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Academic literature on the topic 'Head related transfer functions'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Farias, Julio G., and David R. Perrott. "Transforming the head‐related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 5 (November 1997): 3117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.420570.

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Rasmussen, Gunnar. "Head related transfer functions for KEMAR." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (April 2009): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3155484.

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Wenzel, Elizabeth M., Marianne Arruda, Doris J. Kistler, and Frederic L. Wightman. "Localization using nonindividualized head‐related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 1 (July 1993): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407089.

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Chateau, Noel, and Adelbert W. Bronkhorst. "Efficient representation of head‐related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 5 (May 1997): 3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.418799.

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Fels, Janina, and Michael Vorländer. "Anthropometric Parameters Influencing Head-Related Transfer Functions." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 95, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918156.

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Li, Song, and Jürgen Peissig. "Measurement of Head-Related Transfer Functions: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10145014.

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A head-related transfer function (HRTF) describes an acoustic transfer function between a point sound source in the free-field and a defined position in the listener’s ear canal, and plays an essential role in creating immersive virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) reproduced over headphones or loudspeakers. HRTFs are highly individual, and depend on directions and distances (near-field HRTFs). However, the measurement of high-density HRTF datasets is usually time-consuming, especially for human subjects. Over the years, various novel measurement setups and methods have been proposed for the fast acquisition of individual HRTFs while maintaining high measurement accuracy. This review paper provides an overview of various HRTF measurement systems and some insights into trends in individual HRTF measurements.
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Zahorik, Pavel. "Distance localization using nonindividualized head‐related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, no. 5 (November 2000): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4743664.

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Duraiswami, Ramani, and Nail A. Gumerov. "Method for measurement of head related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 5 (2010): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3525326.

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Wightman, Frederic L., and Doris J. Kistler. "Explaining individual differences in head‐related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424943.

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Bronkhorst, Adelbert W. "Adapting head‐related transfer functions to individual listeners." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424944.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Martin, Russell McAnally Ken. "Interpolation of head-related transfer functions." Fishermans Bend,Victoria : Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1947/8028.

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Brown, Tara J. (Tara Janet) 1978. "Characterization of acoustic head-related transfer functions for nearby sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8945.

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Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 60).
Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) for nearby sources were characterized for human subjects and the Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research (KEMAR). The HRTFs were measured in several reverberant room conditions for sound source positions at 0, 45, and 90 degrees in azimuth and 15cm and 1m from the center of the head using maximum-length sequences. The effects of reverberation on interaural time difference, interaural level difference, magnitude response, and spectral content were examined. Results were consistent with acoustic theory. Reverberation was found to decrease ILD, cause comb-filtering, and to distort and add frequency-to-frequency variations to acoustic cues. These affects were most pronounced in room positions with the most reverberant energy.
by Tara J. Brown.
M.Eng.and S.B.
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Bomhardt, Ramona [Verfasser]. "Anthropometric Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions Analysis and Modeling / Ramona Bomhardt." Berlin : Logos Verlag, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139921665/34.

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Kahana, Yuvi. "Numerical modelling of the head-related transfer function." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326799.

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Reed, Darrin Kiyoshi. "Virtual audio localization with simulated early-reflections and generalized head-related transfer functions." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/reed/ReedD1209.pdf.

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In a natural sonic environment a listener is accustomed to hearing reflections and reverberation. It is conceived that early reflections could reduce front-back confusion in synthetic 3-D audio. This thesis describes experiments which seek to determine whether or not simulated reflections can reduce front-back confusions for audio presented with non-individualized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) via headphones. To measure the contribution of the reflections, 13 human subjects participated in localization experiments which compared their localization ability with anechoic HRTF processing versus HRTF processing with a single early-reflection. The results were highly subject dependent; some showed improvement while others seemed to be inhibited by the reflections. Statistical analysis of the overall results concluded that a single reflection does not provide a significant difference in localization ability. Although this data rejects the hypothesis of this investigation, some suspicion regarding the contribution of lateral reflections in an auditory environment remains.
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Gerhard, Maike Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Führ, and Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wagner. "Mathematical analysis of head-related transfer functions / Maike Gerhard ; Hartmut Führ, Hermann Wagner." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218788216/34.

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盧子峰 and Tsz-fung Lo. "Wavelet-based head-related transfer function analysis for audiology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31237472.

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Lo, Tsz-fung. "Wavelet-based head-related transfer function analysis for audiology /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19712224.

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Tsujino, Kosuke. "A study on 3-D sound processing systems based on head-related transfer functions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135978.

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Hosoe, Seiichiro, Takanori Nishino, Katsunobu Itou, and Kazuya Takeda. "DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-DODECAHEDRAL LOUDSPEAKER FOR MEASURING HEAD-RELATED TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN THE PROXIMAL REGION." IEEE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9451.

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Books on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Iida, Kazuhiro. Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5.

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Federico, Garcia-Moliner, ed. Transfer matrix, green function and related techniques: Tools for the study of multilayer heterostructures. Castellon de la Plana: Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I, 2004.

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Preliminary evidence regarding the transfer function relationship of quarterly earnings for closely-related industries. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1985.

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United States. President (2001-2009 : Bush). Notification regarding the transfer of activities to the Department of Homeland Security: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of the functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the life sciences activities related to microbial pathogens of the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Department of Energy, including the functions of the Secretary of Energy relating thereto, shall be transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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1946-, Bush George W., and United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Homeland Security., eds. Notification regarding the transfer of activities to the Department of Homeland Security: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of the functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the life sciences activities related to microbial pathogens of the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Department of Energy, including the functions of the Secretary of Energy relating thereto, shall be transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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United States. President (2001-2009 : Bush). Notification regarding the transfer of activities to the Department of Homeland Security: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of the functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the life sciences activities related to microbial pathogens of the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Department of Energy, including the functions of the Secretary of Energy relating thereto, shall be transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality. Springer, 2019.

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Neural Network Modeling of the Head-Related Transfer Function. Storming Media, 1998.

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Xie, Bosun. Head-Related Transfer Function and Virtual Auditory Display (2nd Edition). Ross Publishing, Incorporated, J., 2013.

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Britain, Great. Transfer of Functions (Age-Related Payments) Order 2013. Stationery Office, The, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Geronazzo, Michele. "User Acoustics with Head-Related Transfer Functions." In Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_258-1.

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Enzner, G., Chr Antweiler, and S. Spors. "Trends in Acquisition of Individual Head-Related Transfer Functions." In The Technology of Binaural Listening, 57–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37762-4_3.

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Faller, Kenneth John, Armando Barreto, and Naphtali Rishe. "Modeling of Head-Related Transfer Functions Through Parallel Adaptive Filters." In Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Systems, Computing Sciences and Software Engineering, 299–304. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8735-6_56.

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Guo, Xiaochao, Yu Bai, Qingfeng Liu, Duanqin Xiong, Yanyan Wang, and Jian Du. "3D Head Anthropometry for Head-Related Transfer Function of Chinese Pilots." In Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, 171–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6978-4_21.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Introduction." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 1–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_1.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Signal Processing of HRTF." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 157–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_10.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Comparison of HRTF Databases." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 171–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_11.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Principle of Three-Dimensional Sound Reproduction." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 179–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_12.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Acoustic VR System." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 195–205. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_13.

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "HRTF and Sound Localization in the Horizontal Plane." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 15–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Yang, Zhijian, and Romit Roy Choudhury. "Personalizing head related transfer functions for earables." In SIGCOMM '21: ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472907.

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Keyrouz, Fakheredine. "Binaural range estimation using Head Related Transfer Functions." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mfi.2015.7295751.

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Jin, C. T., R. Zolfaghari, X. Long, A. Sebastian, S. Hossain, J. Glaunes, A. Tew, M. Shahnawaz, and A. Sarti. "Considerations Regarding Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions." In ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462613.

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Zhang, Mengfan, Yue Qiao, Xihong Wu, and Tianshu Qu. "Distance-dependent Modeling of Head-related Transfer Functions." In ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2019.8683756.

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Jasinski, Maciej, and Jan Zera. "Inter-Subject Differences of Head Related Transfer Functions." In 2018 Joint Conference - Acoustics. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acoustics.2018.8502433.

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Zhong, Xiaoli. "Interpolation of Head-Related Transfer Functions Using Neural Network." In 2013 5th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc.2013.283.

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Zandi, Navid H., Awny M. El-Mohandes, and Rong Zheng. "Individualizing Head-Related Transfer Functions for Binaural Acoustic Applications." In 2022 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipsn54338.2022.00016.

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Urviola, Ayrton, Shuichi Sakamoto, and Cesar D. Salvador. "Ear Centering for Near-Distance Head-Related Transfer Functions." In 2021 Immersive and 3D Audio: from Architecture to Automotive (I3DA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i3da48870.2021.9610891.

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Tang, Ling, Zhong-Hua Fu, and Lei Xie. "Numerical calculation of the head-related transfer functions with Chinese dummy head." In 2013 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2013.6694231.

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Qi, Xiaoke, and Lu Wang. "Parameter-Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions." In Interspeech 2019. ISCA: ISCA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-2558.

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Reports on the topic "Head related transfer functions"

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Brungart, Douglas S., and William M. Rabinowitz. Head-Related Transfer Functions in the Near Field. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399561.

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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.

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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher, Rina Meidan, Charles R. Staples, and Israel Flamenbaum. Hormonal and Nutritional Stretegies to Optimize Reproductive Function and Improve Fertility of Dairy Cattle during Heat Stress in Summer. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568773.bard.

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The BARD program includes two main parts. In the first, experiments were conducted to complete our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of reproductive functions under heat stress. Experiments focused on follicular development and function, since results obtained in our previous BARD project indicate that the preovulatory follicle is susceptible to heat stress. The theca cells, sensitive to thermal stress, produced less androgen during the summer, as well as during the autumn. Similarly, luteinized theca cells obtained from cows in summer produced much less progesterone than in winter. Granulosa cells and luteinized granulosa cells were less susceptible to heat stress. A delayed effect of heat stress on follicular development, on suppression of dominance and on steroid production by theca and granulosa cells was noted. This may be related to the low fertility of cows during the cool months of autumn. In the second part, experiments were conducted aiming to improve fertility in summer. The timed AI program was developed using two injections of GnRH coupled with PGF2a. It was found effective in improving reproductive performance in lactating cows. Limitations induced by heat stress on estrus detection were eliminated with the timed AI management program. Replacing the second injection of GnRH with hCG instead of GnRH agonist increased plasma progesterone levels post ovulation but did not improve fertility. Use of the timed AI program in summer, shortened days open and increased the net revenue per cow, however, it did not protect the embryo fiom temperature-induced embryonic mortality. Incorporation of a GnRH-agonist implant into the timed AJ program was examined. The implant increased plasma progesterone and LH concentrations and altered follicular dynamics. The use of a GnRH-implant enhanced pregnancy rate in cows with low body conditions. In a timed embryo transfer experiment, the use of fresh or frozen in vitro produced embryos was compared in the summer to improve fertility. The use of flesh embryos (but not frozen ones) improved pregnancy rate, however, substantial embryonic death occurred between 21 and 45 days. The timed AI program, which is now being used commercially, shortened days open, and increased pregnancy rate during summer. Other approaches which were found to improve fertility in small-scale studies, need to be tested again in large-scale field trials.
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Atkinson, E. A. Regional mapping and qualitative petroleum resource assessment of the Magdalen Basin, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331452.

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The Geological Survey of Canada conducted a broad regional study of the Magdalen Basin in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as part of the Marine Conservation Targets initiative. MCT is a national initiative to protect more of Canada's offshore areas, and resource assessment and related regional mapping are part of the review process. This study assembled a large seismic and geologic database that allowed new regional mapping of several key horizons in this basin. Digital seismic data was donated by industry, and reprocessing undertaken both in-house and with contractors. Wells were correlated and tops from literature were used to indentify regional reflection packages. Regionally consistent two-way time interpretations add to confidence. Depth conversion used regional time-depth functions from literature, which were developed from refraction data, with a residual correction for the water column. Nine regional depth maps and eight isopach maps were produced, including Pre-Horton Basement, Horton Group Isopach, Base Windsor Group, Top Salt, Top Bradelle Formation, Bradelle / Cumberland Isopach, and Top Cable Head Formation. These maps illustrate that the Pre-Horton basement is about 15 km deep in the centre of the basin. Two main trends are visible in the Horton Grabens, which may relate to basin formation, and no significant reactivation of deeper Appalachian structure is observed. In the basin centre, the more robust Base Windsor Unconformity horizon reaches about 12 km deep, and a key reservoir and source sequence in the Bradelle Formation reaches 7 km. These maps are useful for considering regional stratigraphy. The new mapping also constrained basin models and became the input for our Qualitative Petroleum Potential map. Basin modelling reveals scenarios where oil may be preserved. The petroleum potential of the region is highest north of Îles de la Madeleine and southeast of Îles de la Madeleine and northwest of Cape Breton.
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Abdula, Andrii I., Halyna A. Baluta, Nadiia P. Kozachenko, and Darja A. Kassim. Peculiarities of using of the Moodle test tools in philosophy teaching. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3867.

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The paper considers the role of philosophy and philosophical disciplines as the means of forming general cultural competences, in particular, in the development of critical thinking. The article emphasizes that the process of forming over-subject and soft skills, which, as a rule, include also critical thinking, gets much more complicated under the conditions of the reduction in the volume of philosophical courses. The paper grounds that one of the ways to “return” philosophy to educational programmes can be the implementation of training, using the e-learning environment, especially Moodle. In addition, authors point to the expediency of using this system and, in general, e-learning as an instrument for collaborating students to the world’s educational community and for developing their lifelong learning skills. The article specifies the features of providing electronic support in philosophy teaching, to which the following belongs: the difficulty of parametrizing the learning outcomes; plurality of approaches; communicative philosophy. The paper highlights the types of activities that can be implemented by tools of Moodle. The use of the following Moodle test tasks is considered as an example: test control in the flipped class, control of work with primary sources, control of self-study, test implementation of interim thematic control. The authors conclude that the Moodle system can be used as a tools of online support for the philosophy course, but it is impossible to transfer to the virtual space all the study of this discipline, because it has a significant worldview load. Forms of training, directly related to communication, are integral part of the methodology of teaching philosophy as philosophy itself is discursive, dialogical, communicative and pluralistic. Nevertheless, taking into account features of the discipline, it is possible to provide not only the evaluation function of the test control, but also to realize a number of educational functions: updating the basic knowledge, memorization, activating the cognitive interest, developing the ability to reason and the simpler ones but not less important, – the skill of getting information and familiarization with it.
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Applebaum, Shalom W., Lawrence I. Gilbert, and Daniel Segal. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Juvenile Hormone Synthesis and its Regulation in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata). United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570564.bard.

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Original Objectives and revisions: (1) "To determine the biosynthetic pathway of JHB3 in the adult C. capitata CA in order to establish parameters for the future choice and synthesis of suitable inhibitors". Modified: to determine the pattern of FR-7 biosynthesis during normal reproductive maturation, and identify enzymes potentially involved in its synthesis. (2) "To correlate allatal epoxidase activity to the biosynthesis of JHB3 at different stages of reproductive maturation/vitellogenesis and evaluate the hypothesis that a specific JH-epoxidase may be rate limiting". Modified: to study the effects of epoxidase inhibitors on the pattern of allatal JH biosynthesis in vitro and on female reproduction in vive. (3) "To probe and clone the gene homologous to ap from C. capitata, determine its exon-intron organization, sequence it and demonstrate its spatial and temporal expression in larvae, pupae and adults." The "Medfly" (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious polyphagous fruit pest, widely distributed in subtropical regions. Damage is caused by oviposition and subsequent development of larvae. JH's are dominant gonadotropic factors in insects. In the higher Diptera, to which the Medfly belongs, JHB3 is a major homolog. It comprises 95% of the total JH produced in vitro in D. melanogaster, with JH-III found as a minor component. The biosynthesis of both JH-III and JHB3 is dependent on epoxidation of double bonds in the JH molecule. The specificity of such epoxidases is unknown. The male accessory gland D. melanogaster produces a Sex Peptide, transferred to the female during copulation. SP reduces female receptivity while activating specific JH biosynthesis in vitro and inducing oviposition in vive. It also reduces pheromone production and activates CA of the moth Helicoverpa armigera. In a previous study, mutants of the apterous (ap) gene of D. melanogaster were analyzed. This gene induces previteilogenic arrest which can be rescued by external application of JH. Considerable progress has been made in recombinant DNA technology of the Medfly. When fully operative, it might be possible to effectively transfer D. melanogaster endocrine gene-lesions into the Medfly as a strategy for their genetic control. A marked heterogeneity in the pattern of JH homologs produced by Medfly CA was observed. Contrary to the anticipated biosynthesis of JHB;, significant amounts of an unknown JH-like compound, of unknown structure and provisionally termed FR-7, were produced, in addition to significant amounts of JH-III and JHB3. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, devised for their effects on ecdysteroid biosynthesis, affect Medfly JH biosynthesis but do not reduce egg deposition. FR-7 was isolated from incubation media of Medfly CA and examined by various MS procedures, but its structure is not yet resolved. MS analysis is being done in collaboration with Professor R.R.W. Rickards of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. A homologue of the ap gene of D. melanogaster exists in the Medfly. LIM domains and the homeo-domain, important for the function of the D. melanogaster ap gene, are conserved here too. Attempts to clone the complete gene were unsuccessful. Due to the complexity of JH homologs, presence of related FR-7 in the biosynthetic products of Medfly CA and lack of reduction in eggs deposited in the presence of monooxygenase inhibitors, inhibition of epoxidases is not a feasible alternative to control Medfly reproduction, and raises questions which cannot be resolved within the current dogma of hormonal control of reproduction in Diptera. The Medfly ap gene has similar domains to the D. melanogaster ap gene. Although mutant ap genes are involved in JH deficiency, ap is a questionable candidate for an endocrine lesion, especially since the D. melanogoster gene functions is a transcription factor.
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7

Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts: National Wildlife Research Center Accomplishments, 2010. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7291310.aphis.

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As the research arm of Wildlife Services, a program within the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), NWRC develops methods and information to address human-wildlife conflicts related to agriculture, human health and safety, property damage, invasive species, and threatened and endangered species. The NWRC is the only Federal research facility in the United States devoted entirely to the development of methods for effective wildlife damage management, and it’s research authority comes from the Animal Damage Control Act of 1931. The NWRC’s research priorities are based on nationwide research needs assessments, congressional directives, APHIS Wildlife Services program needs, and stakeholder input. The Center is committed to helping resolve the ever-expanding and changing issues associated with human-wildlife conflict management and remains well positioned to address new issues through proactive efforts and strategic planning activities. NWRC research falls under four principal areas that reflect APHIS’ commitment to “protecting agricultural and natural resources from agricultural animal and plant health threats, zoonotic diseases, invasive species, and wildlife conflicts and diseases”. In addition to the four main research areas, the NWRC maintains support functions related to animal care, administration, information transfer, archives, quality assurance, facility development, and legislative and public affairs.
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8

African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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