Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Head related transfer functions'
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Martin, Russell McAnally Ken. "Interpolation of head-related transfer functions." Fishermans Bend,Victoria : Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1947/8028.
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Brown, Tara J. (Tara Janet) 1978. "Characterization of acoustic head-related transfer functions for nearby sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8945.
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Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 60).
Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) for nearby sources were characterized for human subjects and the Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research (KEMAR). The HRTFs were measured in several reverberant room conditions for sound source positions at 0, 45, and 90 degrees in azimuth and 15cm and 1m from the center of the head using maximum-length sequences. The effects of reverberation on interaural time difference, interaural level difference, magnitude response, and spectral content were examined. Results were consistent with acoustic theory. Reverberation was found to decrease ILD, cause comb-filtering, and to distort and add frequency-to-frequency variations to acoustic cues. These affects were most pronounced in room positions with the most reverberant energy.
by Tara J. Brown.
M.Eng.and S.B.
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Bomhardt, Ramona [Verfasser]. "Anthropometric Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions Analysis and Modeling / Ramona Bomhardt." Berlin : Logos Verlag, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139921665/34.
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Kahana, Yuvi. "Numerical modelling of the head-related transfer function." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326799.
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Reed, Darrin Kiyoshi. "Virtual audio localization with simulated early-reflections and generalized head-related transfer functions." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/reed/ReedD1209.pdf.
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In a natural sonic environment a listener is accustomed to hearing reflections and reverberation. It is conceived that early reflections could reduce front-back confusion in synthetic 3-D audio. This thesis describes experiments which seek to determine whether or not simulated reflections can reduce front-back confusions for audio presented with non-individualized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) via headphones. To measure the contribution of the reflections, 13 human subjects participated in localization experiments which compared their localization ability with anechoic HRTF processing versus HRTF processing with a single early-reflection. The results were highly subject dependent; some showed improvement while others seemed to be inhibited by the reflections. Statistical analysis of the overall results concluded that a single reflection does not provide a significant difference in localization ability. Although this data rejects the hypothesis of this investigation, some suspicion regarding the contribution of lateral reflections in an auditory environment remains.
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Gerhard, Maike Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Führ, and Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wagner. "Mathematical analysis of head-related transfer functions / Maike Gerhard ; Hartmut Führ, Hermann Wagner." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218788216/34.
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盧子峰 and Tsz-fung Lo. "Wavelet-based head-related transfer function analysis for audiology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31237472.
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Lo, Tsz-fung. "Wavelet-based head-related transfer function analysis for audiology /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19712224.
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Tsujino, Kosuke. "A study on 3-D sound processing systems based on head-related transfer functions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135978.
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Hosoe, Seiichiro, Takanori Nishino, Katsunobu Itou, and Kazuya Takeda. "DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-DODECAHEDRAL LOUDSPEAKER FOR MEASURING HEAD-RELATED TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN THE PROXIMAL REGION." IEEE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9451.
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Hughet, James. "Binaural Hearing Effects of Mapping Microphone Array's Responses to a Listener's Head-Related Transfer Functions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35361.
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This thesis focuses on the mapping of the microphone array’s response to match the characteristics of a human subject’s Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF). The mapping of the response is first explored with a ‘monaural HRTF matching’ that filters the response independent of the arrival angles. For arbitrary array geometry with the listener external to the acoustic, the monaural HRTF matching did not provide listeners with enough spatial information to precisely localize sound sources. To correct this, a preprocessor control algorithm was added to the HRTF matching, a ‘binaural HRTF matching’ process. The binaural HRTF matching increased the listeners’ performance in perceiving the location of a sound source. With the addition of simulated head movement, the listeners’ perception increased by 20%. An issue with this approach is the use of HRTFs other than the listeners’ measured HRTF, creating a psychoacoustic based error in localization, i.e., front/back confusion.Master of Science
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Rasumow, Eugen [Verfasser], Simon [Akademischer Betreuer] Doclo, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Blau, and Dorte [Akademischer Betreuer] Hammershoi. "Synthetic reproduction of head-related transfer functions by using microphone arrays / Eugen Rasumow. Betreuer: Simon Doclo ; Matthias Blau ; Dorte Hammershoi." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071947257/34.
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Jin, Craig. "Spectral analysis and resolving spatial ambiguities in human sound localization." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1342.
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This dissertation provides an overview of my research over the last five years into the spectral analysis involved in human sound localization. The work involved conducting psychophysical tests of human auditory localization performance and then applying analytical techniques to analyze and explain the data. It is a fundamental thesis of this work that human auditory localization response directions are primarily driven by the auditory localization cues associated with the acoustic filtering properties of the external auditory periphery, i.e., the head, torso, shoulder, neck, and external ears. This work can be considered as composed of three parts. In the first part of this work, I compared the auditory localization performance of a human subject and a time-delay neural network model under three sound conditions: broadband, high-pass, and low-pass. A “black-box” modeling paradigm was applied. The modeling results indicated that training the network to localize sounds of varying center-frequency and bandwidth could degrade localization performance results in a manner demonstrating some similarity to human auditory localization performance. As the data collected during the network modeling showed that humans demonstrate striking localization errors when tested using bandlimited sound stimuli, the second part of this work focused on human sound localization of bandpass filtered noise stimuli. Localization data was collected from 5 subjects and for 7 sound conditions: 300 Hz to 5 kHz, 300 Hz to 7 kHz, 300 Hz to 10 kHz, 300 Hz to 14 kHz, 3 to 8 kHz, 4 to 9 kHz, and 7 to 14 kHz. The localization results were analyzed using the method of cue similarity indices developed by Middlebrooks (1992). The data indicated that the energy level in relatively wide frequency bands could be driving the localization response directions, just as in Butler’s covert peak area model (see Butler and Musicant, 1993). The question was then raised as to whether the energy levels in the various frequency bands, as described above, are most likely analyzed by the human auditory localization system on a monaural or an interaural basis. In the third part of this work, an experiment was conducted using virtual auditory space sound stimuli in which the monaural spectral cues for auditory localization were disrupted, but the interaural spectral difference cue was preserved. The results from this work showed that the human auditory localization system relies primarily on a monaural analysis of spectral shape information for its discrimination of directions on the cone of confusion. The work described in the three parts lead to the suggestion that a spectral contrast model based on overlapping frequency bands of varying bandwidth and perhaps multiple frequency scales can provide a reasonable algorithm for explaining much of the current psychophysical and neurophysiological data related to human auditory localization.
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Jin, Craig. "Spectral analysis and resolving spatial ambiguities in human sound localization." University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1342.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThis dissertation provides an overview of my research over the last five years into the spectral analysis involved in human sound localization. The work involved conducting psychophysical tests of human auditory localization performance and then applying analytical techniques to analyze and explain the data. It is a fundamental thesis of this work that human auditory localization response directions are primarily driven by the auditory localization cues associated with the acoustic filtering properties of the external auditory periphery, i.e., the head, torso, shoulder, neck, and external ears. This work can be considered as composed of three parts. In the first part of this work, I compared the auditory localization performance of a human subject and a time-delay neural network model under three sound conditions: broadband, high-pass, and low-pass. A “black-box” modeling paradigm was applied. The modeling results indicated that training the network to localize sounds of varying center-frequency and bandwidth could degrade localization performance results in a manner demonstrating some similarity to human auditory localization performance. As the data collected during the network modeling showed that humans demonstrate striking localization errors when tested using bandlimited sound stimuli, the second part of this work focused on human sound localization of bandpass filtered noise stimuli. Localization data was collected from 5 subjects and for 7 sound conditions: 300 Hz to 5 kHz, 300 Hz to 7 kHz, 300 Hz to 10 kHz, 300 Hz to 14 kHz, 3 to 8 kHz, 4 to 9 kHz, and 7 to 14 kHz. The localization results were analyzed using the method of cue similarity indices developed by Middlebrooks (1992). The data indicated that the energy level in relatively wide frequency bands could be driving the localization response directions, just as in Butler’s covert peak area model (see Butler and Musicant, 1993). The question was then raised as to whether the energy levels in the various frequency bands, as described above, are most likely analyzed by the human auditory localization system on a monaural or an interaural basis. In the third part of this work, an experiment was conducted using virtual auditory space sound stimuli in which the monaural spectral cues for auditory localization were disrupted, but the interaural spectral difference cue was preserved. The results from this work showed that the human auditory localization system relies primarily on a monaural analysis of spectral shape information for its discrimination of directions on the cone of confusion. The work described in the three parts lead to the suggestion that a spectral contrast model based on overlapping frequency bands of varying bandwidth and perhaps multiple frequency scales can provide a reasonable algorithm for explaining much of the current psychophysical and neurophysiological data related to human auditory localization.
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Zolfaghari, Reza. "Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping Provides New Insights into the Link Between Human Ear Morphology and the Head-Related Transfer Functions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16701.
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The research findings presented in this thesis is composed of four sections. In the first section of this thesis, it is shown how LDDMM can be applied to deforming head and ear shapes in the context of morphoacoustic study. Further, tools are developed to measure differences in 3D shapes using the framework of currents and also to compare and measure the differences between the acoustic responses obtained from BEM simulations for two ear shapes. Finally this section introduces the multi-scale approach for mapping ear shapes using LDDMM. The second section of the thesis estimates a template ear, head and torso shape from the shapes available in the SYMARE database. This part of the thesis explains a new procedure for developing the template ear shape. The template ear and head shapes were are verified by comparing the features in the template shapes to corresponding features in the CIPIC and SYMARE database population. The third section of the thesis examines the quality of the deformations from the template ear shape to target ears in SYMARE from both an acoustic and morphological standpoint. As a result of this investigation, it was identified that ear shapes can be studied more accurately by the use of two physical scales and that scales at which the ear shapes were studied were dependent on the parameters chosen when mapping ears in the LDDMM framework. Finally, this section concludes by noting how shape distances vary with the acoustic distances using the developed tools. In the final part of this thesis, the variations in the morphology of ears are examined using the Kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA) and the changes in the corresponding acoustics are studied using the standard principle component analysis (PCA). These examinations involved identifying the number of kernel principle components that are required in order to model ear shapes with an acceptable level of accuracy, both morphologically and acoustically.
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Schönstein, David. "Individual of spectral cues for applications in virtual auditory space : study of inter-subject differences in Head-Related Transfer Functions using perceptual judgements from listening tests." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066488.
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Manor, Ella. "Prediction Model for Perceived Elevation of Ecologically Valid Sound Sources Intended for a Virtual Auditory Display." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18604.
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Virtual auditory display (VAD) systems rely upon binaural technology to render sound sources at controlled directions in virtual acoustic spaces. The accuracy and precision with which human listeners can localise those sound sources, particularly in terms of perceived source elevation, depends upon spectral variation in the incident sound that is due to its interaction with head related transfer functions (HRTFs). The spectral processing developed in the current thesis has been optimised to reduce listener uncertainty regarding the perceived elevation of virtual sound sources, and to improve the overall spatial perception. A subset of individually measured HRTFs that supported the highest localisation accuracy was identified via preliminary listening sessions and used in the formation of a single ‘Collective’ HRTFs dataset that could be deployed for the entire group of listeners in a customised fashion. The customisation employed individually determined frequency scaling that was applied to the selected HRTFs before deploying the Collective HRTFs dataset, which could be readjusted for each individual through a calibration procedure that was based upon the individual’s localisation judgments. An evaluation of this customised HRTF dataset in a spatial auditory display of ecologically valid sound sources demonstrated improvement in localisation performance, in comparison with both the accuracy and precision of results obtained using individually measured HRTFs. Furthermore, the results informed the development of an adaptive processing of the proximal sound sources at runtime that showed good potential for improving localisation performance in a manner that adapts to listener responses. Based upon a runtime analysis of input sound source spectral variation, the adaptive processing was designed to improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty in apparent source elevation angle for the listener, and thus improve overall localisation performance.
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Colbert, Debborah. "Manatee Sound Localization: Performance Abilities, Interaural Level Cues, and Usage of Auditory Evoked Potential Techniques to Determine Sound Conduction Pathways." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002489.
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Lescal, Damien. "Réalisation d’un système de substitution sensorielle de la vision vers l’audition." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6704.
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Ce projet de recherche a été mené dans le cadre du groupe de recherche NECOTIS (Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent du Signal). Ce groupe de recherche agit principalement dans le domaine du traitement de l’image et de l’audio grâce à des méthodes de traitement de signal bio-inspirées. Différentes applications ont été développées en reconnaissance de la parole, dans la séparation de sources sonores ou encore en reconnaissance d’images. Bien qu’ils existent depuis plus de quarante ans, les systèmes d’aide aux personnes atteintes de déficiences visuelles, que cela soit des prothèses visuelles (invasif) ou des système de substitution sensorielle (non invasif), n’ont pas percé dans le milieu du handicap. Il serait difficile d’imputer cet état de fait à des limitations technologiques : depuis les premières approches, les prothèses visuelles ou les systèmes de substitution sensorielle n’ont cessé de se perfectionner et de se diversifier. Toutefois, si la question de savoir comment transmettre le signal est bien documentée, la question de savoir quel signal transmettre a été plus rarement abordée. Différents systèmes ont été développés mais le plus impressionnant est le récit des utilisateurs de tels systèmes. Ainsi, il fait plaisir de lire que l’artiste Neil Harbisson, qui ne voit aucune couleur, explique comment une caméra attachée à se tête lui permet d’entendre des couleurs et ainsi de pouvoir peindre [Montandon, 2004]. Un autre exemple tout aussi impressionnant, la scientifique Wanda Díaz-Merced, qui travaille pour xSonify, explique comment elle analyse différentes données en les encodant de façon sonore [Feder, 2012]. C’est dans ce cadre que ce projet de substitution sensorielle de la vision vers l’audition a été développé. En effet, nous avons utilisé le traitement de signal bio-inspiré afin d’extraire différentes caractéristiques représentatives de la vision. De plus, nous avons essayé de générer un son agréable à l’oreille et représentatif de l’environnement dans lequel évolue la personne. Ce projet a donc davantage été axé sur la nature du signal transmis à la personne ayant des déficiences visuelles.
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Guillon, Pierre. "Individualisation des indices spectraux pour la synthèse binaurale : recherche et exploitation des similarités inter-individuelles pour l’adaptation ou la reconstruction de HRTF." Le Mans, 2009. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2009/2009LEMA1027.pdf.
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Le travail de thèse qui est rapporté dans le présent document a porté sur le problème de l'individualisation des HRTF pour la synthèse binaurale. Les HRTF sont les filtres linéaires, chacun associé à une direction de l'espace, qui portent en eux l'expression de tous les indices physiques de localisation nécessaires pour une perception de l'espace par le système auditif. La synthèse binaurale utilise avantageusement ces filtres pour sculpter les signaux à présenter aux tympans de l'auditeur, afin de lui procurer l'illusion d'une scène sonore réaliste. Les HRTF étant très liées à la morphologie de la tête et des pavillons, la spatialisation n'est correctement assurée que si ces filtres sont bien adaptés à l'auditeur. Cependant, la mesure exhaustive des HRTF est coûteuse et inconfortable, et il s'agit donc de développer des moyens alternatifs pour les obtenir : c'est le problème de l'individualisation. On se focalise sur les indices spectraux de la localisation auditive, c'est-à-dire les colorations du spectre à dépendance directionnelle, qui constituent la part des HRTF la plus complexe et la plus variable d'un individu à l'autre. Le constat fondateur de nos investigations est le suivant: bien que les HRTF présentent des caractéristiques intrinsèquement individuelles, on peut dégager des évolutions spatiofréquentielles de leur spectre d'amplitude, communes d'un individu à l'autre, mais susceptibles d'être masquées par deux sources importantes de variabilité, que sont la taille et l'orientation des pavillons. Nous proposons des outils permettant de dépasser ces différences apparentes, afin de se focaliser sur ce qui est vraiment spécifique à chaque individu. Deux solutions techniques d'individualisation des HRTF sont développées en utilisant avantageusement la diversité des comportements offerte par les HRTF d'une base de données. La première solution proposée permet d'adapter, pour un nouvel auditeur, les HRTF d'un autre individu issues d'une base de données, en leur appliquant des transformations guidées par une comparaison morphologique entre les pavillons des deux sujets. Les hypothèses de travail et les outils proposés pour mettre en oeuvre la technique sont validés objectivement grâce aux données recueillies sur 6 sujets, et on montre que la méthode d'adaptation proposée dépasse les performances de l'état de l'art. La seconde solution permet de reconstruire les HRTF d'un nouvel auditeur pour une direction quelconque de l'espace à partir d'un nombre réduit de HRTF individuelles mesurées. La technique proposée est basée sur une base de données constituée des HRTF mesurées finement sur une centaine de sujets, à partir desquelles on génère des prototypes. La reconstruction des HRTF repose sur un processus de reconnaissance de formes entre les HRTF individuelles mesurées et ces prototypes. Une validation objective montre que, selon différents critères, les performances de reconstruction de la technique proposée dépassent celles de l'état de l'art. Ces résultats sont confirmés par une évaluation subjective, menée selon un protocole novateur en synthèse binaurale dynamiqueThis Ph. D. Thesis deals with the problem of Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) individualization, in the context of binaural synthesis. HRTFs embed ail the acoustical phenomena occurring on the path between a source at a given position in space and the listener's eardrums. As these linear filters convey all free field localization cues needed by the auditory system to perceive a 3D sound scene, HRTF can be used to sculpt the signals to be reproduced over headphones in order to create convincing spatialized auditory displays : this is the aim of binaural synthesis. HRTFs strongly depend on idiosyncratic morphological features (overall shape of the head, fine structure of the pinnae), and as a result, the use of non-individual HRTFs often leads to perceptual artifacts. Unfortunately, exhaustive acoustic measurements of individual HRTFs are long and uncomfortable for subjects, and it is therefore expected to develop alternative techniques to obtain customized HRTFs : this is the problem of individualization. As they represent the most complex and the most individual part of HRTFs, our study focusses on the colorations induced by pinna filtering, known as spectral cues. The founding assumption of our work is the following : although HRTFs contain intrinsically individual features, common spatio-frequential behaviours can be found from subject to subject. Such similarities may be hidden by the existence of two morphological sources of variability, being the size and orientation of ear pinnae. We develop tools whose aim is to go beyond apparent differences, and to focus on what is really specific of each individual. We propose two technical solutions for HRTF individualization, based on the use of a HRTF database. The first solution uses a 3D model-based morphological matching of pinnae shapes, to properly adapt existing non-individual HRTFs from a database, so that they fit to a new listener. To transform HRTF data, we propose a combination of frequency scaling and rotation shift, whose parameters are predicted by the result of the morphological comparison. The method is designed on the basis of data acquired from six subjects, and it is shown objectively that a better customization is achieved compared to the state-of-the-art technique. The second solut ion aims at reconstructing HRTF for any direction, from only sparse individual HRTF measurements. In order t o overcome the performance of classical blind interpolation techniques, additional knowledge is injected in the reconstruction process :HRTF prototypes are first extracted from the analysis of a large HRTF database, and serve as a well-informed background in a pattern recognition process. An objective assessment shows that , compared to previously developped techniques, HRTF reconstruction achieves a better spatial fidelity with the proposed method. FinaIly, this result is confirmed by a subjective evaluation based on a new protocol
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Stanley, Raymond M. "Measurement and validation of bone-conduction adjustment functions in virtual 3D audio displays." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29754.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Walker, Bruce N.; Committee Member: Corballis, Paul M.; Committee Member: Corso, Gregory M.; Committee Member: Folds, Dennis J.; Committee Member: Houtsma, Adrianus J. M. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Soria, Sergio Gilberto Rodriguez. "Estudos sobre personalização da função de transferência relativa à cabeça em sistemas biaurais de reprodução acústica virtual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-21032006-144134/.
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Este trabalho apresenta diversas propostas associadas ao uso ótimo de funções de transferência relativas à cabeça (HRTFs) em sistemas de reprodução acústica virtual por fones de ouvido. Estas propostas permitem personalizar a HRTF a indivíduos particulares, tomando como base uma combinação da modelagem estrutural e morfológica de HRTFs. Dentro do contexto da modelagem estrutural, o presente trabalho se concentrou no estudo da contribuição do pinna à HRTF. O pinna é a estrutura anatômica responsável pela percepção de elevação. Assim, o primeiro passo foi extrair um conjunto de funções de transferência relativas ao pinna (PRTFs) das HRTFs de uma base de dados. Para tanto, foram usadas diversas técnicas como análise preditiva linear para rastrear as ressonâncias, janelamento para eliminar a influência do torso, funções de autocorrelação e de atraso de grupo para salientar as antirressonâncias, e outros algoritmos para combinar ressonâncias e antirressonâncias em apenas uma magnitude espectral. Usando essa nova base de dados de PRTFs e parâmetros antropométricos propostos mais outros registrados na base de dados, um espaço vetorial correspondente à antropometria do pinna foi mapeado linearmente em um espaço vetorial correspondente às características espectrais da PRTF, calculando-se assim várias transformações lineares para estimação de novas PRTFs fora da base de dados. A estimação atingiu 66% de reconstrução no grupo de treino. O trabalho está orientado à exploração das características espectrais importantes na percepção de elevação, portanto, está limitado ao plano médio do hemisfério frontal, onde não existem diferenças interaurais significativas nem efeitos difrativos da cabeça. Finalmente é proposto um sistema de testes de localização de fonte sonora para validar o modelo.This work presents several proposals associated with the optimal use of head-related transfer functions (HRTF) in virtual auditory spaces presented via headphones. These proposals lead to personalization of the HRTF to particular individuals, using a combination of the structural and morphological modeling techniques. In the context of structural modeling, this work focuses on modeling the contribution of the pinna to the HRTF. The pinna is the anatomical structure responsible for vertical sound localization. Thus, the first step was to extract a set of pinna-related transfer functions (PRTFs) from HRTFs published in a database. This was accomplished using several techniques like linear prediction analysis for tracking the resonances, windowing for eliminating the torso influence, autocorrelation and group delay functions for emphasizing the notches and other algorithms for combining resonances and notches in only one magnitude response. Using this novel database of PRTFs and a set of proposed anthropometric parameters plus some others registered in the database, a vector space corresponding to pinna anthropometry is linearly mapped into a vector space corresponding to spectral features of the PRTF, being calculated, in this way, several linear transformations for estimation of new PRTFs, outside the database. The estimation attains 66% of reconstruction in the training group. The work focuses on the exploration of spectral characteristics important for elevation perception, therefore, it is limited to the median plane where there are no meaningful interaural differences nor head diffraction effects. Finally, a system for sound localization tests is proposed in order to validate the model.
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Shala, Shyhrete. "Palaeoenvironmental changes in the northern boreal zone of Finland: local versus regional drivers." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97588.
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Multiple proxies derived from the Lake Loitsana sediment sequence (NE Finland) are employed to determine the timing of deglaciation, characterise an early Holocene proglacial lake stage and reconstruct Holocene lake development. Local-scale processes causing shifts in biological assemblages are identified and the most likely Holocene mean July air temperature (Tjul) development is assessed. The study area was deglaciated shortly prior to 10 700 cal. a BP. The sediment record reflects four local events; the presence of a glacial lake, glacial lake drainage and formation of Lake Loitsana, changes in fluvial input due to progressive wetland expansion, and gradual lake infilling. The results suggest that local events have driven changes in biological assemblages through various processes, and that biotic proxies reflect changes in environmental parameters in a highly individual manner. Furthermore, biological assemblages can themselves act as important drivers, influencing the composition of other assemblages. It is suggested that future studies should consider macrophyte abundance and food-web interactions as equally important factors when assessing changes in biological assemblages. Quantitative Tjul reconstructions based on biotic proxies display contrasting trends. While Tjul reconstructions based on pollen found in the Loitsana sequence display relatively low early Holocene values, plant macrofossil and chironomid data reflect warm summer conditions also during the early Holocene, i.e. at the peak of summer insolation. The early Holocene Tjul recorded by terrestrial pollen are affected by local factors possibly combined with a delayed response of the terrestrial ecosystem compared to the aquatic one. This study emphasises the importance of using multiple proxies in palaeoenvironmental studies and shows that local factors have a potential to drive changes in biological assemblages that can affect transfer-function based temperature reconstructions.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Epub ahead of print. Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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White, Gregory C. "Efficient implementation of head-related transfer functions for auditory virtual reality." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33019184.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-67).
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Tsao, Teng Chieh, and 曹登傑. "Computation and measurement of Head Related Transfer Function." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8x475p.
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碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系所
92
A simple virtual source representation motivated by layer potential theory is presented for head related transfer function (HRTF) computations. The acoustic field of arbitrarily shaped radiators is described by using the principle of wave superposition in virtual source representation. With the acoustic reciprocity and appropriate matrix regularization, the HRTFs at each direction are calculated by setting the additional boundary condition of external mesh. The HRTF at an arbitrary direction finally is presented as the sum of free space Green’s functions with different volume velocities. Another numerical method – indirect boundary element method and a HRTF measurement are also implemented to compare with the calculated HRTFs by using virtual source representation. In the frequency response analysis, the calculated HRTFs closely approximate the envelopes of the measured HRTFs with enough mesh nodes and suitable matrix regularization. Reasonable directional responses in both numerical methods also prove the feasibility of HRTF numerical computation. From the comparison of computation loadings, the virtual source representation shows the fewer requirements in computation time and memory use under the reasonable number of mesh nodes. Performance analysis reveals the numerical errors can be improved by increasing the number of nodes. Numerous subjective experiments are also conducted by using calculated HRTFs and measured HRTFs. The results reveal the important characteristics of sound localization are successfully reproduced by the synthesized HRTFs.
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Yang, Dayu. "3D sound synthesis using the head related transfer function." 2004. http://etd.utk.edu/2004/YangDayu.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.Title from title page screen (viewed Feb. 2, 2005). Thesis advisor: Daniel B. Koch. Document formatted into pages (vii, 108 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-40).
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Lin, ying-jen, and 林英仁. "The Measurement and Applications of Head Related Transfer Function." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77564517794994673771.
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Ting, Wei-Neng, and 丁偉能. "3D Sound Sources Synthesis System Based on Headphone Hybrid Head-Related Transfer Functions Model." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76026013793549381343.
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碩士逢甲大學
通訊工程所
100
A 3D multiple sound source system with the low computational complexity and the low storage capacity are constructed by combining with the presented binaural synthesis structure and the method proposed in this essay. The basis vectors and the weight vector set, extracted from head-related transfer function (HRTF) dataset by using the linear decomposition, are a prototype of the synthesis system. The low computational complexity comes from the low order modeling for basis vectors using IIR filters with common set of poles. The low storage capacity requirement can be obtained by reducing the quantity of weight vector dataset. This essay proposed a method to achieve the reduction of weight vector dataset. By means of performance analysis, we find that the quantities of the sound source increase more, and this system has prominently high computational efficiency. We propose the method based on a low quantity of data comparing with the related reference, and the results reveal that our method is better than the reference in the same simulation environment and the error criterion situations.
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Qian, Jinyu. "Virtual sound localization using head related transfer functions modified in the spectral modulation frequency domain." 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=982836581&sid=38&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Mar. 15, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Eddins, David A. Includes bibliographical references.
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Zhang, Mengqiu. "Experimental guided spherical harmonics based head-related transfer function modeling." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9796.
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In this thesis we investigate the experimental guided spherical harmonics based Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) modeling where HRTFs are parameterized as frequency and source location. We focus on efficiently representing the HRTF variations in sufficient detail by mathematical modeling and the experimental measurements. The goal of this work is towards an optimal functional HRTF modeling taking into account the demands of decreasing the computational cost and alleviating the HRTF interpolation and/or extrapolation in the headphone based binaural systems.
To represent HRTF by models, we firstly consider the high variability of HRTFs among individuals caused by the differentiation of the scattering effects of the individual bodies on the sound waves. We conduct a series of statistical analyses on an experimental HRTF database of human subjects to reveal the correlation between the physical features of human beings, especially pinna, head, and torso, and the corresponding HRTFs. The strategy enables us to identify a minimal set of physical features which strongly influence the HRTFs in a direct physical way. We next consider the continuity of the HRTF representation in both spatial and frequency domain. We define a functional HRTF model class in which the HRTF spatial representation has been justified to be well approximated by a finite number of spherical harmonics while HRTF frequency representation remains the focus of this thesis. In order to seek an efficient representation for HRTF frequency portion, we derive a metric that is able to numerically evaluate the efficiency of different complete orthonormal bases. We show that the complex exponentials form the most efficient basis. Given the identified basis, we then provide a solution to determine the dimensionality of the representation.
To represent HRTF by measurements, we firstly consider the required angular resolution and the most suitable sampling scheme taking into account the two dimensional angular direction and the wide audio frequency range. We review the spherical harmonic analysis of the HRTF from which the least required number of spatial samples for HRTF measurement is derived. Considering how the HRTF data should be sampled on the sphere, we propose a list of requirements for the determination of the HRTF measurement grid. In addition to explaining how to measure the HRTF over sphere according to the identified scheme, we propose a fast spherical harmonic transform algorithm. We next consider the feasible experimental setup for a non-anechoic situation, that is, the measurements can be made when there is some reverberation. We emphasize on the design of the test signal and the post-processing to extract HRTFs.
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Zhang, Wen. "Measurement and modelling of head-related transfer function for spatial audio synthesis." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9825.
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There has been a growing interest in spatial sound generation arising from the development of new communications and media technologies. Binaural spatial sound systems are capable of encoding and rendering sound sources accurately in three dimensional space using only two recording/playback channels. This is based on the concept of the Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF), which is a set of acoustic filters from the sound source to a listener's eardrums and contains all the listening cues used by the hearing mechanism for decoding spatial information encoded in binaural signals. The HRTF is usually obtained from acoustic measurements on different persons. In the case of discrete data and sets of measurements corresponding to different human subjects, it is desirable to have a continuous functional representation of the HRTF for efficiently rendering moving sounds in the virtual spatial audio systems; further this representation should be well-suited for customization to an individual listener. In this thesis, modal analysis is applied to examine the HRTF data structure, that is to employ the wave equation solutions to expand the HRTF with separable basis functions. This leads to a general representation of the HRTF into separated spatial and spectral components, where the spatial basis functions modes account for the HRTF spatial variations and the remaining HRTF spectral components provide a new means to examine the human body scattering behavior. The general model is further developed into the HRTF continuous functional representations. We use the normalized spatial modes to link near-field and far-field HRTFs directly, which provides a way to obtain the HRTFs at different ranges from measurements conducted at only a single range. The spatially invariant HRTF spectral components are represented continuously using an orthogonal series. Both spatial and spectral basis functions are well known functions, thus the developed analytical model can be used to easily examine the HRTF data feature-individualization. An important finding of this thesis is that the HRTF decomposition with the spatial basis functions can be well approximated by a finite number, which is defined as the HRTF spatial dimensionality. The dimensionality determines the least number of the HRTF measurements in space. We perform high resolution HRTF measurements on a KEMAR mannequin in a semi-anechoic acoustic chamber. Both signal processing aspects to extract HRTFs from the raw measurements and a practical high resolution spatial sampling scheme have been given in this thesis.
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Lee, Yehlin, and 李岳凌. "Head Related Transfer Function Measurement and 3-D Sound Synthesis with Reverberation." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60576079224561061673.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
電子工程系
90
Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF) is one of the major topics in 3D audio processing. This function describes the change both in time and frequency domain when a sound event comes from different direction being reflected by head, pinna and torso of the listener. This study intends to measure the transfer function with considerations on the influence of the distance of sound source and the indirect sound in a common diffuse field. The main purposes of this thesis are: (1) Construct a through and effective HRTF measurement process in a reverberant environment. (2) Measure both Far Field and Near Field HRTF and its associated Binaural Room Impulse Response (BRIR). Study the changes in directional and distance cues at different distance and direction in the horizontal plane. (3) Design and Implement two HRTF analysis and synthesis platforms with friendly Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) to use the content of database. (4) Propose two algorithms to synthesize Near Field and Far Field spatialized sound. Discuss the possibility of synthesizing the Near Field spatialized sound based on the Far Field HRTF with proper cues such as indirect sound, auditory parallax, and reverberation/direct sound pressure level.
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Liou, Jer-Fuu, and 劉哲甫. "APPLICATION OF HEAD-RELATED TRANSFER FUNCTION WITH REVERBERATIONFOR 3-D AUDIO EFFECT." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92j34h.
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碩士大同大學
通訊工程研究所
102
As technology increasingly advances the effect for audio and video were increasing requirements, but in Taiwan where the population density increasing. It is difficult to set up a 5.1 channel sound system for a family which living in a small house. Using 3D sound effect can let such family to enjoy the surround effect. 3D sound effect is that it focuses on the direction and three-dimension. The head-related transfer functions are created direction, and let the sound field have three-dimension to achieve 3D sound effect by combining the reverberation. This can be used to create a 2.1-channel speaker surround feeling, so this can reduce costs to accord the needs of more users. More people can enjoy 3D sound effect. This paper focuses on: (1) To create a reverberation by using head-related transfer functions. (2) To test the size and shape affect for experimentation. (3) With filter removes the human voice to experiment with people of sound effects and human voices were more critical. (4) To determine the reverberation apply to those audio signals by using different kinds of audio signals. After the experiment, that found the sound, used the reverb, has better sound effect and are suitable in large or small room. Because the human voice is clear in this experimental method, most people feel better. The human pursues the sound effects, but they focus on the definition of the human voices.
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Te-Ming, Kung, and 龔德明. "Measurement and Simulation of Head-Related Transfer Function for 3D-Audio Reconstruction." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62216454425266594265.
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碩士國立交通大學
電資學院學程碩士班
89
In this research, we construct a measurement system for measuring 3-D Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) with reverberant. We also explore the following subjects: (1) studying the characteristics of 3D sound and the human perception to 3D sound localization, (2) evaluating the 3D sound theory in laboratory and estimating the noise/distortion induced by measurement equipments, (3) analyzing the Head-Related Transfer Function measured by our measurement system with focuses on the Horizontal Plane, the Median Plane, and the Frontal Plane, (4) proposing a fast algorithm, Pre-calculated HRTF Channel Difference Method, for reconstructing 3D sound in real time, and (5) studying the possibility of reconstructing 3D sound using Head-Related Transformation Function with reverberant. We have obtained the following results. (1) We successfully use our (designed) measurement system to measure Head-Related Transfer Functions with reverberant. One advantage of using our own system is that we can design the experiments, collect the desired data and perform through analysis on our data. (2) We successfully reduce the operations needed for 3D sound reconstruction by a factor of two by using the proposed Pre-calculated HRTF Channel Difference Method. We have a 9-person panel to hear and judge the reconstructed 3D sound quality using the traditional method and our proposed method, and the average score of our proposed method is higher.
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Hsu, Ming-Tsung, and 徐銘聰. "Head related transfer functions filtered outputs obtained using an augmented circular microphone array and a spherical microphone array." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kbpp2n.
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羅悅全. "A Clustering and Synthesis Method for the Head-Related Transfer Function in the Minimum-Phase Approximation." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17854571206720431248.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
86
In recent years, head-related transfer function (HRTF) processing is considered as an important technique in the researches on 3-D sound systems and it has been realized in commercial applications. But the cost of a 3-D sound system can not be brought down because of the efficiency of computation, the size of memory, and the unmeasured HRTFs remain to be amelirated. The goal of this thesis is to find a way to reduce memory requirement and computational complexity in order to decrease the cost of a 3-D sound system. We employ the library of KEMAR as the original data. First of all, the HRTF measurements have to be transformed into a minimum-phase system, and then limit the lengthe of the HRTFs by use of window functions. Second, we improve the cepstrum clustering algorith to reduce huge number of HRTF s Only portions of the HRTFs are picked and the others are neglected. Before applying to generate 3-D sounds , the unmeasured HRTFs and neglected measurements can be synthesized by linear interpolation. Experiments reveal that the average and the maximum mismatch errors resulting from our improved method are better than those rom the uniform clustering and cepstrum clustering methods.
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Ma, Tzyh-Guang, and 馬自莊. "3D Sound Realization-Simulation and Analysis on Head Related Transfer Function using Finite Difference Time Domain Method." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64457244582899378310.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電機工程學系
85
By applying the " Finite Difference-Time Domain Method" in acoustical scattering problem, this thesis tries to calculate the " Head Related Transfer Function" which plays a critical role in " 3D Sound System ". This is the first time to obtain this transfer function by simulation. The numerical results are compared with the measurement in literature. The similar trend in both results verifies the correctness of the numerical method and provides strong support to the assumption that simulation is simpler than traditional measurements. In addition, the physical characteristics of the transfer function are interpreted from the numerical results. Several ways to improve the performance of this method are also be discussed.
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Yang, Fuh-Shuenn, and 楊富舜. "Simulation and Analysis on 2D Head Related Transfer Function using Finite Difference Time Domain Method and Moment Method." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46728487340506468964.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電機工程學系
86
Because of the simulation of the 3-D "Head Related Transfer Function" needs a lots of memory and CPU time , this thesis uses"Subgrid Finite Difference-Time Domain Method"and "Moment Method"to calculate and investigation the 2-D"Head Related Transfer Function".
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Hausmann, Elena Laura [Verfasser]. "Behavioral responses to frequency-specific head-related transfer functions as filtered by the facial ruff in the Barn owl (Tyto alba) / vorgelegt von Elena Laura Hausmann." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009776630/34.
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