner Doll, Maria Moser, Bernhard Gerardts, and Anna Provasnek. Business Models of Solar Thermal and Hybrid Technologies. IEA SHC Task 55, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0002.

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District Heating required annually 600 TWh in the European Union and represents more than 10% of the EUs heat demand. Fossil fuels are the major source for heat production. Approximately 5000 district heating grids in the EU are operated by burning fossil fuels valued at € 18 billion (600 TWh) and emitting more than 150 million tons of CO2 emissions every year.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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