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Journal articles on the topic 'Health and accident schemes'
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1
Zhang, Wenhui, Jing Yi, Ge Zhou, and Tuo Liu. "Drivers’ Decelerating Behaviors in Expressway Accident Segments under Different Speed Limit Schemes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031590.
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Traffic accidents occurring on expressways tend to give rise to traffic bottlenecks. To ensure the vehicles safely and smoothly pass through the accident segments, speed limits are generally taken to regulate the vehicles’ movements. This study aims to explore the decelerating behaviors of drivers under different speed limit schemes. We designed traffic accident scenarios under four speed limit schemes using the driving simulator. A total of 60 subjects drove the simulator passing the accident segments according to their habits. The vehicles’ kinematic data and the subjects’ operating data were recorded. To further analyze the drivers’ decelerating behaviors in different speed limit scenarios, driving experience was also taken into account. The results show that the speed limit schemes have significant effects on drivers’ decelerating behaviors. The more speed limit signs there are, the smoother the decelerating process will be. Driving experience significantly affects some of the decelerating parameters, including the location of deceleration starting point, average deceleration, and locations of decelerating to the initial and final speed limits. These results provide a theoretical basis for traffic safety and driving behavior management.
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Lyu, Jiawen, Jian Zhang, and Tengyue Wang. "Study on water hammer protection of the siphon breaking structure in the water supply system." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 71, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.162.
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Abstract An appropriate water hammer protective scheme is a significant concern in the operation of water supply projects. According to the special terrain in the water supply project, which forms a siphon breaking structure at the end of the pipeline, three protective schemes were proposed and compared: single vacuum breaking valve (VBV) scheme, VBV and air valve scheme, and VBV and one-way surge tower scheme. Based on the control standards of pipe pressure, the three protective schemes were assessed in terms of suppressing the negative pressure caused by a pump trip accident. The results show that the siphon breaking structure with the VBV can achieve good effect protection only in a limited range of pipelines. In the VBV and air valve scheme, the pressure oscillations were obviously caused by repeated inlet and exhaust of the air valves. To avoid supplementing too much gas in the pipe by air valves, which will result in a gas column bridging phenomenon, the VBV and one-way surge tower scheme is proposed and can better meet the requirement of the pressure control standard.
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Ilyina, I. E., M. V. Sergeev, and E. A. Nelyutskova. "Importance of Trace Evidence Study in Determining Road Traffic Accident Circumstances in order to Prevent Insurance Fraud." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-3-206-219.
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The authors, on the basis of analysis of growing motorization, particularly at the regional level (using the example of Penza region of the Russian Federation) confirm the urgency of the tasks of preserving life and health of road users, note changes in frequency of accidents of various origin, the positive role of insurance instruments in dealing with the consequences of road traffic accidents.At the same time, fraud in the field of compulsory motor third party liability insurance (MTPL) is one of the most important and urgent issues for insurance companies. One of the most common schemes of fictitious accidents is an attempt to get repair or replacement of existing damage at the expense of the insurer. In this regard, the use of transport trace evidence examinations has become widespread.It is this type of transport expertise that reliably and accurately determines conformity of damage to vehicles to the mechanism and circumstances of a road traffic accident. Trace evidence analysis is always assigned when it comes to currently notorious «staged crash». It is impossible to understand the nature of accidents associated with lane change by vehicles moving along the way without study of trace materials. Particularly many problems arise in a situation where both participants in the accident claim that they were moving without changing the direction of movement, and that was the opponent who made a maneuver of lane change not complying with the requirement of the road traffic rules of the Russian Federation on priorities in traffic movement.As an example, the article presents an expert study of a road traffic accident that raised doubts about reliability of circumstances set out by policyholders.
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Russo, Letícia Xander, Timothy Powell-Jackson, Jorge Otavio Maia Barreto, Josephine Borghi, Roxanne Kovacs, Garibaldi Dantas Gurgel Junior, Luciano Bezerra Gomes, et al. "Pay for performance in primary care: the contribution of the Programme for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ) on avoidable hospitalisations in Brazil, 2009–2018." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 7 (July 2021): e005429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005429.
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BackgroundEvidence on the effect of pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes on provider performance is mixed in low-income and middle-income countries. Brazil introduced its first national-level P4P scheme in 2011 (PMAQ-Brazilian National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality). PMAQ is likely one of the largest P4P schemes in the world. We estimate the association between PMAQ and hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) based on a panel of 5564 municipalities.MethodsWe conducted a fixed effect panel data analysis over the period of 2009–2018, controlling for coverage of primary healthcare, hospital beds per 10 000 population, education, real gross domestic product per capita and population density. The outcome is the hospitalisation rate for ACSCs among people aged 64 years and under per 10 000 population. Our exposure variable is defined as the percentage of family health teams participating in PMAQ, which captures the roll-out of PMAQ over time. We also provided several sensitivity analyses, by using alternative measures of the exposure and outcome variables, and a placebo test using transport accident hospitalisations instead of ACSCs.ResultsThe results show a negative and statistically significant association between the rollout of PMAQ and ACSC rates for all age groups. An increase in PMAQ participating of one percentage point decreased the hospitalisation rate for ACSC by 0.0356 (SE 0.0123, p=0.004) per 10 000 population (aged 0–64 years). This corresponds to a reduction of approximately 60 829 hospitalisations in 2018. The impact is stronger for children under 5 years (−0.0940, SE 0.0375, p=0.012), representing a reduction of around 11 936 hospitalisations. Our placebo test shows that the association of PMAQ on the hospitalisation rate for transport accidents is not statistically significant, as expected.ConclusionWe find that PMAQ was associated with a modest reduction in hospitalisation for ACSCs.
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Sharma, Pushpa Raj. "Mainstreaming Micro-Insurance Schemes: Role of Insurance Companies in Nepal." Economic Literature 11 (May 9, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/el.v11i0.14865.
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<p>Micro-insurance refers to the relatively short term insurances meant for health, accident, crop and livestock policies. The beneficiaries are the rural people who are mostly involved in agriculture which is subject to different external shocks. Along with agro insurance, the regulator is also encouraging insurance companies to insure micro enterprises such as water mills, tea shops, rickshaws and vending carts. The poor households currently need to incur huge amounts of health expenses which are over and above their current income(s) and savings and therefore, need to resort to multiple sources of financing, of which a major source is borrowing. At present, there are 25 registered insurance companies in Nepal. Of these, 8 are private commercial life insurers, 16 are private commercial non-life insurers and 1 is composite insurer. There is no scientific calculation of the crop’s yield and of livestock, which will create ambiguity in the valuation of the property being insured. </p><p><strong>Economic Literature,</strong> Vol. XI (40-46), June 2013 </p>
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Cembrowicz, S. P., and J. P. Shepherd. "Violence in the Accident and Emergency Department." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 2 (April 1992): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809203200205.
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Crimes of violence are recorded increasingly frequently, including those involving health professionals. We reviewed records of violent incidents kept for a major Accident and Emergency Department over a ten-year period. Details were recorded in a Violent Incident Book by all grades of A/E staff, and separate records were kept by hospital security officers. A total of 407 incidents were recorded. Numbers, rank and sex of staff assaulted, types of assault, injuries received, weapons used and characteristics and disposal of perpetrators were recorded. Many were young males who had been drinking: others were regular attenders, of whom three subsequently died and one convicted of murder. Nurses and male doctors appeared to be at the greatest risk of assault and receptionists at the least risk. Recording of violent incidents and subsequent prosecution seemed inconsistent, and may have reflected the lack of a code of practice in this area. Suggestions are made about preventing, predicting and dealing with violence, and its aftermath, in the A and E department, including the use of security officers and closed circuit television, waiting room design, the recognition of body language and signs of alcohol or substance intoxication. The importance of staff support after an assault is emphasized, including immediate and long-term counselling, provision of legal advice, criminal or civil court action, victim support schemes and the workings of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board. Free legal advice for staff assaulted at work should be included in the terms of service of NHS staff.
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Blackburn, Ruth M., Andrew Hayward, Michelle Cornes, Martin McKee, Dan Lewer, Martin Whiteford, Dee Menezes, et al. "Outcomes of specialist discharge coordination and intermediate care schemes for patients who are homeless: analysis protocol for a population-based historical cohort." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e019282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019282.
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IntroductionPeople who are homeless often experience poor hospital discharge arrangements, reflecting ongoing care and housing needs. Specialist integrated homeless health and care provision (SIHHC) schemes have been developed and implemented to facilitate the safe and timely discharge of homeless patients from hospital. Our study aims to investigate the health outcomes of patients who were homeless and seen by a selection of SIHHC services.Methods and analysisOur study will employ a historical population-based cohort in England. We will examine health outcomes among three groups of adults: (1) homeless patients seen by specialist discharge schemes during their hospital admission; (2) homeless patients not seen by a specialist scheme and (3) admitted patients who live in deprived neighbourhoods and were not recorded as being homeless. Primary outcomes will be: time from discharge to next hospital inpatient admission; time from discharge to next accident and emergency attendance and 28-day emergency readmission. Outcome data will be generated through linkage to hospital admissions data (Hospital Episode Statistics) and mortality data for November 2013 to November 2016. Multivariable regression will be used to model the relationship between the study comparison groups and each of the outcomes.Ethics and disseminationApproval has been obtained from the National Health Service (NHS) Confidentiality Advisory Group (reference 16/CAG/0021) to undertake this work using unconsented identifiable data. Health Research Authority Research Ethics approval (REC 16/EE/0018) has been obtained in addition to local research and development approvals for data collection at NHS sites. We will feedback the results of our study to our advisory group of people who have lived experience of homelessness and seek their suggestions on ways to improve or take this work further for their benefit. We will disseminate our findings to SIHHC schemes through a series of regional workshops.
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Pillay, Mani. "Improving Organisational Health and Safety Performance: Theoretical Framework and Contemporary Approaches." International Journal of Management Excellence 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v7i3.860.
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This paper is reviews accident causation, prevention and occupational health and safety (OHS) management as an opportunity for improving organisational performance. A theoretical framework based on a periodization scheme is introduced first. This is then used to examine theoretical and practical developments in two inter-twined areas of research; accident causation and OHS management. The key premises, limitations and implications for practice are integrated into this review. The paper concludes with some identified gaps in research and opportunities for progressing organisational OHS performance.
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Kompasenko, E. I., O. R. Kadyrov, E. A. Mazlova, S. V. Ostakh, and R. R. Usmanov. "Improvement of Organizational and Technological Schemes for Handling with Drilling Waste." Occupational Safety in Industry 12, no. 12 (December 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-12-78-84.
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In the article the relevance is substantiated related to improving the organizational and technological schemes for handling of drilled cuttings of hydrocarbons of a polycomponent composition from the standpoint of improving the environmental safety of territories during the development and operation of oil and gas fields, as well as ensuring the industrial safety. Analysis of the existing drilled cuttings management systems is carried out, and the classification of their storage facilities is presented depending on the time, their location and on the waste management scheme to prevent flooding and waste spills due to emergencies. The requirements are given concerning the construction of temporary accumulators and sludge pits, as well as the conditions for classifying the waste management system as a pitless drilling method. The recommendations are proposed for choosing an accident-free organizational and technological scheme for handling of drilled cuttings, and measures to reduce the negative effect on the components of the environment during the accumulation and disposal of drilled cuttings. The features of accumulative drilling technology are considered, which provide for the accumulation of generated drilled cuttings in the temporary storage facilities with their subsequent processing, neutralization and (or) disposal without removal from the territory of the well construction/reconstruction site. The causes and consequences of emergency situations are presented. The implemented organizational and technological scheme of drilling waste management is presented using a logical and information model. Recommendations are given on the choice of an organizational and technological scheme for handling of drilled cuttings when improving the systems for managing the flow of drilled cuttings from the wells of hydrocarbons of the multicomponent composition, depending on the hazard class of drilled cuttings generated by the subsurface users, as well as the territories with environmental restrictions.
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Shepherd, Jonathan, Margaret Shapland, and Crispian Scully. "Recording by the Police of Violent Offences; An Accident and Emergency Department Perspective." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 3 (July 1989): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900311.
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The British Crime Surveys have demonstrated that police-derived crime statistics are an unreliable indicator of the true number of violent offences in society. We therefore investigated police recording of consecutive victims of violence who sought treatment in a large Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department. Of victims assaulted within the boundaries of the inner-city Police Division, only one quarter were recorded by the police, though half claimed police awareness of the incident. Proportionately fewer assaults which occurred in the street, in discoteques or on Saturdays were recorded, in comparison to assaults which occurred in other locations and on other days. Proportionately more female victims were recorded, compared to males. A & E data provide a useful insight into the efficiency and effectiveness of inner-city policing. Victims Support Schemes should liaise with A & E Departments as well as with the police.
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Ogunrewo, Tolulope O., Oluwadayo A. Magbagbeola, Samuel T. Oladejo, and Adeoye Allen-Taylor. "Incidence and reasons for leave against medical advice among orthopedic and trauma patients at the university college hospital Ibadan." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20205555.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Leave against medical advice (LAMA) of hospitalized patients is an adverse clinical event in which a patient chooses to leave the hospital before it is medically advisable to do so and it negatively affects the treatment outcome. Because of this, the study was designed to determine the incidence of and indications for LAMA among orthopedic patients who presented at the accident and emergency department of the university college hospital, Ibadan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective hospital-based study determining the incidence of LAMA among orthopedic patients who presented at the accident and emergency department of the university college hospital, Ibadan between September 2019 and March 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 289 patients with orthopedic conditions presented within the study period and about 12.46% of these LAMA. The male to female ratio observed in this study is 2:1. The age range was between 8 and 93 years. Trauma from motorbike and motor vehicle accidents accounted for over 80% of the etiology. The most important factor influencing LAMA is financial constraints (63.9%) and LAMA was signed mostly by the patients (25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LAMA among orthopedic patients in Ibadan is mostly due to financial reasons, therefore, factors that will reduce the cost of management such as the accessibility to health insurance schemes will significantly reduce the incidence of LAMA among orthopedic patients in Nigeria.</p><p> </p>
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Duffy, Ailsa. "The Common-Law Response to the Accident Compensation Scheme." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 34, no. 2 (June 2, 2003): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v34i2.5794.
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In a scheme that began with rejecting common law, the reappearance of civil litigation on the margins of ACC during the 1980s drew much attention. In line with successive statutory revisions, certain claims (for example, "nervous shock") were excluded from ACC coverage only to be revived within common law. Other claims, including certain types of medical misadventure, were "covered" by ACC but received no benefits in the absence of economic loss, especially as benefit standards were tightened. In addition the bar on compensatory damages for negligence was held not to exclude exemplary damages. This paper explores the vagaries of ACC coverage that reawakened common law during the 1980s and 1990s, with special attention to various health crises involving women.
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Brügger, U., R. Plessow, S. Hess, A. Caballero, K. Eichler, V. Meyer, and U. von Wartburg. "The health technology assessment of the compulsory accident insurance scheme of hand transplantation in Switzerland." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 40, no. 9 (November 18, 2014): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193414559463.
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Recently the decision-making committee of the compulsory Swiss accident insurance scheme needed to make a basic decision as to whether to fund hand transplantation under that scheme or not. A Health Technology Assessment was commissioned to inform decision-making and gain experience with applicability of the method. The following were main findings from various domains. Compared with prosthesis fitting, the outcome of hand transplantation is satisfactory for function and sensibility. Complications due to immunosuppression are frequent, sometimes severe and potentially life-shortening. The direct medical costs over the entire life span calculated for a 35-year-old unilaterally amputated base case patient were CHF 528,600 (EUR 438,500) higher than for a prosthesis. There are challenging ethical, legal and organizational issues. The committee decided not to reimburse hand transplantation for ethical reasons. The Health Technology Assessment has been shown to be a useful tool for decision-making in the context of Swiss accident insurance. Level of evidence: IV
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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier, and Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "EMPLOYEE WELFARE AND ACCOUNTABILITY." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5368.
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According to (Balfour 2013), “Employee welfare refers to the efforts made by the employers to improve the working and living conditions over and above the wages paid to them. In its widest sense it comprises all matters affecting the health, safety, comfort and general welfare of the workmen, and includes provision for education, recreation, thrift schemes, convalescent homes”. It covers almost fields of activities of workers e.g., social, economic, industrial and educational. According to (N.M. Joshi, 2011) “Employee welfare work covers all the efforts which employers take for the benefit of their employees over and above the minimum standards of working conditions fixed by the Factories Act and over and above the provisions of the social legislation providing against accident, old age, unemployment and sickness”.
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Cornes, Michelle, Robert W. Aldridge, Elizabeth Biswell, Richard Byng, Michael Clark, Graham Foster, James Fuller, et al. "Improving care transfers for homeless patients after hospital discharge: a realist evaluation." Health Services and Delivery Research 9, no. 17 (September 2021): 1–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr09170.
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Background In 2013, 70% of people who were homeless on admission to hospital were discharged back to the street without having their care and support needs addressed. In response, the UK government provided funding for 52 new specialist homeless hospital discharge schemes. This study employed RAMESES II (Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards) guidelines between September 2015 and 2019 to undertake a realist evaluation to establish what worked, for whom, under what circumstances and why. It was hypothesised that delivering outcomes linked to consistently safe, timely care transfers for homeless patients would depend on hospital discharge schemes implementing a series of high-impact changes (resource mechanisms). These changes encompassed multidisciplinary discharge co-ordination (delivered through clinically led homeless teams) and ‘step-down’ intermediate care. These facilitated time-limited care and support and alternative pathways out of hospital for people who could not go straight home. Methods The realist hypothesis was tested empirically and refined through three work packages. Work package 1 generated seven qualitative case studies, comparing sites with different types of specialist homeless hospital discharge schemes (n = 5) and those with no specialist discharge scheme (standard care) (n = 2). Methods of data collection included interviews with 77 practitioners and stakeholders and 70 people who were homeless on admission to hospital. A ‘data linkage’ process (work package 2) and an economic evaluation (work package 3) were also undertaken. The data linkage process resulted in data being collected on > 3882 patients from 17 discharge schemes across England. The study involved people with lived experience of homelessness in all stages. Results There was strong evidence to support our realist hypothesis. Specialist homeless hospital discharge schemes employing multidisciplinary discharge co-ordination and ‘step-down’ intermediate care were more effective and cost-effective than standard care. Specialist care was shown to reduce delayed transfers of care. Accident and emergency visits were also 18% lower among homeless patients discharged at a site with a step-down service than at those without. However, there was an impact on the effectiveness of the schemes when they were underfunded or when there was a shortage of permanent supportive housing and longer-term care and support. In these contexts, it remained (tacitly) accepted practice (across both standard and specialist care sites) to discharge homeless patients to the streets, rather than delay their transfer. We found little evidence that discharge schemes fired a change in reasoning with regard to the cultural distance that positions ‘homeless patients’ as somehow less vulnerable than other groups of patients. We refined our hypothesis to reflect that high-impact changes need to be underpinned by robust adult safeguarding. Strengths and limitations To our knowledge, this is the largest study of the outcomes of homeless patients discharged from hospital in the UK. Owing to issues with the comparator group, the effectiveness analysis undertaken for the data linkage was limited to comparisons of different types of specialist discharge scheme (rather than specialist vs. standard care). Future work There is a need to consider approaches that align with those for value or alliance-based commissioning where the evaluative gaze is shifted from discrete interventions to understanding how the system is working as a whole to deliver outcomes for a defined patient population. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 9, No. 17. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Basaza, Robert K., Judith H. Kiconco, Elizabeth P. Kyasiimire, and Emmanuel D. Otieno. "Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Community Health Insurance Among Commercial Motorcyclists in Kampala City, Uganda: A Contingency Valuation Study." Journal of Research & Health 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jrh.12.2.1970.1.
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Background: To assess determinants of Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Community Health Insurance (CHI) among commercial motorcyclists (Boda boda riders) in Kampala City, Uganda. Methods: This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 381 commercial motorcyclists were selected from Nakawa Division using purposive and simple random sampling methods. Structured interviews and contingency valuation method were used for data collection and measuring WTP for CHI. Data were collected in April, May and June 2019. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, v. 21 by multivariate regression analysis and considering at significance level of P<0.05. Results: Most of Boda boda riders had WTP for CHI (70%); 7 out of 10 commercial motorcyclists were willing to pay a premium of at least 70,000 UGX (20 USD).Those with at least five years of experience in the commercial motorcycle business were 9 times more willing to pay for CHI. Those with hired motorcycles and a history of involvement in a riding accident were less likely to pay for CHI. The other key determinants of WTP included: Being a commercial motorcyclist for 3 years or more, being aware of CHI, self-employment (riding own motorcycle), a history of payment for any form of insurance, and being single. Conclusion: The WTP for CHI is high among commercial motorcyclists in Kampala City. The WTP among these motorcyclists is determined more by individual factors and less by insurance scheme-related factors. The results recommend the coverage of informal sector by CHI schemes to increase universal health coverage in Uganda.
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V., Akshay, Umashankar G. K., Pramila M., Ritu Maiti, Aswini M., and Manjusha P. C. "Oral health utilization and awareness of Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) health insurance scheme in Bangalore." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213037.
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Background: Oral health has a significant impact on quality of life of an individual but often an overlooked component of overall health. Oral diseases are emerging as a major public health concern in India and Ayushman Bharat Yojana focuses to help enhance oral health care of the entire nation. We aimed to assess the awareness and utilization of dental services under Ayushman Bharat health scheme among outpatients in Bangalore hospitals.Methods: A mixed method comprising case analysis and cross sectional observation was carried out. The annual reports data of Ayushman Bharat scheme in Karnataka was obtained for the case analysis. A cross sectional study was carried out among 150 adults in five Bangalore hospitals and data was collected using self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS 24.Results: The study showed that 65.7% of the participants were unaware of Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme. 25% of the participants were the beneficiaries of this scheme. Only 6% of the study participants availed general treatment under Ayushman Bharat and the treatment availed were for heart surgeries, labour and child birth, tuberculosis and cancer treatments. 12.5% of our participants were aware about dental coverage included in Ayushman Bharat insurance scheme and only 1 participant availed jaw surgery after road traffic accident under this scheme.Conclusions: This study showed there is high Out-Of-Pocket Payments (OOP) spending and lack of knowledge regarding dental coverage under Ayushman Bharat scheme.
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Duncan, Dawn. "Invisible Consequences: The Health Hazards of "Women's Work" in New Zealand." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i2.5749.
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Gordon Anderson has written extensively on the changes in New Zealand's labour laws that have occurred since the late 1960s, and the consequences of these changes for workers. This period saw the narrowing and individualising of work health and safety, the separation of health and safety from other areas of employment relations and the workers' compensation functions of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) scheme. This article explores one of the largely invisible consequences of these shifts, arguing that gaps have emerged between these areas of law, and these gaps fall disproportionately over the types of work that women typically perform. This article outlines the current gaps in the law and identifies the areas in need of reform.
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Vogman, L. P. "Fire and Explosion Hazard during Depressurization of Equipment with Ammonia." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-10-27-30.
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The statistics of fires and explosions of ammonia in the sphere of its circulation (production, storage, use) indicate the relevance of studies aimed at preventing emergency situations, localization, and elimination of accidents consequences. Equally important are studies on the development of assessments of accidents consequences associated with the release and spillage of ammonia from the equipment in various aggregate state. When ammonia is released, the resulting mixture of the product with air can vary in density from the formation of gas-air clouds with a density below the air density to buoyancy and excess air density, depending on the release conditions (pressure and temperature in the equipment; the sizes of the hole through which ammonia enters the surrounding space; the location of the hole in the equipment (gas or liquid phase). When the liquid ammonia leaks out, the spills are formed, from the surface of which the product evaporates especially rapidly in the first moments after the spill. Based on the computational and analytical studies, the design schemes and formulas were proposed for determining the parameters of the explosion: excess pressure and impulse of the undisturbed (incident) and reflected from the obstacles of the blast wave, as well as the nature of the destruction depending on the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, caused by the depressurization of equipment with ammonia. An accident scenario is considered, according to which the ammonia with a mass of 100 kg, when depressurizing, breaks out from the equipment of an industrial refrigerator. Ammonia vapors mix with the air to form a cloud that ignites and explodes. As an example, the overpressure and impulse during explosion of ammonia at a distance of 30 m from the epicenter of the explosion were determined. According to the empirical formula for estimating the distances from the epicenter of the explosion to a given place, the levels of the consequences of building destruction (complete, medium, small, moderate damage) can be established.
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Mansyur, Muchtaruddin. "The role of occupational health services in the universal health coverage era in Indonesia." Universa Medicina 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2019.v38.1-3.
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<p>In accordance to Act No 24 Year 2011 on The Social Security Administrating Body, the Indonesian National Social Security program is managed by two national organizations, namely: Social Security Administering Body for Health (<em>Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan = BPJS Kesehatan</em>) and Social Security Administering Body for Labor (<em>Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan = BPJS Ketenagakerjaan</em>). The former is responsible for providing health coverage for all Indonesians through the National Social Health Insurance Scheme known as the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN. The latter is responsible for providing the worker's social security consisting of Provident Fund Benefit, Accident Benefit, Pension Benefit, and Death Benefit.<sup>1</sup></p>The Indonesian government has been continuously improving the health service program towards better national universal health coverage and has set the 2019 functional achievement target of 95% of the population enrolled in the program. To ensure that this target of the program will be achieved, the government pays the premium of <em>BPJS Kesehatan</em> of the poor and near poor.<sup>2</sup>
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MEYER, TRAUTE, and PAUL BRIDGEN. "Class, gender and chance: the social division of welfare and occupational pensions in the United Kingdom." Ageing and Society 28, no. 3 (April 2008): 353–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x07006873.
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ABSTRACTThe social division of welfare literature emphasises the extent to which occupational-pension provision is distributed on the basis of class and gender. As most previous commentators have at least implicitly recognised, however, a significant proportion of less advantaged people are covered. This paper argues that the patterns of access and their distributional consequences must be considered more systematically, and that in this context, the diversity of employers' pension schemes are investigated. When this is done, it emerges that in the United Kingdom, the spread of occupational provision beyond the most privileged workers means that some vulnerable individuals avoid poverty in retirement. At the same time, however, the main determinant of which less advantaged people are covered and which not is chance. While class and gender are important predictors of who receives occupational pensions, access for the disadvantaged arises mainly as an accident of an employment decision made for reasons unrelated to savings or pensions criteria. This paper argues that the implication is that unsustainable justice-based arguments are currently used by policy makers to sanction the current distribution of UK pension incomes. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the appropriateness of recent UK policy proposals and for international debates about pension reform.
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Poroshin, A. A., E. V. Bobrinev, E. Yu Udavtsova, and A. A. Kondashov. "Dynamic Model for Assessing the State of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System: Application of the Bayesian Approach." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 9 (September 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-9-26-30.
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The article is a continuation of the analytical approach to assessment of condition of the occupational health and management system. The risk-oriented approach supposes decision-making and taking measures to ensure labor protection according to the risk value. Such approach is based on the constant analysis of hazards and current risks and regular adjustment of the occupational health and management system. The model uses the Bayesian approach which, on the basis of a priori value of a composite indicator of assessment of occupational health and management system, determines the potential changes of this indicator according to such factors as the hazard level of units of occupational health and management system and complexity of fires or accidents. The value of composite indicator of assessment of the condition of occupational health and management system is found via the method of maximization of a posteriori density of probability. The level of hazard of units of occupational health and management is assessed for groups of units homogenous by their economic activities and functional hazard classes, by the values of injury (fatality) risk for employees. The complexity of fires (accidents) is assessed in accordance with the quantity of equipment units engaged in fire extinguishing or accident elimination. In order to assess the efficiency of occupational health and management system, the Harrington function’s intervals are applied. The boundary values of the function complying with a good, satisfactory and poor efficiency of occupational health and management system are determined. As an example, calculation of a composite indicator of assessment of condition of the occupational health and management system for a fire department is considered. It is demonstrated that considered complexity of fires and the hazard level of fire units may significantly change the assessment of efficiency of the occupational health and management system. The general scheme of adjustment of the assessment of efficiency of occupational health and management system is provided.
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Skiredj, Aiat Allah, Fadoua Boughaleb, Loubna Aqqaoui, Toualouth Lafia, Assia Mouad, Mounir Erraji, Erraji Fouad Ettayebi, and Houda Oubejja. "Epidemiological profile of unintentional accidents in children over a period of 4 years." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901007.
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Background: Unintentional injuries are one of the most important public health problems among children in developed and some developing countries. Aim: Our purpose is to determine the prevalence of everyday life unintentional injuries among children admitted for at least 24 hours in the pediatric surgical emergencies (PSE) department, Children’s hospital of Rabat, Morocco. Methods: A cross-sectional study of unintentional injuries in children was undertaken over 4 years (2016- 2019) in the pediatric surgical emergencies (PSE) department, Children’s hospital of Rabat, Morocco. The data were analysed by statistical software Jamovi 1.6.23. Drownings and foreign bodies were excluded. Results: 1204 patients were screened, of which 545 files were studied. The median age was 8 years[4;12] with 36,5% were less than 6 years old, 70,4% were boys. The most injuries occurred mostly during winters and summers (41,6 vs 33,8%). The medical insurance plan was provided by compulsory medical insurance (AMO) and RAMED (Medical Assistance Scheme) (30,4% and 46.5% respectively). The main circumstances were accidents of everyday life (52%) with predominance of falls. For the public road accident, pedestrians were predominant. Hospital stay did not exceed 24 hours (73%) mainly in the surgical emergency department.
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Feldthusen, Bruce. "Have the Politics of Rate Regulation Produced a Better No-Fault Regime for Ontario ?" Dommages-intérêts / assurance 39, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043500ar.
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Ontario has changed its no-fault legislation substantially three times in the past decade. These changes have reflected the interest group lobbying of the insurance industry and the practising bar. However, the main and explicit motivation, especially for the latest revision, has been the government's desire to regulate rates. With the Automobile Insurance Rate Stability Act the government appears to have struck a very successful compromise. The lawyers have been allowed an increased, albeit limited, right to sue in tort. The insurers have achieved more certainty, with stricter time and monetary limits on benefits for non-catastrophic injury. Rates have been reduced in part through lower benefit levels, but primarily by throwing the cost of automobile accidents on to other collateral sources. There is, therefore, some subsidization of driving inherent in the legislation. There are also compensation gaps, especially in long term health care, that affect mainly the most vulnerable members of society. Both these shortcomings could and should be easily corrected. So far, it would appear that the politics of rate regulation have generated an improved no-fault automobile accident compensation scheme for Ontario.
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Mano, Laureta, and Mirela Selita. "The Albanian Social Security System and the Institutions of Social Protection in Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p18-25.
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The social security system in Albania consists of social assistance and social services, health services and health care insurance and social insurance schemes. In the social objectives of the constitution are declared that the State within the constitutional competencies and the probable means as well as in the fulfillment of private initiatives and responsibilities, aims to higher possible standards of health, physical and mental; social care and services of elderly, orphan and invalids; medical rehabilitation, special education and integration in the community, of disabled persons. The Constitution foreseen that everyone has the right of social insurance when retired or in case of incapacity of work under a certain system established by a law. Everyone, when is unemployed for any reasons independent on individual will and when there is no living means, has the right of need under the conditions foreseen by law. Social insurance is a scheme protecting by benefits persons in respect of temporary incapacity due to sickness, maternity, old-age, disability and loss of breadwinner, employment accidents/occupational diseases, unemployment. Social Services are benefits in kind for disabled persons or vulnerable persons. Social Assistances are cash benefits given to families in need, that means families with lower incomes comparable with minimum standard of living or families without incomes. Health services consist of public health, primary health care, hospitalization services nurse's service, dental and pharmaceutical net. The Institutions of Social Protection in Albania are Social Insurance Institute, National Social Services and Health Care Insurance Fund.
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Sobrun-Maharaj, Amritha, Samson Tse, and Ekramul Hoque. "Barriers experienced by Asians in accessing injury-related services and compensations." Journal of Primary Health Care 2, no. 1 (2010): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc10043.
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INTRODUCTION: The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) administers New Zealands (NZ) accident compensation scheme. Asians in NZ are apparently under-serviced by ACC and may be experiencing barriers to accessing services. This study identifies barriers that Asians in NZ face in accessing ACCs injury-related services and compensations. METHODS: By utilising a qualitative research design, 113 Chinese, Korean, Indian, and South East Asian participants residing in Auckland, NZ were recruited through maximum variation and purposive snowball sampling. Data were gathered during 2006 through 22 individual in-depth interviews and 14 focus group discussions based on semi-structured interview schedules. Interviewees included Asian general practitioners, traditional health providers, users and non-users of injury-related services, case managers and Asian community leaders. Data were analysed using a general inductive approach. FINDINGS: Results show that personal/cultural characteristics such as age, gender, English language competence, injury-related language competence, differing Asian worldviews, and consequent helpseeking behaviours act as barriers to accessing services and entitlements. This is exacerbated by logistical and environmental factors such as cost, transport, time, inadequate interpretation and translation services, as well as institutional barriers such as lack of information about services, culturally inappropriate services, discriminatory attitudes and employment risks. CONCLUSION: It is evident that Asians living in NZ are experiencing several cultural, environmental and institutional barriers to accessing ACC services. There is clearly a need for more culturally relevant information and injury-related services if Asian immigrants use of such services and entitlements is to be increased. KEYWORDS: Barriers; access; Asians; injury-related services
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Cottrell, David. "Supervision." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.83.
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Supervision is a key feature of professional development in a wide range of professions. The Royal College of Psychiatrists, in its ‘Statement on approval of training schemes for basic specialist training for the MRCPsych’ (available on request from the Postgraduate Educational Services Department of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 17 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PG) dictates that each basic specialist trainee should have a “protected hour per week” with his or her educational supervisor. This time should belong “exclusively” to the trainee and be “for the benefit of the trainee”. The Higher Specialist Training Handbook (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1998) also emphasises the central importance of supervision as part of higher training for specialist registrars. Training consultants are expected to be “readily available” to trainees, and to provide a “regular, weekly, timetabled supervision session”. Supervision is obviously perceived by those responsible for standard-setting in psychiatry as a key activity. However, there is a marked lack of clarity as to what constitutes good and effective supervision and there are often few opportunities for learning how to supervise. Hayes (1996) writes about research supervision but his comments are equally applicable to other forms of supervision. He suggests that quality supervision, where it exists, is often by accident rather than by design. It is likely to have been acquired experientially and not without some past hurt to either supervisor or supervised or both. He argues that too much attention has been paid to the quality control of supervision and not enough to quality assurance, with insufficient attention paid to all the possible roles of a supervisor and the key personal attributes necessary to fulfil these roles.
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Szmukler, George, Rowena Daw, and John Dawson. "A model law fusing incapacity and mental health legislation." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law, no. 20 (September 8, 2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v0i20.232.
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<p align="left">An outline for a model law is presented here that would govern the non-consensual treatment of people who lack the capacity (or competence) to consent due to mental impairment, whether this is due to ‘mental disorder’ or ‘psychiatric disorder’ as conventionally conceived, or due to a ‘physical disorder’. Our aim in drafting this model law is to give coherent and practical expression to the case, previously made by two of the current authors, that separate legislation authorising the civil commitment of ‘mentally disordered’ persons is unnecessary, and discriminatory, and should be replaced by new, comprehensive legislation that would govern the non-consensual treatment of both ‘mental’ and ‘physical’ conditions. This new scheme – which we have described as the ‘fusion’ proposal – would be based squarely on incapacity principles: that is, on the impaired capacity of a person to make decisions about treatment, from whatever cause – whether this is due to schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s Disease, a learning disability, a confusional state due to infection, a cerebrovascular accident, a head injury, or any other mental impairment.</p><p align="left">A model statute of this kind, drafted largely by Rowena Daw, is presented here in skeleton form.</p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"> </p>
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Lanoie, Paul. "A NOTE ON GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH: THE CASE FOR AN ACCIDENT TAX AND A SAFETY BONUS SCHEME." Bulletin of Economic Research 46, no. 2 (April 1994): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1994.tb00587.x.
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Hirst, W. M., L. J. Mountain, and M. J. Maher. "Sources of error in road safety scheme evaluation: a method to deal with outdated accident prediction models." Accident Analysis & Prevention 36, no. 5 (September 2004): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2003.05.005.
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Watt, Richard, and Francisco J. Vázquez. "Optimal accident compensation schemes." Spanish Economic Review 11, no. 1 (August 29, 2008): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10108-008-9047-5.
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Deidda, Manuela, Laura Coll-Planas, Maria Giné-Garriga, Míriam Guerra-Balic, Marta Roqué i Figuls, Mark A. Tully, Paolo Caserotti, et al. "Cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes enhanced by self-management strategies to battle sedentary behaviour in older adults: protocol for an economic evaluation alongside the SITLESS three-armed pragmatic randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e022266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022266.
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IntroductionPromoting physical activity (PA) and reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) may exert beneficial effects on the older adult population, improving behavioural, functional, health and psychosocial outcomes in addition to reducing health, social care and personal costs. This paper describes the planned economic evaluation of SITLESS, a multicountry three-armed pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) which aims to assess the short-term and long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a complex intervention on SB and PA in community-dwelling older adults, based on exercise referral schemes enhanced by a group intervention providing self-management strategies to encourage lifestyle change.Methods and analysisA within-trial economic evaluation and long-term model from both a National Health Service/personal social services perspective and a broader societal perspective will be undertaken alongside the SITLESS multinational RCT. Healthcare costs (hospitalisations, accident and emergency visits, appointment with health professionals) and social care costs (eg, community care) will be included in the economic evaluation. For the cost-utility analysis, quality-adjusted life-years will be measured using the EQ-5D-5L and capability well-being measured using the ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people (ICECAP-O) questionnaire. Other effectiveness outcomes (health related, behavioural, functional) will be incorporated into a cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-consequence analysis.The multinational nature of this RCT implies a hierarchical structure of the data and unobserved heterogeneity between clusters that needs to be adequately modelled with appropriate statistical and econometric techniques. In addition, a long-term population health economic model will be developed and will synthesise and extrapolate within-trial data with additional data extracted from the literature linking PA and SB outcomes with longer term health states.Methods guidance for population health economic evaluation will be adopted including the use of a long-time horizon, 1.5% discount rate for costs and benefits, cost consequence analysis framework and a multisector perspective.Ethics and disseminationThe study design was approved by the ethics and research committee of each intervention site: the Ethics and Research Committee of Ramon Llull University (reference number: 1314001P) (Fundació Blanquerna, Spain), the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (reference number: S-20150186) (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark), Office for Research Ethics Committees in Northern Ireland (ORECNI reference number: 16/NI/0185) (Queen’s University of Belfast) and the Ethical Review Board of Ulm University (reference number: 354/15) (Ulm, Germany). Participation is voluntary and all participants will be asked to sign informed consent before the start of the study.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 634 270. This article reflects only the authors' view and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.The findings of the study will be disseminated to different target groups (academia, policymakers, end users) through different means following the national ethical guidelines and the dissemination regulation of the Horizon 2020 funding agency.Use of the EuroQol was registered with the EuroQol Group in 2016.Use of the ICECAP-O was registered with the University of Birmingham in March 2017.Trial registration numberNCT02629666; Pre-results.
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Watts, Darryl. "A year in Auckland." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 3 (March 1989): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.3.127.
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I had acquainted myself with the psychiatric services in New Zealand some years ago during my student elective. I wanted to return to experience further a system which was both similar and different to the NHS. The New Zealand hospital system was funded in a similar way to the NHS. One organisational difference was the managerial layer, which was still filled by medical superintendents. Another difference was the extensive no-fault accident compensation scheme through which settlements were made without resort to lawsuits. Thus doctors paid low medical defence fees and were rarely sued, but the Government had regularly to meet a large bill. The psychiatric services were in the process of moving from hospital-based to community-based, in line with prevailing clinical and public attitudes. This was fuelled by some headline-making scandals over patient care in the asylums. One cause for general alarm was the poor health of ethnic minorities, especially the indigenous Maori. This issue resonated with racial and political overtones.
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Bufton, Mark W., and Joseph Melling. "“A Mere Matter of Rock”: Organized Labour, Scientific Evidence and British Government Schemes for Compensation of Silicosis and Pneumoconiosis among Coalminers, 1926–1940." Medical History 49, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300008553.
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The growth of statutory compensation for industrial injuries and illness has attracted considerable attention from historians of state welfare and students of organized labour in both Europe and North America. The rights of legal redress for disease and accidents in the workplace have become the subject of some debate among historians of occupational health and safety, most particularly in regard to asbestos-related illnesses. Among the most detailed and scholarly accounts of the subject in Britain are those by Peter Bartrip and his collaborators. In contrast to many accounts in labour and medical history which express strong empathy with the plight of workers who faced injury and death in the workplace, Bartrip adopts a model of industrial behaviour which is closer to rational-choice assumptions of mainstream economics. His recent account of government regulation of occupational diseases since the nineteenth century offers limited comment on the attitudes of trade unionists to accidents, though he broadly maintains that British unions have historically been more concerned with winning compensation awards than pressing for the prevention of hazards in the industrial workplace.
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Taderera, Hope. "Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Institutional and Regulatory Frameworks in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 4 (October 29, 2012): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i4.2149.
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The discussion focuses on the Occupational Health and Safety Management System which was initiated by the International Labour Organization to facilitate the formulation, implementation and evaluation of occupational health and safety interventions at a national policy, sector and organizational level in all countries. It also focuses on Zimbabwe’s occupational health and safety policy, regulatory and institutional framework. The ILO’s OSH-MS 2001 was developed to provide a unique international model, compatible with other management system standards and guides, towards promoting occupational health and safety in a systematic manner. In Zimbabwe, occupational health and safety laws that are applicable to all employers and employees across sectors are enshrined within the Labour Act, Chapter 28.01, and the National Social Security Authority’s Accident Prevention Workers Compensation Scheme Notice No. 68 of 1990. Occupational health and safety management in Zimbabwe is pursued through the International Labour Organization’s Zimbabwe Office, the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, the National Social Security Authority, and the Zimbabwe Occupational Health and Safety Council, which comprises government, employers and labour unions. It was recommended that Zimbabwe fully adopts the OHS-MS in all sectors, industries and organizations in an adaptive manner. The study also recommended systematic capacity building at a national, sectoral, industrial and organizational level to enhance effective, efficient and adaptive implementation of this tool, and continuous interaction and engagement between the ILO, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, EMCOZ, ZCTU and ZFTU for the realization of the highest standards of occupational health and safety in Zimbabwe.
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Li, Bo, Jin Xu, Xinxiang Pan, Long Ma, Zhiqiang Zhao, Rong Chen, Qiao Liu, and Haixia Wang. "Marine Oil Spill Detection with X-Band Shipborne Radar Using GLCM, SVM and FCM." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153715.
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Marine oil spills have a significant adverse impact on the economy, ecology, and human health. Rapid and effective oil spill monitoring action is extraordinarily important for controlling marine pollution. A marine oil spill detection scheme based on X-band shipborne radar image with machine learning is proposed here. First, the original shipborne radar image collected on Dalian 7.16 oil spill accident was transformed into a Cartesian coordinate system and noise suppressed. Then, texture features and SVM were used to indicate the effective monitoring location of ocean waves. Third, FCM was applied to classify the oil films and ocean waves. Finally, the oil spill detection result was transformed back to a polar coordinate system. Compared with an improved active contour model and another oil spill detection method with SVM, our method performed more intelligently. It can provide data support for marine oil spill emergency response.
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Olusanya, Olasunmbo Ayanfeoluwa. "Subcontracting Systems and Social Protection in the Informal Building Construction Industry in Lagos, Nigeria." Journal of Construction Business and Management 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.2.1.91.
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Subcontracting systems are entrenched in the building construction process in Nigeria. However, the implications for informal building construction industry workers' access to social protection measures are a cause for concern. This study examined the influence of subcontracting systems on access to social protection measures by workers in the informal building construction industry in Lagos, Nigeria, based on a cross-sectional research design, agency theory and the general theory of employment. The secondary and primary data used for the study were derived from a systematic review of relevant literature, a questionnaire administered to 908 respondents and 50 key informant interviews among informal building construction workers and subcontractors. The structured questionnaire was subjected to internal and external validity; the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test of the survey stood at 0.722. Data extracted from the structured questionnaire and interviews were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics, correlational analysis and narrative analysis. Findings revealed that workers got financial and health assistance from employers and government respectively. Results also show that informal building construction workers perceived provision of social protection as inadequate. The results of Pearson Correlation indicate that subcontracting systems have an inverse and statistically significant relationship with access to free or subsidised medical care, the remedy to accident on site and pattern of savings. Therefore, subcontracting systems influenced the availability of social protection measures significantly. Based on the findings and the important roles of subcontractors in the building construction industry, it is recommended that appropriate legislative instrument should be developed to address the challenges posed by subcontracting concerning access to social protection measures in the informal building construction industry. It is also suggested that steps should be taken by the government to promote formalisation of employment in the informal sector and support community-based social insurance schemes in Nigeria.
Keywords: Building construction, Informal economy, Lagos, Social protection, Subcontracting systems.
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Chow, Hsueh-wen, and Dai-Rong Wu. "Outdoor Fitness Equipment Usage Behaviors in Natural Settings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030391.
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Outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) areas have become a popular form of built environment infrastructure in public open spaces as a means to improve public health through increased physical activity. However, the benefits of using OFE are not consistent, and several OFE accidents have been reported. In this study, we videotaped how OFE users operate OFE in parks and selected four types of popular OFE (the waist twister, air walker, ski machine, and waist/back massager) for video content analysis. Furthermore, we established coding schemes and compared results with the instructions provided by OFE manufacturers. The results revealed various usage behaviors for the same OFE types. In addition, we observed that a significant portion of user behaviors did not follow manufacturers’ instructions, which might pose potential risks or actually cause injuries. Children are especially prone to act improperly. This study provides empirical evidence indicating the existence of potential safety risks due to inappropriate usage behaviors that might lead to accidents and injuries while using OFE. This study provides crucial information that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of OFE and to develop future park or open space initiatives.
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Ibáñez-Justicia, Adolfo, Nathalie Smitz, Wietse den Hartog, Bart van de Vossenberg, Katrien De Wolf, Isra Deblauwe, Wim Van Bortel, et al. "Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103450.
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In Europe, the air-borne accidental introduction of exotic mosquito species (EMS) has been demonstrated using mosquito surveillance schemes at Schiphol International Airport (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Based upon these findings and given the increasing volume of air transport movements per year, the establishment of EMS after introduction via aircraft is being considered a potential risk. Here we present the airport surveillance results performed by the Centre for Monitoring of Vectors of the Netherlands, by the Monitoring of Exotic Mosquitoes (MEMO) project in Belgium, and by the Public Health England project on invasive mosquito surveillance. The findings of our study demonstrate the aircraft mediated transport of EMS into Europe from a wide range of possible areas in the world. Results show accidental introductions of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, as well as exotic Anopheles and Mansonia specimens. The findings of Ae. albopictus at Schiphol airport are the first evidence of accidental introduction of the species using this pathway in Europe. Furthermore, our results stress the importance of the use of molecular tools to validate the morphology-based species identifications. We recommend monitoring of EMS at airports with special attention to locations with a high movement of cargo and passengers.
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Zheng, Zhixia, Limei Bai, and Shaoquan Li. "Blood Pressure Model Based on Hybrid Feature Convolution Neural Network in Promoting Rehabilitation of Patients with Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (December 7, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1980408.
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Objective. Accurate prediction of the rise of blood pressure is essential for the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. This study uses the hybrid feature convolution neural network to establish the blood pressure model instead of the traditional method of pulse waves. Methods. The pulse waves of 100 patients were collected, and the pulse wave was decomposed into three bell wave compound forms to obtain the accurate pulse wave propagation time. Then, the mixed feature convolution neural network model ABP-net was proposed, which combined the pulse wave propagation time characteristics with the pulse wave waveform characteristics automatically extracted by one-dimensional convolution to predict the arterial blood pressure. Finally, according to the prediction results, 20 patients were treated before the high blood pressure appeared (model group), and another 20 patients with a daily fixed treatment scheme were selected as the control group. Results. In 80 training sets, compared with linear regression and the random forest method, the hybrid feature convolution neural network has higher accuracy in predicting blood pressure. In 20 test sets, the blood pressure error was eliminated within 5 mmHg. The total effective rate in the model group and the control group was 95.0% and 85.0%, respectively ( P = 0.035 ). After treatment, the scores of self-care ability of daily life and limb motor function in the model group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). There were 8 cases (13.6%) in the model group and 17 cases (28.3%) in the control group due to the recurrence of cerebrovascular accident ( P = 0.043 ). Conclusion. Drug treatment guided by a blood pressure model based on a hybrid feature convolution neural network for patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage can significantly and smoothly reduce blood pressure, promote the health recovery, and reduce the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents.
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Pushko, O. O. "Assessment of the Influence of Active Rehabilitation on the Recovery of Motor Disorders in the Scheme of Comprehensive Treatment after Cerebral Hemispheric Ischemic Stroke." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.182.
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Cerebral stroke is a «global epidemic», which occupies the leading place in the structure of the causes of disability of the adult population in most countries, having great medical, social, and economic significance. Therefore, this problem is urgent worldwide, being a priority area of the research, which is constantly explored. The earliest possible start of rehabilitation measures improves functional output and reduces the risk of recurrent stroke. Activation and rehabilitation of patients with stroke should begin from the first days of the patient’s stay at the stroke department, immediately after stabilization of the basic vital functions (breath and hemodynamics). The use of international standardized scales is recommended to assess the functional status of the patient, screening, and dynamic diagnosis of motor disorders. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of active rehabilitation treatment in the scheme of comprehensive therapy of patients with cerebral hemispheric ischemic stroke on the dynamics of recovery of motor disorders, and to study their correlations. Materials and methods. The study enrolled 138 patients: 30 healthy individuals (n = 30) and 108 people with cerebral hemispheric ischemic stroke (n = 108), who were divided into two groups: the first group (n = 48), whose treatment generally followed the «classical» measures with the use of medicinal therapy in accordance with the current clinical protocol of medical care for patients with ischemic stroke and the second group (n = 60), in which patients were additionally prescribed and given two courses of rehabilitation using active rehabilitation methods after the first and the third examinations. Results and discussion. The screening was performed using standardized diagnostic scales to determine: stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), post-stroke functional capacity (Modified Rankin Scale), index of daily activity and self-care ability (Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index), balance impairment (Berg Balance Scale), clinical assessment of spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale) after acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident. Verification of indicators was performed on days 3-7, day 30, day 90, day 180 after cerebral hemispheric ischemic stroke. In the course of the research, we used modern statistical methods and analyzed the structure of motor disorders before and after treatment, determined the reliability of changes in indicators that demonstrate the dynamics of functional recovery under the influence of active rehabilitation, examined the correlations of motor disorders in the study groups. Conclusion. The obtained results show that the use of active rehabilitation methods in the scheme of comprehensive treatment of patients in acute and recovery periods of cerebral hemispheric ischemic stroke significantly increases the efficiency of recovery of motor functions after the acute cerebral accident
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Palmerini, L., L. Chiari, and P. Palumbo. "A Probabilistic Model to Investigate the Properties of Prognostic Tools for Falls." Methods of Information in Medicine 54, no. 02 (2015): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me13-01-0127.
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SummaryBackground: Falls are a prevalent and burdensome problem in the elderly. Tools for the assessment of fall risk are fundamental for fall prevention. Clinical studies for the development and evaluation of prognostic tools for falls show high heterogeneity in the settings and in the reported results. Newly developed tools are susceptible to over- optimism.Objectives: This study proposes a probabilistic model to address critical issues about fall prediction through the analysis of the properties of an ideal prognostic tool for falls.Methods: The model assumes that falls occur within a population according to the Greenwood and Yule scheme for accident-proneness. Parameters for the fall rate distribution are estimated from counts of falls of four different epidemiological studies.Results: We obtained analytic formulas and quantitative estimates for the predictive and discriminative properties of the ideal prognostic tool. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ranges between about 0.80 and 0.89 when prediction on any fall is made within a follow-up of one year. Predicting on multiple falls results in higher AUC.Conclusions: The discriminative ability of current validated prognostic tools for falls is sensibly lower than what the proposed ideal perfect tool achieves. A sensitivity analysis of the predictive and discriminative properties of the tool with respect to study settings and fall rate distribution identifies major factors that can account for the high heterogeneity of results observed in the literature.
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Kay, S., D. J. Wilks, M. Bellew, and R. Baker. "Commentary on The health technology assessment of the compulsory accident insurance scheme of hand transplantation in Switzerland. Brügger et al. J Hand Surg Eur. 2015, 40: 914–23." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 40, no. 9 (October 22, 2015): 924–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193414568052.
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Derrett, Sarah, Emma H. Wyeth, Amy Richardson, Gabrielle Davie, Ari Samaranayaka, Rebbecca Lilley, and Helen Harcombe. "Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study 10 Years on (POIS-10): An Observational Cohort Study." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4020035.
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Injury is a leading cause of disability and is costly. This prospective cohort study extension aims to improve disability, health, and wellbeing outcomes for injured New Zealanders, including for Māori. We will identify predictors and modifiable risk factors of long-term outcomes (positive and negative), and develop an Injury Early Care Tool (INJECT) to inform the implementation of effective interventions to improve outcomes. In the Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study (POIS), 2856 people participated following an injury (occurring between 2007 and 2009) registered with New Zealand’s no-fault accident compensation scheme (ACC). POIS-10 will invite 2121 people (including 358 Māori) who completed a 24-month POIS interview and agreed to follow-up, anticipating 75% participation (n = 1591). Interviews will collect sociodemographic characteristics, life events, comorbidities, and new injuries since participants’ 24-month interview, as well as key disability, health, and wellbeing outcomes 12 years post-injury. Injury-related data will be collected from ACC and hospitalisation records 12 years post-injury. Regression models for the main outcomes will examine the direct effects of predictor variables after adjustment for a wide range of confounders. POIS-10 is enhanced by our partnership with ACC, and expert advisors and will benefit injured people, including Māori, through increased understanding of mechanisms and interventions to improve long-term post-injury outcomes.
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Paddeu, Daniela, Graham Parkhurst, Gianfranco Fancello, Paolo Fadda, and Miriam Ricci. "MULTI-STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION IN URBAN FREIGHT CONSOLIDATION SCHEMES: DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION." Transport 33, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 913–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.6593.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the motivations of climate change, the health impacts of poor air quality, and the importance of cities for economic growth, transport policy at all levels of governance places emphasis on reducing and managing urban traffic and congestion. Whilst the majority of urban traffic is created by personal travel, freight vehicles make a relatively large contribution per vehicle to congestion, pollution and severe accidents. The European Commission (EC 2011) estimates that 6% of all EU transport carbon emissions are from urban freight. For these reasons, a well-structured portfolio of measures and policies oriented towards more sustainable and efficient management of supply chain activities carried out in urban areas is needed, in order to reduce negative externalities related to urban mobility and improve economic performance. In recent years, there has been enthusiasm amongst commentators that shared-resource economic models can both create new commercial opportunities and address policy problems, including in the transport sector. Within the city logistics subsector, this new model is exemplified by the emergence of Urban freight Consolidation Centres (UCCs). UCCs replace multiple ‘last-mile’ delivery movements, many of which involving small consignments, by a common receiving point (the consolidation centre), normally on the periphery of a city, with the final part of the delivery being shared by the consignments in a small freight vehicle. Such arrangements can represent a good compromise between the needs of city centre businesses and their customers on the one hand (i.e. high availability of a range of goods) and local and global sustainability objectives on the other. At the same time, by sharing logistics facilities and delivery vehicles, UCCs offer added-value services to both urban economic actors, such as retailers, and network logistics providers. However, UCCs add to the complexity of logistics chains, requiring additional contracts, communications and movement stages. These arrangements also introduce additional actors within the supply of delivery services, notably local authorities present as promoters and funders, rather than simply as regulators, companies specialised in the UCC operation, and companies, which provide specialist technologies, such as electric delivery vehicles. UCCs therefore also represent an example of multi-stakeholder collaboration. Drawing on the results of a 2013 survey in Bristol (United Kingdom) and a further survey carried out in 2015 in Cagliari (Italy), the present paper will provide an in-depth comparison of the differences in the perceptions of urban freight users and stakeholders towards UCCs. Retailers involved in the survey carried out in Bristol showed high satisfaction with the delivery service provided by the UCC. Different topic areas (e.g. timeliness, reliability, safety) are examined through analyses of both qualitative and quantitative data. The survey carried out in Cagliari investigated the inclination of potential users to join a UCC scheme. The comparison between the two cities considers factors such as the nature of business holding (e.g. SME versus multiple retailers), operational practices (e.g. pattern of deliveries) and operating subsector (e.g. food versus no food). An analysis on the barriers to the implementation of UCCs in Bristol and in Cagliari is provided at the end of the paper.
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Wise, J. "The Importance of Secondary Gain - a Missing Story." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.155.
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There is a wealth of data to tell us that, when it comes to illness, not all is as it seems. Research into hidden agendas of patients [1]drives home the point that a substantial portion of patients (up to 42%) have covert motives for obtaining secondary gains associated with their patient status (e.g., financial support, help or attention from others, stimulant medication, work or study related privileges, or evasion of responsibilities. Less than 10% shared their expectations with the psychiatrist. The Accident Compensation Scheme in New Zealand, , reported a prevalence of symptom exaggeration of 20-50%. In 2017 a disorder struck in Sweden. It struck whose families had failed their last appeal for asylum. The previously unknown ’catatonia’ has many of the characteristics of a culture bound syndrome – giving voice to the voiceless/powerless. Researchers from Ireland studied the motivations of people with factitious disorder. A desire for affection was the most commonly mentioned reason for fabricating illness and as a coping mechanism for threatening life events. The analysis showed that motivation was conscious. Bianchini et al have reported on the Financial Incentive Effect. Perhaps counterintuitively one of the most important points they make is that the presence of a financial incentive is associated with worse outcomes. They found that factors othere than the injury itself control for the probabilities of return to work. How can we determine what is real? [1] Van Egmond, J., Kummeling, I., & Balkom, T. A. (2005). Secondary gain as hidden motive for getting psychiatric treatment. European Psychiatry, 20(5-6), 416-421. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Xing, Jiping, Qi Zhang, Qixiu Cheng, and Zhenshan Zu. "A Geographical and Temporal Risk Evaluation Method for Red-Light Violations by Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections: Analysis and Results of Suzhou, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114420.
Full textAbstract:
Red-light violations of pedestrians crossing at signal intersections is one of the key factors in pedestrian traffic accidents. Even though there are various studies on pedestrian behavior and pedestrian traffic conflicts, few focus on the risk of different crosswalks for the violating pedestrian group. Due to the spatio-temporal nature of violation risk, this study proposes a geographical and temporal risk evaluation method for pedestrian red-light violations, which combines actual survey and video acquisition. First, in the geographical-based risk evaluation, the pedestrian violation rate at signal intersections is investigated by Pearson correlation analysis to extract the significant influencing factors from traffic conditions, built environment, and crosswalk facilities. Second, in the temporal-based risk evaluation, the survival analysis method is developed to quantify the risk of pedestrian violation in different scenarios as time passes by. Finally, this study selects 16 typical signalized intersections in Suzhou, China, with 881 pedestrian crosswalk violations from a total size of 4586 pedestrians as survey cases. Results indicate that crossing distance, traffic volume on the crosswalk, red-light time, and crosswalk-type variables all contribute to the effect of pedestrian violation from a geographical perspective, and the installation of waiting refuge islands has the most significant impact. From the temporal perspective, the increases in red-light time, number of lanes, and traffic volume have a mitigating effect on the violations with pedestrian waiting time increases. This study aims to provide a development-oriented path by proposing an analytical framework that reconsiders geographical and temporal risk factors of violation. The findings could help transport planners understand the effect of pedestrian violation-related traffic risk and develop operational measures and crosswalk design schemes for controlling pedestrian violations occurring in local communities.
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Kodzo, Dragan. "Procedure of safe handling with cytostatic drugs." Archive of Oncology 11, no. 3 (2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0303223k.
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Working group for safe handling with cytostatic drugs has been formed by the Ministry of Health, and it consists of professionals from IORS, Federal Bureau of Weights and Measures, Industrial Medicine, Institute of Hematology, Military Medical Academy, and Crown Agents. The aim of this working group is to prepare procedures for safe handling with cytostatic drugs, as well as program for educational seminar for nurses, medical technicians, and pharmaceutical technicians. The procedures will serve as a guide of good practice of oncology health care, and will refer to all actions that health care professionals carry out from the moment of drugs arrival to the pharmacy to the moment of their application. In the first segment of this procedure, general rules are given for working with cytotoxic agents, control for risky exposures, safe system of work, control of working environment, monitoring of the employees' health condition adequate protection in the working environment, protective equipment of the employees (gloves, mask, cap, eyeglasses, shoe covers, coats and chambers for vertical laminary air stream). Storing of cytostatics, procedure in case of accident, and waste handling and removal are also described in this segment. Fifty-three standard operational procedures are described in detail in the second segment. Training scheme for preparation of chemotherapy is given in the third segment - education related to various fields and practical part, which would be carried out through workshops, and at the end of the course participants would pass a test and obtain certificate. After the procedures for safe handling with cytostatics are legally regulated employer will have to provide minimum of protective equipment, special rooms for the drugs dissolving, chambers with laminar airflow, 6 hours working time, rotation of the staff working with drugs dissolving in intervals of every five years, higher efficiency, better health control. In conclusion this specific field of work requires great psychological and physical efforts, and know-how. When taking care of ourselves, we are taking care of the others, as well.
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Terziev, Venelin, Branko Sotirov, and Boris Sakakushev. "HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK, PREREQUISITES FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE LABOR ACTIVITY." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 2003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31062003t.
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The objectives of each economic organization can only be achieved as a result of the joint work of all its staff. They are most effectively achieved, provided they are in tune with the external environment and the factors in it. Also the motivation of staff plays critical role in this, and not the least, the selection of the staff and its objectvely examined competencies. The purpose of recruiting staff into the organization is to create a job reserve, taking into account the following circumstances: future change in organizational and staff relations, dismissals, relocations, retirement, premature termination of employment contracts, modification of the nature of the production program. Before making a decision to recruit new emploees, it is appropriate to identify other alternative options that can be used in the company. These include: extra work and increased work intensity; structural reorganization and use of new production schemes; reengineering; attracting specialized companies to carry out certain types of activities. Recruitment is a responsible task and the optimal number of staff needs to be taken into account when deciding how to do so. An insufficient number of workers, can have consequences, some of which may be a failure of the production program, occurrence of accidents at work, conflict situations in the collective. Labor surpluses lead to an increase in financial costs related to wages, a reduction in the interest in qualitative and highly skilled labor, the leave of skilled workers. The principal and main resource of each organization is the people who work in it. Therefore, the greatest importance should be given to the study of issues relating to the management of their behavior at work, the motivation of their activities. It is workers who create the production of the organization, and although machines and appliances have become "masters" of many technological processes, the role of man in the organization not only does not diminish but is constantly increasing. In today's dynamic economic development, people working in companies are too important, but also costly. That is why the people working in the organization are the main subject of management. The management of the company creates the personnel, establishes the system of relations between the people in the organization, allows to create the necessary conditions for the fullest manifestation of the employees' productive capacities and their intensive development, contributes to their training and growth. Management should create conditions in which workers feel satisfied with their work in the organization.
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Clarke, Tenille. "Legislation in Australia: Social Control or Education?" Australian Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2001): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002512.
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The primary function of legislation in Australia is that of an educative one rather than an enforcement role. An example of legislation the main function of which is to educate is the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1985 (O.H.&S. Act). The main aim of the Act is to legislate for a safe work place, breaches of the Act can induce human suffering, therefore the Act is designed to prevent workplace accidents, not to prosecute.The O.H.&S. Act was introduced after a time of social change. The sixties and seventies were times of protest on matters concerning equality for women and for many underprivileged groups. As a result of this, a demand for the rights of safety within the workplace followed. With the advent of the Act in 1985 came a legitimation to the premises of workplace health and safety. The demands for workplace health and safety were recognised by the government and it accommodated by legislating for a safe workplace. The OH & S Act satisfies a need to educate the public on workplace safety and the right to workplace rehabilitation after a workplace illness, by using many social mechanisms. These mechanisms include the set up of a beaurocratic organisation—Workcover, to administer the Act. Workcover educates the public through the use of training schemes, graphic television commercials and standards as a guide to correct practice. Evolution of the Act to management of safety by employers and employees demonstrated that legislation is a self-referential system that has feedback loops which are the result of the education of society. The mechanisms used in the processes of education are socially constructed. Legislation is therefore used to guide society into acceptance of an ideal/framework.