Relevant bibliographies by topics / Health equity issue

Academic literature on the topic 'Health equity issue'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Stewart, Miriam J., Wendy Austin, and Vera Caine. "Editors' Introduction – Special Issue: Health Equity." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 11, no. 2 (April 2012): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100205.

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Alleyne, George A. O. "Health and Human Rights: The Equity Issue." Health and Human Rights 2, no. 3 (1997): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065155.

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Veinot, Tiffany C., Jessica S. Ancker, and Suzanne Bakken. "Health informatics and health equity: improving our reach and impact." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, no. 8-9 (August 1, 2019): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz132.

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Abstract Health informatics studies the use of information technology to improve human health. As informaticists, we seek to reduce the gaps between current healthcare practices and our societal goals for better health and healthcare quality, safety, or cost. It is time to recognize health equity as one of these societal goals—a point underscored by this Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Special Focus Issue, “Health Informatics and Health Equity: Improving our Reach and Impact.” This Special Issue highlights health informatics research that focuses on marginalized and underserved groups, health disparities, and health equity. In particular, this Special Issue intentionally showcases high-quality research and professional experiences that encompass a broad range of subdisciplines, methods, marginalized populations, and approaches to disparities. Building on this variety of submissions and other recent developments, we highlight contents of the Special Issue and offer an assessment of the state of research at the intersection of health informatics and health equity.
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Braveman, Paula A., Shiriki Kumanyika, Jonathan Fielding, Thomas LaVeist, Luisa N. Borrell, Ron Manderscheid, and Adewale Troutman. "Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue Is Justice." American Journal of Public Health 101, S1 (December 2011): S149—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2010.300062.

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Walter-McCabe, Heather, and Alexander Chen. "EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION: Transgender Health Equity and the Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 50, no. 3 (2022): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.83.

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AbstractThe sheer gamut of issues impacting transgender health equity may seem overwhelming. This article seeks to introduce readers to the breadth of topics addressed in this symposium edition, exemplifying that transgender health equity is a global issue that demands an interdisciplinary approach.
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STARFIELD, B. "Is equity a scientific issue?" Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 54, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.5.324.

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Pappas, Gregory, and Nancy Moss. "Health for All in the Twenty-First Century, World Health Organization Renewal, and Equity in Health: A Commentary." International Journal of Health Services 31, no. 3 (July 2001): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/31ay-78ap-jaul-bd61.

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Health for All in the Twenty-first Century is the document presenting the global health policy adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, which reaffirms and updates the vision of Alma-Ata. This article provides a synopsis of the document and a commentary, concentrating on the issue of equity, which is central to WHO policy, and discussing cultural differences that underpin the notion of equity. The meaning of “equity” implies measurement, and the authors develop an approach to definitions of social strata and data issues that are used to quantify health differences. Finally, they discuss the way in which policies invoking equity are implemented into programs and present a rights-based approach as a case study of one way in which policy is being translated into action.
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Logan, Stuart. "Research and Equity in Child Health." Pediatrics 112, Supplement_3 (September 1, 2003): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.s3.759.

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The Issue. In this article, I address 3 questions about research in the area of health inequities for children: why continue to do research, where should research efforts focus, and how best can we facilitate the development of research in the area of health equity? I was prompted to consider these issues by colleagues who think that doing research into child health inequalities is a waste of time. They say that not because they come from a right-wing perspective; on the contrary, they say, “Listen, we know about this stuff, why don’t you just get on and do something about it and stop worrying about the research?” Therefore, we must rethink the relevance of the why and the what before we consider the how.
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Kasule, Omar Hasan K. "Health insurance and the ethical issue of equity." Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2012.10.003.

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MOONEY, GAVIN. "Is it not time for health economists to rethink equity and access?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 4, no. 2 (April 2009): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109004848.

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AbstractThis article considers two key issues in health economics regarding the question of equity. First, why have health economists not resolved better the issue of what are equity and access? Second, the paper draws attention to the relative lack of analyses of equity concerns outside of health care. The question of whose values should prevail in equity is also addressed. On the first issue, there is an obsession with quantification in economics with the result that in analysing equity, in practice often ‘use’ has been substituted for ‘access’. The problem of defining access has thereby been by-passed. This has taken the pressure off trying to research access per se. Second, what is meant by equity and access are in part culturally determined. The continued efforts of health economists to treat equity as some universal construct are misplaced. The lack of effort on the part of health economists to look at equity more broadly than health care equity is concerning. Certainly, to be pursued in practice, equity in both health and health care need a shift in resources, which will be opposed by those who exercise power over decision making in health care and in society more generally. Currently health economists’ analyses say all too little about power and property rights in health care and in society. It is argued that the relevant citizens or communities which a health service serves are best placed to judge the access barriers they face and their relative heights. A useful definition of equity established by a citizens’ jury in Perth, Australia is used to exemplify this point. It is concluded that the often all too simplistic equity goals adopted in health economics (and sometimes public health discourse) need to be challenged. For health economists, there is a need for more of us to get involved in the issues around inequalities, class and power and the impact of these on health.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Markova, Nora Konstantinova. "Addressing the issue of equity in health care provision during the transition period in Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d9232e82-20fb-4087-a8e7-0aab500b1de3.

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The collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989-1990 heralded the beginning of an economic transition from central planning to market economies. The subsequent period was marked by malfunctioning of these countries’ social sectors, including their health care systems, raising serious issues of equity. This thesis examines the impact of the transition period and the introduction of social insurance on equity in health care provision in Bulgaria. Equity in health care is investigated with respect to function - i.e. financing (according to ability to pay) and delivery (according to need) - and outcomes - i.e. health status, income inequality and poverty. Differences in health, health care financing and delivery are explored by income, education, ethnic, employment, marital status, age and sex groups. Furthermore, the thesis outlines the impact of health care provision, in particular social insurance, on poverty and health inequalities. The thesis employs empirical analysis based on household data. Its methodology includes concentration and decomposition analysis, and provides new ways of modelling health care financing and delivery, as well as the link between health and health care delivery. The thesis concludes that social insurance does not provide a uniform means of improving equity and that the root cause of the problem lies in the large proportion of out-of-pocket payments and the rather limited size of the health insurance sector. Inequity in health care provision leads to poverty and untreated illness. The data suggests that there are differences between socio-economic groups as regards their likelihood to seek treatment for their ill health, which result in differences in their health status. The social factors that have impacted the most on health are low education and low income.
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Muloshi, Flora Chitalu. "The resource allocation process in the health sector in Zambia and issues of equity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7926.

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Bibliography : leaves 102-109.
This research project was undertaken to identify the factors that are cons!dered in the formula for allocating resources in the health sector in Zambia as compared to those ones identified in international literature some of which are: population size, demographic composition of population, morbidity/mortality profile, and the socioeconomic status of population.
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Markova, Nora. "Addressing the issue of equity in health care provision during the transition period in Bulgaria /." 2008. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d9232e82-20fb-4087-a8e7-0aab500b1de3.

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CHEN, TZU-CHUN, and 陳慈純. "Equity Issues Raised by Out-of-pocket Expenses under Taiwan’s National Health Insurance." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ht2cf3.

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博士
國立暨南國際大學
新興產業策略與發展博士學位學程
107
Abstract Out-of-pocket medical costs are one of the important indicators weighing health care financial policy, this article discusses the difference of out -of-pocket (OOP) expenditure between different income classes (socioeconomic status, SES) under national health insurance (NHI) system. Based on the actual amount of medical expenses in medical institutions, the survey method shall be more accurate and low- cost in comparison to the household income and expenditure survey. The data of 4,535 questionnaires were collected, among which 2,256(49.7%) were the observation objects of influencing factors for the analysis of outpatient costs. Medical utilization cost over the past year for 2,279(50.3%) persons was utilization cost, classified as the observed object of influencing factors of hospitalization expenses. The three-part model is applied to analyze the influencing factors of medical expenses. The higher the family income is, the more the out-of-pocket medical expenses will be. For every NT$1,000 yuan increase in annual income, the annual average out-of-pocket expenses will be $742 more. For every 1 year increase in age, the average out-of-pocket medical expenses increased by $89. Men pay an average of $1,586 more per year than woman. The higher the score of physical health score (PCS) is, the better the physiologic health status will be. For each additional point of PCS calculated by the three-part model, the OOP will pay $385 less in a year on average. The higher the education level is, the more the average out-of-pocket medical expenses are. For each additional year of education, the average annual less payment is $134. Participants who had complementary insurance paid an average of $1,108 a year more than those who did not. This study found that the higher the income, the more out-of-pocket medical expenses, income levels and changes in financial burden may affect the equity of accepting the medical service if the high-income groups' out-of-pocket payment of medical services is "necessary," implied low income to buy less out-of-pocket medical may affect health status. On the contrary, it is "unnecessary" to choose to purchase medical services due to the ability to pay, and disputes may occur over the risk of ostracizing medical resources of the disadvantaged minority. This paper aims to analyze the impact of Social Economic Status (SES) on out-of- pocket (OOP) medical expenses under Taiwan's national health insurance system. Path analysis model was used to explore whether socioeconomic status had mediating effects on people's financial burden of using health services through "physical health score (PCS)", "mental health score (MCS)" and "pay ability". According to the total marginal effect, high socioeconomic status is $3,721 more per person than low socioeconomic status. However, the indirect effect of socioeconomic status on out-of-pocket costs through physical health is that the upper classes pay an average of $385 per person per year less than the lower classes. Socio-economic states have an indirect effect on out-of-pocket costs through mental health. The upper classes pay an average of $75 per person per year less than the lower classes. Socioeconomic status has an indirect effect on out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses through the ability to pay, with the upper classes paying an average of $516 per person per year more than the lower classes. Although the social and economic status positively affects the physical and mental health status and the ability to pay, the upper-class social and economic status still bears high out-of-pocket medical expenses, which can be inferred that the social and economic disadvantaged groups under the national health insurance system do not bear more inequality because of the health disadvantaged. Financial burden in the Taiwan national health insurance system roughly conforms to the principle of fairness, although in a low social status and health status of poor population burden more part of pay medical treatment fee, because of its degree of burden in low socioeconomic status people acceptable range, can be concluded as a result, this result is that out-of-pocket payments was progressive proportion base on national health insurance in Taiwan. But, it does not directly prove the efficiency of Taiwan's health care system as a positive side. Since there is still no sound classification medical in Taiwan so far, levels of care and referral system in Taiwan so far. However, this result cannot directly prove that the efficiency of Taiwan's health care system is positive because Taiwan still does not have a sound hierarchical medical treatment and referral system. Are socially and economically disadvantaged people receiving equal health care for the same health needs because of their poor ability to pay? Are medical resources being used as they should be or are they being curtailed because of financial barriers? More empirical evidence is needed to answer these questions.
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Mswela, Mphoeng Maureen. "A selection of legal issues relating to persons living with albinism." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21640.

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Despite the fact that albinism affects several South Africans, it is a condition that remains deeply misunderstood. Albinism is steeped in myth and false notions, and is perceived by many as a curse and contamination. For years, persons living with albinism have been treated with doubt and suspicion. Also in schools and in the wider community, children with albinism are subjected to violence and ridicule. In certain areas on the African continent, including Southern Africa, persons living with albinism are killed for the trade in body parts for use as sacramental medicines, or sexually assaulted as a result of the belief that raping them may offer a cure for HIV/AIDS. All of this highlights the extreme vulnerability of persons living with albinism, not to mention the many violations of their fundamental rights that follow from the manner in which they are treated. Within the social context that frames the experience of persons living with albinism, the primary purpose of this study is to highlight some of the pertinent challenges faced by persons living with albinism in South Africa which compromise the full enjoyment of their fundamental rights as enshrined in the South African Constitution. The thesis makes a number of practical recommendations that will assist in promoting the legal position of this vulnerable group, while also contributing to a better understanding of albinism in general which will ultimately change negative perceptions and debunk the myths surrounding the condition.
Jurisprudence
LL. D.
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Books on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Indian Association of Social Sciences in Health. National Conference. Health, equity, and human rights: Perspectives and issues. Edited by Prakasam C. P. [Mumbai]: Indian Association for Social Sciences and Health, 2010.

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P, Prakasam C., ed. Health, equity, and human rights: Perspectives and issues. [Mumbai]: Indian Association for Social Sciences and Health, 2010.

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Sylvia, Tilford, and Tones Keith, eds. Health promotion: Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. 3rd ed. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes, 2001.

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Impact of hazardous waste on human health: Hazard, health effects, equity, and communication issues. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1999.

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Harkin, Anna May. Equity of access to health services: Some relevant issues in an Irish context. Ireland: Institute of Public Health in Ireland, 2001.

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Rousseau, Nikki. Primary health care in rural areas, issues of equity and resource management: A literature review. Newcastle: University of Newcastle,Centre for Health Services Research, 1994.

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Racialized migrant women in Canada: Essays on health, violence and equity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.

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Institute of Policy Studies (Colombo, Sri Lanka), ed. Private hospital health care delivery in Sri Lanka: Some issues on equity, fairness, and regulation. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, 2013.

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1945-, Bywaters Paul, and McLeod Eileen, eds. Working for equality in health. London: New York, 1996.

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Daniels, Norman. Just health: Meeting health needs fairly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Thompson, Lindsay J. "The Boys Under My Deck: Racialized Violence and Moral Repair." In Public Health Ethics Analysis, 47–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92080-7_4.

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AbstractData on youth violence show that youth homicide rates have increased in many parts of the world. Vigorously embracing social determinants and promoting health equity as the most effective approach to achieving health policy goals, the global public health community has nevertheless been ineffectual in saving thousands of young lives cut short violence. In the United States, the American Public Health Association has long considered violence to be a public health issue, but only recently acknowledged racism as a factor in violence. Despite a half-century of explicitly legal racial equality, the white majority in the United States have yet to create a normative critical mass of inclusive, equitable social practices to dismantle the legacy of structural racism created by their forebears. This narrative draws from Margaret Urban Walker as a response to the dilemma of white inaction by focusing on moral repair as an intentional social engagement practice to redress the legacy and practice of structural racism and racialized violence. Moral repair is especially applicable to structural racism because it acknowledges the underpinnings of wrongdoing in healing fractured societal relationships.
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Burnett, Camille. "Health Equity and Critical Health Issues." In Justice in Health, 89–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18504-5_4.

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Dawes, Daniel E. "Health Reform: A Bridge to Health Equity." In Issues in Clinical Child Psychology, 35–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7456-2_4.

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Giacomini, Mita, and Jeremiah Hurley. "Issues in Evaluating Equity." In Health Promotion Evaluation Practices in the Americas, 285–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79733-5_16.

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Sadana, Ritu, Suman Budhwani, Erik Blas, Ana Posarac, Theadora Koller, and Guillermo Paraje. "Healthy Ageing and Health Equity: Broader Determinants of Health with a Spotlight on Climate Change." In Practical Issues in Geriatrics, 169–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96529-1_18.

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Lester, Jessica Nina, and Michelle O’Reilly. "Mental Health, Autism, and Issues of Inequality and Resources." In Education, Equity, Economy, 95–129. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2134-7_6.

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Mabuza, Mbuso Precious. "Adolescents, Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH) and Equity." In Evaluating International Public Health Issues, 255–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9787-5_6.

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Mabuza, Mbuso Precious. "Disease Control and the Promotion of Public Health Equity." In Evaluating International Public Health Issues, 105–254. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9787-5_5.

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Riley, Liam, and Jonathan Crush. "Introduction: African Secondary City Food Systems in Context." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_1.

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AbstractCountries across Africa are rapidly transitioning from rural to urban societies. The UN projects that 60% of people living in Africa will be in urban areas by 2050, with the urban population on the continent tripling over the next 50 years. The challenge of building inclusive and sustainable cities in the context of rapid urbanization is arguably the critical development issue of the twenty-first century and creating food secure cities is key to promoting health, prosperity, equity, and ecological sustainability. The expansion of Africa’s urban population is taking place largely in secondary cities. These are broadly defined as cities with fewer than half a million people that are not national political or economic centres. The implications of secondary urbanization have recently been described by the Cities Alliance as “a real knowledge gap,” requiring much additional research not least because it poses new intellectual challenges for academic researchers and governance challenges for policymakers. International researchers coming from multiple points of view, including food studies, urban studies, and sustainability studies, are starting to heed the call for further research into the implications for food security of rapidly growing secondary cities in Africa.
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Camerino, Donatella. "Gender Differences in Safety, Health and Work/Family Interference—Promoting Equity." In Social and Family Issues in Shift Work and Non Standard Working Hours, 153–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42286-2_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Pingle, Shyam. "65 Basic occupational health: a key issue for achieving health equity in india." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.902.

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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.

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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Garikapati, Kyvalya, Khushi Shaw, Ankita Shaw, and Anuradha Yarlagadda. "Digital Society Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Issues of Legal Ethical and Economical Sustainability." In 2nd International Conference on Sustainability and Equity (ICSE-2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsseh.k.220105.016.

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Engel, Joachim, Achim Schiller, Daniel Frischemeier, and Rolf Biehler. "Statistics education and monitoring progress towards civil rights." In Promoting Understanding of Statistics about Society. International Association for Statistical Education, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.16102.

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Monitoring societal progress towards respect of civil, economic, social and cultural human rights is mainly about analyzing trends in mass phenomena that may contradict the purposes and visions of an open society which promises equity and fairness to all its members. To assess these trends requires statistical knowledge and understanding of multivariate phenomena. For educators, these topics address issues beyond teaching technical skills for analyzing data and concern matters of value clarification, understanding and embracing the principles of human equality and dignity - topics that address the mind and the heart. Moreover, students experience statistical analyses playing a role in understanding pressing social and political issues of our time. Exemplified by data from the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights and by a large multivariate data set on racial bias in European football we discuss potentials and implications of taking this topic to the classroom.
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Bi, Wenjuan. "Getting to Action on Issues of Gender Equality in China: From Participatory Training to Government Officials’ Participating in Change Behavior." In 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-2.

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Janay, Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Bülent Kılıç. "The World Bank and its Roles toward Health: Common Criticisms." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.053.

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The World Bank (WB) was established in 1944 for the purpose of issuing long-term loans to governments for reconstruction and economic development following the Second World War (1). Over the time perspectives on development have changed dramatically. In particular, the WB’s focus began to shift to investments in health, energy, telecommunication, transport and infrastructure to earn more profit. In the field of health, the WB has focused on three areas, especially in developing countries: health, nutrition, and population. WB now has a more sophisticated view of well-being, living standards, and poverty and is committing more than 1 billion USD annually for new health projects. (2). The WB’s roles include financing, provision of information, surveillance, technical assistance and training and policy advice (3). The WB has achieved some gains in the fight against poverty. Reducing poverty focuses in part encompassing policies to promote equality but inequalities are still increasing all over the World, especially in the developing countries (4). However, the WB has faced a lot of critiques related to health. Some critiques related to health sector polices and say the bank's conditions on borrowing countries emphasize privatization and public sector contraction. This involved reducing government expenditures (in some cases for health) which have deleterious health effects (2). Other critiques related to the way of raising funds called a user charge for using public sector health services and point to evidence showing that user charges result in a decline in the uptake of services, especially among the people who are most socioeconomically deprived. The bank is also criticized for introducing DALYs to global health assessments. Critics point out that the introduction of DALYs was not based on sound methodology and that the underlying assumptions for their usefulness are weak (2, 5). Finally, the WB is also accused of bribing or conniving top government officials in the developing countries where it projects (6). There is a need for strengthening across the WB in several areas. A critical area is for the WB to strengthen its ability to work on multi-stakeholder solutions through engagement with the public sector, private sector, and citizens, and support primarily the public sector for health services. Similarly, about half of low-income countries are classified as fragile and conflict-affected, posing particular challenges. Furthermore, progress in fighting against poverty and sharing prosperity is accompanied by rising inequality in many countries. So, the WB should increase its efforts to address these issues (4). Introducing evidence into policy making is also a key issue to be strengthened for the future (5). It is also needed to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation methods in the countries.
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Rupšienė, Liudmila, Milda Ratkevičienė, and Regina Saveljeva. "Towards the Equality of People with Disabilities in the Health System: The Preparedness of Health Workers to Work with People with Hearing, Visual, Movement and Mental Disabilities." In 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.28.

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Even though the recent decades have witnessed extensive attempts around the world to ensure the equality of people with disabilities in the health system, it has not been achieved yet. To some extent, the problem is related to the education of health workers to work with people with disabilities. In order to gain more understanding in this regard, this paper focuses on the preparedness of health workers to work with people with hearing, visual, movement and mental disabilities: Is there a link between the studies of the health care workers in higher schools and their preparedness to deal with the specific problems that arise when working with people with hearing, visual, movement and mental disabilities? How does a specific subject / module on working with people with disabilities relate to the preparedness of health workers to address these specific issues? How is it related to the integrated preparation during the study years to work with people with disabilities? A survey of 664 health workers (doctors, nurses, kinesiotherapists, and social workers) working in Lithuania has been conducted. The research revealed that a number of health workers were not properly prepared in higher schools to work with people with hearing, visual, movement and mental disabilities. The research has also revealed that while studying a specific subject / module about working with people with disabilities or studying it in an integrated way across a variety of study activities, health professionals become better prepared to deal with the specific problems of working with people with hearing, visual, movement and mental disabilities. The results of the study suggest the necessity to pay more attention to the particularity of working with people with disabilities in health workers education, so that they are more prepared to work with people with hearing, visual, movement and mental disabilities and ensure more equality and non-discrimination in the healthcare system.
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Islam, Mazharul, A. K. M. Sadrul Islam, and M. Ruhul Amin. "Small-Scale Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems for the Remote Communities of the Developing Countries." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50068.

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About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.
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Engel, Joachim. "Statistics education and human rights monitoring." In Statistics education for Progress: Youth and Official Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.13901.

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The paper discusses the role of statistical knowledge for promoting and monitoring human rights. It is based on the assumption that skills to understand and analyze trends in quantitative data are needed to evaluate situations involving civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. For educators, the topic of human rights and statistics involves issues of value clarification, understanding and embracing the principles of human equality and dignity as well as skills for analyzing situations in human rights terms - topics that address the mind and the heart. Moreover, it lets students experience that statistical analyses play a role in understanding the pressing social and political issues of our time.
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Parnell, Roderic. "Applying Sustainability Knowledge and Skills to Post-COVID Challenges." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.51.

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The term “wicked problems” describes urgent challenges that are ill-defined, dynamic, complex, public, and often intractable. They stem from interconnected economic, social and environmental problems. Sustainability professionals take a transdisciplinary approach to creating a more sustainable society when dealing with wicked problems like climate change, water policy, resource management, biodiversity, and sustainable development. As society adapts to the complexities of a postCOVID world, it has become increasingly important to incorporate broader perspectives in decision-making. With the many interconnected issues of health, economics, and politics left in the wake of COVID-19, the business community must examine the role of corporate responsibility in addressing these problems. Business can look to the field of sustainability science for tools to help with this. Sustainability is oriented toward problem-solving on a variety of scales, from entrepreneurial niche innovation to global accords. Sustainability expertise will tackle wicked problems evolving in the post-COVID-19 economy - the flow of raw materials through the economy and the development of social resources to address issues of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. Sustainability skills can be used to more efficiently acquire and use raw materials through the improved application of circular economy principles. Examples include how to use blockchain technology to create a more effective supply chain. Sustainability science also emphasises interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. These skills improve the acquisition and understanding of stakeholder perspectives, bridging differences in perspectives and vocabularies. Intrapersonal skills help to develop attitudes of community engagement and corporate responsibility, teaching how to incorporate stakeholder concerns in personal decision making. Sustainability professionals strive to build a more resilient, robust, efficient, and most importantly, effective society. A key focus is on building interactive networks and promoting community engagement and social responsibility.
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Reports on the topic "Health equity issue"

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Moore, Kirsten, and Debbie Rogow. Family planning and reproductive health: Briefing sheets for a gender analysis. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1994.1011.

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This series of briefing sheets, developed by the Population Council, represents a starting point for the application of gender to the family planning (FP) and reproductive health (RH) arena. The information covers five key areas of RH: gender-based abuse, FP and gender issues among adolescents, sexuality and FP, men’s and women’s social and economic responsibilities for childrearing, and the complicated nexus between gender and FP/RH. In so doing, it provides a strong foundation for gender training. This concept was first developed to fulfill a need for gender training within the regional Operations Research/Technical Assistance Projects. To date, two such workshops have been funded by USAID. These activities not only reflect a clear commitment by USAID to the inclusion of gender in all aspects of programmatic planning and implementation but also to the empowerment of women in every phase of the development process. This tool will help guide program planners and policymakers toward making gender equity in FP and RH programs a reality for both women and men.
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Jameel, Yusuf, Carissa M. Patrone, Kristen P. Patterson, and Paul C. West. Climate–poverty connections: Opportunities for synergistic solutions at the intersection of planetary and human well-being. Project Drawdown, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p2.

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Addressing climate change and improving the well-being of people experiencing extreme poverty—two grand challenges of the 21st century—must occur simultaneously and, ideally, synergistically. These two inextricably intertwined issues will shape the well-being of humanity for the rest of the century and beyond. People living in extreme poverty are more vulnerable to natural disasters and commonly live in regions that have been and are projected to be most impacted by climate change. Unfortunately, the benefits of addressing climate change in ways that simultaneously improve the human well-being (HWB) of people living in extreme poverty are commonly overlooked—despite their promise to yield substantial socioeconomic, health, equity, ecological, and biodiversity gains. This report highlights evidence of the co-benefits to HWB of proven climate mitigation solutions. It showcases areas of greatest need for funders, policymakers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other decision-makers to act and drive approaches to meet climate, development, and HWB needs while boosting prosperity for rural communities, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia. The world should not have to choose among sustainable development, poverty eradication, climate mitigation, and climate adaptation; win-win solutions are at hand.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Progress Towards Meaningful Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Decision-makingt prevention and peacebuilding decision-making. Institute of Development Studies, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.044.

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The Women, Peace and Security or Gender Peace and Security (WPS/GPS) agenda has expanded significantly over the 20+ years of concerted efforts at many levels to expand the role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding. Yet many authors note that the expansion of international agreements and national plans to support greater women’s participation in decision-making have yet to translate into concrete changes. This report examines progress in promoting women’s meaningful participation in decision making processes in conflict prevention and peacebuilding, with a focus on changes since 2018. Evidence on women’s meaningful participation in decision-making tends to focus on a small range of measurable outcomes with some studies considering the outcomes of women’s involvement in those processes to determine the extent to which they might be ‘meaningful’. Few studies examine differential outcomes of such initiatives for different groups of women, and most data does not allow for the disaggregation of intersecting identities between gender, ethnicity, race, disability, migration status and other key factors. Evidence collected for this report suggests that policies and programmes seeking to support greater women’s participation in decision-making in conflict prevention and peacebuilding often struggle to address the broader structural factors that inhibit women’s empowerment. Tackling longstanding and often deeply embedded harmful social norms has proven challenging across sectors, and in conflict or post-conflict settings with highly complex social dynamics, this can be especially difficult. Many of the issues highlighted in the literature as hindering progress on the WPS agenda relate to cross-cutting issues at the heart of gender inequality. Multiple authors from within women’s movements in conflict and post-conflict settings emphasise the need for policies and programmes that support women to act as agents of change in their own communities and which amplify their voices rather than speak on their behalf. Recent achievements in South Sudan and the Pacific region are indicative of the potential of women’s movements to affect change in conflict prevention and peacebuilding and suggest progress is being made in some areas, though gender equality in these processes may be a long way off.
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Issues for consideration in the scale-up of the inclusion of family planning in the National Health Insurance benefits package in Ghana. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1035.

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Ghana is working toward achieving universal health coverage (UHC). This is driven, in part, by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 3—Good Health and Well-Being, which seeks to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Achieving this feat will improve equity of access as people, especially the poor can access quality health services without financial hardships. Ensuring equitable access to family planning (FP) is essential to securing the well-being of women and supporting the health and development of communities. One pathway to ensuring equity is the inclusion of FP in affordable insurance. While the inclusion of FP in the National Health Insurance Scheme is critical to the equity of FP distribution, the issues identified in this brief would have to be addressed before or in the course of scale-up to achieve the desired results.
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Male involvement in family planning: A KABP study of Agra District, Uttar Pradesh. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1008.

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Although lack of male involvement in family planning has been a topic of research and discussion since the early 1980s, during the last five years it has become an important issue for women advocates, researchers, and many international agencies that are committed to reproductive health and gender equality. The large number of articles on this subject and growing number of conferences, research projects, and debates are testimonies to the importance of the issue, both from the programmatic point of view and as a process for bringing about a gender balance in men's and women's reproductive rights and responsibility. This paper addresses the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of rural males toward various aspects of family formation including reproduction and contraceptive use. The study was undertaken in the rural areas of Agra district, in Uttar Pradesh. To assess the knowledge and attitudes of males, 517 currently married males were interviewed. Out of those interviewed, 317 of their wives were also interviewed. The two sets of data provide an opportunity to compare the attitudes of males and females on issues related to family formation.
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Workshop on youth across Asia. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1013.

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The issues facing youth across Asia are as diverse as the cultures they represent. Issues involving schooling, employment, sexuality, and marriage take on increased significance for young people aged 10–24 in every country. Decisions made by youth and their families will dramatically affect their individual welfare. Few programs outside of public education systems exist at a sufficiently large scale to assist youth. Decisions to stay in school, opportunities to learn skills and manage resources, the exercise of sexual responsibility, and the process of family formation all impact both personal welfare and community development. Gender-equality issues compound many of the problems. Due to population momentum, growth will be largest among those countries where fertility has been highest in the past 20 years. Momentum is attenuated by increasing the age of marriage, delaying first birth, and spacing subsequent births. This report states that the objectives of the September 1997 “Workshop on Youth Across Asia,” held in Kathmandu, Nepal, were to better understand implications of population momentum and the challenges facing youth in achieving reproductive health in Asia, and to facilitate effective policies and services to address these issues.
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Global Food 50/50: Hungry for gender equality. Global Health 50/50, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/wiqe2012.

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Across the world, populations are facing severe threats and rising inequalities due to a combination of climate change, environmental degradation, COVID-19 and conflict. Food systems, as a result, are in crisis and people are increasingly feeling the impact on their everyday lives. For women, globally and across regions, the impact of the food systems crisis is more severe than for men, and women are more food insecure than men. Women, historically and now, have less access to healthy food, land ownership and resources for food production than men. Gender inequalities are woven through food systems, and contribute to unjust food production, access and consumption. Global food systems organizations are working to address some of the critical issues facing populations’ access to food and nutrition. The second annual Global Food 50/50 Report assesses whether and how such organizations are integrating gender and equality considerations in their work. It reviews the policies and practices of 51 organizations as they relate to two interlinked dimensions of inequality: inequality of opportunity in career pathways inside organizations and inequality in who benefits from the global food system. The primary aim of the Global Food 50/50 Report is to encourage food systems organizations to confront and address gender inequality both within their organizations and governance structures, and in their programmatic approaches across food systems. A second aim is to increase recognition of the role that gender plays in who runs and benefits from food systems for everybody: women and men, including transgender people, and people with nonbinary gender identities. Key findings from this year’s report show that gender and geographic diversity are severely lacking in the boards of major global food organizations, with leadership positions dominated by men from the global north. This matters because representation from a narrow section of the global population will not result in policies and programmes that meet the needs and interests of all people, across all regions, including women. The review of board composition of 51 organizations showed that more than 70% of board seats are held by nationals of high-income countries. Just 8% of board seats are held by women from low- and middle-income countries. However, there is room for hope. Our findings show an increase in women board chairs from 26% in 2021 to 35% in 2022. More organizations are publishing board diversity policies—policies were found in 30% of organizations, a 10% increase since 2021. Moreover, the review located five new board diversity policies across the sample. A high proportion of organizations (49/52) have made formal and public commitments to gender equality and this has increased since 2021. In 2022, there was an increase of five organizations with gender-transformative programmatic approaches, from 60% to 70% and a decrease in the number of organizations with gender-blind approaches. Despite some advances among some global food systems organizations, the sector has a long way to go to achieve gender equality in the boardroom, in the workplace and in who benefits from their work. The data in this report can equip leaders at all levels—from communities to workforces to boards—to take action, drive change, measure progress, and hold those in power accountable to their commitments to advance gender equality and transform food systems. A fairer, more gender-equal system will be best placed to end hunger, poverty, and inequality around the world.
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