Academic literature on the topic 'Head impact biomechanics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Head impact biomechanics"
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MARTINI, DOUGLAS, JAMES ECKNER, JEFFERY KUTCHER, and STEVEN P. BROGLIO. "Subconcussive Head Impact Biomechanics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 4 (April 2013): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182798758.
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Rueda-Arreguín, José Luis, Marco Ceccarelli, and Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel. "Impact Device for Biomechanics of Human Head-Neck Injuries." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5592673.
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This paper describes experimental tests in LARM2 in Rome to analyze impacts on a human head. The tests consist of performing three different types of impact by hitting a commercial head mannequin with a rigid object. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors and force sensors measure each impact’s effect and evaluate the results. The sensors are located on suitable head points to monitor force, acceleration, and angular displacement on small and large lateral impact and top impact events. Results of tests are discussed to investigate and characterize the biomechanics in human head impacts. Considerations from results are used to formulate a new criterion for head-neck injury by impacts.
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Kleiven, Svein, and Peter Halldin. "Head impact biomechanics in ski related accident." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2013): e1.49-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.53.
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LYNALL, ROBERT C., MICHAEL D. CLARK, ERIN E. GRAND, JACLYN C. STUCKER, ASHLEY C. LITTLETON, ALAIN J. AGUILAR, MEREDITH A. PETSCHAUER, ELIZABETH F. TEEL, and JASON P. MIHALIK. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Women’s College Soccer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 9 (September 2016): 1772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000951.
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Kelley, Mirellie, Jillian Urban, Derek Jones, Alexander Powers, Christopher T. Whitlow, Joseph Maldjian, and Joel Stitzel. "Football concussion case series using biomechanical and video analysis." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S2.2—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550623.36010.20.
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Approximately 1.1–1.9 million sport-related concussions among athletes ≤18 years of age occur annually in the United States, but there is limited understanding of the biomechanics and injury mechanisms associated with concussions among lower level football athletes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to combine biomechanical head impact data with video analysis to characterize youth and HS football concussion injury mechanisms. Head impact data were collected from athletes participating on 22 youth and 6 HS football teams between 2012 and 2017. Video was recorded, and head impact data were collected during all practices and games by instrumenting players with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. For each clinically diagnosed concussion, a video abstraction form was completed, which included questions concerning the context in which the injury occurred. Linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and impact location were used to characterize the concussive event and each injured athlete's head impact exposure on the day of the concussion. A total of 9 (5 HS and 4 youth) concussions with biomechanics and video of the event were included in this study. The mean [range] linear and rotational acceleration of the concussive impacts were 62.9 [29.3–118.4] g and 3,056.7 [1,046.8–6,954.6] rad/s2, respectively. Concussive impacts were the highest magnitude impacts for 6 players and in the top quartile of impacts for 3 players on the day of injury. Concussions occurred in both practices (N = 4) and games (N = 5). The most common injury contact surface was helmet-to-helmet (N = 5), followed by helmet-to-ground (N = 3) and helmet-to-body (N = 1). All injuries occurred during player-to-player contact scenarios, including tackling (N = 4), blocking (N = 4), and collision with other players (N = 1). The biomechanics and injury mechanisms of concussions varied among athletes in our study; however, concussive impacts were among the highest severity for each player and all concussions occurred as a result of player-to-player contact.
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Lempke, Landon B., A. Faith Bartello, Melissa N. Anderson, Rachel S. Johnson, Julianne D. Schmidt, and Robert C. Lynall. "COMPARISON OF HEAD IMPACT BIOMECHANICS BETWEEN TACKLE AND FLAG YOUTH FOOTBALL." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00001.
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Background: There is growing fear among healthcare professionals and parents regarding youth tackle football, likely due to highly publicized concerns about potential long-term physical and cognitive health of professional football players. Parents and advocacy groups are pushing for state legislation to ban youth tackle football in favor of flag football to avoid repetitive head impacts that are potentially associated with late-life cognitive deficits. Although the head impact burden experienced during flag football is likely lower than tackle, no research has compared head impact exposure between youth tackle and flag football. Therefore, our purpose was to examine head impact exposure and magnitudes between youth tackle and flag football players. Methods: Twenty-seven tackle (age=11.0±1.5y, height=145.8±11.9 cm, mass=45.0±14.9 kg) and 29 flag football players (age=8.6±1.1y, height=133.9±8.4 cm, mass=33.9±9.5 kg) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Participants were fitted with head impact sensors (Triax Sim-G) worn throughout the entire 2017 season that recorded impact frequency and magnitude (linear [g] and rotational acceleration [rad/s2]). Athlete exposure was defined as one player participating in one session. Impact rates (IR) were calculated as impacts per one athlete exposure. Game, practice, and combined IR were compared between groups using impact rate ratios (IRR). IRR with 95% confidence intervals (CI) not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Acceleration values were binned into low- and high-magnitude categories (linear split at 40 g, rotational split at 4,600rad/s2). Magnitude category frequencies were compared between groups using Chi-square test of association (p<0.05), and 90th percentile acceleration values are presented. Results: One-thousand nine-hundred and eight tackle (735 game, 1173 practice; 70.66 impacts/player) and 169 flag (101 game, 68 practice; 5.83 impacts/player) football head impacts were recorded. Tackle players experienced a higher impact rate during games versus practices (IRR=1.41; 95%CI:1.29 -1.55) while flag players experienced a lower impact rate (IRR=0.60; 95%CI:0.44-0.81). Practice and game head impacts combined resulted in tackle players (IR=3.06) accruing 4.61 times the impact rate (95%CI:3.94-5.40) of flag players (IR=0.66). Tackle players sustained a significantly greater head impact rate than flag players during games (tackle IR=3.83, flag IR=0.55; IRR=6.90; 95%CI:5.60-8.49) and practices (tackle IR=2.72, flag IR=0.93; IRR=2.91; 95%CI:2.28-3.72). Tackle 90th percentile linear acceleration was 53.32 g (median=32.50 g) and flag was 53.32 g (median=32.65 g). Tackle 90th percentile rotational acceleration was 7,000 rad/s2 (median=3,200rad/s2) while flag was 8,300 rad/s2 (median=4,100rad/s2). Tackle experienced a significantly higher frequency of low-magnitude rotational acceleration impacts (71.6% vs. 57.4%) and lower frequency of high-magnitude impacts than flag (28.4% vs 42.6%;?2=15.15, p<0.001). There were no significant associations for linear acceleration (p=0.75). Conclusions/Significance: Our results indicate youth flag football head impact rates are 82%-88% lower compared to tackle. Contrary to general belief, youth flag football players experienced numerous head impacts with a greater tendency for high-magnitude rotational acceleration head impacts. Although fewer head impacts occur during youth flag football, parents and coaches should be aware that head impacts do occur during practices and games. Whether high-magnitude or high-frequency head impacts influence long-term health remains unknown. Our findings provide novel evidence into the head impact exposure occurring during youth tackle and flag football. Longitudinal studies examining head impact biomechanics and advanced neuroimaging in youth tackle and flag football players nationwide is warranted to ensure long term cognitive health.
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Wahlquist, Victoria E., and Thomas W. Kaminski. "Analysis of Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Female Soccer Players Following the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ Heading Intervention." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113859.
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The effects of repetitive head impacts associated with soccer heading, especially in the youth population, are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine balance, neurocognitive function, and head impact biomechanics after an acute bout of heading before and after the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ program intervention. Twelve youth female soccer players wore a Triax SIM-G head impact sensor during two bouts of heading, using a lightweight soccer ball, one before and one after completion of the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ program intervention. Participants completed balance (BESS and SWAY) and neurocognitive function (ImPACT) tests at baseline and after each bout of heading. There were no significant changes in head impact biomechanics, BESS, or ImPACT scores pre- to post-season. Deficits in three of the five SWAY positions were observed from baseline to post-season. Although we expected to see beneficial changes in head impact biomechanics following the intervention, the coaches and researchers observed an improvement in heading technique/form. Lightweight soccer balls would be a beneficial addition to header drills during training as they are safe and help build confidence in youth soccer players.
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King, D. "Head impact biomechanics: Comparison between sports and genders." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (November 2018): S3—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.012.
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Motherway, J., M. C. Doorly, M. Curtis, and M. D. Gilchrist. "Head impact biomechanics simulations: A forensic tool for reconstructing head injury?" Legal Medicine 11 (April 2009): S220—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.072.
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Lempke, Landon B., Rachel S. Johnson, Rachel K. Le, Melissa N. Anderson, Julianne D. Schmidt, and Robert C. Lynall. "Head Impact Biomechanics in Youth Flag Football: A Prospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 10 (July 15, 2021): 2817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211026643.
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Background: Youth flag football participation has rapidly grown and is a potentially safer alternative to tackle football. However, limited research has quantitatively assessed youth flag football head impact biomechanics. Purpose: To describe head impact biomechanics outcomes in youth flag football and explore factors associated with head impact magnitudes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We monitored 52 player-seasons among 48 male flag football players (mean ± SD; age, 9.4 ± 1.1 years; height, 138.6 ± 9.5 cm; mass, 34.7 ± 9.2 kg) across 3 seasons using head impact sensors during practices and games. Sensors recorded head impact frequencies, peak linear ( g) and rotational (rad/s2) acceleration, and estimated impact location. Impact rates (IRs) were calculated as 1 impact per 10 player-exposures; IR ratios (IRRs) were used to compare season, event type, and age group IRs; and 95% CIs were calculated for IRs and IRRs. Weekly and seasonal cumulative head impact frequencies and magnitudes were calculated. Mixed-model regression models examined the association between player characteristics, event type, and seasons and peak linear and rotational accelerations. Results: A total of 429 head impacts from 604 exposures occurred across the study period (IR, 7.10; 95% CI, 4.81-10.50). Weekly and seasonal cumulative median head impact frequencies were 1.00 (range, 0-2.63) and 7.50 (range, 0-21.00), respectively. The most frequent estimated head impact locations were the skull base (n = 96; 22.4%), top of the head (n = 74; 17.2%), and back of the head (n = 66; 15.4%). The combined event type IRs differed among the 3 seasons (IRR range, 1.45-2.68). Games produced greater IRs (IRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.53) and peak linear acceleration (mean difference, 5.69 g; P = .008) than did practices. Older players demonstrated greater combined event–type IRs (IRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.12-1.90) and increased head impact magnitudes than did younger players, with every 1-year age increase associated with a 3.78 g and 602.81-rad/s2 increase in peak linear and rotational acceleration magnitude, respectively ( P≤ .005). Conclusion: Head IRs and magnitudes varied across seasons, thus highlighting multiple season and cohort data are valuable when providing estimates. Head IRs were relatively low across seasons, while linear and rotational acceleration magnitudes were relatively high.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Head impact biomechanics"
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Young, Tyler James. "Head Impact Biomechanics and Helmet Performance in Youth Football." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78065.
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The research presented in this thesis aims to improve the knowledge of head impact biomechanics in youth football players by analyzing head impact exposure of youth football players and the performance of youth football helmets. The results of the studies presented provide a foundation for researchers, football leagues, and helmet manufactures to implement changes and modifications that aim to reduce concussion risk in youth athletes. The first study presented in this thesis aims to quantify the head impact exposure of 7 to 8 year old football players and determine the cause of variation in player exposure. To conduct this study, 19 players were instrumented with helmet mounted accelerometers that measured real-time acceleration data on the field. This data was analyzed to determine the magnitude, frequency, and location of each impact sustained by players in the 2011 and 2012 football season. From these data, it was determined that the average 7 to 8 year old player experienced 161 impacts per season, 60% of which were in practice and 40% were in games. The median impact for 7 to 8 year old players was 16 g and 686 rad/s². The magnitude of the 95th percentile impact was 38 g and 2052 rad/s². A total of 125 impacts above 40 g were recorded, 67% of which occurred in practices and 33% occurred in games. It was determined that returning players experienced significantly more impacts per season than first time players and practices had significantly higher magnitude impacts than games. These data can be used to further develop practice modifications that aim to reduce total impacts and high magnitude impacts experienced by youth football players. The second study presented in this thesis aims to quantify differences in youth football helmet performance before and after a football season. Currently, the only requirement regarding helmet recertification and reconditioning states that no helmet older than 10 years will be recertified or reconditioned. Quantitative data is needed to either support or refute this guideline and provide data describing how often youth football helmets should be recertified and reconditioned. To conduct this study, 6 youth Riddell Revolution football helmets, 3 that were new and 3 that had been used for one season, were tested on a drop tower from various heights and impact locations before and after the 2013 football season. It was determined that there was no significant difference in helmet performance before and after a season for new helmets or helmets that had been used for one season. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the frequency of impacts, the 95th percentile impact magnitude, or the product of the frequency and 95th percentile impact magnitude with the change in helmet performance. Future studies should be conducted that analyze the performance of youth football helmets over the course of multiple seasons.Master of Science
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Rowson, Steven. "Impact Biomechanics of the Head and Neck in Football." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42968.
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The research presented in the thesis explores the biomechanics of the head and neck during impacts in football. The research related to the head is geared towards advancing the current understanding of the mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury, specifically by investigating head accelerations experienced by football players during impacts. To do this, a six degree of freedom sensor that could be integrated into existing football helmets and is capable of measuring linear and angular acceleration about each axis of the head was developed and validated. This sensor was then installed in the helmets of 10 Virginia Tech football players and data was recorded for every game and practice during the 2007 football season. A total 1712 impacts were recorded, creating a large and unbiased dataset. No instrumented player sustained a concussion during the 2007 season. From 2007 head acceleration dataset, 24 of the most severe impacts were modeled using a finite element head model, SIMon (Simulated Injury Monitor). Besides looking at head acceleration, the force transmitted to the mandible by chin straps in football helmets was investigated through impact testing. Little research has been conducted looking at the mandible-chin strap interface in the helmet, and this may be an area of helmet design that can be improved. The research presented in this thesis related to the neck is based on stingers. Football players wear neck collars to prevent stingers; however, their designs are largely based on empirical data, with little biomechanical testing. The load limiting capabilities of various neck collars were investigated through dynamic impact testing with anthropomorphic test devices. It was found that reductions in loads correlate with the degree to which each collar restricted motion of the head and neck. To investigate the differences in results that using different anthropomorphic test devices may present, the matched neck collar tests were performed with the Hybrid III and THOR-NT 50th percentile male dummies. The dummies exhibited the same trends, in that either a load was reduced or increased; however, each load was affected to a different degree.Master of Science
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Keim, Summer Blue. "Head Impact Conditions and Helmet Performance in Snowsports." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104049.
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Mild traumatic brain injury in snowsports is a prevalent concern. With as many as 130,000 hospitalized injuries in the U.S. associated with snowsports in 2017, head injury constitutes about 28% and is the main cause of fatality. Studies have found that a combination of rotational and linear velocities is the most mechanistic way to model brain injury, but despite decades of research, the biomechanical mechanisms remain largely unknown. However, evidence suggests a difference in concussion tolerance may exist between athlete populations. To improve the ability to predict and therefore reduce concussions, we need to understand the impact conditions associated with head impacts across various sports. There is limited research on the conditions associated with head impacts in snowsports. These head impacts often occur on an angled slope, creating a normal and tangential linear velocity component. Additionally, the impact surface friction in a snowsport environment is highly variable, but could greatly influence the rotational kinematics of head impact. Currently helmet testing standards don't consider these rotational kinematics, or varying friction conditions that potentially occur in real-world scenarios.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the head impact conditions in a snowsport environment to inform laboratory testing and evaluate snow helmet design. We determined head impact conditions through video analysis to determine the impact locations, mechanism of fall, and the kinematics pre-impact. We used these data to develop a test protocol that evaluates snowsport helmets in a realistic manner. Ultimately, the results from this research will provide snowsport participants unbiased impact data to make informed helmet purchases, while concurrently providing a realistic test protocol that allows for design interventions to reduce the risk of injury.Master of Science
Mild traumatic brain injury in snowsports is a prevalent concern. With as many as 130,000 hospitalized injuries in the U.S. associated with snowsports in 2017, head injury constitutes about 28% and is the main cause of fatality. Studies have found that a combination of rotational and linear velocities is the most mechanistic way to model brain injury, but despite decades of research, the biomechanical mechanisms remain largely unknown. However, evidence suggests a difference in concussion tolerance may exist between athlete populations. To improve the ability to predict and therefore reduce concussions, we need to understand the impact conditions associated with head impacts across various sports. There is limited research on the conditions associated with head impacts in snowsports. These head impacts often occur on an angled slope, creating a normal and tangential linear velocity component. Additionally, the impact surface friction in a snowsport environment is highly variable, but could greatly influence the rotational kinematics of head impact. Currently helmet testing standards don't consider these rotational kinematics, or varying friction conditions that potentially occur in real-world scenarios. The purpose of this study is to investigate the head impact conditions in a snowsport environment to inform laboratory testing and evaluate snow helmet design. We determined head impact conditions through video analysis to determine the impact locations, mechanism of fall, and the kinematics pre-impact. We used these data to develop a test protocol that evaluates snowsport helmets in a realistic manner. Ultimately, the results from this research will provide snowsport participants unbiased impact data to make informed helmet purchases, while concurrently providing a realistic test protocol that allows for design interventions to reduce the risk of injury.
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Bland, Megan Lindsay. "Assessing the Efficacy of Bicycle Helmets in Reducing Risk of Head Injury." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89478.
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Although cycling offers many health and environmental benefits, it is not an activity free of injury risk. Increases in cycling popularity in the United States over the past 15 years have been paralleled by a 120% growth in cycling-related hospital admissions, with injuries to the head among the most common and debilitating injuries. Bicycle helmets can reduce head injury risk and are presently required to meet safety standard certification criteria specifying a minimal level of acceptable impact protection. However, the conditions surrounding cyclist head impacts are thought to be much more complex than the test conditions prescribed in standards and have important implications related to mechanisms of injury. The overarching aim of this dissertation was thus to investigate the protective capabilities of bicycle helmets in the context of real-world impact conditions and relevant head injury mechanisms. This aim was achieved through a series of studies, the objectives of which were to: compare helmet impact performance across standards impact testing and more realistic, oblique impact testing; to probe how changing boundary conditions of oblique impact testing may influence helmet test outcomes; to use this knowledge to inform the development of an objective helmet evaluation protocol reflective of realistic impact conditions and related head injury risks; and finally, to enhance the body of knowledge pertaining to cyclist head impact conditions via advanced helmet damage reconstruction techniques. The compilation of results across these studies serves to enhance cyclist safety by stimulating improved helmet evaluation and design while simultaneously providing objective, biomechanical data to consumers, enabling them to make safety-based purchasing decisions.Doctor of Philosophy
Although cycling offers many health and environmental benefits and is increasing in popularity in the United States, it is not always a perfectly safe activity. The number of cycling-related hospital admissions in the US has been increasing over the past 15 years. Cyclists often sustain head injuries from crashes, which can be particularly debilitating. Fortunately, wearing a helmet can protect against head injuries during a crash. Bicycle helmets are presently designed around safety standards that drop a helmeted dummy head onto a horizontal anvil and require the helmet to limit the force on the head to acceptable levels. However, standards tests overly simplify how cyclists actually hit their head during a crash and are consequently unable to assess how well helmets protect against common brain injuries like concussion. The overarching goal of this research was to evaluate how effectively bicycle helmets protect cyclists from concussion in realistic impact scenarios. Several studies were conducted to achieve this goal. Their individual objectives were to: compare how bicycle helmets reduce impact forces associated with standards tests versus more realistic, angled impact tests; to understand how changing constraints of an angled impact setup influences helmet effectiveness; to develop an unbiased evaluation protocol for bicycle helmets based on realistic cyclist crash scenarios and concussion risk assessment; and finally, to further explore how cyclists impact their head in real-world crashes using advanced techniques for reconstructing bicycle helmet damage from actual accidents. All of these studies lead to improved cyclist safety by stimulating improved helmet evaluation and design, while also providing consumers with information on how protective their helmets are.
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Kieffer, Emily Elana. "Sex-Specific Head Impact Exposure in Rugby: Measurement Considerations and Relationships to Clinical Outcomes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103203.
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Concussions are diffuse injuries that affect areas of the brain responsible for a person's physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Although concussions were once thought only to present transient symptoms, mounting evidence suggests potential for long-term neurological impairments. The deleterious effects of concussion can be from a single, high severity impact event or the accumulation of lower severity impacts. Clinical changes that can result from concussion include an elevated symptom presentation and changes in gait, or an individual's walking pattern. It is not well understood if similar deficits result after an accumulation of subconcussive impacts. The majority of research on human tolerance to head injury has been based on American football, using helmet-mounted sensors in male athletes. Limited studies have attempted to quantify biomechanical tolerance in women, despite the sex-specific nature of presentation and outcome of concussion. Biomechanical, physiologic, and psychosocial factors differ between males and females, likely contributing to this difference.
The research presented in this dissertation was aimed at describing sex-specific outcomes of subconcussion in a matched cohort of male and female athletes to gain a better sense of unhelmeted, sex-specific tolerance to head impacts. On-field data were collected from collegiate rugby players using instrumented mouthguards. Rugby involves high energy, frequent head impacts, does not require protective headgear, and is played the same for both men and women. The females in our study sustained fewer impacts per session than the males, but their impacts had similar linear acceleration magnitudes. The kinematics of the concussive male impacts were higher than the kinematics of the concussive female impacts. Both sexes reported concussion-like symptoms in the absence of diagnosed concussion during a season. Females reported more symptoms with a higher severity in-season compared to males after subconcussive and concussive impacts. Female athletes saw deficits in cadence, double support time, gait speed, and stride length post-concussion. The majority of athletes improved in their dual-task gait assessment by the end of the season, suggesting there may not be a negative effect on gait after an accumulation of subconcussive impacts. This work assessed the biomechanics of head impacts and concussions of this population, and evaluated changes in symptom presentation through weekly graded symptom surveys and dual-task gait assessments both after a concussion and as an effect of subconcussive impacts. Understanding the sex-specific clinical effects of head impacts is critical, and can provide insight into concussion diagnostic, management, and prevention tools that are appropriate and effective.Doctor of Philosophy
Concussions are injuries that affect many areas of the brain, including those responsible for a person's physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Although concussions were once thought only to present transient symptoms, mounting evidence suggests potential for long-term neurological impairments. The harmful effects of concussion can be from a single, high intensity impact event or the build-up of lower intensity impacts. Clinical changes that can result from concussion include an elevated symptom presentation and changes in gait, or an individual's walking pattern. It is not well understood if similar side effects result after an accumulation of subconcussive impacts. The majority of research on human tolerance to head injury has been based on American football, using helmet-mounted sensors in male athletes. Limited studies have attempted to quantify concussion tolerance in women, despite the differences in men and women's symptoms and recovery time after a concussion. Female's neck strength, hormones, and increased honesty in reporting concussion differ from males, likely contributing to this difference. The research presented in this dissertation was aimed at describing how sex affects the results of subconcussion in a group of male and female athletes to gain a better sense of unhelmeted, sex-specific tolerance to head impacts. On-field data were collected from collegiate rugby players using sensor-embedded mouthguards. Rugby involves high energy, frequent head impacts, does not require protective headgear, and is played the same by both men and women. The females in our study sustained fewer impacts per session than the males, but their impacts were similar in magnitude. The impact energies of the concussive male impacts were higher than those of the concussive female impacts. Both sexes reported concussion-like symptoms in the absence of diagnosed concussion during a season. Females reported more symptoms with a higher severity in-season compared to males after subconcussive and concussive impacts. Female athletes had a slower walking pace and walking speed, a shorter stride length, and spent more time with both feet on the ground post-concussion. The majority of athletes improved in their dual-task gait assessment by the end of the season, suggesting there may not be a negative effect on gait after an accumulation of subconcussive impacts. This work assessed the biomechanics of head impacts and concussions of this population, and evaluated changes in symptom presentation through weekly graded symptom surveys and dual-task gait assessments both after a concussion and as an effect of subconcussive impacts. Understanding the sex-specific clinical effects of head impacts is critical, and can provide insight into concussion diagnostic, management, and prevention tools that are appropriate and effective.
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Dawson, Lauren. "Impact Characteristics Describing Concussive Injury in Youth." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34326.
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The incidence of concussive injury has continued to arise annually with up to 3.8 million concussions reported per year (Thurman 1999) and 15% of these injuries occurring with persistent symptoms (Kraus and Chu, 2005). Few studies have examined the differences between youth and adult concussion (Yeates et al, 2012; Gosselin et al, 2010) therefore it is unknown whether youth and adults pose a similar risk of sustaining a concussion following impact. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to determine if differences exist in the dynamic response of the head and brain tissue deformation characteristics between children and adolescents for falls in comparison to adult data which have resulted in concussive injuries.
Patient data was collected from emergency room hospitals across Canada. After exclusion criterion was applied, 11 child and 10 adolescent falls were reconstructed using mathematical (MADYMO) model, physical model (Hybrid III Headforms) and finite element modelling. Both groups were compared to each other as well as an adult group collected by Post et al (2014b) using a one-way ANOVA and Welsh test. The results of this study show that the children produced the lowest values for all variables when compared to the adolescents and adults whereas the adolescents produced the largest (with the exception of MPS where the adolescent and adult MPS was the same). Although all results were above the suggested thresholds for risk of concussive injury, the youth produced the lowest brain tissue strain yet still suffered a concussion. This is important to note as it may suggest that children are at an increased risk of injury at a lower brain tissue strain level. Understanding the differences in parameters influencing concussive injury may aid researchers in comprehending the unique risk for youth at difference ages. This information would be useful in terms of protective equipment design, promoting safe play in games and management of patients following injury.
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Lopik, David van. "A computational model of the human head and cervical spine for dynamic impact simulation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7643.
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Injury to the human neck is a frequent consequence of automobile accidents and has been a significant public health problem for many years. The term `whiplash' has been used to describe these injuries in which the sudden differential movement between the head and torso leads to abnormal motions within the neck causing damage to its soft tissue components. Although many different theories have been proposed, no definitive answer on the cause of `whiplash' injury has yet been established and the exact mechanisms of injury remain unclear. Biomechanical research is ongoing in the field of impact analysis with many different experimental and computational methods being used to try and determine the mechanisms of injury. Experimental research and mathematically based computer modelling are continually used to study the behaviour of the head and neck, particularly its response to trauma during automobile impacts. The rationale behind the research described in this thesis is that a computational model of the human head and neck, capable of simulating the dynamic response to automobile impacts, could help explain neck injury mechanisms. The objective of the research has been to develop a model that_,, can accurately predict the resulting head-neck motion in response to acceleration impacts of various directions and severities. This thesis presents the development and validation of a three-dimensional computational model of the human head and cervical spine. The novelty of the work is in the detailed representation of the various components of the neck. The model comprises nine rigid bodies with detailed geometry representing the head, seven vertebrae of the neck and the first thoracic vertebra. The rigid bodies are interconnected by spring and damper constraints representing the soft-tissues of the neck. 19 muscle groups are included in the model with the ability to curve around the cervical vertebrae during neck bending. Muscle mechanics are handled by an external application providing both passive and active muscle behaviour. The major findings of the research are: From the analysis of frontal and lateral impacts it is shown that the inclusion of active muscle behaviour is essential in predicting the head-neck response to impact. With passive properties the response of the head-neck model is analogous to the response of cadaveric specimens where the influence of active musculature is absent. Analysis of the local loads in the soft-tissue components of the model during the frontal impact with active musculature revealed a clear peak in force in the majority of ligaments and in the intervertebral discs very early in the impact before any forward rotation of the head had occurred. For the case of rear-end impact simulations it has been shown for the first time that the inclusion of active musculature has little effect on the rotation of the head and neck but significantly alters the internal loading of the soft-tissue components of the neck.
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Karton, Clara. "Profiling Brain Trauma in Professional American-style Football and the Implications to Developing Neurological Injury." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39981.
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American-style football participation is associated with high risks to a spectrum of sports-related brain injury involving acute reactions and chronic manifestations. Traditional methods of identifying injury have proven ineffective at protecting athletes and mitigating risk as they rely on the presence and recognition of inconsistent symptom expression. This is, in part, due to the lack of an objective measure of quantifying exposure.
Brain trauma profiling was defined to capture a spectrum of exposure by incorporating the primary characteristics that associate with risk of neurological injury. This profile includes strain magnitude associated with impact, frequency at which impacts are experienced, time interval between impacts, over the duration of exposure. Trauma profiling methods differentiated player field position in professional American-style football where three unique trauma profiles were identified based on similarities among the characteristics of trauma. Regional strain from common head impacts showed that distribution was independent of field position regardless of variation in impact conditions. Rather, brain regions vulnerable to strains were dictated by the frequency and magnitude that govern the position profile. The extent of tissue volume involved in common head impacts was field position dependent. Skill positions tended to experience impacts involving greater tissue volumes reaching deeper white matter structures, but were infrequent. Impacts common to line positions typically involved less brain tissue of predominately superficial cortical gray matter, but were experienced at high frequency counts.
The primary findings from this research show that brain trauma profiling may be used as an objective measurement tool to define exposure. The results indicate that exposure is not uniform and that brain trauma and injury risk can be described using unique combinations of these characteristics. Regional areas vulnerable to strain are dictated by the frequency and magnitude of impact and therefore in order to effectively protect against brain injury, both characteristics need to be managed. Lastly, this research demonstrates that either few impacts involving high brain volume or frequent impacts with little brain volume involvement may both result in brain dysfunction.
Brain trauma profiling methods has broad application in future research. This measurement tool will be useful in identifying how injury occurs in various sports, military units, and particularly important for vulnerable populations and the developing brain. This knowledge is instrumental in establishing risk prevention strategies and public health policies for specific environments.
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Bartsch, Adam Jesse. "Biomechanical Engineering Analyses of Head and Spine Impact Injury Risk via Experimentation and Computational Simulation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1291318455.
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Pearce, Christopher William. "On the dynamic pressure response of the brain during blunt head injury : modelling and analysis of the human injury potential of short duration impact." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14185.
Full textAbstract:
Impact induced injury to the human head is a major cause of death and disability; this has driven considerable research in this field. Despite this, the methods by which the brain is damaged following non-penetrative (blunt) impact, where the skull remains intact, are not well understood. The mechanisms which give rise to brain trauma as a result of blunt head impact are frequently explored using indirect methods, such as finite element simulation. Finite element models are often created manually, but the complex anatomy of the head and its internal structures makes the manual creation of a model with a high level of geometric accuracy intractable. Generally, approximate models are created, thereby introducing large simplifications and user subjectivity. Previous work purports that blunt head impacts of short duration give rise to large dynamic transients of both positive and negative pressure in the brain. Here, three finite element models of the human head, of increasing biofidelity, were employed to investigate this phenomenon. A novel approach to generating finite element models of arbitrary complexity directly from three-dimensional image data was exploited in the development of these models, and eventually a highly realistic model of the whole head and neck was constructed and validated against a widely used experimental benchmark. The head models were subjected to a variety of simulated impacts, ranging from comparatively long duration to very short duration collisions. The dynamic intracranial pressure response, characterised by large transients of both positive and negative pressure in the brain, was observed following short duration impacts in all three of the models used in this study. The dynamic intracranial response was also recorded following short duration impacts of high energy, involving large impact forces, which were deemed to be realistic representations of actual impact scenarios. With the aid of an approximate analytical solution, analysis of the simulations revealed that the dynamic response is caused by localised skull deflection, which induces flexural waves in the skull. The implications of these magnified pressures are discussed, with particular regard to the potential for intracranial cavitation.
Books on the topic "Head impact biomechanics"
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O'Donoghue, Dearbhail. Biomechanics of frontal and occipital head impact injuries: A plane strain simulation of coup & contrecoup contusion. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1999.
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H, Backaitis Stanley, and Society of Automotive Engineers, eds. Biomechanics of impact injury and injury tolerances of the head-neck complex. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.
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Biomechanics of impact injury and injury tolerances of thehead-neck complex. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.
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Society of Automotive Engineers (Corporate Author) and Stanley H. Backaitis (Editor), eds. Biomechanics of Impact Injury and Injury Tolerances of the Head Neck Complex (Pt 43) [PT-43] (Progress in Technology). SAE International, 1993.
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Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.
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Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.
Book chapters on the topic "Head impact biomechanics"
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King, Albert I. "Head Injury Research: Computer Models of Head Impact." In The Biomechanics of Impact Injury, 111–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1_4.
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King, Albert I. "Head Injury Research: Experimental Studies." In The Biomechanics of Impact Injury, 77–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1_3.
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Patton, Declan A., and Andrew S. McIntosh. "Head Impact Biomechanics of “King Hit” Assaults." In Handbook of Human Motion, 2463–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_185.
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Patton, Declan A., and Andrew S. McIntosh. "Head Impact Biomechanics of “King Hit” Assaults." In Handbook of Human Motion, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_185-1.
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Rueda Arreguín, José Luis, Marco Ceccarelli, Christopher R. Torres-San-Miguel, and Cuauhtémoc Morales Cruz. "Lab Experiences on Impact Biomechanics of Human Head." In Mechanisms and Machine Science, 229–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58104-6_26.
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Yoganandan, Narayan, Frank A. Pintar, Jiangyue Zhang, Thomas A. Gennarelli, and Nathaniel Beuse. "Biomechanical Aspects of Blunt and Penentrating Head Injuries." In IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications, 173–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3796-1_18.
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Rueda, M. A. Forero, and M. D. Gilchrist. "Equestrian Helmet Design: A Computational and Head Impact Biomechanics Simulation Approach." In IFMBE Proceedings, 205–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14515-5_53.
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Esat, Volkan, David W. van Lopik, and Memis Acar. "Combined Multi-Body Dynamic and FE Models of Human Head and Neck." In IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications, 91–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3796-1_9.
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Miller, Logan E., Jillian E. Urban, and Joel D. Stitzel. "Estimation of 6 Degrees-of-Freedom Accelerations from Head Impact Telemetry System Outputs for Computational Modeling." In Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, 121–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23073-9_8.
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Hruby, Jaroslav, Brad Parker Wham, Zdenek Krobot, and Marek Semela. "Small Unsecured Objects Transported in a Vehicle and Their Impact on Human Head Injury– Blunt Injury Criterion Approach." In Biomechanics in Medicine, Sport and Biology, 55–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86297-8_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Head impact biomechanics"
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Zoghi-Moghadam, M., and Ali M. Sadegh. "Biomechanics of Head/Brain Due to Angular Head Acceleration." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60935.
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In vehicular collisions, contact sports or falls, in addition to blunt impacts, head is subjected to high angular accelerations. This causes relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in meningeal region which leads to brain injuries. In our previous study Zoghi et al (14), the mechanical role of the fibrous trabeculae and the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in Subarachnoid space (SAS) were investigated. This is a continuation study of (14) where the attention is focused on the angular acceleration of head rather than blunt impacts. Improved 2-D solid and fluid global models of the head and a local model of the SAS trabeculae were developed. The CSF pressure distribution and the trabeculae deformations were determined. It is expected that in angular acceleration of head, similar to blunt impact, the arachnoid trabeculae reduce the pressure in the CSF and both play a major role in damping the acceleration.
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Raymond, David E., Greg S. Crawford, Chris A. Van Ee, and Cynthia A. Bir. "Biomechanics of Temporo-Parietal Skull Fracture From Blunt Ballistic Impact." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192966.
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The majority of engineering studies that quantify the biomechanical tolerance of the human skull to blunt impacts have been focused primarily on replicating automotive-related trauma [1]. Relatively little biomechanical data exists on skull fracture tolerance due to impacts with small surface area objects moving at high velocity, previously defined as blunt, ballistic impacts [2]. These impacts can occur with the deployment of less-lethal kinetic energy munitions that are now available to police and military personnel. The goal of less-lethal munitions is to impart sufficient force to a subject to deter uncivil, or hazardous, behavior with minimal risk for serious or fatal injury. A basic understanding of human biomechanical response and tolerance to blunt ballistic impact is needed for all areas of the human body in order to guide the design of such munitions. Law enforcement are trained to direct such munitions away from the head and at body regions such as the legs, however impacts to the head have occurred [3]. Previous research efforts have investigated facial impact tolerance to blunt ballistic impacts [4] however data regarding the temporo-parietal region are lacking. The goal of this research project is to provide basic bone strain data on temporo-parietal skull fracture for the purpose of developing finite element models of the human skull and fracture criterion for future study of blunt ballistic head impact.
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Przekwas, Andrzej, X. G. Tan, Z. J. Chen, Xianlian Zhou, Debbie Reeves, Patrick Wilkerson, H. Q. Yang, Vincent Harrand, and Valeta Carol Chancey. "Techniques in Finite Element Modeling of Helmeted-Head Biomechanics." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12955.
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Generally a helmet comprises two main components: the shell and the fitting system. Despite the variations in designs due to the different usage requirements, typically helmets are intended to protect the user’s head through an energy absorption mechanism. The weight and volume are important factors in helmet design since both may alter the injury risk to the head and neck. The helmet outer shell is usually made of hard material that will deform when it is hit by hard objects. This action disperses energy from the impact to lessen the force before it reaches the head. The fitting system frequently includes a dense layer that cushions and absorbs the energy as a result of relative motion between the helmet and the head. A balance needs to be achieved on how strong and how stiff a helmet should be to provide the best possible protection. If a helmet is too stiff it can be less able to prevent brain injury in the kinds of impacts that may occur. If it is too flexible or soft, it might not protect the user in a violent, high-energy crash. For military applications, the requirements for helmet performance may be even more demanding. Not only do helmets have to protect a Soldier’s head from blunt impacts, but helmets also are expected to provide mounting platforms for ancillary devices and to function in ballistic and blast events as well.
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Mesfar, Wissal, and Kodjo Moglo. "Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine Under Compressive Loading in Flexion and Extension: Muscles Net Moment Determination." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80946.
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Muscles in the cervical spine are responsible for guiding the head and for conserving its posture. The weight of the head (∼40N) exerts a continuous compressive load that should be monitored by the neck muscles. Wearing a helmet in many sports or military and work activities increases the compressive loading on the head as well as the involvement of the muscles to counterbalance the impact of this supplemental weight. The compressive load is estimated to range from 120 to 1200N [1]. This loading influences all the biomechanics of the head and neck complex and its musculature. Experimental and numerical studies were involved to determine the biomechanical response of the head and neck [2]. In this study and based on our finite element model, we aim to estimate the biomechanical impact of a compressive load varying from 0N to 100N on the head and neck complex at four positions, neutral position, 10 and 20 deg of head flexion and 10 deg of head extension. An evaluation of the required muscles net moment to conserve the head at each posture will also be done.
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Birmingham, Grant, Lilan Smith, Jennifer M. Brock, John Lund, and Anthony J. Paris. "An Instrumented Mouthguard to Measure Head Accelerations Due To Impact." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14839.
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In the long term, quantitative measurements indicating the magnitude and nature of head impacts will be essential to understanding the biomechanics of head injury. Tools are needed that can quantitatively measure the levels of head acceleration experienced by athletes in a variety of situations in order to assess these risks. The current research is aimed at developing instrumentation that is comfortable enough to use in the field and which can measure head accelerations from blows to the head repeatably and accurately. Soccer is a unique sport in that the unprotected head is deliberately used to direct the motion of the ball during play, which makes it practical to study in a controlled laboratory setting. While the possible long-term effects of heading are still subject to debate [1,2], there is evidence which suggests that it is responsible for transient neurocognitive deficits [3] and transient concussion symptoms [4].
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Daniel, Ray, Steven Rowson, and Stefan M. Duma. "Linear and Angular Head Acceleration Measurement Collection in Pediatric Football." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80201.
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Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) from participation in sports and recreation activities have received increased public awareness, with many states and the federal government considering or implementing laws directing the response to suspected brain injury [1]. MTBIs may result from an impact or acceleration/deceleration of the head and leading to a brief alteration of mental status. Compared with adults, younger persons are at an increased risk for mTBIs with increased severity and prolonged recovery [2]. Football is one of the leading activities that individuals under the age of 19 will experience a mTBI during [3]. Therefore, football players are ideal candidates for monitoring head impact biomechanics and relating measurements to physiological alterations [4]. Little work has been performed investigating mTBIs in the youth population, thus little is known about the biomechanics involved with such injuries. The goal of this study is to characterize the head impact response in a youth population by instrumenting players on a youth football team.
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Raymond, David E., Greg S. Crawford, Chris A. Van Ee, and Cynthia A. Bir. "The Effect of Soft Tissue on the Biomechanics of Skull Fracture due to Blunt Ballistic Impact: Preliminary Analysis and Findings." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192989.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of engineering studies that quantify the biomechanical response of the human head to blunt impacts have been focused primarily on replicating automotive-related trauma [1]. Relatively little biomechanical data exists on head response and skull fracture tolerance due to impacts with small surface area objects moving at high velocity, as can occur with the deployment of less-lethal kinetic energy munitions that are now available to police and military personnel. Law enforcement are trained to direct such munitions away from the head and at body regions least likely to sustain serious to life-threatening injury, such as the legs, however impacts to vital regions such as the head have occurred [2]. Previous research efforts have investigated facial impact response to blunt ballistic impacts however data regarding the temporo-parietal region are lacking and require study under these unique loading conditions [3]. Prior research has indicated that the scalp and soft tissue covering the skull are important factors to consider when studying impact response and skull fracture tolerance [4]. These data however have been limited primarily to impact velocities typical of the automotive crash environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of soft tissue to the biomechanical response and tolerance of the temporo-parietal region under blunt ballistic impact conditions.
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Hosseini Farid, Mohammad, Ashkan Eslaminejad, Mohammadreza Ramzanpour, Mariusz Ziejewski, and Ghodrat Karami. "The Strain Rates of the Brain and Skull Under Dynamic Loading." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88300.
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Accurate material properties of the brain and skull are needed to examine the biomechanics of head injury during highly dynamic loads such as blunt impact or blast. In this paper, a validated Finite Element Model (FEM) of a human head is used to study the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various direction and velocity of impacts, as well as helmeted and un-helmeted head under blast waves. It is shown that the strain rates for the brain at impacts and blast scenarios are usually in the range of 36 to 241 s−1. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range of 14 to 182 s−1 under typical impact and blast cases. Results show for impact incidents the strain rates of brain and skull are approximately 1.9 and 0.7 times of the head acceleration. Also, this ratio of strain rate to head acceleration for the brain and skull was found to be 0.86 and 0.43 under blast loadings. These findings provide a good insight into measuring the brain tissue and cranial bone, and selecting material properties in advance for FEM of TBI.
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Stemper, Brian D., Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Spinal Posture Affects Whiplash Biomechanics." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43012.
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The present study implemented the MADYMO 50th percentile male head-neck model to investigate effects of initial spinal posture on cervical spine kinematics in whiplash. The model was altered to three initial postures: lordosis, straight, kyphosis. The three models were exercised under 2.6 m/sec rear impact pulses. Segmental kinematics and ligament strains were investigated during cervical S-curvature and throughout the whiplash event. Anterior longitudinal ligament strains during S-curvature varied from 20 to 47% of maximum strains. Facet joint strains during S-curvature were 42 to 100% of maximum strains. This finding indicates that facet joint ligaments are more susceptible to whiplash injury during S-curvature, while anterior longitudinal ligament injury likely occurs during the extension phase. Kyphosis and straight postures increased anterior longitudinal ligament strains in the upper cervical spine from the lordosis posture. Lower cervical facet joint and anterior longitudinal ligament strains were greater in the lordosis posture. This study shows that spinal posture may affect injury mechanisms and render a specific population more susceptible to whiplash injury.
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Allison, Mari A., Yun Seok Kang, Matthew R. Maltese, John H. Bolte, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Practical Challenges in Collecting Head Impact Biomechanics Data in Real-World Scenarios via a Helmet-Based Accelerometer System." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14133.
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Recent studies have shown that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can have long-term neurological consequences and may cause permanent damage to the brain [1,2]. Given estimates that millions of these injuries occur each year [3], this knowledge has created a demand for countermeasures to prevent mTBI. In order to create countermeasures, the biomechanical inputs leading to mTBI, which are still a matter of debate, must be better understood in both children and adults.