Journal articles on the topic 'Head impact kinematics'
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Patton, Declan A., Colin M. Huber, Susan S. Margulies, Christina L. Master, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "NON-HEADER IMPACT EXPOSURE AND KINEMATICS OF MALE YOUTH SOCCER PLAYERS." Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34107/yhpn9422.04106.
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Previous studies have investigated the head impact kinematics of purposeful heading in youth soccer; however, less than a third of all head injuries in youth soccer have been found to involve ball contact. The aim of the current study was to identify the head impact kinematics and exposure not associated with purposeful heading of the ball in male youth soccer. Headband-mounted sensors were used to monitor the head kinematics of male junior varsity and middle school teams during games. Video analysis of sensor-recorded events was used to code impact mechanism, surface and site. Junior varsity players had non-header impact rates of 0.28 per athlete-exposure (AE) and 0.37 per player-hour (PH), whereas middle school players had relatively lower non-header impact rates of 0.16 per AE and 0.25 per PH. Such impact rates fell within the large range of values reported by previous studies, which is likely affected by sensor type and recording trigger threshold. The most common non-header impact mechanism in junior varsity soccer was player contact, whereas ball-to-head was the most common non-header impact mechanism in middle school soccer. Non-header impacts for junior varsity players had median peak kinematics of 31.0 g and 17.4 rad/s. Non-header impacts for middle school players had median peak kinematics of 40.6 g and 16.2 rad/s. For non-header impacts, ball impacts to the rear of the head the highest peak kinematics recorded by the sensor. Such data provide targets for future efforts in injury prevention, such as officiating efforts to control player-to-player contact.
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Pritchard, Stewart, Tanner Filben, Sebastian Haja, Logan Miller, Mark Espeland, Joel Stitzel, and Jillian Urban. "Comparison of Head Impact Exposure Across Common Activities in Youth Soccer." Neurology 98, no. 1 Supplement 1 (December 27, 2021): S24.1—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000801964.42946.75.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare head impact exposure across common training activities in soccer.BackgroundSoccer is a popular youth sport in the United States, but repetitive head impacts during training may result in neurocognitive deficits. Current research has identified factors associated with increased head impact exposure in soccer, but research has yet to contextualize head impact exposure across soccer activities. Modifying practice structure may be an avenue for reducing head impact exposure and concussion risk in soccer.Design/MethodsEight U15 soccer players participated in this study for 2 soccer seasons. Players wore a custom instrumented mouthpiece sensor during all practices and games. On-field activities were recorded with a time-synchronized camera. Research personnel recorded the duration of all practice (e.g., technical training, team interaction) and game activities performed by each player, and film review was performed to identify all head contact events during each session. Head impact exposure was quantified in terms of peak kinematics and impacts per player per hour. The amount of time an athlete was exposed to an activity was also evaluated. Mixed effects models were used to compare peak kinematics and generalized linear models were used to compare impact rates across activity types.ResultsActivity types were associated with peak kinematics and impact rate. Technical training activities were associated with higher impact rates and lower mean kinematics compared to other activity types. Team interaction activities and game play were associated with the highest rotational kinematics, but the lowest impact rates. A similar number of player-to-player contact events occurred within technical training, team interaction, and game play activities.ConclusionsInterventions designed to reduce head impact frequency in soccer may benefit from targeting technical training activities; whereas, interventions designed to reduce head impact magnitude may benefit from targeting team interaction and game activities.
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Huber, Colin M., Declan A. Patton, Susan S. Margulies, Christina L. Master, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Quantifying Head Impact Exposure, Mechanisms and Kinematics Using an Instrumented Mouthguard in Female High School Lacrosse." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00403.
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Background: There is growing concern for the neurological effects of repetitive head impacts in sports, and girls’ lacrosse represents a popular but understudied sport regarding head impact exposure. Current debate exists over the need for enhanced protective equipment, and it is important to quantify head impact exposure and biomechanics to inform policy discussions and rule changes for improved protection. Purpose: To quantify the head impact biomechanics, by impact mechanism and direction, of female high school lacrosse players during games using an instrumented mouthguard. Methods: A female high school varsity lacrosse team wore the Stanford Instrumented Mouthguard during competitive games for the 2019 season. Video footage was reviewed to confirm head impact events and remove false-positive recordings. For each impact event, the mechanism was coded as stick contact, player contact, fall, or ball contact, and the site was coded as face/jaw, forehead, crown, side, rear or indirect (i.e. body impact with no head contact). Head impact rates were calculated per athlete exposure (AE, defined as a single player participating in a game). Results: Sensor data were recorded for 15 players for 14 games and 97 AEs. During games, 31 sensor-recorded head impacts were video-confirmed resulting in a pooled average head impact rate of 0.32 impacts/AE. The 31 video-confirmed impacts were distributed among stick contacts (17, 54.8%), player contacts (12, 38.7%), and falls (2, 6.5%). There were no ball impacts. The associated peak kinematics are presented in Figure 1.1. The most common impact site was the side (11, 35.5%), followed by face/jaw (8, 25.8%), forehead (2, 6.5%), and crown (2, 6.5%). There were no impacts to the rear of the head and 8 (25.8%) impacts were indirect. The associated peak kinematics are presented in Figure 1.2. Conclusion: Stick impacts were the most common impact mechanism and resulted in the highest peak linear and angular kinematics, which may help explain why they are the most common cause of head injury in female lacrosse. By quantifying the head impact exposure, kinematics and mechanisms in female high school lacrosse, targeted injury preventions can be developed, such as rule changes and protective equipment. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]
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Bretzin, Abigail C., Jamie L. Mansell, Ryan T. Tierney, and Jane K. McDevitt. "Sex Differences in Anthropometrics and Heading Kinematics Among Division I Soccer Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 2 (November 15, 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116678615.
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Background: Soccer players head the ball repetitively throughout their careers; this is also a potential mechanism for a concussion. Although not all soccer headers result in a concussion, these subconcussive impacts may impart acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces on the brain, leaving structural and functional deficits. Stronger neck musculature may reduce head-neck segment kinematics. Hypothesis: The relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics will not differ between sexes. The relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics will not differ between ball speeds. Study Design: Pilot, cross-sectional design. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Division I soccer athletes (5 male, 8 female) were assessed for head-neck anthropometric and neck strength measurements in 6 directions (ie, flexion, extension, right and left lateral flexions and rotations). Participants headed the ball 10 times (25 or 40 mph) while wearing an accelerometer secured to their head. Kinematic measurements (ie, linear acceleration and rotational velocity) were recorded at 2 ball speeds. Results: Sex differences were observed in neck girth ( t = 5.09, P < 0.001), flexor and left lateral flexor strength ( t = 3.006, P = 0.012 and t = 4.182, P = 0.002, respectively), and rotational velocity at both speeds ( t = −2.628, P = 0.024 and t = −2.227, P = 0.048). Neck girth had negative correlations with both linear acceleration ( r = −0.599, P = 0.031) and rotational velocity at both speeds ( r = −0.551, P = 0.012 and r = −0.652, P = 0.016). Also, stronger muscle groups had lower linear accelerations at both speeds ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics for sex and ball speeds. Clinical Relevance: Neck girth and neck strength are factors that may limit head impact kinematics.
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Filben, Tanner M., Nicholas S. Pritchard, Logan E. Miller, Sarah K. Woods, Megan E. Hayden, Christopher M. Miles, Jillian E. Urban, and Joel D. Stitzel. "Characterization of Head Impact Exposure in Women’s Collegiate Soccer." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0304.
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Soccer players are regularly exposed to head impacts by intentionally heading the ball. Evidence suggests repetitive subconcussive head impacts may affect the brain, and females may be more vulnerable to brain injury than males. This study aimed to characterize head impact exposure among National Collegiate Athletic Association women’s soccer players using a previously validated mouthpiece-based sensor. Sixteen players were instrumented during 72 practices and 24 games. Head impact rate and rate of risk-weighted cumulative exposure were compared across session type and player position. Head kinematics were compared across session type, impact type, player position, impact location, and ball delivery method. Players experienced a mean (95% confidence interval) head impact rate of 0.468 (0.289 to 0.647) head impacts per hour, and exposure rates varied by session type and player position. Headers accounted for 89% of head impacts and were associated with higher linear accelerations and rotational accelerations than nonheader impacts. Headers in which the ball was delivered by a long kick had greater peak kinematics (all P < .001) than headers in which the ball was delivered by any other method. Results provide increased understanding of head impact frequency and magnitude in women’s collegiate soccer and may help inform efforts to prevent brain injury.
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Huber, Colin M., Declan A. Patton, Susan Margulies, Christina Master, and Kristy Arbogast. "Head Impact Exposure and Mechanisms in Female High School Lacrosse via an Instrumented Mouthguard." Neurology 98, no. 1 Supplement 1 (December 27, 2021): S13.2—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000801856.45976.d2.
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ObjectiveTo quantify the head impact biomechanics, by impact mechanism, of female high school lacrosse players during games using an instrumented mouthguard.BackgroundThere is growing concern for the neurologic effects of repetitive head impacts in sports, which have been linked with several short-term neurophysiologic deficits. Girls' lacrosse represents a popular but understudied sport with regard to head impact exposure and current debate exists as to the need for enhanced protective equipment.Design/MethodsA female high school varsity lacrosse team wore the Stanford Instrumented Mouthguard during competitive games for the 2019 season. Video footage was reviewed to confirm head impact events and remove false-positive recordings. For each impact event, the mechanism was coded as stick contact, player contact, fall, or ball contact. Head impact rates were calculated per athlete exposure (AE, defined as a single player participating in a single game).ResultsSensor data were recorded for 15 female varsity lacrosse players for 14 games and 97 AEs. During games, 31 sensor-recorded head impacts were video-confirmed resulting in a pooled average head impact rate of 0.32 impacts/AE. The video-confirmed impacts were distributed between stick contact (17, 54.8%), player contact (12, 38.7%), and falls (2, 6.5%). There were no ball impacts. Overall peak kinematics were 34.0 ± 26.6 g, 12.0 ± 9.1 rad/s, and 3,666.5 ± 2,987.6 rad/s2. Stick contacts had the highest peak linear acceleration (42.7 ± 32.2 g), angular velocity (14.5 ± 11.1 rad/s), and angular acceleration (4,242.4 ± 3,634.9 rad/s2).ConclusionsStick impacts were the most common impact mechanism and resulted in the highest peak linear and angular kinematics, which may help explain why they are the most common cause of head injury in female lacrosse. By quantifying the head impact exposure, kinematics and mechanisms in female high school lacrosse, targeted injury preventions can be developed, such as rule changes and protective equipment.
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Viano, David C., Hans von Holst, and Per Lovsund. "Simulation of brain kinematics in closed head impact." International Journal of Crashworthiness 1, no. 4 (January 1996): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/cras.1996.0030.
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Swenson, Abigail, Logan Miller, Jillian Urban, and Joel Stitzel. "Head Kinematics by Contact Scenarios in Youth Ice Hockey." Neurology 95, no. 20 Supplement 1 (November 16, 2020): S1.1—S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011045.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this pilot study was to characterize head impact exposure in a sample of youth boys' ice hockey using a novel instrumented mouthpiece, improving accuracy.BackgroundFrom 2010 to 2018 youth ice hockey saw a 15% increase in participation, despite growing concerns for concussion risk in contact sports. While contact sports with similar rates of concussion have been subjected to rigorous study, head impact exposure in youth ice hockey has been largely underexplored. Existing youth studies have utilized helmet-mounted sensors, which are associated with error due to poor coupling with the skull.Design/MethodsCustom mouthpieces containing a tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope were fit to seven enrolled athletes, and monitored during practices and games throughout the season. Linear acceleration and rotational velocity of the head were recorded for 60 ms when 5 g was exceeded on any axis for at least 3 ms. Time-synchronized film was reviewed to identify the contact scenario and head contact. Summary statistics of kinematics were calculated by scenario and presence of head contact.ResultsA total of 465 events were recorded over 25 weeks. Of these events 25% involved head contact; 92% of all contact scenarios were board checks, falls, or ice checks. Events involving head contact (i.e., head impacts) had median [95th percentile] peak linear acceleration, rotational velocity, and angular acceleration of 8.1 [30.9] g, 7.9 [20.2] rad/s, and 614 [2673] rad/s2, respectively. Events not involving head contact had median [95th percentile] peak linear acceleration, rotational velocity, and angular acceleration of 6.6 [43.8] g, 6.5 [17.5] rad/s, and 455 [4115] rad/s2, respectively.ConclusionsThe majority of the recorded events could be classified as board checks, falls, or ice checks. Median peak kinematics were higher for head impacts than non-head impact events. In contrast, 95th percentile linear and angular accelerations were greater for impacts not involving head contact.
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DiFabio, M. S., and T. A. Buckley. "Relationships between Head Impacts, Competitive Aggression, and Risk-taking Behavior in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (July 2019): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.50.
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Abstract Purpose To examine relationships between head impact kinematics sustained over a season and competitive aggression and self-reported risk-taking behavior in collegiate club ice-hockey athletes. Methods Twenty male ice-hockey players (19.9±1.2 y.o, 1.8±0.06 m, 78.5±5.7 kg) completed the Competitive Anger and Aggression Scale (CAAS, Range:0-84) and the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS, Range:8-40) during the preseason as measures of competitive aggression and risk-taking behavior with higher/lower reflecting higher/lower aggression and risk taking. Penalty minutes (PM) and games played (GP) were taken from official game records. Head impact kinematics (number of impacts, linear mean, peak, cumulative acceleration) were recorded by tri-axial accelerometers worn during games/practices. Spearman correlation was performed to examine relationships between variables. Results The mean number of impacts was 76.6±54.9 (range: 6–171); mean and cumulative acceleration were 36.3±4.2g (range:27.8–42.2g) and 2829.4±2024.9g (range:198.4–6527.2g), respectively. Neither CAAS (mean: 48.7±10.9, range: 24–64) nor BSSS scores (mean: 25.3±4.4, range:15–32) were significantly related to impact kinematics. GP was significantly correlated with number of impacts (r=.63, p=.003) and cumulative linear acceleration (r=.61, p=.004). PM was significantly correlated with number of impacts (r=.52, p=.20) and cumulative linear acceleration (r=.55, p=.13). Conclusion There were no relationships between the head impact kinematics and self-reported aggressiveness or risk taking behavior, but more PM was strongly related to higher head impact loads. Considering PM may be useful in aiding to identify athletes who may sustain higher head impact loads, however, self-reports of behavior may not be.
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Pritchard, N. Stewart, and Jillian E. Urban. "AN ANALYSIS OF HEAD KINEMATICS IN WOMEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 3 (November 3, 2022): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.229-242.
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Concussions in gymnastics have scarcely been researched; however, current evidence suggests that concussion rates may be higher than previously reported due to underreporting among coaches, athletes, and parents. The purpose of this study was to outline a method for collecting head impact data in gymnastics, and to provide the first measurements of head impact exposure within gymnastics. Three optional level women’s artistic gymnasts (ages 11-16) were instrumented with a mouthpiece sensor that measured linear acceleration, rotational velocity, and rotational acceleration of the head during contact and aerial phases of skills performed during practice. Peak linear acceleration, peakrotational velocity, peak rotational acceleration, duration, and time to peak linearacceleration were calculated from sensor data. Kinematic data was time-synchronized to videoand then sensor data was segmented into contact scenarios and skills characterized by theevent rotation, apparatus, landing mat type, skill type, skill phase, landing stability, andbody region contacted. The instrumented gymnasts were exposed to 1,394 contact scenarios(41 per gymnast per session), of which 114 (3.9 per gymnast per session) contained headcontact. Peak kinematics varied across skill type, apparatuses, and landing mats. The medianduration of impacts with head contact (177 ms) was longer than measured impacts in youth andcollegiate level soccer. Results from this study help provide a foundation for future researchthat may seek to examine head impact exposure within gymnastics to better informconcussion prevention and post-concussion return to play protocols within the sport.
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Knowles, Brooklynn M., Henry Yu, and Christopher R. Dennison. "Accuracy of a Wearable Sensor for Measures of Head Kinematics and Calculation of Brain Tissue Strain." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0026.
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Wearable kinematic sensors can be used to study head injury biomechanics based on kinematics and, more recently, based on tissue strain metrics using kinematics-driven brain models. These sensors require in-situ calibration and there is currently no data conveying wearable ability to estimate tissue strain. We simulated head impact (n = 871) to a 50th percentile Hybrid III (H-III) head wearing a hockey helmet instrumented with wearable GForceTracker (GFT) sensors measuring linear acceleration and angular velocity. A GFT was also fixed within the H-III head to establish a lower boundary on systematic errors. We quantified GFT errors relative to H-III measures based on peak kinematics and cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM). The smallest mean errors were 12% (peak resultant linear acceleration) and 15% (peak resultant angular velocity) for the GFT within the H-III. Errors for GFTs on the helmet were on average 54% (peak resultant linear acceleration) and 21% (peak resultant angular velocity). On average, the GFT inside the helmet overestimated CSDM by 0.15.
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Trotta, Antonia, Dimitris Zouzias, Guido De Bruyne, and Aisling Ní Annaidh. "The Importance of the Scalp in Head Impact Kinematics." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 46, no. 6 (March 1, 2018): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-2003-0.
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Putra, I. Putu A., Johan Iraeus, Fusako Sato, Mats Y. Svensson, Astrid Linder, and Robert Thomson. "Optimization of Female Head–Neck Model with Active Reflexive Cervical Muscles in Low Severity Rear Impact Collisions." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02512-1.
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AbstractViVA Open Human Body Model (HBM) is an open-source human body model that was developed to fill the gap of currently available models that lacked the average female size. In this study, the head–neck model of ViVA OpenHBM was further developed by adding active muscle controllers for the cervical muscles to represent the human neck muscle reflex system as studies have shown that cervical muscles influence head–neck kinematics during impacts. The muscle controller was calibrated by conducting optimization-based parameter identification of published-volunteer data. The effects of different calibration objectives to head–neck kinematics were analyzed and compared. In general, a model with active neck muscles improved the head–neck kinematics agreement with volunteer responses. The current study highlights the importance of including active muscle response to mimic the volunteer’s kinematics. A simple PD controller has found to be able to represent the behavior of the neck muscle reflex system. The optimum gains that defined the muscle controllers in the present study were able to be identified using optimizations. The present study provides a basis for describing an active muscle controller that can be used in future studies to investigate whiplash injuries in rear impacts
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DiFabio, Melissa S., Katherine M. Breedlove, and Thomas A. Buckley. "Relationships between Aggression and Head Impact Kinematics in Ice Hockey." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (June 2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000562697.85496.93.
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Patton, Declan A. "A Review of Instrumented Equipment to Investigate Head Impacts in Sport." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7049743.
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Contact, collision, and combat sports have more head impacts as compared to noncontact sports; therefore, such sports are uniquely suited to the investigation of head impact biomechanics. Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of instrumented equipment, which can estimate the head impact kinematics of human subjectsin vivo. Literature pertaining to head impact measurement devices was reviewed and usage, in terms of validation and field studies, of such devices was discussed. Over the past decade, instrumented equipment has recorded millions of impacts in the laboratory, on the field, in the ring, and on the ice. Instrumented equipment is not without limitations; however,in vivohead impact data is crucial to investigate head injury mechanisms and further the understanding of concussion.
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Yang, King H., and Albert L. King. "Neck Kinematics in Rear-End Impacts." Pain Research and Management 8, no. 2 (2003): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/839740.
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The purpose of this study was to document the kinematics of the neck during low-speed rear-end impacts. In a series of experiments reported by Deng et al (2000), a pneumatically driven mini-sled was used to study cervical spine motion using six cadavers instrumented with metallic markers at each cervical level, a 9-accelerometer mount on the head, and a tri-axial accelerometers on the thorax. A 250-Hz x-ray system was used to record marker motion while acceleration data were digitized at 10,000 Hz. Results show that, in the global coordinate system, the head and all cervical vertebrae were primarily in extension during the entire period of x-ray data collection. In local coordinate systems, upper cervical segments were initially in relative flexion while lower segments were in extension. Facet joint capsular stretch ranged from 17 to 97%. In the vertical direction, the head and T1 accelerated upward almost instantaneously after impact initiation while there was delay for the head in the horizontal direction. This combination was the result of a force vector which was pointed in the forward and upward direction to generate an extension moment. Upward ramping of the torso was larger in tests with a 20-deg seatback angle. The study concluded that the kinematics of the neck is rather complicated and greatly influenced by the large rotations of the thoracic spine. Significant posterior shear deformation was found, as evidenced by the large facet capsular stretch. Although the neck forms a 'mild' S-shaped curve during whiplash, using its shape as an injury mechanism can be misleading because the source of pain is likely to be located in the facet capsules.
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Stitt, Danyon, Nick Draper, Keith Alexander, and Natalia Kabaliuk. "Laboratory Validation of Instrumented Mouthguard for Use in Sport." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 6028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186028.
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Concussion is an inherent risk of participating in contact, combat, or collision sports, within which head impacts are numerous. Kinematic parameters such as peak linear and rotational acceleration represent primary measures of concussive head impacts. The ability to accurately measure and categorise such impact parameters in real time is important in health and sports performance contexts. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of the latest HitIQ Nexus A9 instrumented mouthguard (HitIQ Pty. Ltd. Melbourne Australia) against reference sensors in an aluminium headform. The headform underwent drop testing at various impact intensities across the NOCSAE-defined impact locations, comparing the peak linear and rotational acceleration (PLA and PRA) as well as the shapes of the acceleration time-series traces for each impact. Mouthguard PLA and PRA measurements strongly correlated with (R2 = 0.996 and 0.994 respectively), and strongly agreed with (LCCC = 0.997) the reference sensors. The root mean square error between the measurement devices was 1 ± 0.6g for linear acceleration and 47.4 ± 35 rad/s2 for rotational acceleration. A Bland–Altman analysis found a systematic bias of 1% for PRA, with no significant bias for PLA. The instrumented mouthguard displayed high accuracy when measuring head impact kinematics in a laboratory setting.
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Laban, Othman, Elsadig Mahdi, and John-John Cabibihan. "Prediction of Neural Space Narrowing and Soft Tissue Injury of the Cervical Spine Concerning Head Restraint Arrangements in Traffic Collisions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010145.
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Common quantitative assessments of neck injury criteria do not predict anatomical neck injuries and lack direct relations to design parameters of whiplash-protection systems. This study aims to provide insights into potential soft tissue-level injury sites based on the interactions developed in-between different anatomical structures in case of a rear-end collision. A detailed finite element human model has exhibited an excellent biofidelity when validated against volunteer impacts. Three head restraint arrangements were simulated, predicting both the kinematic response and the anatomical pain source at each arrangement. Head restraint’s contribution has reduced neck shear and head kinematics by at least 70 percent, minimized pressure gradients acting on ganglia and nerve roots less than half. Posterior column ligaments were the most load-bearing components, followed by the lower intervertebral discs and upper capsular ligaments. Sprain of the interspinous ligamentum flavum at early stages has caused instability in the craniovertebral structure causing its discs and facet joints to be elevated compressive loads. Excessive hyperextension motion, which occurred in the absence of the head restraint, has promoted a stable avulsion teardrop fracture of the fourth vertebral body’s anteroinferior aspect and rupture the anterior longitudinal ligament. The observed neck injuries can be mathematically related to head–torso relative kinematics. These relations will lead to the development of a comprehensive neck injury criterion that can predict the injury level. This, in turn, will impose a significant impact on the design processes of vehicle anti-whiplash safety equipment.
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Cournoyer, Janie, David Koncan, Michael D. Gilchrist, and T. Blaine Hoshizaki. "The Influence of Neck Stiffness on Head Kinematics and Maximum Principal Strain Associated With Youth American Football Collisions." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0070.
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Understanding the relationship between head mass and neck stiffness during direct head impacts is especially concerning in youth sports where athletes have higher proportional head mass to neck strength. This study compared 2 neck stiffness conditions for peak linear and rotational acceleration and brain tissue deformations across 3 impact velocities, 3 impact locations, and 2 striking masses. A pendulum fitted with a nylon cap was used to impact a fifth percentile hybrid III headform equipped with 9 accelerometers and fitted with a youth American football helmet. The 2 neck stiffness conditions consisted of a neckform with and without resistance in 3 planes, representing the upper trapezius, the splenius capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Increased neck stiffness resulted in significant changes in head kinematics and maximum principal strain specific to impact velocity, impact location, and striking mass.
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Eckner, James T., R. Scott Conley, Hugh J. L. Garton, Nikki Weiss, Lauro Ojeda, Amanda O. Esquivel, Ryan Kassel, et al. "Comparing head impact kinematics simultaneously measured using 6 different sensors in a human cadaver model." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S2.3—S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550624.74128.72.
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ObjectiveTo compare head kinematics measurements obtained from 6 different head impact sensors utilizing different methods of sensor-to-head fixation.DesignFree-drop impacts (total n = 54) were performed at 3.5 and 5.5 m/s onto to the front, back, side, and top of 2 elderly human cadaveric head-neck specimens: a helmeted (Riddell Revolution Speed) male specimen was dropped onto a NOCSAE testing pad; an un-helmeted female specimen was dropped onto a framed sample of field turf. The specimens were instrumented with an intracranial reference sensor surgically mounted at the approximate head center-of-mass by a rigidly-fixed custom standoff pad, an intra-oral test sensor rigidly fixed to the upper teeth/hard palate by a custom orthodontic appliance, and 4 commercially available head impact sensing systems: X-Patch, Vector mouth guard, HITS (helmeted condition only), and G-Force Tracker (affixed to helmet interior or head band depending on helmet status). Peak linear and rotational head accelerations (PLA and PRA) were compared between each sensor and the intracranial reference sensor using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2, 1]).ResultsAgreement with reference PLA and PRA values differed between sensors, with the greatest agreement observed for the rigidly affixed intraoral sensor (ICC = 0.921, PLA; ICC = 0.810, PRA). Agreement for PLA and PRA, respectively, was: for X-Patch, ICC = 0.638, ICC = 0.155; for Vector mouth guard, ICC = 0.775, ICC = 0.480; for HITS, ICC = 0.662 (PLA only); for G-Force Tracker, ICC = 0.364 (PLA only).DiscussionHead kinematics measurements during free-drop testing differed among sensors using different approaches of fixation to the head. There was greater agreement with intracranial reference PLA and PRA values for a rigidly affixed intraoral sensor utilizing an orthodontic appliance than for commercially available sensors incorporated into athletic equipment or otherwise non-rigidly affixed to the head. Measurement error attributable to non-rigid sensor-head coupling could potentially be reduced by incorporating an impact sensor into an orthodontic appliance in future research.
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Dufek, Janet S., John A. Mercer, and Janet R. Griffin. "The Effects of Speed and Surface Compliance on Shock Attenuation Characteristics for Male and Female Runners." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 25, no. 3 (August 2009): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.25.3.219.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of running speed and surface compliance on shock attenuation (SA) characteristics for male and female runners. We were also interested in identifying possible kinematic explanations, specifically, kinematics of the lower extremity at foot-ground contact, for anticipated gender differences in SA. Fourteen volunteer recreational runners (7 male, 7 female) ran at preferred and slow speeds on an adjustable bed treadmill, which simulated soft, medium, and hard surface conditions. Selected kinematic descriptors of lower extremity kinematics as well as leg and head peak impact acceleration values were obtained for 10 left leg contacts per subject-condition. Results identified significant SA values between genders across conditions and more specifically, across surfaces for females, with male runners demonstrating a similar trend. Regression modeling to predict SA by gender for surface conditions elicited unremarkable results, ranging from 30.9 to 59.9% explained variance. It appears that surface compliance does affect SA during running; however, the runner’s ability to dissipate the shock wave may not be expressly explained by our definition of lower extremity kinematics at contact.
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Posirisuk, Pasinee, Claire Baker, and Mazdak Ghajari. "Computational prediction of head-ground impact kinematics in e-scooter falls." Accident Analysis & Prevention 167 (March 2022): 106567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106567.
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Buckley, Thomas A., Katherine M. Breedlove, Melissa S. DiFabio, and Jessie R. Oldham. "No Relationship Between Head Impact Kinematics and Concussion Clinical Assessment Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000536645.03929.84.
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Becker, Stephan, Joshua Berger, Oliver Ludwig, Daniel Günther, Jens Kelm, and Michael Fröhlich. "Heading in Soccer: Does Kinematics of the Head‐Neck‐Torso Alignment Influence Head Acceleration?" Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0012.
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Abstract There is little scientific evidence regarding the cumulative effect of purposeful heading. The head-neck-torso alignment is considered to be of great importance when it comes to minimizing potential risks when heading. Therefore, this study determined the relationship between head-neck-torso alignment (cervical spine, head, thoracic spine) and the acceleration of the head, the relationship between head acceleration and maximum ball speed after head impact and differences between head accelerations throughout different heading approaches (standing, jumping, running). A total of 60 male soccer players (18.9 ± 4.0 years, 177.6 ± 14.9 cm, 73.1 ± 8.6 kg) participated in the study. Head accelerations were measured by a telemetric Noraxon DTS 3D Sensor, whereas angles for the head-neck-torso alignment and ball speed were analyzed with a Qualisys Track Manager program. No relationship at all was found for the standing, jumping and running approaches. Concerning the relationship between head acceleration and maximum ball speed after head impact only for the standing header a significant result was calculated (p = 0.024, R2 = .085). A significant difference in head acceleration (p < .001) was identified between standing, jumping and running headers. To sum up, the relationship between head acceleration and head-neck-torso alignment is more complex than initially assumed and could not be proven in this study. Furthermore first data were generated to check whether the acceleration of the head is a predictor for the resulting maximum ball speed after head impact, but further investigations have to follow. Lastly, we confirmed the results that the head acceleration differs with the approach.
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Venkatason, Kausalyah, Kassim A. Abdullah, Shasthri Sivaguru, Moumen M. Idres, Qasim H. Shah, and S. V. Wong. "Crash Kinematics and Injury Criteria Validation for a Deformable Hybrid Vehicle Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.627.
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Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at high risks in a road traffic collision with motor vehicles. A large number are getting killed in traffic accidents each year, the majority of them being children and senior citizens. During impact with an automobile, pedestrians suffer multiple impacts with the bumper, hood and windscreen. Fatality is seen mostly due to the head injuries obtained by the pedestrians. Thus this paper aims to introduce the development and validation of a simplified hybrid vehicle front end profile for the mitigation of head injury. The vehicle model is represented by a multi body windscreen and finite element cowl, hood and bumper. A two step validation procedure is performed, firstly the crash kinematics validation to determine the overall kinematics and fall pattern of the pedestrian during impact. Secondly, the hybrid vehicle model is tested against the pedestrian injury criteria values for pertinent body parts namely the neck, sternum, lumbar, femur and tibia. The hybrid vehicle model is made to impact an adult human dummy model obtained from TNO (TASS Netherlands). The injury criterias are reprensented through the Head Injury Criteria (HIC), neck compression force, sternum and tibia accelerations and lumbar and femur bending moments. The simulation results were compared to the experimental values and a good correlation was achieved.
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Kelley, Amanda M., Kyle Bernhardt, Norah Hass, and Tyler Rooks. "Detecting functional deficits following sub-concussive head impacts: the relationship between head impact kinematics and visual-vestibular balance performance." Brain Injury 35, no. 7 (May 30, 2021): 812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.1927182.
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O'Connor, Kathryn L., Steven Rowson, Stefan M. Duma, and Steven P. Broglio. "Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 206–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050.52.2.05.
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Context:With an estimated 3.8 million sport- and recreation-related concussions occurring annually, targeted prevention and diagnostic methods are needed. Biomechanical analysis of head impacts may provide quantitative information that can inform both prevention and diagnostic strategies.Objective:To assess available head-impact devices and their clinical utility.Data Sources:We performed a systematic search of the electronic database PubMed for peer-reviewed publications, using the following phrases: accelerometer and concussion, head impact telemetry, head impacts and concussion and sensor, head impacts and sensor, impact sensor and concussion, linear acceleration and concussion, rotational acceleration and concussion, and xpatch concussion. In addition to the literature review, a Google search for head impact monitor and concussion monitor yielded 15 more devices.Study Selection:Included studies were performed in vivo, used commercially available devices, and focused on sport-related concussion.Data Extraction:One author reviewed the title and abstract of each study for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then reviewed each full-text article to confirm inclusion criteria. Controversial articles were reviewed by all authors to reach consensus.Data Synthesis:In total, 61 peer-reviewed articles involving 4 head-impact devices were included. Participants in boxing, football, ice hockey, soccer, or snow sports ranged in age from 6 to 24 years; 18% (n = 11) of the studies included female athletes. The Head Impact Telemetry System was the most widely used device (n = 53). Fourteen additional commercially available devices were presented.Conclusions:Measurements collected by impact monitors provided real-time data to estimate player exposure but did not have the requisite sensitivity to concussion. Proper interpretation of previously reported head-impact kinematics across age, sport, and position may inform future research and enable staff clinicians working on the sidelines to monitor athletes. However, head-impact–monitoring systems have limited clinical utility due to error rates, designs, and low specificity in predicting concussive injury.
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Beckwith, Jonathan G., Richard M. Greenwald, and Jeffrey J. Chu. "Measuring Head Kinematics in Football: Correlation Between the Head Impact Telemetry System and Hybrid III Headform." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 40, no. 1 (October 13, 2011): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0422-2.
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Kardong, K. V., and V. L. Bels. "Rattlesnake strike behavior: kinematics." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 6 (March 15, 1998): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.6.837.
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The predatory behavior of rattlesnakes includes many distinctive preparatory phases leading to an extremely rapid strike, during which venom is injected. The rodent prey is then rapidly released, removing the snake's head from retaliation by the prey. The quick action of the venom makes possible the recovery of the dispatched prey during the ensuing poststrike period. The strike is usually completed in less than 0.5 s, placing a premium on an accurate strike that produces no significant errors in fang placement that could result in poor envenomation and subsequent loss of the prey. To clarify the basis for effective strike performance, we examined the basic kinematics of the rapid strike using high-speed film analysis. We scored numerous strike variables. Four major results were obtained. (1) Neurosensory control of the strike is based primarily upon sensory inputs via the eyes and facial pits to launch the strike, and upon tactile stimuli after contact. Correction for errors in targeting occurs not by a change in strike trajectory, but by fang repositioning after the jaws have made contact with the prey. (2) The rattlesnake strike is based upon great versatility and variation in recruitment of body segments and body postures. (3) Forces generated during acceleration of the head are transferred to posterior body sections to decelerate the head before contact with the prey, thereby reducing impact forces upon the snake's jaws. (4) Body acceleration is based on two patterns of body displacement, one in which acute sections of the body open like a gate, the other in which body segments flow around postural curves similar to movements seen during locomotion. There is one major implication of these results: recruitment of body segments, launch postures and kinematic features of the strike may be quite varied from strike to strike, but the overall predatory success of each strike by a rattlesnake is very consistent. <P>
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Carmai, J., S. Koetniyom, W. Sungduang, K. A. Abu Kassim, and Y. Ahmad. "Motorcycle Accident Scenarios and Post-Crash Kinematics of Motorcyclists in Thailand." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.94.
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This paper unveils a classification of motorcycle accident data in Thailand to identify common accident scenarios and impact parameters for multibody dynamics simulation of motorcycle crashes. The simulation results were analysed in terms of kinematics of riders and passengers as well as head impact locations. Motorcycle accident data revealed that rolling over without any contact with other vehicles was the most common scenario, while the side swipe was the most common type of crash involving other vehicles. The majority of accidents involved passenger cars with riders' age ranging between 10-29 years. Serious and severe injuries accounted for 20% of the total number of casualties whereas minor abrasions and bruise accounted for 41%. Four common accident scenarios were identified together with a range of impact speeds, impact angles and impact points to generate impact conditions for multibody simulations. The simulation results revealed two patterns of global kinematics including (i) the rider together with the child pillion passenger were laterally projected towards the other vehicle as the other vehicle hit the lateral side of the motorcycle; and (ii) the rider together with the child pillion were launched forward in the direction of impact when the front wheel of the motorcycle hit the other vehicle. The vehicle hood was found to be the most frequently impacted area by the rider's and child passenger's head. The car windshield was the second most frequently impacted location for the rider's head. For pick-up truck, the passenger window was the second most frequent area of impact. There was a moderate number of A-pillar contact on the car but such a situation was rare for the pick-up truck.
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Bartsch, Adam, Rajiv Dama, Sergey Samorezov, Jay L. Alberts, Ed Benzel, Vincent Miele, Alok Shah, John Humm, Michael McCrea, and Brian Stemper. "Laboratory and on-field results of athlete head impact monitoring." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S1.2—S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550620.51257.e3.
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BackgroundAlthough concussion continues to be a major source of acute and chronic injury in automotive, athletic and military arenas, concussion injury mechanisms and risk functions are ill-defined. To overcome this knowledge gap, we have developed, tested and deployed a head impact monitoring mouthguard (IMM) system. The IMM system was first calibrated in 731 laboratory tests against Hybrid III and NOCSAE headforms with Reference kinematic sensors. Next, during on-field play involving n = 54 amateur American athletes in football and boxing, there were tens of thousands of kinematic signatures collected by the IMM. A total of 890 true positive head impacts were confirmed using a combination of signal processing and NINDS/NIH Common Data Elements methods [1].MethodsLaboratory tests were conducted using an American football helmet (n = 451), padded headform (n = 99) or bare head (n = 181). The IMM included kinematics sensors, along with associated microprocessor, battery and data transmission. Peak linear acceleration (PLA) at headform center of gravity (cg) was compared in each test between Reference and IMM.54 athletes in football and boxing aged 11 to 22 were consented. Impact with cg PLA as low as 7 g were collected during practices/games.Results/discussionLaboratory data fit a linear model close to ideal y = x + 0, R2 = 1. There were >100,000 triggering events, with 890 true positives. “False positives” contained high frequency data not indicative of head motion. The median/99th percentile of (PLA) and (PAA) were 20/50 g, and 1700 rad/s2/4600 rad/s2. There were no diagnosed concussions. One athlete was removed by athletic training staff after a significant head impact.ConclusionsIn the future, head impact dynamics data must be correlated with sensitive and specific assessments of cognitive, executive, vision and balance parameters in order to determine the concussion assessment threshold.Disclosures: Dr. Bartsch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dama has nothing to disclose. Dr. Samorezov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alberts has received personal compensation for activities with Boston Scientific Corporation. Dr. Benzel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miele has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Humm has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCrea has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stemper has nothing to disclose.
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Ptak, Mariusz. "Method to Assess and Enhance Vulnerable Road User Safety during Impact Loading." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9051000.
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Every year approximately 1.35 million people die as a consequence of road accidents. Almost 50% of road fatalities are vulnerable road users (VRUs). This research reviews the history of traffic safety for VRUs, presents an interesting insight into the statistics and evaluates the current legislation in Europe for pedestrians, cyclists, children on bicycle-mounted seats and motorcyclists in terms of impact situations and applied criteria. This enabled the author to have a better perspective on how the VRUs’ safety is currently verified. Furthermore, the VRU safety requirements are contrasted with the author’s research, which is mainly focused on VRU’s head biomechanics and kinematics. Finally, a new coherent method is presented, which encompasses the sub-groups of VRUs and proposes some improvements to both the regulations as well as technical countermeasures to mitigate the injuries during an impact. This study highlights the importance of numerical methods, which can serve as a powerful tool to study VRUs’ head injuries and kinematics.
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Zhao, Wei, and Songbai Ji. "Real-time, whole-brain, temporally resolved pressure responses in translational head impact." Interface Focus 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 20150091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0091.
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Theoretical debate still exists on the role of linear acceleration ( a lin ) on the risk of brain injury. Recent injury metrics only consider head rotational acceleration ( a rot ) but not a lin , despite that real-world on-field head impacts suggesting a lin significantly improves a concussion risk function. These controversial findings suggest a practical challenge in integrating theory and real-world experiment. Focusing on tissue-level mechanical responses estimated from finite-element (FE) models of the human head, rather than impact kinematics alone, may help address this debate. However, the substantial computational cost incurred (runtime and hardware) poses a significant barrier for their practical use. In this study, we established a real-time technique to estimate whole-brain a lin -induced pressures. Three hydrostatic atlas pressures corresponding to translational impacts (referred to as ‘brain print’) along the three major axes were pre-computed. For an arbitrary a lin profile at any instance in time, the atlas pressures were linearly scaled and then superimposed to estimate whole-brain responses. Using 12 publically available, independently measured or reconstructed real-world a lin profiles representative of a range of impact/injury scenarios, the technique was successfully validated (except for one case with an extremely short impulse of approx. 1 ms). The computational cost to estimate whole-brain pressure responses for an entire a lin profile was less than 0.1 s on a laptop versus typically hours on a high-end multicore computer. These findings suggest the potential of the simple, yet effective technique to enable future studies to focus on tissue-level brain responses, rather than solely relying on global head impact kinematics that have plagued early and contemporary brain injury research to date.
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Steenstrup, Sophie Elspeth, Kam-Ming Mok, Andrew S. McIntosh, Roald Bahr, and Tron Krosshaug. "Reconstruction of head impacts in FIS World Cup alpine skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 11 (November 25, 2017): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098050.
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IntroductionPrior to the 2013/2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom. Whether this increased testing speed reflects head impact velocities in real head injury situations on snow is unclear. We therefore investigated the injury mechanisms and gross head impact biomechanics in seven real head injury situations among World Cup (WC) alpine skiers.MethodsWe analysed nine head impacts from seven head injury videos from the FIS Injury Surveillance System, throughout nine WC seasons (2006–2015) in detail. We used commercial video-based motion analysis software to estimate head impact kinematics in two dimensions, including directly preimpact and postimpact, from broadcast video. The sagittal plane angular movement of the head was also measured using angle measurement software.ResultsIn seven of nine head impacts, the estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s (mean 8.1 (±SD 0.6) m/s, range 1.9±0.8 to 12.1±0.4 m/s). The nine head impacts had a mean normal to slope velocity change of 9.3±1.0 m/s, range 5.2±1.1 to 13.5±1.3 m/s. There was a large change in sagittal plane angular velocity (mean 43.3±2.9 rad/s (range 21.2±1.5 to 64.2±3.0 rad/s)) during impact.ConclusionThe estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s in seven of nine head impacts.
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Sanchez, Erin J., Lee F. Gabler, Ann B. Good, James R. Funk, Jeff R. Crandall, and Matthew B. Panzer. "A reanalysis of football impact reconstructions for head kinematics and finite element modeling." Clinical Biomechanics 64 (April 2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.019.
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DiFabio, Melissa, Katherine Breedlove, and Thomas Buckley. "Head Impact Kinematics do not Predict In-Season Concussion or Lower Extremity Injury in Ice Hockey." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S30.2—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000581128.49893.c3.
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ObjectiveTo examine if head impact kinematics (HIK) predict in-season concussion or acute lower extremity injury (LEI) in collegiate ice hockey.BackgroundSustaining head impacts in sport regularly may be damaging to long-term neurological health. Individuals who sustain higher head impact loads may be at increased risk for concussion, and furthermore, individuals who sustain a concussion are more likely to sustain a subsequent LEI than those without a history of concussion.Design/MethodsTwenty-nine collegiate club male ice hockey players (age: 20.2 ± 1.4) over the 2015-2018 seasons completed a survey at the conclusion of their season of LEI and concussion in-season. HIK (number of impacts, and mean, peak, and cumulative linear acceleration) were recorded via tri-axial accelerometers (Triax, Nowalk, CT) that each player wore for games/practices with a 10g impact threshold. Two binary logistic regressions were performed to determine if either sustaining a concussion or LEI was predicted by HIK.ResultsThere was no relationship between LEI or concussion with number of impacts (β:-0.018, p = 0.711, 95% CI:-0.12-0.84; β:-0.039, p = 0.55, 95% CI: -0.21-0.08, respectively), or mean (β:0.041, p = 0.79, 95% CI: -0.26-0.38; β:-0.040, p = 0.81, 95% CI: -0.37-0.32), peak (β:-0.065, p = 0.14, 95% CI: -0.16-0.01; β:0.0007, p = 0.99, 95% CI: -0.09-0.09), or cumulative acceleration (β:0.001, p = 0.42, 95% CI: -0.001-0.004; β:0.001, p = 0.55, 95% CI:-0.002-0.005). 7/29 players sustained a LEI and 6/29 sustained a concussion. Mean value for number of impacts was 59.7 ± 49.1 (range:3-171); mean acceleration: 33.9 ± 5.3g (range:22.0-42.22), peak: 71.8 ± 19.0g (range: 30.8-108.4); cumulative: 2,108.5 ± 1,793.8g (range 71.8-6517.2).ConclusionsThe main finding of this study is that greater HIK do not predict whether individuals sustained either an acute LEI or concussion during the season, albeit from a small sample. As HIK load is related to concussion incidence, it is possible HIK load may also be related to LEI, however, these results suggest HIK alone is not related to either in an ice hockey cohort.
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Kendall, Marshall, Anna Oeur, Susan E. Brien, Michael Cusimano, Shawn Marshall, Michael D. Gilchrist, and Thomas B. Hoshizaki. "Accident reconstructions of falls, collisions, and punches in sports." Journal of Concussion 4 (January 2020): 205970022093695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059700220936957.
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Objective Impacts to the head are the primary cause of concussive injuries in sport and can occur in a multitude of different environments. Each event is composed of combinations of impact characteristics (striking velocity, impact mass, and surface compliance) that present unique loading conditions on the head and brain. The purpose of this study was to compare falls, collisions, and punches from accident reconstructions of sports-related head impacts using linear, rotational accelerations and maximal principal strain of brain tissue from finite element simulation. Methods This study compared four types of head impact events through reconstruction. Seventy-two head impacts were taken from medical reports of accidental falls and game video of ice hockey, American football, and mixed-martial arts. These were reconstructed using physical impact systems to represent helmeted and unhelmeted falls, player-to-player collisions, and punches to the head. Head accelerations were collected using a Hybrid III headform and were input into a finite element brain model used to approximate strain in the cerebrum associated with the external loading conditions. Results Significant differences ( p < 0.01) were found for peak linear and rotational accelerations magnitudes (30–300 g and 3.2–7.8 krad/s2) and pulse durations between all impact event types characterized by unique impact parameters. The only exception was found where punch impacts and helmeted falls had similar rotational durations. Regression analysis demonstrated that increases to strain from unhelmeted falls were significantly influenced by both linear and rotational accelerations, meanwhile helmeted falls, punches, and collisions were influenced by rotational accelerations alone. Conclusion This report illustrates that the four distinct impact events created unique peak head kinematics and brain tissue strain values. These distinct patterns of head acceleration characteristics suggest that it is important to keep in mind that head injury can occur from a range of low to high acceleration magnitudes and that impact parameters (surface compliance, striking velocity, and impact mass) play an important role on the duration-dependent tolerance to impact loading.
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Huibregtse, Megan E., Steven W. Zonner, Keisuke Ejima, Zachary W. Bevilacqua, Sharlene D. Newman, Jonathan T. Macy, and Keisuke Kawata. "Association between Muscle Damage and Head Impacts in High School American Football." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 01 (November 20, 2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1021-1735.
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AbstractSubconcussive head impacts (SHI), defined as impacts to the cranium that do not result in concussion symptoms, are gaining traction as a major public health concern. The contribution of physiological factors such as physical exertion and muscle damage to SHI-dependent changes in neurological measures remains unknown. A prospective longitudinal study examined the association between physiological factors and SHI kinematics in 15 high school American football players over one season. Players wore a sensor-installed mouthguard for all practices and games, recording frequency and magnitude of all head impacts. Serum samples were collected at 12 time points (pre-season, pre- and post-game for five in-season games, and post-season) and were assessed for an isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MM) primarily found in skeletal muscle. Physical exertion was estimated in the form of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) from heart rate data captured during the five games. Mixed-effect regression models indicated that head impact kinematics were significantly and positively associated with change in CK-MM but not EPOC. There was a significant and positive association between CK-MM and EPOC. These data suggest that when examining SHI, effects of skeletal muscle damage should be considered when using outcome measures that may have an interaction with muscle damage.
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Górniak, A., W. Górniak, J. Matla, and M. Zawiślak. "The influence of seatback reclination on body kinematics during low-speed frontal impact." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1247, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1247/1/012025.
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Abstract Safety tests are generally performed in accordance with strict procedures that involve the use of a carefully positioned dummy. Safety tests are rarely conducted with the occupant being in a non-standard position. In real life driving, occupants, especially passengers, choose a more comfortable reclined position, and in such a case the body dynamics are different from those investigated in the standard safety test. Furthermore, with the rapid development of autonomous vehicles, which provide the possibility of the position of occupants being unrestricted, the investigation of “out of position” body kinetics is becoming more important. The presented study aimed to evaluate body dynamics with various seatback reclinations. Body dynamics were verified by simulating frontal impact on a sled system with the use of a standard 50 percentile Hybrid III dummy. Points of interest located on the dummies head, neck, pelvis, and legs were traced, which allowed its trajectory to be evaluated. Additionally, the maximal extrusion and the time of motion were evaluated. It was found that the maximal extrusion in the longitude direction is the same for semi and fully reclined seats. Furthermore, a reclined seat causes head rotation, which can result in neck injuries.
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Chu, Jeffrey J., and Graham E. Caldwell. "Stiffness and Damping Response Associated with Shock Attenuation in Downhill Running." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 3 (August 2004): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.3.291.
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Studies on shock attenuation during running have induced alterations in impact loading by imposing kinematic constraints, e.g., stride length changes. The role of shock attenuation mechanisms has been shown using mass-spring-damper (MSD) models, with spring stiffness related to impact shock dissipation. The present study altered the magnitude of impact loading by changing downhill surface grade, thus allowing runners to choose their own preferred kinematic patterns. We hypothesized that increasing downhill grade would cause concomitant increases in both impact shock and shock attenuation, and that MSD model stiffness values would reflect these increases. Ten experienced runners ran at 4.17 m/s on a treadmill at surface grades of 0% (level) to 12% downhill. Accelerometers were placed on the tibia and head, and reflective markers were used to register segmental kinematics. An MSD model was used in conjunction with head and tibial accelerations to determine head/arm/trunk center of mass (HATCOM) stiffness (K1), and lower extremity (LEGCOM) stiffness (K2) and damping (C). Participants responded to increases in downhill grade in one of two ways. Group LowSAhad lower peak tibial accelerations but greater peak head accelerations than Group HighSA, and thus had lower shock attenuation. LowSAalso showed greater joint extension at heelstrike, higher HATCOMheelstrike velocity, reduced K1stiffness, and decreased damping than HighSA. The differences between groups were exaggerated at the steeper downhill grades. The separate responses may be due to conflicts between the requirements of controlling HATCOMkinematics and shock attenuation. LowSAneeded greater joint extension to resist their higher HATCOMheelstrike velocities, but a consequence of this strategy was the reduced ability to attenuate shock with the lower extremity joints during early stance. With lower HATCOMimpact velocities, the HighSArunners were able to adopt a strategy that gave more control of shock attenuation, especially at the steepest grades.
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Roby-Brami, Agnès, Marie-Martine Lefèvre Colau, Ross Parry, Sessi Acapo, Francois Rannou, and Alexandra Roren. "Orientation of the Head and Trunk During Functional Upper Limb Movement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062115.
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Upper limb activities imply positioning of the head with respect to the visual target and may impact trunk posture. However, the postural constraints imposed on the neck remains unclear. We used kinematic analysis to compare head and trunk orientation during arm movements (pointing) with isolated movements of the head (heading). Ten right-handed healthy adults completed both experimental tasks. In the heading task, subjects directed their face toward eight visual targets placed over a wide frontal workspace. In the pointing task, subjects pointed to the same targets (each with their right arm). Movements were recorded using an electromagnetic spatial tracking system. Both orientation of the head and trunk in space (Euler angles) and orientation of the head relative to the trunk were extracted. The orientation of the head in space was closely related to target direction during both tasks. The trunk was relatively stable during heading but contributed to pointing, with leftward axial rotation. These findings illustrate that the neck compensates for trunk rotation during pointing, engaging in specific target-dependent 3D movement in order to preserve head orientation in space. Future studies may investigate neck kinematics of people experiencing neck pain in order to identify and correct inefficient movement patterns, particularly in athletes.
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Patton, Declan A., Colin M. Huber, Catherine C. McDonald, Susan S. Margulies, Christina L. Master, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Video Confirmation of Head Impact Sensor Data From High School Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520906406.
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Background: Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of head impact sensors, which provide a unique opportunity for sports medicine researchers to study head kinematics in contact sports. Studies have suggested that video or observer confirmation of head impact sensor data is required to remove false positives. In addition, manufacturer filtering algorithms may be ineffective in identifying true positives and removing true negatives. Purpose: To (1) identify the percentage of video-confirmed events recorded by headband-mounted sensors in high school soccer through video analysis, overall and by sex; (2) compare video-confirmed events with the classification by the manufacturer filtering algorithms; and (3) quantify and compare the kinematics of true- and false-positive events. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Adolescent female and male soccer teams were instrumented with headband-mounted impact sensors (SIM-G; Triax Technologies) during games over 2 seasons of suburban high school competition. Sensor data were sequentially reduced to remove events recorded outside of game times, associated with players not on the pitch (ie, field) and players outside the field of view of the camera. With video analysis, the remaining sensor-recorded events were identified as an impact event, trivial event, or nonevent. The mechanisms of impact events were identified. The classifications of sensor-recorded events by the SIM-G algorithm were analyzed. Results: A total of 6796 sensor events were recorded during scheduled varsity game times, of which 1893 (20%) were sensor-recorded events associated with players on the pitch in the field of view of the camera during verified game times. Most video-confirmed events were impact events (n = 1316, 70%), followed by trivial events (n = 396, 21%) and nonevents (n = 181, 10%). Female athletes had a significantly higher percentage of trivial events and nonevents with a significantly lower percentage of impact events. Most impact events were head-to-ball impacts (n = 1032, 78%), followed by player contact (n = 144, 11%) and falls (n = 129, 10%) with no significant differences between male and female teams. The SIM-G algorithm correctly identified 70%, 52%, and 66% of video-confirmed impact events, trivial events, and nonevents, respectively. Conclusion: Video confirmation is critical to the processing of head impact sensor data. Percentages of video-confirmed impact events, trivial events, and nonevents vary by sex in high school soccer. Current manufacturer filtering algorithms and magnitude thresholds are ineffective at correctly classifying sensor-recorded events and should be used with caution.
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Zhang, Qing Hang, Soon Huat Tan, and Ee Chon Teo. "Finite element analysis of head—neck kinematics under simulated rear impact at different accelerations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 222, no. 5 (May 2008): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim209.
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Camarillo, David B., Pete B. Shull, James Mattson, Rebecca Shultz, and Daniel Garza. "An Instrumented Mouthguard for Measuring Linear and Angular Head Impact Kinematics in American Football." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 41, no. 9 (April 19, 2013): 1939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0801-y.
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Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, and Shengen Yi. "Comparative analyses of bicyclists and motorcyclists in vehicle collisions focusing on head impact responses." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, no. 11 (September 11, 2017): 997–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917723674.
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To investigate the differences of the head impact responses between bicyclists and motorcyclists in vehicle collisions. A series of vehicle–bicycle and vehicle–motorcycle lateral impact simulations on four vehicle types at seven vehicle speeds (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 km/h) and three two-wheeler moving speeds (5, 7.5 and 10 km/h for bicycle, 10, 12.5 and 15 km/h for motorcycle) were established based on PC-Crash software. To further comprehensively explore the differences, additional impact scenes with other initial conditions, such as impact angle (0, π/3, 2π/3 and π) and impact position (left, middle and right part of vehicle front-end), also were supplemented. And then, extensive comparisons were accomplished with regard to average head peak linear acceleration, average head impact speed, average head peak angular acceleration, average head peak angular speed and head injury severity. The results showed there were prominent differences of kinematics and body postures for bicyclists and motorcyclists even under same impact conditions. The variations of bicyclist head impact responses with the changing of impact conditions were a far cry from that of motorcyclists. The average head peak linear acceleration, average head impact speed and average head peak angular acceleration values were higher for motorcyclists than for bicyclists in most cases, while the bicyclists received greater average head peak angular speed values. And the head injuries of motorcyclists worsened faster with increased vehicle speed. The results may provide even deeper understanding of two-wheeler safety and contribute to improve the public health affected by road traffic accidents.
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Tripathy, Santosh Kumar, and Kali Charan Rath. "Pedestrian Head Impact Analysis on a Vehicle and Measures to Reduce HIC Value." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10757ecst.
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Throughout the world numerous people are killed in vehicle collisions. Different innovations for expanding the energy-engrossing characteristics of the vehicle body are being considered. This paper worked out on the analysis of pedestrian head impact behavior on a vehicle and technique to reduce HIC (Head Impact Criteria) value. Objectives of this research work are: (a) to reduce the HIC (Head injury Criteria) less than 1000 without affecting the outer design and aesthetics of the vehicle, and (b) to find out the best and economical technologies among “rear-rising hood” and “airbag system for controlling pedestrian collision kinematics” to suit Indian requirements. The pedestrian air bag system along with the rear rising hood system is the best possible solution to protect the pedestrian from fatal injuries. The air bag covers the critical areas of the car for better safety.
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Bartsch, Adam, Edward Benzel, Sergey Samorezov, and Vincent Miele. "High Energy American Football Head Impacts to the Side and Rear Damaging Than to the Front." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S10.1—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000580920.17339.01.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate head impact doses in American football. We analyzed time-synchronized video and data collected during n = 445 player-games of American football resulting in 2851video-verified impacts. Cases where a player sustained impacts and on video was demonstrably witnessed to meet the NFL’s “No-go” criteria were analyzed in-depth.BackgroundIn 2011, after reviewing scalar on-field kinematics data leading concussion clinicians concluded “Recent studies suggest that a concussive injury threshold is elusive, and may, in fact, be irrelevant when predicting the clinical outcome”.1 It is likely that higher fidelity estimates of spatial and temporal impact parameters will clarify the currently unclear impact dose-response relationship.Design/MethodsA total of 2851 video-verified head impacts were identified from 445 player-games. Each event was time-synchronized to video. Any events collected when the athlete was not being impacted in the head were discarded. The remaining true positive events were scrutinized based on published methods to confirm a head impact occurred in the video and the computed motion was physically realistic and matched the video.ResultsWe found a median of 5 video-verified head impacts per player-game, which is far fewer than published studies without video verification.11 For the four players with “No-go” impacts, all were to the side/rear. Coronal plane impact sensitivity has been a hypothesized clinical injury mechanism12 and our results support that hypothesis.ConclusionsWe did not see high PLA/PAA impacts without obvious player “No-go” observations. This finding disagrees with other studies that have reported high PLA/PAA impacts without any demonstrable “No-go” observations13. High energy impacts to the side and rear of the head are more damaging than similar magnitude impacts to the forehead. Armed with this knowledge, clinicians should have more fidelity in their understanding of real-time impact location and severity, and how it relates to athlete concussion risk.
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Ptak, Mariusz, Johannes Wilhelm, Marek Sawicki, and Eugeniusz Rusiński. "CHILD SAFETY ON VARIOUS BICYCLE-MOUNTED SEATS DURING VEHICLE IMPACT." Transport 34, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.9083.
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This research addresses an important gap in the state of the art by investigating the safety of vulnerable road users – children transported on bicycle seats. The article focuses on three forms of bicycle-mounted child seats and their kinematics during an accident scenario involving a motor vehicle. The front, rear-frame and rear-rack mounted child seat mounting configurations were considered in this study. The research covers the impact of a sports sedan vehicle against a bicycle equipped with the child seat. The assessment of the child safety was done through numerical simulations by coupling the codes of MADYMO and LS-DYNA. The after-impact kinematics for various baby carriers is presented with the emphasis on child’s head and neck injuries. The results were compared to the full-scale test available in the literature. The findings prove a low protection level for the child provided by the bicycle carriers in all considered cases. The study is further devoted to directions of increasing child safety in this means of transportation.
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Dorminy, Millie, Ashley Hoogeveen, Ryan T. Tierney, Michael Higgins, Jane K. McDevitt, and Jan Kretzschmar. "Effect of soccer heading ball speed on S100B, sideline concussion assessments and head impact kinematics." Brain Injury 29, no. 10 (May 25, 2015): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2015.1035324.
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Tierney, Gregory J., Hamed Joodaki, Tron Krosshaug, Jason L. Forman, Jeff R. Crandall, and Ciaran K. Simms. "Assessment of model-based image-matching for future reconstruction of unhelmeted sport head impact kinematics." Sports Biomechanics 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1271905.
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