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Journal articles on the topic 'Health and hygiene Australia Northern Territory'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Atkinson, Josie R., Andrea I. Boudville, Emma E. Stanford, Fiona D. Lange, and Mitchell D. Anjou. "Australian Football League clinics promoting health, hygiene and trachoma elimination: the Northern Territory experience." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 4 (2014): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py14050.

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Australia is the only developed country to suffer trachoma and it is only found in remote Indigenous communities. In 2009, trachoma prevalence was 14%, but through screening, treatment and health promotion, rates had fallen to 4% in 2012. More work needs to be done to sustain these declining rates. In 2012, 25% of screened communities still had endemic trachoma and 8% had hyperendemic trachoma. In addition, only 58% of communities had reached clean face targets in children aged 5–9 years. Australian Football League (AFL) players are highly influential role models and the community love of football provides a platform to engage and strengthen community participation in health promotion. The University of Melbourne has partnered with Melbourne Football Club since 2010 to run trachoma football hygiene clinics in the Northern Territory (NT) to raise awareness of the importance of clean faces in order to reduce the spread of trachoma. This activity supports Federal and state government trachoma screening and treatment programs. Between 2010 and 2013, 12 football clinics were held in major towns and remote communities in the NT. Almost 2000 children and adults attended football clinics run by 16 partner organisations. Awareness of the football clinics has grown and has become a media feature in the NT trachoma elimination campaign. The hygiene station featured within the football clinic could be adapted for other events hosted in remote NT community events to add value to the experience and reinforce good holistic health and hygiene messages, as well as encourage interagency collaboration.

2

Zhao, Yuejen, Jiqiong You, Jo Wright, Steven L. Guthridge, and Andy H. Lee. "Health inequity in the Northern Territory, Australia." International Journal for Equity in Health 12, no. 1 (2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-79.

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3

McGrath, Pam, Emma Phillips, and Stephanie Fox-Young. "Insights on Aboriginal Grief Practices from the Northern Territory, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 14, no. 3 (2008): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py08036.

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The rich data drawn from a study to develop an innovative model for Indigenous palliative care are presented to help address the paucity of authentic Indigenous voices describing their grief practices. Interviews with patients, carers, Aboriginal health care workers, health care workers and interpreters were conducted in four geographical areas of the Northern Territory in Australia. Insights and descriptions of the cultural processes and beliefs that follow the death of an Aboriginal person led to the identification of a number of key themes. These included: the emotional pain of grief; traditionalist ways of dealing with grief; the importance of viewing the body; the sharing of grief among large family and community networks, with crying, wailing, ceremonial singing, telling stories and dealing with blame all playing a part in the bereavement processes. Ways for Westerners to offer assistance in culturally sensitive ways were also identified by the participants, and are reported here to enable health workers to begin to understand and respond appropriately to traditionalist ways of experiencing and reacting to grief.

4

Lange, Fiona D., Emma Baunach, Rosemary McKenzie, and Hugh R. Taylor. "Trachoma elimination in remote Indigenous Northern Territory communities: baseline health-promotion study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 1 (2014): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12044.

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Identify trachoma knowledge, attitudes and practice of staff in clinics, schools and community workplace settings to optimise trachoma-elimination health-promotion programs in the Katherine West Health Board region of the Northern Territory. Prior to the introduction of a suite of health promotion resources the Indigenous Eye Health Unit and Katherine West Health Board conducted a baseline survey of open, multi-choice and closed questions regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to trachoma with 72 staff members over a 6-month period in 2010−11. Data were analysed for differences between settings. Two significant barriers and one enabling factor were identified. One in five staff members in clinics and 29% of staff members in schools were unaware they lived and worked in a trachoma-endemic area. One-third of school staff and 38% of clinic staff considered it normal for children to have dirty faces. However, the majority of participants felt comfortable talking about hygiene issues with others. The presence of dirty faces in young Indigenous children underpins the continuing prevalence of trachoma. Increasing the awareness of the health effects of children’s nasal and ocular secretions and changing community acceptance of dirty faces as the norm will reduce the risk of trachoma and other childhood infections. Staff in clinics, schools and community work settings can play a role in trachoma elimination by actively encouraging clean faces whenever they are dirty and by including face washing in holistic hygiene and health education. Staff in schools may need additional support. Trachoma-elimination health promotion should increase awareness of trachoma prevalence and encourage all who work and live in remote Indigenous communities to take action to promote facial cleanliness and good hygiene practices.

5

Dunbar, Terry. "Aboriginal People's Experiences of Health and Family Services in the Northern Territory." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v4i2.60.

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This paper presents the findings of a community-based participatory action research study that investigates Aboriginal people‘s experience of health and family services in the Northern Territory, Australia. The research is part of a larger program of work that addresses the multi-level change management required for implementation of the Northern Territory Government‘s Aboriginal Cultural Security Policy. Using empirical evidence generated from Aboriginal people—ranging across urban services through to remote locations—on the cultural security and cultural competence of current health service delivery in the Northern Territory, this article proposes a range of options for systemic, structural and individual level policy implementation and development of services.

6

Stoddart, Catherine, and Anthony Berendt. "Ten minutes with Professor Catherine Stoddart, Chief Executive Officer, Northern Territory Health, Australia." BMJ Leader 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000258.

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7

Kendall-Hall, Danielle. "Child consultation and the law in the Northern Territory of Australia." Children Australia 44, no. 02 (May 14, 2019): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2019.11.

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AbstractConsultation with children is a delicate art, and consultation with vulnerable children, even more so. Experienced clinicians believe best practice in undertaking such work requires tertiary studies in social work or psychology combined with extensive supervised clinical experience. The current pathways to becoming a children’s lawyer in the Northern Territory do not involve mandatory training in child well-being, and yet lawyers are asked to consult with highly traumatised children and bring the voices of children into the courtroom. Lawyers for young children are additionally required to provide an opinion as to what they believe to be in the best interests of the child, without a social work or psychology-based qualification, training or in-depth guidelines to support their position. This article looks at what the law says about child consultation, what child development research says about child consultation and child consultation in practice in a Northern Territory child protection setting. At its conclusion, the author discusses potential pathways forward for lawyers and clinicians to work together in safe practices of child consultation.

8

Hamilton, Natasha J., Anthony D. K. Draper, Rob Baird, Angela Wilson, Tim Ford, and Joshua R. Francis. "Invasive salmonellosis in paediatric patients in the Northern Territory, Australia, 2005–2015." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 57, no. 9 (April 13, 2021): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15473.

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9

Hasan, Tasnim, Victoria L. Krause, Christian James, and Bart J. Currie. "Crusted scabies; a 2-year prospective study from the Northern Territory of Australia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e0008994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008994.

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Background Scabies is listed as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Crusted scabies affects vulnerable and immunosuppressed individuals and is highly contagious because of the enormous number of Sarcoptes scabiei mites present in the hyperkeratotic skin. Undiagnosed and untreated crusted scabies cases can result in outbreaks of scabies in residential facilities and can also undermine the success of scabies mass drug administration programs. Methods and principal findings Crusted scabies became a formally notifiable disease in the Northern Territory of Australia in 2016. We conducted a 2-year prospective study of crusted scabies cases notified between March 2016 and February 2018, with subsequent follow up for 22 months. Demographics, clinical and laboratory data, treatment and outcomes were analysed, with cases classified by severity of disease. Over the 2-year study period, 80 patients had 92 episodes of crusted scabies; 35 (38%) were Grade 1 crusted scabies, 36 (39%) Grade 2 and 21 (23%) Grade 3. Median age was 47 years, 47 (59%) were female, 76 (95%) Indigenous Australians and 57 (71%) from remote Indigenous communities. Half the patients were diabetic and 18 (23%) were on dialysis for end-stage kidney failure. Thirteen (16%) patients had no comorbidities, and these were more likely to have Grade 3 disease. Eosinophilia was present in 60% and high immunoglobulin E in 94%. Bacteremia occurred in 11 episodes resulting in one fatality with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Two other deaths occurred during admission and 10 others died subsequent to discharge consequent to comorbidities. Treatment generally followed the recommended guidelines, with 3, 5 or 7 doses of oral ivermectin depending on the documented grade of crusted scabies, together with daily alternating topical scabicides and topical keratolytic cream. While response to this therapy was usually excellent, there were 33 episodes of recurrent crusted scabies with the majority attributed to new infection subsequent to return to a scabies-endemic community. Conclusions Crusted scabies can be successfully treated with aggressive guideline-based therapy, but high mortality remains from underlying comorbidities. Reinfection on return to community is common while scabies remains endemic.

10

Jamieson, Lisa M., Jason M. Armfield, and Kaye F. Roberts-Thomson. "Oral health inequalities among indigenous and nonindigenous children in the Northern Territory of Australia." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 34, no. 4 (August 2006): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00277.x.

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11

Hansman, D., S. Morris, M. Gregory, and B. McDonald. "Pneumococcal carriage amongst Australian aborigines in Alice Springs, Northern Territory." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 3 (December 1985): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400060782.

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SUMMARYIn Alice Springs and its vicinity, a single nasal swab was collected from 282 Australian aborigines in May 1981 to determine nasal carriage rates of pneumococci. Each swab was inoculated on blood agar and on gentamicin blood agar. The carriage rates were 89% in children, 39% in adolescents and 34% in adults. In all, 27 serotypes of pneumococci were met with and 15 (4%) of subjects yielded two or more serotypes. In children, types 23, 19, 6, 22 and 6 were predominant (in that order), whereas type 3 was commonest in older subjects. Approximately 25% children and 5% adults yielded drug-insensitive pneumococci. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole was met with, resistant pneumococci showed five resistance patterns and belonged to nine serotypes, predominantly types 19 and 23. All isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin and rifampicin. The carriage rate of drug-insensitive pneumococci was 100-fold higher amongst children sampled than in non-aboriginal children in Australia.

12

Ferguson, Megan, Kerin O'Dea, Mark Chatfield, Marjory Moodie, Jon Altman, and Julie Brimblecombe. "The comparative cost of food and beverages at remote Indigenous communities, Northern Territory, Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 40, S1 (April 22, 2015): S21—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12370.

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13

Hughes, Jaquelyne T., Sandawana W. Majoni, Federica Barzi, Tegan M. Harris, Selina Signal, Gwendoline Lowah, Jola Kapojos, et al. "Incident haemodialysis and outcomes in the Top End of Australia." Australian Health Review 44, no. 2 (2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18230.

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Objective The Northern Territory has the highest incidence of haemodialysis care for end-stage kidney disease in Australia. Although acute kidney injury (AKI) is a recognised risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), the effect of AKI causing incident haemodialysis (iHD) is unknown. Audits identifying antecedents of iHD may inform health service planning. Thus, the aims of this study were to describe: (1) the development of an iHD recording system involving patients with AKI and CKD; and (2) the incidence, patient characteristics and mortality for patients with dialysis-requiring AKI. Methods A retrospective data linkage study was conducted using eight clinical and administrative datasets of adults receiving iHD during the period from July 2011 to December 2012 within a major northern Australian hospital for AKI without CKD (AKI), AKI in people with pre-existing CKD (AKI/CKD) and CKD (without AKI). The time to death was identified by the Northern Territory Register of deaths. Results In all, 121 iHD treatments were provided for the cohort, whose mean age was 51.5 years with 53.7% female, 68.6% Aboriginal ethnicity and 46.3% with diabetes. iHD was provided for AKI (23.1%), AKI/CKD (47.1%) and CKD (29.8%). The 90-day mortality rate was 25.6% (AKI 39.3%, AKI/CKD 22.8%, CKD 19.4%). The 3-year mortality rate was 45.5% (AKI 53.6%, AKI/CKD 22.8%, CKD 19.4%). The time between requesting data from custodians and receipt of data ranged from 15 to 1046 days. Conclusion AKI in people with pre-existing CKD was a common cause of iHD. Health service planning and community health may benefit from AKI prevention strategies and the implementation of sustainable and permanent linkages with the datasets used to monitor prospective incident haemodialysis. What is known about the topic? AKI is a risk factor for CKD. The Northern Territory has the highest national incidence rates of dialysis-dependent end-stage kidney disease, but has no audit tool describing outcomes of dialysis-requiring AKI. What does this paper add? We audited all iHD and showed 25.6% mortality within the first 90 days of iHD and 45.5% overall mortality at 3 years. AKI in people with pre-existing CKD caused 47.1% of iHD. What are the implications for practitioners? Health service planning and community health may benefit from AKI prevention strategies and the implementation of sustainable and permanent linkages with the datasets used to monitor prospective incident haemodialysis.

14

Callander, Emily, Sarah Larkins, and Lisa Corscadden. "Variations in out-of-pocket costs for primary care services across Australia: a regional analysis." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 4 (2017): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16127.

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The aim of this study is to describe average out-of-pocket costs across different regions of Australia, as defined by Primary Health Network (PHN) boundaries, and assess the association between population characteristics and out-of-pocket costs for selected primary care services. A combination of descriptive and regression analysis was undertaken using administrative data from the Australian Department of Human Services reporting on the health services used across PHNs in Australia. Those in regional areas paid significantly more for Allied Health services than those in capital cities (A$5.68, P=0.006). The proportion of an area’s population aged 65 years and over was inversely related to out-of-pocket charges for Allied Mental Health (–A$79.12, P=0.029). Some areas had both high charges and disadvantaged populations: Country South Australia, Northern Queensland, Country Western Australia, Tasmania and Northern Territory, or populations with poor health: Northern Territory and Tasmania. Although there was a large amount of variation in out-of-pocket charges for primary care services between PHNs in Australia, there was little evidence of inequality based on health, age and socioeconomic characteristics of a population or the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

15

Coutts, B. A., and R. A. C. Jones. "Incidence and distribution of viruses infecting cucurbit crops in the Northern Territory and Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 8 (2005): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04311.

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During 2003–04, a survey was done to determine the incidence and distribution of virus diseases infecting cucurbit crops growing in the field at Kununurra, Broome, and Carnarvon in north-western Australia, Perth in south-western Australia, and Darwin and Katherine in the Northern Territory. Overall, 43 cucurbit-growing farms and 172 crops of susceptible cultivars were sampled. From each crop, shoot samples were collected from plants chosen at random and from symptomatic plants. Shoot samples were sometimes also collected from potential alternative virus hosts (cucurbit volunteer plants and weeds). All samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-cucurbit strain (PRSV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Samples from one-third of the crops were also tested by tissue blot immunosorbent assay (TBIA) using generic luteovirus antibodies. Overall, 72% of farms and 56% of crops sampled were virus-infected. The growing areas with the highest incidences of virus infection were Darwin and Carnarvon, and those with the lowest incidences were Katherine and Perth. For WA, overall 78% of farms and 56% of crops were virus-infected, and in the NT the corresponding figures were 55% of farms and 54% of crops. Overall virus incidences in individual crops sometimes reached 100% infection. Crops of cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini were all infected, with squash and zucchini being the most severely affected. The most prevalent viruses were ZYMV and PRSV, each being detected in 5 and 4 of 6 cucurbit-growing areas, respectively, with infected crop incidences of <1–100%. SqMV was detected in 2 cucurbit-growing areas, sometimes reaching high incidences (<1–60%). WMV and CMV were found in 3 and 4 of 6 cucurbit-growing areas, respectively, but generally at low incidences in infected crops (<1–8%). Infection with luteovirus was found in 3 growing areas but only occurred in 16% of crops. Beet western yellows virus was detected once but at least one other luteovirus was also present. Infection of individual crops by more than 1 virus was common, with up to 4 viruses found within the same crop. Virus-resistant pumpkin cultivars (6 crops) had little infection when adjacent virus-susceptible cucurbit crops had high virus incidences. Viruses were detected in cucurbit volunteer plants and weeds, suggesting that they may act as important reservoirs for spread to nearby cucurbit crops. In general, established cucurbit-growing farms in close proximity to others and with poor crop hygiene suffered most from virus epidemics, whereas isolated farms with large-sized crops or that had only recently started growing cucurbits had less infection. The extent of infection revealed in this survey, and the financial losses to growers resulting from virus-induced yield losses and high fruit rejection rates, are cause for concern for the Australian cucurbit industry.

16

Weeramanthri, Tarun. "Specialist adult physicians in the Top End of the Northern Territory:An analysis of their number and roles." Australian Health Review 21, no. 1 (1998): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980050.

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The optimal way of delivering specialist services to rural and remote Australia, andparticularly to remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, is a matterof keen debate at present, and is being considered by the Australian Medical WorkforceAdvisory Committee. This paper contributes to that debate by considering onespecialist medical group, namely adult physicians, and discusses both their role andoptimal number in the Top End of the Northern Territory, in light of the generalworkforce literature and recent changes to the organisation of physician services inthe Northern Territory. Models of specialist service delivery need to be explicit, andorganisational methods transparent, if the service is to be equitable, flexible andaccountable to primary care practitioners.

17

O'Leary, Stephen, Amelia Darke, Kathy Currie, Katie Ozdowska, and Hemi Patel. "Outcomes of primary myringoplasty in indigenous children from the Northern Territory of Australia." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 127 (December 2019): 109634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109634.

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18

Ryan, Christopher. "Australasian Psychiatry and Euthanasia." Australasian Psychiatry 4, no. 6 (December 1996): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569609082072.

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In May 1995, the Northern Territory of Australia became the first legislative jurisdiction in the world to introduce legislation specifically sanctioning active voluntary euthanasia. Shortly after the introduction of the legislation many of Australia's political leaders announced that they would support similar legislation in their jurisdictions and there nave already been attempts to pass such legislation elsewhere in Australia and in New Zealand.

19

Robinson, Gary, Peter d'Abbs, Samantha Togni, and Ross Bailie. "Aboriginal participation in health service delivery: coordinated care trials in the Northern Territory of Australia." International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management 5, no. 1/2 (2003): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhtm.2003.003336.

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20

LEE, K. S. KYLIE, KATHERINE M. CONIGRAVE, ALAN R. CLOUGH, CATE WALLACE, EDMUND SILINS, and JACKIE RAWLES. "Evaluation of a community-driven preventive youth initiative in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230701711124.

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Lee, Andy H., Lynn B. Meuleners, Yuejen Zhao, Methinee Intrapanya, Didier Palmer, and Elizabeth Mowatt. "Demographic patterns of emergency presentations to Northern Territory public hospitals." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720061.

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Andy H Lee is associate professor, School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology; Lynn B Meuleners is research fellow, Injury Research Centre, University of Western Australia; Yuejen Zhao is an epidemiologist in the Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services;Methinee Intrapanya is a registered nurse, Didier Palmer is director of the Emergency Department, Royal Darwin Hospital and Elizabeth Mowatt is director of Emergency Department, Alice Springs Hospital.This study investigates demographic patterns of emergency presentations to Northern Territory (NT) public hospitalsover the past five years with respect to population changes, Aboriginality and age of patients. Retrospective analysis was undertaken on the 1996-2001 data extracted from the NT Module of Caresys and the Hospital Morbidity Data System. There was a 4.6% decrease in total presentations to the five public hospitals but a 9.4% growth in the population during the study period. Substantial differences in emergency presentation patterns were found between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients. There were more Aboriginal presentations than non-Aboriginal presentations for all age groups except for 5 to 19 years and 70 to 74 years. Analysis based on the national triage scale showed the higher needs of older adults with the 60 or over age group accounting for the majority of presentations, and Aboriginal presentation rates exceeded the non-Aboriginal presentation rates in most triage categories. Re-attendance within seven days at the emergency departments occurred predominantly among Aboriginal patients regardless of age group. The analysis has highlighted several emerging demographic patterns. The issue of non-urgent visits by Aboriginal patients occupying a large portion of the emergency department utilisation also needs to be addressed.

22

Shield, Jennifer, Sabine Braat, Matthew Watts, Gemma Robertson, Miles Beaman, James McLeod, Robert W. Baird, et al. "Seropositivity and geographical distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia: A study of pathology laboratory data from 2012–2016." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0009160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009160.

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Background There are no national prevalence studies of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Australia, although it is known to be endemic in northern Australia and is reported in high risk groups such as immigrants and returned travellers. We aimed to determine the seropositivity (number positive per 100,000 of population and percent positive of those tested) and geographical distribution of S. stercoralis by using data from pathology laboratories. Methodology We contacted all seven Australian laboratories that undertake Strongyloides serological (ELISA antibody) testing to request de-identified data from 2012–2016 inclusive. Six responded. One provided positive data only. The number of people positive, number negative and number tested per 100,000 of population (Australian Bureau of Statistics data) were calculated including for each state/territory, each Australian Bureau of Statistics Statistical Area Level 3 (region), and each suburb/town/community/locality. The data was summarized and expressed as maps of Australia and Greater Capital Cities. Principal findings We obtained data for 81,777 people who underwent serological testing for Strongyloides infection, 631 of whom were from a laboratory that provided positive data only. Overall, 32 (95% CI: 31, 33) people per 100,000 of population were seropositive, ranging between 23/100,000 (95% CI: 19, 29) (Tasmania) and 489/100,000 population (95%CI: 462, 517) (Northern Territory). Positive cases were detected across all states and territories, with the highest (260-996/100,000 and 17–40% of those tested) in regions across northern Australia, north-east New South Wales and north-west South Australia. Some regions in Greater Capital Cities also had a high seropositivity (112-188/100,000 and 17–20% of those tested). Relatively more males than females tested positive. Relatively more adults than children tested positive. Children were under-represented in the data. Conclusions/Significance The study confirms that substantial numbers of S. stercoralis infections occur in Australia and provides data to inform public health planning.

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CLOUGH, ALAN R., KYLIE KIM SAN LEE, and KATHERINE M. CONIGRAVE. "Promising performance of a juvenile justice diversion programme in remote Aboriginal communities, Northern Territory, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 27, no. 4 (July 2008): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230802089693.

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Chenhall, Richard, Belinda Davison, Joseph Fitz, Tiffanie Pearse, and Kate Senior. "Engaging Youth in Sexual Health Research: Refining a “Youth Friendly” Method in the Northern Territory, Australia." Visual Anthropology Review 29, no. 2 (September 2013): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/var.12009.

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Heraganahally, Subash S., Sanjiwika L. Wasgewatta, Kelly McNamara, Carla C. Eisemberg, Richard Budd, Sumit Mehra, and Dimitar Sajkov. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In Aboriginal Patients Of The Northern Territory Of Australia: A Landscape Perspective." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Volume 14 (September 2019): 2205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/copd.s213947.

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Saint-Yves, Marguerite. "First Year Health Activities in a Northern Territory of Australia High School: Role of the School Nurse." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 108, no. 1 (February 1988): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408810800109.

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Taylor, Nicholas, Peter Miller, Kerri Coomber, Michael Livingston, Debbie Scott, Penny Buykx, and Tanya Chikritzhs. "The impact of a minimum unit price on wholesale alcohol supply trends in the Northern Territory, Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 45, no. 1 (February 2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13055.

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Lea, Tess. "The work of forgetting: Germs, aborigines and postcolonial expertise in the Northern Territory of Australia." Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 6 (September 2005): 1310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.020.

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Mattison, G., V. Krause, J. Y. Su, J. Broadfoot, and N. Ryder. "HIV testing rate in the top end of the Northern Territory of Australia: room for improvement." International Journal of STD & AIDS 23, no. 12 (December 2012): 862–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.012021.

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Gunaratnam, Praveena, Gill Schierhout, Jenny Brands, Lisa Maher, Ross Bailie, James Ward, Rebecca Guy, et al. "Qualitative perspectives on the sustainability of sexual health continuous quality improvement in clinics serving remote Aboriginal communities in Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026679.

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ObjectivesTo examine barriers and facilitators to sustaining a sexual health continuous quality improvement (CQI) programme in clinics serving remote Aboriginal communities in Australia.DesignQualitative study.SettingPrimary health care services serving remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia.ParticipantsSeven of the 11 regional sexual health coordinators responsible for supporting the Northern Territory Government Remote Sexual Health Program.MethodsSemi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in person or by telephone; data were analysed using an inductive and deductive thematic approach.ResultsDespite uniform availability of CQI tools and activities, sexual health CQI implementation varied across the Northern Territory. Participant narratives identified five factors enhancing the uptake and sustainability of sexual health CQI. At clinic level, these included adaptation of existing CQI tools for use in specific clinic contexts and risk environments (eg, a syphilis outbreak), local ownership of CQI processes and management support for CQI. At a regional level, factors included the positive framing of CQI as a tool to identify and act on areas for improvement, and regional facilitation of clinic level CQI activities. Three barriers were identified, including the significant workload associated with acute and chronic care in Aboriginal primary care services, high staff turnover and lack of Aboriginal staff. Considerations affecting the future sustainability of sexual health CQI included the need to reduce the burden on clinics from multiple CQI programmes, the contribution of regional sexual health coordinators and support structures, and access to and use of high-quality information systems.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the growing evidence on how CQI approaches may improve sexual health in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. Enhancing sustainability of sexual health CQI in this context will require ongoing regional facilitation, efforts to build local ownership of CQI processes and management of competing demands on health service staff.

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Baum, F., T. Freeman, G. Jolley, A. Lawless, M. Bentley, K. Vartto, J. Boffa, R. Labonte, and D. Sanders. "Health promotion in Australian multi-disciplinary primary health care services: case studies from South Australia and the Northern Territory." Health Promotion International 29, no. 4 (May 8, 2013): 705–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat029.

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Ishak, Maged. "Indigenous health: Patterns of variation in terms of disease categories." Australian Health Review 21, no. 4 (1998): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980054.

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While many studies investigated the higher morbidity and mortality levels ofindigenous Australians in the high-density indigenous areas in the Northern Territory,Western Australia and South Australia, few examined the situation in New SouthWales, where more than 28% of the indigenous population lives. Admissions to acutepublic and private hospitals in New South Wales for 1989?1995 are used in the studyreported here to examine indigenous health and its differential patterns by diseasecategories. The study allowed for the monitoring of disease groups with particularlyhigh indigenous admissions and, accordingly, pinpointed areas for improvement. Age-standardisedestimates for the indigenous population are provided. Age compositionof admissions for each disease category and admissions by residential area are alsoestimated.

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Slee, June. "Addressing systemic neglect of young indigenous children's rights to attend school in the northern territory, Australia." Child Abuse Review 21, no. 2 (June 22, 2011): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.1166.

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BOYD, R., M. PATEL, B. J. CURRIE, D. C. HOLT, T. HARRIS, and V. KRAUSE. "High burden of invasive group A streptococcal disease in the Northern Territory of Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 1018–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815002010.

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SUMMARYAlthough the incidence of invasive group A streptococcal disease in northern Australia is very high, little is known of the regional epidemiology and molecular characteristics. We conducted a case series of Northern Territory residents reported between 2011 and 2013 withStreptococcus pyogenesisolates from a normally sterile site. Of the 128 reported episodes, the incidence was disproportionately high in the Indigenous population at 69·7/100 000 compared to 8·8/100 000 in the non-Indigenous population. Novel to the Northern Territory is the extremely high incidence in haemodialysis patients of 2205·9/100 000 population; and for whom targeted infection control measures could prevent transmission. The incidences in the tropical north and semi-arid Central Australian regions were similar. Case fatality was 8% (10/128) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome occurred in 14 (11%) episodes. Molecular typing of 82 isolates identified 28emmtypes, of which 63 (77%) were represented by fouremmclusters. Typing confirmed transmission between infant twins. While the diverse range ofemmtypes presents a challenge for effective coverage by vaccine formulations, the limited number ofemmclusters raises optimism should cluster-specific cross-protection prove efficacious. Further studies are required to determine effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis for contacts and to inform public health response.

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D'Abbs, Peter. "Problematizing Alcohol through the Eyes of the Other: Alcohol Policy and Aboriginal Drinking in the Northern Territory, Australia." Contemporary Drug Problems 39, no. 3 (September 2012): 371–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145091203900303.

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Roberts-Witteveen, April, Kate Pennington, Nasra Higgins, Carolyn Lang, Monica Lahra, Russell Waddell, and John Kaldor. "Epidemiology of gonorrhoea notifications in Australia, 2007–12." Sexual Health 11, no. 4 (2014): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13205.

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Background An increase in the notification rate of gonorrhoea was observed in the national surveillance system. In Australia, gonorrhoea is relatively rare, apart from among some populations of Aboriginal people and men who have sex with men. Methods: Data about gonorrhoea cases reported between 2007 and 2012 from all Australian jurisdictions were extracted from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Analyses were undertaken of the time trends in counts and rates, according to jurisdiction, gender, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, diagnosis method and sexual orientation. Results: The largest increase in notifications between 2007 and 2012 was observed in both men and women in New South Wales (2.9- and 3.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively) and Victoria (2.4- and 2.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively), men in the Australian Capital Territory and women in Queensland. The highest notification rates remained in Indigenous people in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and particularly in women, although rates may have decreased over the study period. Changes in age and sex distribution, antimicrobial resistance and patterns of exposure and acquisition were negligible. Conclusions: There is an ongoing gonorrhoea epidemic affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, but the increases in notifications have occurred primarily in non-Aboriginal populations in the larger jurisdictions. Interpretation of these surveillance data, especially in relation to changes in population subgroups, would be enhanced by laboratory testing data. Further efforts are needed to decrease infection rates in populations at highest risk.

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Jayaraj, Rama, Jagtar Singh, Siddhartha Baxi, Ramya Ramamoorthi, and Mahiban Thomas. "Trends in Incidence of Head and Neck Cancer in the Northern Territory, Australia, between 2007 and 2010." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 15, no. 18 (October 11, 2014): 7753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7753.

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Le Gal, Camille, Michael J. Dale, Margaret Cargo, and Mark Daniel. "Built Environments and Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality in Remote Indigenous Communities in the Northern Territory, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 25, 2020): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030769.

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The health of Indigenous Australians is dramatically poorer than that of the non-Indigenous population. Amelioration of these differences has proven difficult. In part, this is attributable to a conceptualisation which approaches health disparities from the perspective of individual-level health behaviours, less so the environmental conditions that shape collective health behaviours. This ecological study investigated associations between the built environment and cardiometabolic mortality and morbidity in 123 remote Indigenous communities representing 104 Indigenous locations (ILOC) as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The presence of infrastructure and/or community buildings was used to create a cumulative exposure score (CES). Records of cardiometabolic-related deaths and health service interactions for the period 2010–2015 were sourced from government department records. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to assess the associations between built environment “healthfulness” (CES, dichotomised) and cardiometabolic-related outcomes. Low relative to high CES was associated with greater rates of cardiometabolic-related morbidity for two of three morbidity measures (relative risk (RR) 2.41–2.54). Cardiometabolic-related mortality was markedly greater (RR 4.56, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.74–11.93) for low-CES ILOCs. A lesser extent of “healthful” building types and infrastructure is associated with greater cardiometabolic-related morbidity and mortality in remote Indigenous locations. Attention to environments stands to improve remote Indigenous health.

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Redmond, Helen. "Impact of energy generation on health: unconventional gas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14038.

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In this age of human-induced climate change, drilling for unconventional gas is expanding rapidly. In the United States hundreds of thousands of wells tap into shale gas, tight sands gas and coal seam gas (CSG). In Australia we have large CSG fields containing thousands of wells in Queensland, and several smaller fields in New South Wales and Victoria. The scale of proposed development of shale gas in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory will eclipse CSG in the eastern states. Yet unconventional gas extraction has the potential to undermine every single one of the environmental determinants of health: clean air, clean water, a safe food supply and a stable climate.1 To ensure health, water has to be sufficient in quality and quantity. The unconventional gas industry impacts both in a number of ways. Water quality can be threatened both by chemicals in drilling and fracking fluids, and by chemicals mobilised from deep underground in the process.

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Judd, Jenni, and Helen Keleher. "Reorienting health services in the Northern Territory of Australia: a conceptual model for building health promotion capacity in the workforce." Global Health Promotion 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975913486685.

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D'ABBS, PETER. "Alignment of the policy planets: behind the implementation of the Northern Territory (Australia) Living With Alcohol programme*." Drug and Alcohol Review 23, no. 1 (March 2004): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230410001645556.

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Middleton, Bianca, Peter Morris, and Jonathan Carapetis. "Invasive group A streptococcal infection in the Northern Territory, Australia: Case report and review of the literature." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 50, no. 11 (June 23, 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12659.

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Jacups, Susan, Allan Warchot, and Peter Whelan. "Anthropogenic Ecological Change and Impacts on Mosquito Breeding and Control Strategies in Salt-Marshes, Northern Territory, Australia." EcoHealth 9, no. 2 (April 3, 2012): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0759-5.

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Steenkamp, Malinda, Alice R. Rumbold, Sue Kildea, Sarah J. Bar-Zeev, Sue Kruske, Terry Dunbar, and Lesley Barclay. "Measuring what matters in delivering services to remote-dwelling Indigenous mothers and infants in the Northern Territory, Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 20, no. 4 (July 25, 2012): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2012.01279.x.

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Cuningham, Will, Lorraine Anderson, Asha C. Bowen, Kirsty Buising, Christine Connors, Kathryn Daveson, Joanna Martin, et al. "Antimicrobial stewardship in remote primary healthcare across northern Australia." PeerJ 8 (July 22, 2020): e9409. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9409.

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Background The high burden of infectious disease and associated antimicrobial use likely contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. We aimed to develop and apply context-specific tools to audit antimicrobial use in the remote primary healthcare setting. Methods We adapted the General Practice version of the National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (GP NAPS) tool to audit antimicrobial use over 2–3 weeks in 15 remote primary healthcare clinics across the Kimberley region of Western Australia (03/2018–06/2018), Top End of the Northern Territory (08/2017–09/2017) and far north Queensland (05/2018–06/2018). At each clinic we reviewed consecutive clinic presentations until 30 presentations where antimicrobials had been used were included in the audit. Data recorded included the antimicrobials used, indications and treating health professional. We assessed the appropriateness of antimicrobial use and functionality of the tool. Results We audited the use of 668 antimicrobials. Skin and soft tissue infections were the dominant treatment indications (WA: 35%; NT: 29%; QLD: 40%). Compared with other settings in Australia, narrow spectrum antimicrobials like benzathine benzylpenicillin were commonly given and the appropriateness of use was high (WA: 91%; NT: 82%; QLD: 65%). While the audit was informative, non-integration with practice software made the process manually intensive. Conclusions Patterns of antimicrobial use in remote primary care are different from other settings in Australia. The adapted GP NAPS tool functioned well in this pilot study and has the potential for integration into clinical care. Regular stewardship audits would be facilitated by improved data extraction systems.

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Freed, Gary L., and Amy R. Allen. "Outpatient consultant physician service usage in Australia by specialty and state and territory." Australian Health Review 43, no. 2 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17125.

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Objectives To determine national service usage for initial and subsequent outpatient consultations with a consultant physician and any variation in service-use patterns between states and territories relative to population. Methods An analysis was conducted of consultant physician Medicare claims data from the year 2014 for an initial (item 110) and subsequent consultation (item 116) and, for patients with multiple morbidities, initial management planning (item 132) and review (133). The analysis included 12 medical specialties representative of common adult non-surgical medical care (cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, general medicine, geriatric medicine, haematology, immunology and allergy, medical oncology, nephrology, neurology, respiratory medicine and rheumatology). Main outcome measures were per-capita service use by medical speciality and by state and territory and ratio of subsequent consultations to initial consultations by medical speciality and by state and territory. Results There was marked variation in per-capita consultant physician service use across the states and territories, tending higher than average in New South Wales and Victoria, and lower than average in the Northern Territory. There was variation between and within specialties across states and territories in the ratio of subsequent consultations to initial consultations. Conclusion Significant per-capita variation in consultant physician utilisation is occurring across Australia. Future studies should explore the variation in greater detail to discern whether workforce issues, access or economic barriers to care, or the possibility of over- or under-servicing in certain geographic areas is leading to this variation. What is known about the topic? There are nearly 11million initial and subsequent consultant physician consultations billed to Medicare per year, incurring nearly A$850million in Medicare benefits. Little attention has been paid to per-capita variation in rates of consultant physician service use across states and territories. What does this paper add? There is marked variation in per-capita consultant physician service use across different states and territories both within and between specialties. What are the implications for practitioners? Variation in service use may be due to limitations in the healthcare workforce, access or economic barriers, or systematic over- or under-servicing. The clinical appropriateness of repeated follow-up consultations is unclear.

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Weeramanthri, Tarun, Shirley Hendy, Christine Connors, David Ashbridge, Cheryl Rae, Maree Dunn, Marea Fittock, et al. "The Northern Territory Preventable Chronic Disease Strategy - promoting an integrated and life course approach to chronic disease in Australia." Australian Health Review 26, no. 3 (2003): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah030031.

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The need for an integrated and life course approach to the prevention and control of chronic diseases is increasinglybeing recognised. This paper describes the development of the Northern Territory Preventable Chronic Disease Strategy(PCDS), the strategic framework and evidence base, the design of implementation and monitoring phases, and earlyoutcomes. The PCDS is premised on the belief that the major chronic diseases, and their common underlying riskfactors, are potentially preventable. The structural challenges to larger jurisdictions taking such an integrated approachare undoubtedly larger, but the benefits are potentially great. Continuing with a series of vertical programs aimed at each single noncommunicable disease will not deliver the desired national health outcomes.

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Cheng, Allen C., Mark J. Mayo, Daniel Gal, and Bart J. Currie. "Chlorination and pH of drinking water do not correlate with rates of melioidosis in the Northern Territory, Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 5 (September 2003): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(03)80009-3.

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Warchot, Allan, Peter Whelan, John Brown, Tony Vincent, Jane Carter, and Nina Kurucz. "The Removal of Subterranean Stormwater Drain Sumps as Mosquito Breeding Sites in Darwin, Australia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010009.

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The Northern Territory Top End Health Service, Medical Entomology Section and the City of Darwin council carry out a joint Mosquito Engineering Program targeting the rectification of mosquito breeding sites in the City of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. In 2005, an investigation into potential subterranean stormwater breeding sites in the City of Darwin commenced, specifically targeting roadside stormwater side entry pits. There were 79 side entry pits randomly investigated for mosquito breeding in the Darwin suburbs of Nightcliff and Rapid Creek, with 69.6% of the pits containing water holding sumps, and 45.6% of those water holding sumps breeding endemic mosquitoes. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most common mosquito collected, accounting for 73% of all mosquito identifications, with the potential vector mosquito Aedes notoscriptus also recovered from a small number of sumps. The sumps were also considered potential dry season maintenance breeding sites for important exotic Aedes mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are potential vectors of dengue, chickungunya and Zika virus. Overall, 1229 side entry pits were inspected in ten Darwin suburbs from 2005 to 2008, with 180 water holding sumps identified and rectified by concrete filling.

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LEE, K. S. KYLIE, KATHERINE M. CONIGRAVE, ALAN R. CLOUGH, TIMOTHY A. DOBBINS, MURIEL J. JARAGBA, and GEORGE C. PATTON. "Five-year longitudinal study of cannabis users in three remote Aboriginal communities in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 28, no. 6 (March 31, 2009): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00067.x.

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