Journal articles: 'Head impact biomechanics'

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MARTINI, DOUGLAS, JAMES ECKNER, JEFFERY KUTCHER, and STEVEN P. BROGLIO. "Subconcussive Head Impact Biomechanics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 4 (April 2013): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182798758.

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Rueda-Arreguín, José Luis, Marco Ceccarelli, and Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel. "Impact Device for Biomechanics of Human Head-Neck Injuries." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5592673.

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This paper describes experimental tests in LARM2 in Rome to analyze impacts on a human head. The tests consist of performing three different types of impact by hitting a commercial head mannequin with a rigid object. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors and force sensors measure each impact’s effect and evaluate the results. The sensors are located on suitable head points to monitor force, acceleration, and angular displacement on small and large lateral impact and top impact events. Results of tests are discussed to investigate and characterize the biomechanics in human head impacts. Considerations from results are used to formulate a new criterion for head-neck injury by impacts.

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Kleiven, Svein, and Peter Halldin. "Head impact biomechanics in ski related accident." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2013): e1.49-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.53.

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LYNALL, ROBERT C., MICHAEL D. CLARK, ERIN E. GRAND, JACLYN C. STUCKER, ASHLEY C. LITTLETON, ALAIN J. AGUILAR, MEREDITH A. PETSCHAUER, ELIZABETH F. TEEL, and JASON P. MIHALIK. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Women’s College Soccer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 9 (September 2016): 1772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000951.

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Kelley, Mirellie, Jillian Urban, Derek Jones, Alexander Powers, Christopher T. Whitlow, Joseph Maldjian, and Joel Stitzel. "Football concussion case series using biomechanical and video analysis." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S2.2—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550623.36010.20.

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Approximately 1.1–1.9 million sport-related concussions among athletes ≤18 years of age occur annually in the United States, but there is limited understanding of the biomechanics and injury mechanisms associated with concussions among lower level football athletes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to combine biomechanical head impact data with video analysis to characterize youth and HS football concussion injury mechanisms. Head impact data were collected from athletes participating on 22 youth and 6 HS football teams between 2012 and 2017. Video was recorded, and head impact data were collected during all practices and games by instrumenting players with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. For each clinically diagnosed concussion, a video abstraction form was completed, which included questions concerning the context in which the injury occurred. Linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and impact location were used to characterize the concussive event and each injured athlete's head impact exposure on the day of the concussion. A total of 9 (5 HS and 4 youth) concussions with biomechanics and video of the event were included in this study. The mean [range] linear and rotational acceleration of the concussive impacts were 62.9 [29.3–118.4] g and 3,056.7 [1,046.8–6,954.6] rad/s2, respectively. Concussive impacts were the highest magnitude impacts for 6 players and in the top quartile of impacts for 3 players on the day of injury. Concussions occurred in both practices (N = 4) and games (N = 5). The most common injury contact surface was helmet-to-helmet (N = 5), followed by helmet-to-ground (N = 3) and helmet-to-body (N = 1). All injuries occurred during player-to-player contact scenarios, including tackling (N = 4), blocking (N = 4), and collision with other players (N = 1). The biomechanics and injury mechanisms of concussions varied among athletes in our study; however, concussive impacts were among the highest severity for each player and all concussions occurred as a result of player-to-player contact.

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Lempke, Landon B., A. Faith Bartello, Melissa N. Anderson, Rachel S. Johnson, Julianne D. Schmidt, and Robert C. Lynall. "COMPARISON OF HEAD IMPACT BIOMECHANICS BETWEEN TACKLE AND FLAG YOUTH FOOTBALL." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00001.

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Background: There is growing fear among healthcare professionals and parents regarding youth tackle football, likely due to highly publicized concerns about potential long-term physical and cognitive health of professional football players. Parents and advocacy groups are pushing for state legislation to ban youth tackle football in favor of flag football to avoid repetitive head impacts that are potentially associated with late-life cognitive deficits. Although the head impact burden experienced during flag football is likely lower than tackle, no research has compared head impact exposure between youth tackle and flag football. Therefore, our purpose was to examine head impact exposure and magnitudes between youth tackle and flag football players. Methods: Twenty-seven tackle (age=11.0±1.5y, height=145.8±11.9 cm, mass=45.0±14.9 kg) and 29 flag football players (age=8.6±1.1y, height=133.9±8.4 cm, mass=33.9±9.5 kg) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Participants were fitted with head impact sensors (Triax Sim-G) worn throughout the entire 2017 season that recorded impact frequency and magnitude (linear [g] and rotational acceleration [rad/s2]). Athlete exposure was defined as one player participating in one session. Impact rates (IR) were calculated as impacts per one athlete exposure. Game, practice, and combined IR were compared between groups using impact rate ratios (IRR). IRR with 95% confidence intervals (CI) not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Acceleration values were binned into low- and high-magnitude categories (linear split at 40 g, rotational split at 4,600rad/s2). Magnitude category frequencies were compared between groups using Chi-square test of association (p<0.05), and 90th percentile acceleration values are presented. Results: One-thousand nine-hundred and eight tackle (735 game, 1173 practice; 70.66 impacts/player) and 169 flag (101 game, 68 practice; 5.83 impacts/player) football head impacts were recorded. Tackle players experienced a higher impact rate during games versus practices (IRR=1.41; 95%CI:1.29 -1.55) while flag players experienced a lower impact rate (IRR=0.60; 95%CI:0.44-0.81). Practice and game head impacts combined resulted in tackle players (IR=3.06) accruing 4.61 times the impact rate (95%CI:3.94-5.40) of flag players (IR=0.66). Tackle players sustained a significantly greater head impact rate than flag players during games (tackle IR=3.83, flag IR=0.55; IRR=6.90; 95%CI:5.60-8.49) and practices (tackle IR=2.72, flag IR=0.93; IRR=2.91; 95%CI:2.28-3.72). Tackle 90th percentile linear acceleration was 53.32 g (median=32.50 g) and flag was 53.32 g (median=32.65 g). Tackle 90th percentile rotational acceleration was 7,000 rad/s2 (median=3,200rad/s2) while flag was 8,300 rad/s2 (median=4,100rad/s2). Tackle experienced a significantly higher frequency of low-magnitude rotational acceleration impacts (71.6% vs. 57.4%) and lower frequency of high-magnitude impacts than flag (28.4% vs 42.6%;?2=15.15, p<0.001). There were no significant associations for linear acceleration (p=0.75). Conclusions/Significance: Our results indicate youth flag football head impact rates are 82%-88% lower compared to tackle. Contrary to general belief, youth flag football players experienced numerous head impacts with a greater tendency for high-magnitude rotational acceleration head impacts. Although fewer head impacts occur during youth flag football, parents and coaches should be aware that head impacts do occur during practices and games. Whether high-magnitude or high-frequency head impacts influence long-term health remains unknown. Our findings provide novel evidence into the head impact exposure occurring during youth tackle and flag football. Longitudinal studies examining head impact biomechanics and advanced neuroimaging in youth tackle and flag football players nationwide is warranted to ensure long term cognitive health.

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Wahlquist, Victoria E., and Thomas W. Kaminski. "Analysis of Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Female Soccer Players Following the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ Heading Intervention." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113859.

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The effects of repetitive head impacts associated with soccer heading, especially in the youth population, are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine balance, neurocognitive function, and head impact biomechanics after an acute bout of heading before and after the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ program intervention. Twelve youth female soccer players wore a Triax SIM-G head impact sensor during two bouts of heading, using a lightweight soccer ball, one before and one after completion of the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ program intervention. Participants completed balance (BESS and SWAY) and neurocognitive function (ImPACT) tests at baseline and after each bout of heading. There were no significant changes in head impact biomechanics, BESS, or ImPACT scores pre- to post-season. Deficits in three of the five SWAY positions were observed from baseline to post-season. Although we expected to see beneficial changes in head impact biomechanics following the intervention, the coaches and researchers observed an improvement in heading technique/form. Lightweight soccer balls would be a beneficial addition to header drills during training as they are safe and help build confidence in youth soccer players.

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King, D. "Head impact biomechanics: Comparison between sports and genders." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (November 2018): S3—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.012.

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Motherway, J., M. C. Doorly, M. Curtis, and M. D. Gilchrist. "Head impact biomechanics simulations: A forensic tool for reconstructing head injury?" Legal Medicine 11 (April 2009): S220—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.072.

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Lempke, Landon B., Rachel S. Johnson, Rachel K. Le, Melissa N. Anderson, Julianne D. Schmidt, and Robert C. Lynall. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Flag Football: A Prospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 10 (July 15, 2021): 2817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211026643.

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Background: Youth flag football participation has rapidly grown and is a potentially safer alternative to tackle football. However, limited research has quantitatively assessed youth flag football head impact biomechanics. Purpose: To describe head impact biomechanics outcomes in youth flag football and explore factors associated with head impact magnitudes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We monitored 52 player-seasons among 48 male flag football players (mean ± SD; age, 9.4 ± 1.1 years; height, 138.6 ± 9.5 cm; mass, 34.7 ± 9.2 kg) across 3 seasons using head impact sensors during practices and games. Sensors recorded head impact frequencies, peak linear ( g) and rotational (rad/s2) acceleration, and estimated impact location. Impact rates (IRs) were calculated as 1 impact per 10 player-exposures; IR ratios (IRRs) were used to compare season, event type, and age group IRs; and 95% CIs were calculated for IRs and IRRs. Weekly and seasonal cumulative head impact frequencies and magnitudes were calculated. Mixed-model regression models examined the association between player characteristics, event type, and seasons and peak linear and rotational accelerations. Results: A total of 429 head impacts from 604 exposures occurred across the study period (IR, 7.10; 95% CI, 4.81-10.50). Weekly and seasonal cumulative median head impact frequencies were 1.00 (range, 0-2.63) and 7.50 (range, 0-21.00), respectively. The most frequent estimated head impact locations were the skull base (n = 96; 22.4%), top of the head (n = 74; 17.2%), and back of the head (n = 66; 15.4%). The combined event type IRs differed among the 3 seasons (IRR range, 1.45-2.68). Games produced greater IRs (IRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.53) and peak linear acceleration (mean difference, 5.69 g; P = .008) than did practices. Older players demonstrated greater combined event–type IRs (IRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.12-1.90) and increased head impact magnitudes than did younger players, with every 1-year age increase associated with a 3.78 g and 602.81-rad/s2 increase in peak linear and rotational acceleration magnitude, respectively ( P≤ .005). Conclusion: Head IRs and magnitudes varied across seasons, thus highlighting multiple season and cohort data are valuable when providing estimates. Head IRs were relatively low across seasons, while linear and rotational acceleration magnitudes were relatively high.

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Post, Andrew, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Roger Zemek, Michael D. Gilchrist, David Koncan, Lauren Dawson, Wesley Chen, Andrée-Anne Ledoux, and _. _. "Pediatric concussion: biomechanical differences between outcomes of transient and persistent (> 4 weeks) postconcussion symptoms." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 19, no. 6 (June 2017): 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.peds16383.

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OBJECTIVECurrently, little is known about the biomechanics of head impact for concussion in youths (ages 5 to 18 years). Even less is known about the biomechanical characteristics and variables related to head impacts that may be useful in differentiating between transient and persistent postconcussion symptoms in a youth population. The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in biomechanics of youth head impact for transient postconcussion symptoms (TPCSs) and persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCSs) by using data from a hospital population.METHODSIn a laboratory setting and using physical, computational, and finite element models, the authors reconstructed falling events in a large cohort of patients who had sustained a brain injury that resulted in transient or persistent postconcussion symptoms. The falling events and resulting concussions for the TPCS and PPCS patient groups were analyzed in terms of force, energy, peak resultant linear and rotational accelerations, and maximum principal strain in the gray and white matter of the brain, as well as measurements of cumulative strain damage.RESULTSThe results indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups for any of the variables analyzed.CONCLUSIONSWith methods derived for use in an adult population, the magnitudes of peak linear acceleration for the youth data set were determined to be above the 50% risk of injury. The youth data set showed higher brain tissue strain responses for lower energy and impact velocities than measured in adults, suggesting that youths are at higher risk of concussive injury at lower event severities. A trend shown by some variables indicated that larger magnitudes of response were associated with PPCSs, but no single measurement variable consistently differentiated between the TPCS and PPCS groups. It is possible that using the biomechanics of head and brain responses to predict a subjective symptom load may not be appropriate. To enhance future biomechanical analyses, further investigations should include the use of quantifiable measures of brain injury linked to clinical outcomes and possible confounding factors such as history of brain injury and patient predisposition.

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King, Albert I. "Fundamentals of Impact Biomechanics: Part I - Biomechanics of the Head, Neck, and Thorax." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (August 2000): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.55.

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Broglio, Steven P., Jacob J. Sosnoff, SungHoon Shin, Xuming He, Christopher Alcaraz, and Jerrad Zimmerman. "Head Impacts During High School Football: A Biomechanical Assessment." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.342.

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Abstract Little is known about the impact biomechanics sustained by players during interscholastic football.Context: To characterize the location and magnitude of impacts sustained by players during an interscholastic football season.Objective: Observational design.Design: On the field.Setting: High school varsity football team (n = 35; age = 16.85 ± 0.75 years, height = 183.49 ± 5.31 cm, mass = 89.42 ± 12.88 kg).Patients or Other Participants: Biomechanical variables (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, jerk, force, impulse, and impact duration) related to head impacts were categorized by session type, player position, and helmet impact location.Main Outcome Measure(s): Differences in grouping variables were found for each impact descriptor. Impacts occurred more frequently and with greater intensity during games. Linear acceleration was greatest in defensive linemen and offensive skill players and when the impact occurred at the top of the helmet. The largest rotational acceleration occurred in defensive linemen and with impacts to the front of the helmet. Impacts with the highest-magnitude jerk, force, and impulse and shortest duration occurred in the offensive skill, defensive line, offensive line, and defensive skill players, respectively. Top-of-the-helmet impacts yielded the greatest magnitude for the same variables.Results: We are the first to provide a biomechanical characterization of head impacts in an interscholastic football team across a season of play. The intensity of game play manifested with more frequent and intense impacts. The highest-magnitude variables were distributed across all player groups, but impacts to the top of the helmet yielded the highest values. These high school football athletes appeared to sustain greater accelerations after impact than their older counterparts did. How this finding relates to concussion occurrence has yet to be elucidated.Conclusions:

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Ivancic, Paul C. "Biomechanics of Sports-Induced Axial-Compression Injuries of the Neck." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.06.

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ContextHead-first sports-induced impacts cause cervical fractures and dislocations and spinal cord lesions. In previous biomechanical studies, researchers have vertically dropped human cadavers, head-neck specimens, or surrogate models in inverted postures.ObjectiveTo develop a cadaveric neck model to simulate horizontally aligned, head-first impacts with a straightened neck and to use the model to investigate biomechanical responses and failure mechanisms.DesignDescriptive laboratory study.SettingBiomechanics research laboratory.Patients or Other ParticipantsFive human cadaveric cervical spine specimens.Intervention(s)The model consisted of the neck specimen mounted horizontally to a torso-equivalent mass on a sled and carrying a surrogate head. Head-first impacts were simulated at 4.1 m/s into a padded, deformable barrier.Main Outcome Measure(s)Time-history responses were determined for head and neck loads, accelerations, and motions. Average occurrence times of the compression force peaks at the impact barrier, occipital condyles, and neck were compared.ResultsThe first local compression force peaks at the impact barrier (3070.0 ± 168.0 N at 18.8 milliseconds), occipital condyles (2868.1 ± 732.4 N at 19.6 milliseconds), and neck (2884.6 ± 910.7 N at 25.0 milliseconds) occurred earlier than all global compression peaks, which reached 7531.6 N in the neck at 46.6 milliseconds (P < .001). Average peak head motions relative to the torso were 6.0 cm in compression, 2.4 cm in posterior shear, and 6.4° in flexion. Neck compression fractures included occipital condyle, atlas, odontoid, and subaxial comminuted burst and facet fractures.ConclusionsNeck injuries due to excessive axial compression occurred within 20 milliseconds of impact and were caused by abrupt deceleration of the head and continued forward torso momentum before simultaneous rebound of the head and torso. Improved understanding of neck injury mechanisms during sports-induced impacts will increase clinical awareness and immediate care and ultimately lead to improved protective equipment, reducing the frequency and severity of neck injuries and their associated societal costs.

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MIHALIK, JASON P., ADAM Z. SUMRALL, SUSAN W. YEARGIN, KEVIN M. GUSKIEWICZ, KEVIN B. KING, SCOTT C. TRULOCK, and EDGAR W. SHIELDS. "Environmental and Physiological Factors Affect Football Head Impact Biomechanics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 10 (October 2017): 2093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001325.

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FORD, JULIA M., KODY R. CAMPBELL, CASSIE B. FORD, KENNETH E. BOYD, DARIN A. PADUA, and JASON P. MIHALIK. "Can Functional Movement Assessment Predict Football Head Impact Biomechanics?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 6 (June 2018): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001538.

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Huber, Colin M., Declan A. Patton, Susan S. Margulies, Christina L. Master, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Quantifying Head Impact Exposure, Mechanisms and Kinematics Using an Instrumented Mouthguard in Female High School Lacrosse." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00403.

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Background: There is growing concern for the neurological effects of repetitive head impacts in sports, and girls’ lacrosse represents a popular but understudied sport regarding head impact exposure. Current debate exists over the need for enhanced protective equipment, and it is important to quantify head impact exposure and biomechanics to inform policy discussions and rule changes for improved protection. Purpose: To quantify the head impact biomechanics, by impact mechanism and direction, of female high school lacrosse players during games using an instrumented mouthguard. Methods: A female high school varsity lacrosse team wore the Stanford Instrumented Mouthguard during competitive games for the 2019 season. Video footage was reviewed to confirm head impact events and remove false-positive recordings. For each impact event, the mechanism was coded as stick contact, player contact, fall, or ball contact, and the site was coded as face/jaw, forehead, crown, side, rear or indirect (i.e. body impact with no head contact). Head impact rates were calculated per athlete exposure (AE, defined as a single player participating in a game). Results: Sensor data were recorded for 15 players for 14 games and 97 AEs. During games, 31 sensor-recorded head impacts were video-confirmed resulting in a pooled average head impact rate of 0.32 impacts/AE. The 31 video-confirmed impacts were distributed among stick contacts (17, 54.8%), player contacts (12, 38.7%), and falls (2, 6.5%). There were no ball impacts. The associated peak kinematics are presented in Figure 1.1. The most common impact site was the side (11, 35.5%), followed by face/jaw (8, 25.8%), forehead (2, 6.5%), and crown (2, 6.5%). There were no impacts to the rear of the head and 8 (25.8%) impacts were indirect. The associated peak kinematics are presented in Figure 1.2. Conclusion: Stick impacts were the most common impact mechanism and resulted in the highest peak linear and angular kinematics, which may help explain why they are the most common cause of head injury in female lacrosse. By quantifying the head impact exposure, kinematics and mechanisms in female high school lacrosse, targeted injury preventions can be developed, such as rule changes and protective equipment. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

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Patton, Declan A. "A Review of Instrumented Equipment to Investigate Head Impacts in Sport." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7049743.

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Contact, collision, and combat sports have more head impacts as compared to noncontact sports; therefore, such sports are uniquely suited to the investigation of head impact biomechanics. Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of instrumented equipment, which can estimate the head impact kinematics of human subjectsin vivo. Literature pertaining to head impact measurement devices was reviewed and usage, in terms of validation and field studies, of such devices was discussed. Over the past decade, instrumented equipment has recorded millions of impacts in the laboratory, on the field, in the ring, and on the ice. Instrumented equipment is not without limitations; however,in vivohead impact data is crucial to investigate head injury mechanisms and further the understanding of concussion.

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Combs, Patricia R., Cassie B. Ford, Elizabeth F. Teel, Erin B. Wasserman, Michael J. Cools, and Jason P. Mihalik. "THE EFFECT OF A BODY CHECKING RULE CHANGE ON HEAD IMPACT BIOMECHANICS IN BANTAM ICE HOCKEY ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00215.

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Background: Body checking is the most common injury mechanism in ice hockey. Rule changes have sought to mitigate body checking exposure among youth players. In 2011, USA Hockey changed the legal body checking age from Pee Wee (11/12-year-olds) to Bantam (13/14-year-olds). Interestingly, Bantam players with checking experience during Pee Wee had a lower concussion risk relative to Bantam players without checking experience in a sample of Canadian youth hockey players. Understanding the head impact biomechanics underlying these findings could further elucidate the consequences of this rule change. Purpose: To determine the association between Pee Wee checking exposure and head impact biomechanics in a cohort of Bantam players. Methods: We prospectively collected data on Bantam ice hockey players during the 2006/07-2009/10 seasons and the 2012-2013 season. The 2006/07-2009/10 cohort (n= 61, age=13.9±0.5 years, height=168.2±8.7 cm, mass=59.9±10.4 kg) was allowed to body check (BC) as a Pee Wee player. The 2012-2013 cohort (n=15, age=13.3±0.4 years, height=167.5±7.4 cm, mass=57.5±8.6 kg) was not permitted to body check (NBC) as a Pee Wee player. Over the course of each season, head impacts were measured using in-helmet accelerometers. Only head impacts with linear acceleration ≥10 g were included in our analysis. Main outcome measures were mean linear acceleration (g) and rotational acceleration (rad/s2). Levene’s tests assessed equality of variance between groups. We employed mixed effects models to assess group differences in mean linear and rotational acceleration between BC and NBC groups. Results: The BC and NBC groups did not differ in height (t74=0.28, p=0.78) or mass (t74=0.84, p=0.40). When assessing group differences in head impact biomechanics, the NBC experienced significantly greater linear acceleration (F1,74=4.36, p=0.04) and greater rotational acceleration (F1,74=21.2, p<0.001) relative to the BC group. On average, the NBC group experienced 23.1 ± 0.87 g linear acceleration and 1993.5 ± 68.4 rad/s2 rotational acceleration compared to the BC group, which experienced 21.2 ± 0.30 g linear acceleration and 1615.9 ± 45.2 rad/s2 rotational acceleration. Conclusions: Bantam ice hockey players without body checking experience during their Pee Wee years experienced greater average linear and rotational acceleration relative to players with Pee Wee body checking experience. While removing body checking from Pee Wee ice hockey may reduce short-term injury risk, these athletes may demonstrate more high-risk head impact biomechanics when legally allowed to body check. Future research should continue to examine the influence of policy changes on head impact biomechanics and injury risk in youth ice hockey. [Figure: see text]

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Lempke, Landon B., Rachel S. Johnson, Melissa N. Anderson, Rachel K. Le, Julianne D. Schmidt, and Robert C. Lynall. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Flag Football: An Exploratory Analysis." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (June 2019): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000561916.46422.81.

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Hernandez, Fidel, Peter B. Shull, and David B. Camarillo. "Evaluation of a laboratory model of human head impact biomechanics." Journal of Biomechanics 48, no. 12 (September 2015): 3469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.034.

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Post, Andrew, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Clara Karton, J. Michio Clark, Lauren Dawson, Janie Cournoyer, Karen Taylor, R. Anna Oeur, Michael D. Gilchrist, and Michael D. Cusimano. "The biomechanics of concussion for ice hockey head impact events." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 22, no. 6 (March 4, 2019): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2019.1577827.

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Hosseini-Farid, Mohammad, MaryamSadat Amiri-Tehrani-Zadeh, Mohammadreza Ramzanpour, Mariusz Ziejewski, and Ghodrat Karami. "The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull under Dynamic Loadings." Mathematical and Computational Applications 25, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca25020021.

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Knowing the precise material properties of intracranial head organs is crucial for studying the biomechanics of head injury. It has been shown that these biological tissues are significantly rate-dependent; hence, their material properties should be determined with respect to the range of deformation rate they experience. In this paper, a validated finite element human head model is used to investigate the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast, leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various directions and velocities of impacts, as well as helmeted and unhelmeted head under blast shock waves. It is demonstrated that the strain rates for the brain are in the range of 36 to 241 s−1, approximately 1.9 and 0.86 times the resulting head acceleration under impacts and blast scenarios, respectively. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range of 14 to 182 s−1, approximately 0.7 and 0.43 times the head acceleration corresponding to impact and blast cases. The results of these incident simulations indicate that the strain rates for brainstem and dura mater are respectively in the range of 15 to 338 and 8 to 149 s−1. These findings provide a good insight into characterizing the brain tissue, cranial bone, brainstem and dura mater, and also selecting material properties in advance for computational dynamical studies of the human head.

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Reed, Nick, Tim Taha, Richard Greenwald, and Michelle Keightley. "Player and Game Characteristics and Head Impacts in Female Youth Ice Hockey Players." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.5.04.

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Context: Despite the growing popularity of ice hockey among female youth and interest in the biomechanics of head impacts in sport, the head impacts sustained by this population have yet to be characterized. Objectives: To describe the number of, biomechanical characteristics of, and exposure to head impacts of female youth ice hockey players during competition and to investigate the influences of player and game characteristics on head impacts. Design: Cohort study. Methods: Twenty-seven female youth ice hockey players (mean age = 12.5 ± 0.52 years) wore instrumented ice hockey helmets during 66 ice hockey games over a 3-year period. Data specific to player, game, and biomechanical head impact characteristics were recorded. A multiple regression analysis identified factors most associated with head impacts of greater frequency and severity. Results: A total of 436 total head impacts were sustained during 6924 minutes of active ice hockey participation (0.9 ± 0.6 impacts per player per game; range, 0–2.1). A higher body mass index (BMI) significantly predicted a higher number of head impacts sustained per game (P = .008). Linear acceleration of head impacts was greater in older players and those who played the forward position, had a greater BMI, and spent more time on the ice (P = .008), whereas greater rotational acceleration was present in older players who had a greater BMI and played the forward position (P = .008). During tournament games, increased ice time predicted increased severity of head impacts (P = .03). Conclusions: This study reveals for the first time that head impacts are occurring in female youth ice hockey players, albeit at a lower rate and severity than in male youth ice hockey players, despite the lack of intentional body checking.

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Balandin, D. V., N. N. Bolotnik, J. R. Crandall, W. D. Pilkey, and S. V. Purtsezov. "Optimal Impact Isolation for Injury Prevention Evaluated by the Head Injury Criterion." Shock and Vibration 14, no. 5 (2007): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/175156.

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The optimal control of the deceleration of a particle moving along a straight line after an impact against an isolated surface is considered. The force applied to the particle by the surface is treated as the control variable. The deceleration distance is minimized subject to a constraint on the Head Injury Criterion functional. This functional is an integral criterion that is utilized in engineering biomechanics to evaluate the expected severity of impact-induced head injury of a human being. The solution obtained provides characteristics of the limiting capabilities for the prevention of head injuries by means of an impact isolator, such as a coating of the surface against which the impacts occur. The head injuries can be due to impact occurrences, including traffic crashes, falling, and contacts with ballistic objects.

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Cheon, Jung-Eun, and Ji Hye Kim. "Imaging of Abusive Head Trauma : A Radiologists’ Perspective." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 65, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2021.0297.

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Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most common and serious form of child abuse and a leading cause of traumatic death in infants and young children. The biomechanics of head injuries include violent shaking, blunt impact, or a combination of both. Neuroimaging plays an important role in recognizing and distinguishing abusive injuries from lesions from accidental trauma or other causes, because clinical presentation and medical history are often nonspecific and ambiguous in this age group. Understanding common imaging features of AHT can increase recognition with high specificity for AHT. In this review, we discuss the biomechanics of AHT, imaging features of AHT, and other conditions that mimic AHT.

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Mihalik, Jason P., Kevin M. Guskiewicz, and Stephen W. Marshall. "Player aggression affects head impact biomechanics in youth ice hockey players." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2013): e1.48-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.52.

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Lynall, Robert C., Jason P. Mihalik, and Kevin M. Guskiewicz. "Comparing Head Impact Biomechanics between Professional, College, and High School Linemen." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000479340.38179.8d.

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Lynall, Robert C., Landon B. Lempke, Rachel S. Johnson, Melissa N. Anderson, and Julianne D. Schmidt. "A Comparison of Youth Flag and Tackle Football Head Impact Biomechanics." Journal of Neurotrauma 36, no. 11 (June 2019): 1752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6236.

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Zhang, Qing Hang, Ee Chon Teo, and Hong Wan Ng. "Development and Validation of A C0–C7 FE Complex for Biomechanical Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 5 (May 4, 2005): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1992527.

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In this study, the digitized geometrical data of the embalmed skull and vertebrae (C0–C7) of a 68-year old male cadaver were processed to develop a comprehensive, geometrically accurate, nonlinear C0–C7 FE model. The biomechanical response of human neck under physiological static loadings, near vertex drop impact and rear-end impact (whiplash) conditions were investigated and compared with published experimental results. Under static loading conditions, the predicted moment-rotation relationships of each motion segment under moments in midsagittal plane and horizontal plane agreed well with experimental data. In addition, the respective predicted head impact force history and the S-shaped kinematics responses of head-neck complex under near-vertex drop impact and rear-end conditions were close to those observed in reported experiments. Although the predicted responses of the head-neck complex under any specific condition cannot perfectly match the experimental observations, the model reasonably reflected the rotation distributions among the motion segments under static moments and basic responses of head and neck under dynamic loadings. The current model may offer potentials to effectively reflect the behavior of human cervical spine suitable for further biomechanics and traumatic studies.

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Schmidt, Julianne D., Alice F. Pierce, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Johna K. Register-Mihalik, Derek N. Pamukoff, and Jason P. Mihalik. "Safe-Play Knowledge, Aggression, and Head-Impact Biomechanics in Adolescent Ice Hockey Players." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.04.

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Context: Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety. Objectives: To compare (1) safe-play knowledge and aggression between male and female adolescent ice hockey players and (2) head-impact frequency and severity between players with high and low levels of safe-play knowledge and aggression during practices and games. Design: Cohort study. Setting: On field. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-one male (n = 29) and female (n = 12) adolescent ice hockey players. Intervention(s): Players completed the Safe Play Questionnaire (0 = less knowledge, 7 = most knowledge) and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (12 = less aggressive, 60 = most aggressive) at midseason. Aggressive penalty minutes were recorded throughout the season. The Head Impact Telemetry System was used to capture head-impact frequency and severity (linear acceleration [g], rotational acceleration [rad/s2], Head Impact Technology severity profile) at practices and games. Main Outcome Measure(s): One-way analyses of variance were used to compare safe play knowledge and aggression between sexes. Players were categorized as having high or low safe-play knowledge and aggression using a median split. A 2 × 2 mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare head-impact frequency, and random-intercept general linear models were used to compare head-impact severity between groups (high, low) and event types (practice, game). Results: Boys (5.8 of 7 total; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3, 6.3) had a trend toward better safe-play knowledge compared with girls (4.9 of 7 total; 95% CI = 3.9, 5.9; F1,36 = 3.40, P = .073). Less aggressive male players sustained significantly lower head rotational accelerations during practices (1512.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1397.3, 1637.6 rad/s2) versus games (1754.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1623.9, 1896.2 rad/s2) and versus high-aggression players during practices (1773.5 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1607.9, 1956.3 rad/s2; F1,26 = 6.04, P = .021). Conclusions: Coaches and sports medicine professionals should ensure that athletes of all levels, ages, and sexes have full knowledge of safe play and should consider aggression interventions for reducing head-impact severity among aggressive players during practice.

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DiGuglielmo, Daniella M., Mireille E. Kelley, Mark A. Espeland, Zachary A. Gregory, Tanner D. Payne, Derek A. Jones, Tanner M. Filben, Alexander K. Powers, Joel D. Stitzel, and Jillian E. Urban. "The Effect of Player Contact Characteristics on Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football Games." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0145.

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To reduce head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football, further understanding of the context in which head impacts occur and the associated biomechanics is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of contact characteristics on HIE during player versus player contact scenarios in youth football. Head impact data and time-synchronized video were collected from 4 youth football games over 2 seasons in which opposing teams were instrumented with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. Coded contact characteristics included the player’s role in the contact, player speed and body position, contact height, type, and direction, and head contact surface. Head accelerations were compared among the contact characteristics using mixed-effects models. Among 72 instrumented athletes, 446 contact scenarios (n = 557 impacts) with visible opposing instrumented players were identified. When at least one player had a recorded impact, players who were struck tended to have higher rotational acceleration than players in striking positions. When both players had a recorded impact, lighter players and taller players experienced higher mean head accelerations compared with heavier players and shorter players. Understanding the factors influencing HIE during contact events in football may help inform methods to reduce head injury risk.

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Babbs, Charles F. "Biomechanics of Heading a Soccer Ball: Implications for Player Safety." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 281–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.56.

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To better understand the risk and safety of heading a soccer ball, the author created a set of simple mathematical models based upon Newton�s second law of motion to describe the physics of heading. These models describe the player, the ball, the flight of the ball before impact, the motion of the head and ball during impact, and the effects of all of these upon the intensity and the duration of acceleration of the head. The calculated head accelerations were compared to those during presumably safe daily activities of jumping, dancing, and head nodding and also were related to established criteria for serious head injury from the motor vehicle crash literature. The results suggest heading is usually safe but occasionally dangerous, depending on key characteristics of both the player and the ball. Safety is greatly improved when players head the ball with greater effective body mass, which is determined by a player�s size, strength, and technique. Smaller youth players, because of their lesser body mass, are more at risk of potentially dangerous headers than are adults, even when using current youth size balls. Lower ball inflation pressure reduces risk of dangerous head accelerations. Lower pressure balls also have greater “touch” and “playability”, measured in terms of contact time and contact area between foot and ball during a kick. Focus on teaching proper technique, the re-design of age-appropriate balls for young players with reduced weight and inflation pressure, and avoidance of head contact with fast, rising balls kicked at close range can substantially reduce risk of subtle brain injury in players who head soccer balls.

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Liebschner, Michael A. K., and Leroy R. Waite. "DYNAMICS RESPONSE OF THE HUMAN HEAD DURING DRYWALL IMPACT." Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34107/yhpn9422.04136.

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Little experimental data has been reported on the biomechanics of head collisions with drywall sections. The dynamics of head collisions with rigid structures are well documented. However, impacts with compliant, composite structures are more difficult to analyze. The study objective was to correlate the severity of a head impact with damage to the drywall. A human head analog was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer and a uniaxial load cell was placed along the cervical spine axis. A randomized block design of drop height and head orientation was utilized. The test results indicated a primarily linear correlation between drop height and peak head acceleration, as well as correlation between drop height and the geometry of the indentation to the drywall. Head posture had little influence on wall damage, however, head extension resulted in a stiffer head-spine complex compared to a flexed posture. A two-factor ANOVA determined a statistically significant correlation between damage severity and impact velocity. The results obtained can be used by accident reconstructionists to approximate the impact severity of a head impacting drywall. The study data are limited to drywall sections of known, similar geometry, and does not apply to scenarios with a support beam directly beneath the drywall. Further studies are needed to investigate additional head postures.

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Rueda-Arreguín, José Luis, Marco Ceccarelli, and Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel. "Design of an Articulated Neck to Assess Impact Head-Neck Injuries." Life 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020313.

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This paper describes a new solution for an articulated low-cost artificial neck with sensors to assess the effects of head impacts. This prototype is designed as a new solution to evaluate the neck’s response after suffering the head impact. An overview of existing solutions is reported to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each one briefly. Problems and requirements for prototype design are outlined to guide to a solution with commercial components. A prototype is developed, and its operating performance is evaluated through a lab test. Several tests are worked out considering the biomechanics involved in the most common accidents of head-neck impacts. Results show a response on the prototype similar to an actual human neck. Future improvements are also outlined for better accurate responses considering the results from the lab test.

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Cantu, R. C. "Measurement of Head Impacts in Collegiate Football Players: Relationship Between Head Impact Biomechanics and Acute Clinical Outcome After Concussion." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2009 (January 2009): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(08)79292-4.

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Schmidt, Julianne D., Kevin M. Guskiewicz, J. Troy Blackburn, Jason P. Mihalik, Gunter P. Siegmund, and Stephen W. Marshall. "The Influence of Cervical Muscle Characteristics on Head Impact Biomechanics in Football." American Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 9 (June 13, 2014): 2056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546514536685.

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Mihalik, Jason P., Erin B. Wasserman, Elizabeth F. Teel, and Stephen W. Marshall. "Head Impact Biomechanics Differ Between Girls and Boys Youth Ice Hockey Players." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 48, no. 1 (August 21, 2019): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-019-02343-9.

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Mihalik, Jason P., Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Stephen W. Marshall, J. Troy Blackburn, Robert C. Cantu, and Richard M. Greenwald. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Hockey: Comparisons Across Playing Position, Event Types, and Impact Locations." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 40, no. 1 (October 20, 2011): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0405-3.

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Hedeșiu, Mihaela, Dan George Pavel, Oana Almășan, Sorin Gheorghe Pavel, Horia Hedeșiu, and Dan Rafiroiu. "Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis on Mandibular Biomechanics Simulation under Normal and Traumatic Conditions." Oral 2, no. 3 (August 19, 2022): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oral2030021.

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The main objective was to examine the biomechanical behavior of the mandible under standardized trauma and to develop models of biomechanical responses when the mandible is subjected to various simulated impacts. A homogenous model based on the bone’s average mechanical properties was used. To simulate external loads on the mandible, forces on the chin, forces in an anteroposterior direction, and forces from the basilar edge were applied. To simulate mandibular biomechanics, we employed a model created in the ANSYS v19.0 software. The skull with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) from the Grabcad website was used as the geometric mandibular model. We attempted to simulate the stresses developed in the mandible by impact forces. The amount of force (F) corresponded to the fall of a five-kilogram body (the head), from a height of two meters (F = 6666.7 N). The impact force was applied perpendicular to an arbitrary surface of an area of 10−3 m2. Impact on the chin region and lateral impact on the mandible, from the basilar edge to the gonion were examined. The investigated clinical situations were mandibular complete dentition; jaw with missing mandibular molars; missing third molar and first and second premolars; missing canine, third molar, first and second premolars, and complete edentation. In a normal bite, the highest stress was on the TMJ area. In case of impact on the chin, in complete edentation, a mandibular fracture occurred; in case of impact on the gonion, all stress values exceed the limit value above which the mandible in the condyle area may fracture.

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Li, Na, and Jian Xin Liu. "A New Computer Simulation of Neck Injury Biomechanics." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.339.

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Head and neck injuries are the most frequent severe injury resulting from traffic accidents. Neck injury mechanisms are difficult to study experimentally due to the variety of impact conditions involved, as well as ethical issues, such as the use of human cadavers and animals. Finite element analysis is a comprehensive computer aided mathematical method through which human head and neck impact tolerance can be investigated. Detailed cervical spine models are necessary to better understand cervical spine response to loading, improve our understanding of injury mechanisms, and specifically for predicting occupant response and injury in auto crash scenarios. The focus of this study was to develop a C1–C2 finite element model with optimized mechanical parameter. The most advanced material data available were then incorporated using appropriate nonlinear constitutive models to provide accurate predictions of response at physiological levels of loading. This optimization method was the first utilized in biomechanics understanding, the C1–C2 model forms the basis for the development of a full cervical spine model. Future studies will focus on tissue-level injury prediction and dynamic response.

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Huber, Colin M., Declan A. Patton, Susan Margulies, Christina Master, and Kristy Arbogast. "Head Impact Exposure and Mechanisms in Female High School Lacrosse via an Instrumented Mouthguard." Neurology 98, no. 1 Supplement 1 (December 27, 2021): S13.2—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000801856.45976.d2.

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ObjectiveTo quantify the head impact biomechanics, by impact mechanism, of female high school lacrosse players during games using an instrumented mouthguard.BackgroundThere is growing concern for the neurologic effects of repetitive head impacts in sports, which have been linked with several short-term neurophysiologic deficits. Girls' lacrosse represents a popular but understudied sport with regard to head impact exposure and current debate exists as to the need for enhanced protective equipment.Design/MethodsA female high school varsity lacrosse team wore the Stanford Instrumented Mouthguard during competitive games for the 2019 season. Video footage was reviewed to confirm head impact events and remove false-positive recordings. For each impact event, the mechanism was coded as stick contact, player contact, fall, or ball contact. Head impact rates were calculated per athlete exposure (AE, defined as a single player participating in a single game).ResultsSensor data were recorded for 15 female varsity lacrosse players for 14 games and 97 AEs. During games, 31 sensor-recorded head impacts were video-confirmed resulting in a pooled average head impact rate of 0.32 impacts/AE. The video-confirmed impacts were distributed between stick contact (17, 54.8%), player contact (12, 38.7%), and falls (2, 6.5%). There were no ball impacts. Overall peak kinematics were 34.0 ± 26.6 g, 12.0 ± 9.1 rad/s, and 3,666.5 ± 2,987.6 rad/s2. Stick contacts had the highest peak linear acceleration (42.7 ± 32.2 g), angular velocity (14.5 ± 11.1 rad/s), and angular acceleration (4,242.4 ± 3,634.9 rad/s2).ConclusionsStick impacts were the most common impact mechanism and resulted in the highest peak linear and angular kinematics, which may help explain why they are the most common cause of head injury in female lacrosse. By quantifying the head impact exposure, kinematics and mechanisms in female high school lacrosse, targeted injury preventions can be developed, such as rule changes and protective equipment.

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Ibrahim, Nicole G., and Susan S. Margulies. "Biomechanics of the toddler head during low-height falls: an anthropomorphic dummy analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 6, no. 1 (July 2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.peds09357.

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Object Falls are the most common environmental setting for closed head injuries in children between 2 and 4 years of age. The authors previously found that toddlers had fewer skull fractures and scalp/facial soft-tissue injuries, and more frequent altered mental status than infants for the same low-height falls (≤3 ft). Methods To identify potential age-dependent mechanical load factors that may be responsible for these clinical findings, the authors created an instrumented dummy representing an 18-month-old child using published toddler anthropometry and mechanical properties of the skull and neck, and they measured peak angular acceleration during low-height falls (1, 2, and 3 ft) onto carpet pad and concrete. They compared these results from occiput-first impacts to previously obtained values measured in a 6-week-old infant dummy. Results Peak angular acceleration of the toddler dummy head was largest in the sagittal and horizontal directions and increased significantly (around 2-fold) with fall height between 1 and 2 ft. Impacts onto concrete produced larger peak angular accelerations and smaller impact durations than those onto carpet pad. When compared with previously measured infant drops, toddler head accelerations were more than double those of the infant from the same height onto the same surface, likely contributing to the higher incidence of loss of consciousness reported in toddlers. Furthermore, the toddler impact forces were larger than those in the infant, but because of the thicker toddler skull, the risk of skull fracture from low-height falls is likely lower in toddlers compared with infants. Conclusions If similar fracture limits and brain tissue injury thresholds between infants and toddlers are assumed, it is expected that for impact events, the toddler is likely less vulnerable to skull fracture but more vulnerable to neurological impairment compared with the infant.

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Steenstrup, Sophie Elspeth, Kam-Ming Mok, Andrew S. McIntosh, Roald Bahr, and Tron Krosshaug. "Reconstruction of head impacts in FIS World Cup alpine skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 11 (November 25, 2017): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098050.

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IntroductionPrior to the 2013/2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom. Whether this increased testing speed reflects head impact velocities in real head injury situations on snow is unclear. We therefore investigated the injury mechanisms and gross head impact biomechanics in seven real head injury situations among World Cup (WC) alpine skiers.MethodsWe analysed nine head impacts from seven head injury videos from the FIS Injury Surveillance System, throughout nine WC seasons (2006–2015) in detail. We used commercial video-based motion analysis software to estimate head impact kinematics in two dimensions, including directly preimpact and postimpact, from broadcast video. The sagittal plane angular movement of the head was also measured using angle measurement software.ResultsIn seven of nine head impacts, the estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s (mean 8.1 (±SD 0.6) m/s, range 1.9±0.8 to 12.1±0.4 m/s). The nine head impacts had a mean normal to slope velocity change of 9.3±1.0 m/s, range 5.2±1.1 to 13.5±1.3 m/s. There was a large change in sagittal plane angular velocity (mean 43.3±2.9 rad/s (range 21.2±1.5 to 64.2±3.0 rad/s)) during impact.ConclusionThe estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s in seven of nine head impacts.

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Lee, Hyeonjoon, Wonbong Lim, Seunghyun Lee, Sungmin Jo, and Suenghwan Jo. "Impact of Capsulotomy on Hip Biomechanics during Arthroscopy." Medicina 58, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101418.

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Background and Objectives: Anterior capsulotomy is routinely performed in hip arthroscopy to improve joint visualization; however, this can partly or completely disrupt the stabilizing ligaments of the hip. This study aimed to report the effects of conventional and extensive arthroscopic capsulotomies on hip stability. Materials and Methods: Eight freshly frozen cadaveric pelvises were used in this study. The range of motion and translation were measured and compared among different capsular conditions utilized in hip arthroscopy, with a special interest in the iliofemoral ligament (IFL) and zona orbicularis (ZO). The conditions included intact capsule, interportal capsulotomy, T-capsulotomy, complete IFL disruption, and complete IFL and ZO disruption. Internal rotation at three flexion planes (−10°, 0°, and 30°) and external rotation at six flexion planes (−10°, 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 110°) were measured with corresponding femoral head translation distance at the application of 2.5 Nm torque. Results: As compared to an intact capsule, a significant increase in external rotation was observed after interportal capsulotomy from −10° to 60° and after T-capsulotomy from −10° to 110° flexion. A significant translation was observed only with a T-capsulotomy, which ranged from 1.9 to 2.3 mm across the flexion angles. Compared with conventional interportal capsulotomy, disruption of the entire IFL resulted in a significant increase in external rotation in all flexion planes, and significant translation was accompanied by disruption of the ZO. Conclusions: Interportal capsulotomy can result in an increase in range of motion, and T-capsulotomy can lead to significant translation. Partial or complete tears of the IFL and ZO can result in further external rotation and translation.

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Sayre, Hallie D., Debbie A. Bradney, Katherine M. Breedlove, and Thomas G. Bowman. "Concussive Head Impact Biomechanics in Women's Lacrosse and Soccer Athletes: A Case Series." Athletic Training & Sports Health Care 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20190228-01.

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Patton, D. A., A. S. McIntosh, B. E. Hagel, and D. A. Patton. "A Review of Head Injury and Impact Biomechanics in Recreational Skiing and Snowboarding." Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal 10, no. 02 (June 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.32098/mltj.02.2020.07.

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Horgan, T. J., and M. D. Gilchrist. "The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics." International Journal of Crashworthiness 8, no. 4 (January 2003): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2003.0243.

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Yeargin, Susan W., Payton Kingsley, Jim M. Mensch, Jason P. Mihalik, and Eva V. Monsma. "Anthropometrics and maturity status: A preliminary study of youth football head impact biomechanics." International Journal of Psychophysiology 132 (October 2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.022.

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Ocwieja, Karen E., Jason P. Mihalik, Stephen W. Marshall, Julianne D. Schmidt, Scott C. Trulock, and Kevin M. Guskiewicz. "The Effect of Play Type and Collision Closing Distance on Head Impact Biomechanics." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 40, no. 1 (October 13, 2011): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0401-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Head impact biomechanics'

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