Journal articles on the topic 'Hazelnut'
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1
Čížková, H., A. Rajchl, J. Šnebergrová, and M. Voldřich. " Filbertone as a marker for the assessment of hazelnut spread quality." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 1 (January 10, 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/493/2011-cjfs.
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A method was proposed for the authenticity evaluation of the hazelnut based products, in which the hazelnut paste content is the principle qualitative parameter. The procedure is based on the determination of filbertone ((E)-5-methyl-hept-2-en-4-one), the natural, unique, and characteristic aroma component of the hazelnuts. A set of authentic hazelnut pastes and model samples containing various hazelnut paste amounts (from 0.1% to 28%) were analysed. Due to the variability found in filbertone content, it was not possible to propose a sufficiently robust model for the hazelnut paste quantification, however, filbertone was found to be a proper marker for the quality sorting of commercial hazelnut spreads. Available hazelnut spreads from the market were analysed and classified into three groups: samples with minimal content of hazelnuts (less than 1%, the filbertone content lower than 4 µg/kg); samples with middle contents of hazelnuts (from 1% to 10%, filbertone 4–45 µg/kg); superior samples with high contents of hazelnuts (above 10%, filbertone above 45 µg/kg).
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HAZNECİ, Esin, Emre NAYCI, and Görkem ÇELİKKAN. "Analysis of cost and profitability in hazelnut production, case of Giresun province." Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 59, no. 3 (September 27, 2022): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.996921.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the production structure of hazelnut production activity in Giresun province, which ranks second in hazelnut production in Turkey.. Material and Methods: Research data were collected through a questionnaire from 53 farms selected by simple random sampling method among 227 agricultural farms engaged in hazelnut cultivation in the central district of Giresun province. The single product budget analysis method was used to determine the cost of hazelnut production, the gross profit and net profit were calculated in hazelnut production. Results: Hazelnut farmers get 0.97 TL for their 1 TL expense to grow hazelnuts. As a result of the study, it was determined that the producers suffered from hazelnut production without government support, but they could cover the costs of 1 kg of shelled hazelnuts with the support. Farmers make profit with agricultural supports. Conclusion: The result of the research revealed that the biggest problem for the producers is the inability do not get paid for their labor and expenses. For this reason, it is important to establish a sustainable price strategy for hazelnuts and to prevent the producer from making possible financial losses.
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Artik, Nevzat, Selen Akan, Yeşim Okay, Nurefşan Durmaz, and A. İlhami Köksal. "Volatile aroma component of natural and roasted hazelnut varieties using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.5.8.
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Hazelnut is a very important nutrient in terms of human health. It is widely consumed as natural and roasted. Aromatic components could be used as marker for export criteria in hazelnut. Thus, this study aimed preliminary to compare the aroma profile of some hazelnut varieties and to determine the effect of roasting on aroma component in natural hazelnuts. Hazelnut varieties (18 Turkish and 2 foreign varieties) were obtained and then roasted at 135°C for 30 min. The volatile aroma components of hazelnuts were characterized via solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). A total of 20 and 29 aroma compounds were detected by SPME/GC-MS in natural and roasted hazelnuts, respectively. Concerning natural hazelnut samples, the highest values among the Turkish and foreign varieties were obtained from nonanal in ‛Kalınkara’, ‛Kan’ and ‛Negret-N9’, which are mainly characterized by citrus, rosy, fatty flavor. In roasted samples, 2(3H)-furanone was determined in highest level in ‛Cavcava’, ‛Mincane’ and ‛Negret-N9’ and the flavor attributes of these varieties were oily-nut-like. In particular, Turkish hazelnut varieties such as ‛Acı’ and ‛Kalınkara’ could be promising in terms of the highest amount of aromatic components in roasted hazelnuts.
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Iakymchuk, Tetiana, Oleksandra Ralko, and German Sirman. "Hazelnut Production in Ukraine and in the World: Analysis of Major Trends and Development Prospects." Modern Economic 34, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v34(2022)-18.
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Abstract. Introduction. There is demand for hazelnuts among consumers in the world. Hazelnuts production in Ukraine is possible and is in accordance with the climatic conditions. So, it is relevant to consider the potential of domestic agricultural enterprises. Purpose. To study the global and Ukrainian hazelnut market over the last five years, to characterize the peculiarities of hazelnut production in Ukraine and the prospects for increasing the supply of hazelnuts by domestic producers. Results. In the article the analysis of the global hazelnut market over the last five years is conducted and as a result the increasing demand and supply in the market is identified. The lead countries among hazelnut producers are Turkey, the USA, Italy, Azerbaijan, Chile, Georgia and Iran. The analysis of the main exporters and importers in the market is conducted. The largest exporter is Turkey, the largest importers are Germany, Italy and France. Ukraine is one of the largest twenty hazelnut importers, and the dynamics of import corresponds to the dynamics of consumption. Over the 2016-2020 years, the consumption of hazelnuts in Ukraine has almost doubled and corresponded to world trends. The forecast of the global consumption of hazelnuts is built – it is expected to increase of 8.41% by 2025. Ukrainian hazelnut market is analyzed and changes in the nut production have been revealed over the last five years: area of the industrial gardens have been increased, the first industrial gardens have started to bear the nut, and the first marketable batches of hazelnuts have harvested. Conclusions. The global consumption of hazelnuts is forecast to grow. The domestic market at this stage is importdependent, Ukraine has all opportunities to manage its own production and ensure not only domestic demand, but also the export of hazelnuts to foreign markets in the future.
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Król, Katarzyna, Magdalena Gantner, Anna Piotrowska, and Ewelina Hallmann. "Effect of Climate and Roasting on Polyphenols and Tocopherols in the Kernels and Skin of Six Hazelnut Cultivars (Corylus avellana L.)." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020036.
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Poland is one of the largest producers of hazelnuts in Europe; however, information about the contents of biologically active compounds in hazelnuts grown in Poland is limited. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the concentrations of phenolic acids, flavonols, and tocopherols in raw and roasted hazelnut kernels and their skin, in addition to determining the effect of the cultivar and year of cultivation. The experiment was carried out in 2016–2018, and the nuts of six hazelnut cultivars were used for research purposes. Among the detected phenolic acids, p-coumaric acid was the most abundant in roasted and unroasted kernels, whereas the apigenin content represented 43%–45% of the total flavonols. The harvest year had a significant effect on the polyphenol content of hazelnuts, whereas roasting had a minor impact. The hazelnut skin contained 168- to 378- fold higher contents of total phenolic compounds than the raw and roasted nuts. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in hazelnut skin, contributing 95.0% of the total polyphenols on average. α-Tocopherol was the most abundant tocopherol in the hazelnut cultivars, followed by β + ƴ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol in hazelnut cultivars. The statistical analysis showed that roasting and year of cultivation did not affect the tocopherol contents of the investigated samples.
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Jambul Abuladze, Jambul Abuladze. "Analysis and Evaluation of the Dynamics of Hazelnut Production and Foreign Trade in Georgia in 2010-2020." Economics 105, no. 4-5 (May 8, 2022): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/4-5/2022-271.
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One of the important tools of Georgia's economic development is to deepen international trade relations and increase its export potential. For this direction, it is even more important to strengthen the trade partnership relations with the EU countries. For this regard the conclusion of the Association Agreement with EU creates legal certainty of cooperation and high reliability for local manufacturers and exporting businesses to enter in The EU market. Hazelnut production holds an important place in Georgia's export production. Moreover, Georgia ranked 7th in the world in hazelnut production during 2017-2018 and is one of the major exporters of the product. More importantly, Georgia’s largest share of hazelnut exports is to EU countries (140 thousand tons were exported in 2010-2020, which is 67% of exported hazelnuts). This factor stimulates the production of hazelnuts. Hazelnut producers mainly are small local households, which is giving this matter more importance. Consequently, the involvement of the population in the hazelnut industry is high, which contributes improvement of their social-economical situation. In Georgia, Samegrelo-zemo Svaneti leads with high rates of hazelnut production, followed by Guria and Imereti regions. Given the relative efficiency of product sales, there is a growing trend of hazelnut production development in other regions, including Ajara. By analyzing the production dynamics in Adjara, assessing and considering the natural-climatic conditions, with the support of governmental, non-governmental and international donor organizations, the development of hazelnut production and its formation for one of its strategic purposes is a real perspective. Keywords: Hazelnuts, export, import, EU.
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Król, Katarzyna, and Magdalena Gantner. "Morphological Traits and Chemical Composition of Hazelnut from Different Geographical Origins: A Review." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090375.
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a popular tree nut worldwide, and in recent years, the production of hazelnuts has increased in many countries due to large investments improving agricultural techniques and the selection of new cultivars. Turkey, the leader of global hazelnut production, has shown that supply can strongly fluctuate, which leads to peak prices and market instability. In this review, an overview of the morphological traits, nutritional value, fatty acid composition, tocopherols, and future prospects of hazelnut production are described. Furthermore, information regarding hazelnuts from different geographical origins (Chile, Croatia, Iran, Italy, Oregon (US), Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, and Turkey; total of 22 cultivars) to enhance the utilization of hazelnut cultivars from newly producing orchards and origins is comprehensively summarized.
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RÖDER, MARTIN, ANJA IBACH, IRIS BALTRUWEIT, HELWIG GRUYTERS, ANNABELLA JANISE, CAROLA SUWELACK, REINHARD MATISSEK, STEFAN VIETHS, and THOMAS HOLZHAUSER. "Pilot Plant Investigations on Cleaning Efficiencies To Reduce Hazelnut Cross-Contamination in Industrial Manufacture of Cookies." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.11.2263.
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Shared equipment in industrial food manufacture has repeatedly been described as a potential source of unlabeled food allergens, i.e., hidden allergens. However, the impact of shared equipment on allergen cross-contamination is basically unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate systematically the extent of hazelnut cross-contamination in fine bakery wares as a model. A product change from cookies with 10% hazelnut to cookies without hazelnuts was simulated on pilot plant equipment. The extent of hazelnut cross-contamination (HNCC) was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for each production device (kneaders, rotary molder, wire cutting machine, and steel band oven) and various cleaning procedures used between products. The experiments were performed repeatedly with finely ground hazelnuts and with roughly chopped hazelnut kernels. Cross-contamination from chopped kernels was distributed statistically but not homogeneously, and sampling and analysis with the ELISA was therefore not reproducible. Further analysis concentrated on homogenously distributed HNCC from ground hazelnut. Apart from product changes without intermediate cleaning, the highest HNCC was found after mechanical scraping: Up to 100 mg/kg hazelnut protein was found in the follow-up product after processing by one machine. After additional cleaning with hot water, the HNCC decreased regardless of the processing device to levels at or below 1 mg/kg hazelnut protein. In our pilot plant study, the application of an appropriate wet cleaning procedure in combination with quantitative monitoring of the cleaning efficiency reduced the hazelnut protein cross-contamination to a level at which severe hazelnut-related allergic reactions are unlikely to occur.
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Olsen, Jeff. "Improvements in Hazelnuts in the United States." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.343.
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In the mid-1980s, eastern filbert blight (EFB) fungus, Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, was discovered in Oregon's main hazelnut-producing region and now is present throughout the hazelnut-producing area. Oregon State University's (OSU) Hazelnut Breeding Program responded by developing EFB-resistant cultivars, the first of which was released in 2005. The breeding program has also selected for other beneficial traits such as uniform early nut maturation, larger kernel size, and improved kernel quality. A 2008 OSU economic study on the costs of establishing and producing hazelnuts showed that the EFB-resistant cultivars enhanced economic viability of orchards, increasing cumulative cash flow during the 12-year establishment period by $12,243 per hectare. Several completely resistant cultivars have been released from the OSU Hazelnut Breeding program, all of which have ‘Gasaway’ as a resistance source, which transmits a dominant allele at a single locus that provides resistance to EFB. Additional EFB-resistant genotypes have also been identified from a diversity of origins that are being integrated into the OSU breeding program to produce new cultivars expressing multiple sources of genetic resistance. Interest in growing hazelnuts is increasing in other parts of the United States; for example, the Arbor Day Foundation began the Hazelnut Research Project in 1996 in Nebraska. A Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium was formed to join the leading hazelnut researchers in the United States. The Consortium's goal is to create a world-leading research and breeding program to develop hazelnuts as a widely adapted, high-yielding, and low-input sustainable crop that is competitive with annual crops for food, feed, or bioenergy. At Rutgers University, there has been a program of breeding and research for hazelnuts for the eastern United States since 1996. The program currently has ≈11,000 hazelnut seedlings undergoing evaluation. The Rutgers program is also looking for winter-hardy genotypes. They have been working closely with OSU to assess the response of OSU hazelnut selections that are resistant to EFB in Oregon when they are exposed to EFB isolates collected from across the eastern United States. This work has demonstrated the need for cultivars to express multiple sources of resistance and has prompted quarantine on importation of hazelnut plants into Oregon from other states where EFB strains may differ. Rutgers is also searching for new sources of resistance to EFB from seedling populations from Europe with the goal of integrating these sources into American germplasm. More effective Integrated Pest Management for EFB-susceptible hazelnut cultivars has been developed by OSU scientists. They recommend a management program that integrates scouting for and pruning infected tissue, fungicidal sprays, and the use of more resistant cultivars. Advances in hazelnut fertilizer management have included descriptions of patterns of nitrogen uptake, distribution, and use using isotopically labeled nitrogen.
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Vasić, Tanja, Darko Jevremović, Sonja Filipović, Jordan Marković, Sanja Živković, and Aleksandar Leposavić. "Morphological and pathogenic characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. pathogen of hazelnut in Serbia." Biljni lekar 49, no. 5 (2021): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105585v.
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically very important fruit species cultivated in many countries. The world's largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts is Turkey. In Serbia, compared to other types of fruit, hazelnuts are grown on significantly smaller areas. In the last decade, hazelnut has become more interesting for the producers and there is a growing trend of increase of areas under this crop. Hazelnut is the host of numerous pathogens and pests that can cause significant economic damage in orchards. To date, there has been no comprehensive research on the causes of hazelnut diseases in Serbia, and the goal of our work was to determine the causes of some fungal diseases. In the period from 2017 to 2020, samples of hazelnut leaves and branches with symptoms of necrotic spotting were collected from a large number of plantations in Serbia. A large number of isolates were isolated from the collected samples for further determination. Based on the morphological and pathogenic properties of the isolates, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Pestalotiopsis was determined.
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Alizade, R. "Importance and Role of Common Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) in Folk Medicine and Industry in Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/84/10.
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Corylus avellana L. is a very common valuable shrub that usually regenerates naturally in mixed forests. Hazelnut cultivation in Azerbaijan has a very ancient history. Since ancient times, people have cultivated wild types of hazelnuts and cultivated high-quality hazelnut plants. The composition of hazelnut fruit is protein, fat (about 60-70%), carbohydrates (15-17%), 45% water, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron, etc. It is rich in minerals, vitamins A and E, B1, B5, B6, B9, B group vitamins. The root, stem, leaves and fruits of hazelnut are widely used in industry and medicine.
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Romero-Aroca, Agusti, Mercè Rovira, Valerio Cristofori, and Cristian Silvestri. "Hazelnut Kernel Size and Industrial Aptitude." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111115.
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Kernel size is the main hazelnut quality parameter for the consumption market. However, industrial purposes are the main destination for the main hazelnut cultivars. This work aims to identify industrial aptitude relationships to kernel size, and qualitative nut and kernel traits eligible to enhance hazelnut’s commercial value. The qualitative hazelnut traits of cv “Negret” and “Pauetet” were assessed via in-shell and shelled nut sizes for two years. In-shell hazelnuts were tested for weight, shape, percent kernel, yield and shell thickness. Kernels were measured for shape, weight, roasting aptitude, skin color, moisture content and water activity, free acidity, fat content, crude protein, total sugars, minerals, fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol and oil stability. In-shell hazelnut traits significantly differed between cultivars, sizes and storage period. Shell thickness and nut roundness increased almost linearly with nut caliber, whereas kernel percentage decreased. Kernel roundness increased linearly with caliber. The blanching and roasting aptitude of “Negret” increased linearly with caliber, whereas no significant trend was observed for “Pauetet”. Significant differences between cultivars were confirmed for water activity, oil acidity and skin color. Regarding chemical composition, fat content increased linearly with caliber in both cultivars, and α-tocopherol followed the same trend in “Negret”. The sugar content tended to decrease with caliber, whereas crude protein, fiber and minerals did not show any significant relationship with kernel size. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids fitted to linear models related to caliber, showing differences between cultivars. Unsaturated fatty acids increased with caliber, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, and the oil stability increased linearly with kernel size. These results show that some hazelnut key traits change significantly with kernel size. The linear models presented could be a powerful tool for the confectionery industry to modulate the industrial value of given hazelnut batches.
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Sadygov, A., and B. Rashidov. "Hazelnuts Varieties and Forms Performance in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region (Azerbaijan)." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/87/17.
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The article provides information on the indicators of economic productivity of the form and varieties of hazelnuts, the name of varieties and forms, by years of yield, cost, average yield, product cost per hectare, net income, profitability and economic evaluation compared with varieties. The research work was carried out on 22 varieties and forms of hazelnuts, and to compare the productivity indicators of varieties and forms, it was carried out using the Ata-baba variety, which was taken as a control variety. Research work was carried out on varieties and forms of hazelnut Ata-baba, G1-Gz1, G3-U1, Gu1-A1, G5-Gk1, G6-Chg1, Yagly hazelnut, Zakatala, Zakatala-9, X4-Yh1, Sh1-A1, Sh2-A2, Sh3-H1, Sh4-H2, H1-Az1, H2-Az2, X3-N1, Ashrafy, Shish hazelnut, H5-Hu1, forest hazelnut. The study compares the economic indicators of the productivity of varieties and forms using the Ata-Baba variety, which is taken as a control variety. The cost of growing 1 hectare of hazelnuts is 1114-1620 manats, and the cost of one centner of products ranges from 58.5-110.6 manats. The profitability of research varieties ranged from 138-395%. From varieties and forms G3-U1(395%), Sh2-A2 (391%), H4-Yh1(382%) G5-Gk1 (355%), Yagli hazelnuts (322%), G1-Gz1(320%), Ashrafy (265%) were high compared to the control Ata Baba (241%).
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Calamelli, Elisabetta, Alessia Trozzo, Elisabetta Di Blasi, Laura Serra, and Paolo Bottau. "Hazelnut Allergy." Medicina 57, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010067.
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Background and Objectives: Hazelnuts are frequently involved in IgE-mediated reactions and represent the main culprit of nut allergy in Europe. The clinical presentation varies from mild symptoms limited to the oropharynx [oral allergy syndrome (OAS)], due to the cross-reaction with homologues in pollen allergens and more severe events caused by the primary sensitization to highly stable molecules contained in hazelnuts. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant concepts in the field of hazelnut allergy and to provide a practical approach useful in the clinical practice Materials and Methods: References were identified by PubMed searches dating from January 2000 up to November 2020 using the search terms: “component resolved diagnosis” and “Hazelnut allergy. Results: The storage proteins Cor a 9 and Cor a 14 resulted highly specific for primary hazelnut allergy and strongly associated with severe reactions, while the cross reactive Cor a 1, an homolog of the birch Bet v1, were related to OAS. Any cut-off has shown a specificity and sensitivity pattern as high as to replace the oral food challenge (OFC), which still remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of hazelnut allergy. To date there is still no definitive treatment. Hazelnut free-diet and treatment of symptoms with emergency management, including the prescription of auto-injective epinephrine, still represent the main approach. Oral allergen immunotherapy (AIT) appears a promising therapeutic strategy and the definition of individual clinical threshold would be useful for sensitized individuals, caregivers, and physicians to reduce social limitation, anxiety, and better manage food allergy. Conclusions: An accurate diagnostic work-up including clinical history, in vivo and in vitro test including component resolved diagnosis and OFC are essential to confirm the diagnosis, to assess the risk of a severe reaction, and to prescribe an adequate diet and treatment.
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Wang, Mingqi, Lixin Peng, and Banghua Wu. "Advanced Evaluation System of Hazelnut Germplasm." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 618b—618. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.618b.
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Based on our investigation of hazelnut germplasm and Thompson's evaluation system for European hazelnuts, an in-depth study on character description of hazelnut germplasm was conducted from 1991 to 1994. Eighty characters were evaluated for the 58 tested species. It was found that eight characters should be eliminated from Thompson's system, such as annual branch length and hair, lentical color, and serration depth. The best leaf sampling position, sample volumes for quantitative characters, and scoring standards were also determined. Therefore, an advanced evaluation system for hazelnut germplasm was developed. The advanced system is easier and simpler, and will significantly expedite systematical studies of hazelnut germplasm.
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Müller, M., P. Valášek, M. Linda, and S. Petrásek. "Exploitation of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) Shell Waste in the Form of Polymer–Particle Biocomposite." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2018-0009.
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Abstract Mechanically ground hazelnut (Corylus avellana) shells, a food industry by-product of hazelnuts processing, were tested for use as a composite material filler. Mechanical properties and fracture surface of the composite were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Polymer composites, i.e. resins filled with microparticles of hazelnut shells, were tested at various concentrations of the filler (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%). Hazelnut shell microparticles used at low concentration (5 wt%) increased tensile strength. The filler did not considerably influence hardness of the composite. Adhesive bond strength did not significantly change up to 20 wt%. The hazelnut shell microparticles were well wetted with the resin.
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Liu, Jinwei, Xining Li, Juntong Wang, Le Gu, Guangfu Lv, Zhe Lin, Xiaowen Zhen, and Yong Li. "Study on Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of the Flat-European Hybrid Hazelnut (C. heterophylla Fisch. × C. avellana L.) Oil." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2146.
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Hazelnut oil, extracted from hazelnuts, can be used as a functional food with many nutritional benefits. To completely assess its chemical constituents in hazelnut oil, one main cultivar of a flat-European hybrid hazelnut (C. heterophylla Fisch. × C. avellana L.) cv. ‘Dawei’ was taken as the material, and a new optimized silyl-etherification derivatization was established by being followed with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Meanwhile, an electron spin resonance (ESR) method was used to elucidate the scavenging capacity of free radicals. In result, the filbertone (exclusive marker), 16 fatty acids (8 saturated and 8 unsaturated), 4 sterols and 5 other components were identified at once. Furthermore, hybrid hazelnut oil, filbertone and two sterols that contained in hazelnut oil were used to test the scavenge free radical activities. The results showed that the hybrid hazelnut oil expressed meaningful IC50 values (DPPH: 66.39, hydroxyl: 66.64, alkyl: 118.82 and O2¯: 75.38 μg/mL). In conclusion, this study selected an effective derivatization method for the chemical constituents detection, and provided detailed data, which laid an experimental foundation for quality control of a hybrid hazelnut oil. In addition, the free radical scavenging activity was observed, which provided a basis for the development of antioxidant products in hybrid hazelnut oil.
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Ren, Dezhi, Haolin Yu, Ren Zhang, Jiaqi Li, Yingbo Zhao, Fengbo Liu, Jinhui Zhang, and Wei Wang. "Research and Experiments of Hazelnut Harvesting Machine Based on CFD-DEM Analysis." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122115.
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To solve the problem of difficult hazelnut harvesting in mountainous areas of Liaoning, China, a small pneumatic hazelnut harvesting machine was designed, which can realize negative pressure when picking up hazelnut mixtures and positive pressure when cleaning impurities. The key structure and parameters of the harvesting machine were determined by constructing a mechanical model of the whole machine and combining theoretical analysis and operational requirements. To explore the harvesting machine scavenging performance, Liaoning hazelnut No. 3 with a moisture content of 7.47% was used as the experimental object. Firstly, the terminal velocity of hazelnuts and fallen leaves was measured using a material suspension velocity test bench. Secondly, the gas–solid two-phase flow theory was applied comprehensively, and the motion state, particle distribution, and air flow field distribution of hazelnuts from the inlet to the outlet of the pneumatic conveying device were simulated and analyzed using the coupling of computational flow fluid dynamics method (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) to evaluate the cleaning performance from the perspective of the net fruit rate of hazelnuts in the cleaning box. Finally, a Box–Behnken design experiment was conducted with the sieve plate angle, the distance of the sieve plate, and the air flow velocity as factors and the net fruit rate of hazelnuts as indicators to explore the influence of the three factors on the net fruit rate of hazelnuts. The parameter optimization module of Design-Expert software was used to obtain the optimal combination of parameters for the factors. The experimental results show that the test factors affecting the test index are the following: the air flow rate, the angle of the screen plate, and the distance of the screen plate. The best combination of parameters was an air flow velocity of 14.1 m∙s−1, a sieve plate angle of 55.7°, and a distance of the sieve plate of 33.2 mm. The net fruit rate of hazelnuts was 95.12%. The clearing performance was stable and can guarantee the requirements of hazelnut harvester operation, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the design of a nut harvester.
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Prodić, Ivana, Katarina Smiljanić, Christoph Nagl, Barbara Ballmer-Weber, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, and Tanja Ćirković Veličković. "INFOGEST Digestion Assay of Raw and Roasted Hazelnuts and Its Impact on Allergens and Their IgE Binding Activity." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182914.
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Most of the food allergens sensitized via the gastrointestinal tract resist thermal treatments and digestion, particularly digestion by pepsin. Roasted hazelnuts are more commonly consumed than raw ones. Since no studies have characterized gastric digestion protein fragments of raw and roasted hazelnuts nor their IgE binding properties, we compared these aspects of raw and roasted hazelnuts’ gastric digesta obtained by INFOGEST protocol. Their electrophoretically resolved profiles were probed with hazelnut allergic patients’ sera in 1D and 2D immunoblots. Electrophoretic profiles demonstrated pepsin digestion of all hazelnut allergens to varying extents. While 2D immunoblots indicated that roasting slightly reduced allergenicity, IgE ELISA with the pool of sera showed a slight significant (10%) increase in IgE binding in both gastric digesta. Cor a 9 isolated from the raw and roasted hazelnuts, characterized by far and near CD, remained stable after roasting, with preserved IgE reactivity. Its immunoreactivity contribution by inhibitory ELISA was noticeable in raw and roasted hazelnut digesta; its activity was slightly stronger in the roasted preparations. Roasting has a visible impact on proteins; however, it did not affect overall IgE reactivity. Gastric digestion slightly increases the overall IgE reactivity in raw and roasted hazelnuts, and may therefore impact the profiles of allergens and their fragments available to interact with the immune system in the small intestine.
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Cucu, Tatiana, Bart Devreese, Stanislav Trashin, Barbara Kerkaert, Maarten Rogge, and Bruno De Meulenaer. "Detection of Hazelnut in Foods Using ELISA: Challenges Related to the Detectability in Processed Foodstuffs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-125.
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Abstract Hazelnuts are widely used nowadays, and can pose a serious threat to allergic consumers due to cross-contamination that may occur during processing. This might lead to the presence of hidden hazelnut in foods. Therefore, reliable tests are needed to detect hazelnut, especially in processed foods. A hazelnut-specific indirect competitive ELISA based on polyclonal chicken antibodies was developed. The polyclonal antibodies were raised against modified hazelnut proteins in order to improve the detectability of hazelnut proteins in processed foods. The assay showed a detection limit of 1.36 μg hazelnut protein/mL of 5 mM urea in phosphate-buffered saline buffer (pH 7.4). Limited cross-reactivity with walnut and pecan nut was observed; no cross-reactivity was observed with other food ingredients. Blank cookies spiked before analysis showed recoveries of 73–107%. However, cookies spiked before baking showed that the detectability was severely decreased. Addition of lactose to the cookies, which led to more severe modification through the Maillard reaction, led to an increase in the detectability. These results indicate that using antibodies developed toward allergens modified through food processing-simulating reactions is a better approach for detection.
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BAYIL-OGUZKAN, Sibel, Halil Ibrahim UGRAS, and Mehmet OZASLAN. "Obtaining Ozonated Hazelnut Oil and Determination of the Chemical and Physcical Properties." Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences 5 (August 4, 2022): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/ephels.53.
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Hazelnuts are an extremely important agricultural product in the world. In this study, for the first time, ozonized hazelnut oil was obtained in appropriate optimization and the use area of ozone was combined with an important product such as hazelnuts. For this purpose, natural hazelnut oil was obtained by cold pressing method (55-60 ̊ C) without any refining and temperature exposure in this study. Natural hazelnut oil with hexan was obtained by adding hexan under the condition of natural hazelnut oil (50 ̊ C, 1000 rpm, 24 hours). Ozonization was applied for 110 minutes in the flow of ozone gas at 7-8 flows. The physical and chemical properties of 5 different oil samples were determined in total. As a result, in paralel with the ozonization process; density, viscosity, peroxide value, moisture content increased, while iodine value naturally decreased. The fracture index, on the other hand, was almost no different. In paralel with the ozonization process, the concentration of vitamin E and insatiable fattyacids was also observed to decrease. In order for the shelf life to be long, extra vitamin E should be added to prevent the formation of radicals in ozone oil contents; storage conditions were found to be 4°C or lower.
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MILLER, BENJAMIN D., CARRIE E. RIGDON, JILL BALL, JOSHUA M. ROUNDS, RACHEL F. KLOS, BRENDA M. BRENNAN, KATHERINE D. ARENDS, PATRICK KENNELLY, CRAIG HEDBERG, and KIRK E. SMITH. "Use of Traceback Methods To Confirm the Source of a Multistate Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak Due to In-Shell Hazelnuts." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-309.
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Traceback methods by state regulatory agencies were used to complement traditional epidemiological cluster investigation methods and confirmed hazelnuts (also referred to as filberts) as the vehicle in a multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. Bulk in-shell hazelnut and mixed-nut purchase locations were identified during the initial epidemiological interviews. Based on purchase dates and case onset dates, regulators in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin traced product back through the supply chain. Six (86%) retail locations received the suspect hazelnut or mixed-nut shipments from a Minnesota distributor, with one retailer (14%) receiving products from a Wisconsin distributor. Both distributors received 100% of their bulk in-shell hazelnuts and mixed nuts from a distributor in California. The California distributor received 99% of their hazelnuts from a packing company in Oregon. The California distributor received the hazelnuts in 50-lb (22.7-kg) bags and either resold them without opening the bags or used the in-shell hazelnuts in the manufacture of their in-shell mixed nuts. Records at the packing company in Oregon were incomplete or lacked sufficient detail needed to identify a suspect farm or group of suspect farms. Laboratory samples collected from human cases and subsequently recalled product matched the outbreak pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtype of E. coli O157:H7. Hazelnut harvesting practices create a plausible route of contamination from fecal matter from domestic ruminants or wild deer. This outbreak investigation demonstrates the use of product traceback data to rapidly test an epidemiological hypothesis.
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Calà, Elisa, Andrea Fracchia, Elisa Robotti, Federica Gulino, Francesca Gullo, Matteo Oddone, Marco Massacane, Gianluigi Cordone, and Maurizio Aceto. "On the Traceability of the Hazelnut Production Chain by Means of Trace Elements." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123854.
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The production chain of hazelnuts has been studied by analyzing three sets of samples produced in purity from three different pools of hazelnuts of cultivar “Tonda Gentile Trilobata”, “Tonda Gentile Romana” and “Mortarella”, all cultivated in Italy. From each pool, five processed products were obtained: roasted hazelnuts, hazelnut paste, hazelnut cream, Gianduja paste and Gianduiotto paste. After pre-treatment by means of dry ashing, all samples from each cultivar, including raw hazelnuts, were then analyzed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). A good discrimination was obtained among the different chain stages according to the distribution of the trace elements, as expected. More interesting was the discrimination among the different cultivars: it was possible to distinguish the samples produced from the respective cultivar by means of specific chemical markers, particularly Mo and Ni.
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Turan, Ali. "Kurutma Yöntemlerinin Fındığın (Corylus avellana L.) Yağ Asitleri İçeriği Üzerine Etkileri: Derleme." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1780-1784.2510.
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Hazelnut is the important agricultural product of the Eastern and Western Black Sea region of Turkey and is usually exported to the world market dried and unshelled. Hazelnut in husks are dried generally grass and concrete ground under the sun. The traditional sun-dried process (concrete and grass ground) used by hazelnut farmers takes about 10 to 25 days counting on the weather conditions. If rainfall is high during the harvesting period, drying takes longer and causes the harvest and spoilt. Rapid postharvest processing, mostly in husking and drying, is crucial for the quality the last product, among which the hazelnut drying plays essential role. Because sun-dried on the concrete and grass ground increase fungal activities of hazelnuts and the risk of mycotoxin development due to mould growth. And also, under the action light and heat lipid molecules are released free fatty acids, which can affect the stability of oil. Dryer can prevent mould growth and oil oxidation. Thus, drying machine appears to be a promising strategy for hazelnut drying.
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Fan, Liying, Jun Ren, Yuting Yang, and Limin Zhang. "Comparative Analysis on Essential Nutrient Compositions of 23 Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) Grown in Northeast China." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9475961.
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The essential nutrients of 23 wild hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) grown in northeast China were analyzed in order to sieve good species and study the factors effected on nut quality. Hazelnut kernels contained 45.76–62.78% fat similar to Corylus avellana and main fatty acids were oleic acid (79.75%), linoleic acid (15.42%), palmitic acid (3.29%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged between 10.37% and 25.88%. Average protein, soluble sugar, starch, and ash contents of hazelnut kernels were 25.12%, 4.98%, 2.03%, and 3.04%, respectively. The amount of amino acids, mostly as glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid, was also determined by the hazelnut varieties. The abovementioned variation was explained by growing environmental differences. Among them, the 11th sample was highest in protein content (30.21%) and 18th sample highest in fat content, while the 5th and 14th samples had relatively balanced nutrients. So, when planning to select new cultivars, we primarily considered different hazelnut qualities.
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Yiğit, Sema, and Ahmet Mumcu. "Responsible sourcing practices in hazelnut industry." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 8, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v8i1.3294.
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Companies may play an important role to guarantee the supply of their basic raw materials and hereby to support sustainability. The aim of this study is to investigate the companies’ responsible sourcing practices in hazelnut industry in Turkey. Turkey is the world’s leading producer and exporter of hazelnuts, accounting for around 75% of the world’s supply. Survey, interview and analysis of secondary data method were used together. Responsible sourcing practices of companies were analysed into two parts as assessment and collaboration. Besides, under-age workers on hazelnut production are one of the major problems that companies have to struggle to prevent it in the context of responsible sourcing.
Keywords: Responsible sourcing, hazelnut, Turkey.
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Caffarelli, Carlo, Carla Mastrorilli, Angelica Santoro, Massimo Criscione, and Michela Procaccianti. "Component-Resolved Diagnosis of Hazelnut Allergy in Children." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020640.
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Hazelnuts commonly elicit allergic reactions starting from childhood and adolescence, with a rare resolution over time. The definite diagnosis of a hazelnut allergy relies on an oral food challenge. The role of component resolved diagnostics in reducing the need for oral food challenges in the diagnosis of hazelnut allergies is still debated. Therefore, three electronic databases were systematically searched for studies on the diagnostic accuracy of specific-IgE (sIgE) on hazelnut proteins for identifying children with a hazelnut allergy. Studies regarding IgE testing on at least one hazelnut allergen component in children whose final diagnosis was determined by oral food challenges or a suggestive history of serious symptoms due to a hazelnut allergy were included. Study quality was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Eight studies enrolling 757 children, were identified. Overall, sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve and diagnostic odd ratio of Cor a 1 sIgE were lower than those of Cor a 9 and Cor a 14 sIge. When the test results were positive, the post-test probability of a hazelnut allergy was 34% for Cor a 1 sIgE, 60% for Cor a9 sIgE and 73% for Cor a 14 sIgE. When the test results were negative, the post-test probability of a hazelnut allergy was 55% for Cor a 1 sIgE, 16% for Cor a9 sIgE and 14% for Cor a 14 sIgE. Measurement of IgE levels to Cor a 9 and Cor a 14 might have the potential to improve specificity in detecting clinically tolerant children among hazelnut-sensitized ones, reducing the need to perform oral food challenges.
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Mohammed, Duha, Afnan Freije, Hawra Abdulhussain, Aysha Khonji, Mariam Hasan, Cinzia Ferraris, Clara Gasparri, et al. "Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity, Lipid Profile, and Minerals of the Skin and Seed of Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.), Pistachios (Pistacia vera) and Almonds (Prunus dulcis)—A Comparative Analysis." AppliedChem 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem3010008.
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Nuts are dry, single-seeded fruits with a combination of beneficial compounds that aid in disease prevention and treatment. The aims of this research are to evaluate the total antioxidant activity (AI) by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, fatty acids by acid-catalyzed esterification method, and minerals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OE) spectrometer in hazelnuts, pistachios, and almond seeds and skins. Considering total AI, the results demonstrated that the highest activity was found in hazelnut and pistachio skin. The results considering minerals demonstrated that manganese, zinc, and iron levels are high in almond and hazelnut skins, copper is dominant in pistachio skin and hazelnut seed, and selenium is high in pistachio and almond skins and seed. Finally, the results showed palmitic acid is present in almond skin and pistachio seed, palmitoleic acid is high in almond and pistachio skins, and stearic acid is present in almond and hazelnut skins. Oleic acid was found in hazelnut seeds and their skin, linoleic acid in almond skin and pistachio seeds, and α-linolenic acid in almond and pistachio skins. In conclusion, hazelnut, pistachio, and almond skins are a great source of antioxidants, minerals, and healthy fatty acids, making them useful for nutraceutical development.
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Müller, Anke, Ute Helms, Carsten Rohrer, Monika Möhler, Frank Hellwig, Michael Glei, Tanja Schwerdtle, Stefan Lorkowski, and Christine Dawczynski. "Nutrient Composition of Different Hazelnut Cultivars Grown in Germany." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111596.
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Hazelnuts are rarely cultivated in Germany, although they are a valuable source for macro- and micronutrients and can thus contribute to a healthy diet. Near the present, 15 varieties were cultivated in Thuringia, Germany, as a pilot study for further research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the micro- and macronutrient composition of representative, randomly mixed samples of the 15 different hazelnut cultivars. Protein, fat, and fiber contents were determined using established methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements were analyzed using gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass-spectrometry, respectively. We found that the different hazelnut varieties contained valuable amounts of fat, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, trace elements, and α-tocopherol, however, in different quantities. The variations in nutrient composition were independent of growth conditions, which were identical for all hazelnut varieties. Therefore, each hazelnut cultivar has its specific nutrient profile.
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De Angelis, Elisabetta, Danilo Di Bona, Rosa Pilolli, Roberto Loiodice, Anna Luparelli, Lucia Giliberti, Angela M. D’Uggento, Maria Pia Rossi, Luigi Macchia, and Linda Monaci. "In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment and Proteomic Analysis of the Effectiveness of Physical Treatments in Reducing Allergenicity of Hazelnut Proteins." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040874.
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Hazelnut is a widespread nut species, especially present in Europe, that can be consumed raw or roasted thanks to its pleasant taste and nutritional properties. In addition to renowned beneficial properties hazelnuts contain several proteins capable of inducing food allergy in sensitized individuals, including Cor a 2 (a profilin), Cor a 8 (a lipid transfer protein), Cor a 9 (an 11S seed storage globulin, legumin-like), and Cor a 11 (a 7S seed storage globulin, vicilin-like). In the present paper we investigated the effectiveness of autoclave-based treatments in decreasing the allergic potential of hazelnut as assessed by submitting the treated material to an in vivo skin prick test and an in vitro immunoblot analysis, with sera of allergic individuals exposed to the treated food material. This preliminary analysis showed that autoclave treatment preceded by hydration and/or followed by drying seems to be a promising approach and appears to be effective in reducing the allergenicity of hazelnuts in most patients, probably due to the denaturation of most major and minor allergenic proteins. This work opens up the opportunity to produce hypoallergenic hazelnut derivatives that can be tolerated by allergic subjects.
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COSMULESCU, Sina, Mihai BOTU, and Ion TRANDAFIR. "The Mineral Source for Human Nutrition of Nuts in Different Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Cultivars." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (May 28, 2013): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118307.
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Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) have a significant place among the types of dried nuts in terms of nutrition and health owing to their special composition of fats, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and phenolic antioxidants. Different hazelnut cultivars grown in Romania (‘Cozia’, ‘Romavel’, ‘Valcea 22’, ‘Roverd’ and ‘Red Lambert’) were evaluated for their mineral composition. Microelements were determined by using ICP-MS and a Flame AAS. The average microelements concentrations in the cultivars have varied in the following ranges (mg 100 g-1): K, 591.75 - 639.13; P, 300.67 - 455.06; Mg, 205.02 - 335.54; Ca, 72.07 - 130.92; Mn, 8.77 - 19.07; Fe, 5.3 - 8.77; Cu, 1.62 - 3.07; Zn, 1.82 - 2.84; Cr, 0.12 - 0.84; Na, 0.36 - 0.97; Al, 0.23 - 0.35; Sr, 0.88 - 1.6; Rb,1.34 - 3.03. According to the daily microelement requirements, the quantity of 100 g hazelnut provided approximately 13% for K, 55% for P, 70% for Mg, 10% for Ca, 94% for Fe, 22 for Zn and 5.6% for Cr of the RDA. These results indicated that hazelnuts are a rich source of a number of important micro-elements and hazelnut can be an important source of microelements for human nutrition and health.
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Karaosmanoğlu, H., and N. Ş. Üstün. "Variations in fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties stored by traditional method." Grasas y Aceites 70, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0463181.
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In this study, the changes in fatty acid composition, peroxide number, free fatty acids, oleic acid/ linoleic acid (O/L) and iodine value (IV) were investigated during the traditional storage of hazelnuts. The samples were selected from Giresun Quality Tombul, Kara and Sivri hazelnut varieties with economical prescription. Samples were stored according to the conventional methods in external interference-free warehouses until the next harvest time. At the end of storage, the amount of oleic acid in all varieties increased while the amount of linoleic acid decreased. Even though an increase in the free fatty acids and peroxide number in all types of hazelnuts during storage was determined, the values were considerably lower than the rancidity limits at the end of the storage period. As a result of the study it was observed that the hazelnut shell is an important preservative during storage and that hazelnuts can be preserved until the next harvest period under simple storage conditions.
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Brown, Rachel, Lara Ware, and Siew Ling Tey. "Effects of Hazelnut Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Acceptance: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052880.
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Despite being rich sources of monounsaturated fat and a number of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, hazelnuts have received less attention than some other nut types. A qualitative systematic review was carried out to determine the effects of hazelnut consumption on acceptance and markers of cardiometabolic health, including blood lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins A1 and B100, body weight and composition, blood pressure, glycemia, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial function. In total, 22 intervention studies (25 publications) met our inclusion criteria. The findings indicate some improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors; however, limitations in study design mean interpretation is problematic. The inclusion of hazelnuts in the diet did not adversely affect body weight and composition. Acceptance of hazelnuts remained stable over time confirming nut consumption guidelines are feasible and sustainable. Future studies using more robust study designs in a variety of populations are required to draw more definitive conclusions on the health benefits of hazelnut consumption.
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Bohnhoff, David R., and Rhonda K. Bohnhoff. "Equilibrium Moisture Content of Hazelnut Husks, Shells, and Kernels." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13257.
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Abstract. Hybrid hazelnuts that are predominately a cross between the American hazelnut () and the European hazelnut () are being grown and evaluated as part of an effort to develop a thriving hazelnut industry for the Upper Midwest of the U.S. Along with this plant development effort, researchers are investigating and assessing various harvesting and processing methods and equipment in an effort to create a robust and food-safe production industry. One harvesting alternative is to pick hazelnut clusters off plants before the nuts fully ripen and fall to the ground, an approach that requires greater attention to drying. Whether entire clusters are dried or the nuts are separated from the husks prior to drying is a decision that will be influenced by the drying requirements and potential uses for these hazelnut fractions. To this end, a study was undertaken to establish desorption isotherms for the husks, shells, and kernels of hybrid hazelnuts grown in the Upper Midwest. Clusters were hand-picked from shrubs in Wisconsin and immediately placed in 18 different controlled environments (six different relative humidity levels at three different temperatures). Actual moisture conditioning took place over saturated salt solutions in specially fabricated biomaterial moisture conditioning units. After a six-week period during which the clusters reached equilibrium with their environment via desorption, they were separated into husk, shell, and kernel fractions and returned to their respective conditioning units. After another six weeks in the conditioning units, the moisture content (MC) of each fraction was determined by oven-drying at 103°C for 48 h. Under equilibrium conditions, the kernel MC was found to be only 37% of that for shells, whereas the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) values for husks were on average 14% greater than those for shells. On a dry basis, the average cluster mass was 32.9% husk, 43.9% shell, and 23.2% kernel. Likewise, on a dry basis, the average whole nut mass was 65.5% shell and 34.5% kernel. The desorption data were fit to the Modified Henderson, Modified Chung-Pfost, Modified Halsey, Modified Oswin, and Modified GAB equations. Overall, the best fit to the experimental data was provided by the Modified Chung-Pfost equation with parameters determined using equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) as the dependent variable in regression analyses. For ERH values above 0.70, the temperature-modified form of the GAB equation is recommended for predicting desorption EMC values for hazelnut fractions. Keywords: Desorption, Equilibrium moisture content, Equilibrium relative humidity, Hazelnuts, Kernels, Nuts, Shells, Water activity.
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Ferrão, Ana Cristina, Raquel P. F. Guiné, Elsa Ramalhosa, Arminda Lopes, Cláudia Rodrigues, Hugo Martins, Roberto Gonçalves, and Paula M. R. Correia. "Chemical and Physical Properties of Some Hazelnut Varieties Grown in Portugal." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081476.
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Hazelnuts are one of the most appreciated nuts worldwide due to their unique organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The present work intended to analyse several physical and chemical properties of different hazelnut varieties grown in Portugal, namely Tonda de Giffoni, Grada de Viseu, Segorbe, Longa de Espanha, Butler, Gunslebert, and Negreta. In general, the results revealed statistically significant differences between the varieties under study. The Gunslebert had more elongated hazelnuts and with heavier shelled fruits, while the kernels of the Grada de Viseu revealed to be heavier. Grada de Viseu was harder in the shell, Gunslebert had a harder core, and Segorbe was more resistant to fracture. Fat was the more representative component for all varieties and in some cases the values of moisture and water activity were over the recommended amount (≥0.62). Tonda de Giffoni was the variety with the highest induction time, indicating the highest oxidation stability. Moreover, discriminant analysis revealed that the variables more important to distinguish the varieties were protein (λ = 0.007) and water activity (λ = 0.010). The results of this study help to better understand the differences between some hazelnut varieties that are cultivated in Portugal, which gives important hints for all players in the hazelnut sector.
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Di Renzo, Laura, Giorgia Cioccoloni, Sergio Bernardini, Ludovico Abenavoli, Vincenzo Aiello, Marco Marchetti, Andrea Cammarano, Iraj Alipourfard, Ida Ceravolo, and Santo Gratteri. "A Hazelnut-Enriched Diet Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Gene Expression without Weight Gain." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4683723.
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Introduction. Inflammation is associated with obesity condition and plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of many chronic diseases. Among several nutraceutical foods, hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) are considered an excellent anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic food being the second richest source of monounsaturated fatty acids among nuts and because they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Materials and Methods. A prospective pilot clinical trial on 24 healthy volunteers who consumed daily, as a snack, 40 g of hazelnuts (261.99 kcal/1096.17 kJ) for six weeks was conducted. Anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and nutrigenomic analysis on 12 anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after hazelnut intervention (T1). Results. No significant changes were detected on body composition analysis after hazelnut consumption. Conversely, significant upregulation was detected for SOD1 (2−ΔΔCt=2.42), CAT (2−ΔΔCt=2.41), MIF (2−ΔΔCt=4.12), PPARγ (2−ΔΔCt=5.89), VDR (2−ΔΔCt=3.61), MTHFR (2−ΔΔCt=2.40), and ACE (2−ΔΔCt=2.16) at the end of the study. Conclusions. According to emerging evidences, hazelnut consumption does not lead to weight gain probably due to the improvement of the body’s antioxidant capacity by the upregulation of genes implied in oxidant reactions and inflammation.
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Camardo Leggieri, Marco, Roberta Arciuolo, Giorgio Chiusa, Giuseppe Castello, Nicola Spigolon, and Paola Battilani. "DEFHAZ: A Mechanistic Weather-Driven Predictive Model for Diaporthe eres Infection and Defective Hazelnut Outbreaks." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243553.
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The browning of the internal tissues of hazelnut kernels, which are visible when the nuts are cut in half, as well as the discolouration and brown spots on the kernel surface, are important defects that are mainly attributed to Diaporthe eres. The knowledge regarding the Diaporthe eres infection cycle and its interaction with hazelnut crops is incomplete. Nevertheless, we developed a mechanistic model called DEFHAZ. We considered georeferenced data on the occurrence of hazelnut defects from 2013 to 2020 from orchards in the Caucasus region and Turkey, supported by meteorological data, to run and validate the model. The predictive model inputs are the hourly meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall), and the model output is the cumulative index (Dh-I), which we computed daily during the growing season till ripening/harvest time. We established the probability function, with a threshold of 1% of defective hazelnuts, to define the defect occurrence risk. We compared the predictions at early and full ripening with the observed data at the corresponding crop growth stages. In addition, we compared the predictions at early ripening with the defects observed at full ripening. Overall, the correct predictions were >80%, with <16% false negatives, which confirmed the model accuracy in predicting hazelnut defects, even in advance of the harvest. The DEFHAZ model could become a valuable support for hazelnut stakeholders.
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Tanhuanpää, Pirjo, Maarit Heinonen, Lidija Bitz, and Veli-Matti Rokka. "Genetic diversity and structure in the northern populations of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)." Genome 62, no. 8 (August 2019): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0193.
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European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a strictly cross-pollinated diploid tree species, which has its northernmost populations in Fennoscandia, and it was one of the first species to recolonize northern Europe after the last ice age. Hazelnut produces edible nuts in Finland but nowadays they are underutilized as food, and currently no breeding programmes exist. In the present study, 300 hazelnut specimens were collected from 20 different locations (= populations) in Finland, and they were genetically analyzed using nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Most of the genetic diversity existed within populations (83%). According to different genetic analyses (STRUCTURE, principal coordinates analysis, and clustering), a general lack of structure was observed, suggesting extensive gene flow among hazelnuts between 17 investigated populations. However, genetic structuring was clearly observed in three populations: Hakavuori, Mustiala, and Pähkinämäki, which might have become isolated due to geographical barriers that kept them separate, diminishing gene flow from other populations. Studying the diversity of European hazelnut is of great interest for understanding population genetics of a species distributed in its marginal areas in the north, and the results are also valuable for further uses in plant conservation, selection, and possible future breeding actions in Finland.
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LAUER, Iris, Kay FOETISCH, Daniel KOLARICH, Barbara K. BALLMER-WEBER, Amedeo CONTI, Friedrich ALTMANN, Stefan VIETHS, and Stephan SCHEURER. "Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) vicilin Cor a 11: molecular characterization of a glycoprotein and its allergenic activity." Biochemical Journal 383, no. 2 (October 8, 2004): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041062.
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In Europe, hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) are a frequent cause of food allergies. Several important hazelnut allergens have been previously identified and characterized. Specific N-glycans are known to induce strong IgE responses of uncertain clinical relevance, but so far the allergenic potential of glycoproteins from hazelnut has not been investigated. The aim of the study was the molecular characterization of the glycosylated vicilin Cor a 11 from hazelnut and the analysis of its allergenic activity. Although MALDI–TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight) MS showed that one of two potential glycosylation sites of Cor a 11 was glycosylated, CD spectroscopy indicated that recombinant and natural Cor a 11 share similar secondary structures. Thus to analyse the impact of the glycan residues of Cor a 11 on IgE binding, the allergenic activity of natural glycosylated Cor a 11 and recombinant Cor a 11 was compared. In addition, the IgE sensitization pattern to recombinant Cor a 11, Cor a 1, Cor a 2 and Cor a 8 of 65 hazelnut allergic patients was determined in vitro. The prevalence of IgE reactivity to hazelnut vicilin Cor a 11 was below 50%. Basophil histamine-release assays were used to determine the allergenic activity of both natural and recombinant Cor a 11 in comparison with Cor a 1, a birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen-related major hazelnut allergen. Both forms of Cor a 11 induced mediator release from basophils to a similar extent, indicating that the hazelnut allergic patients had cross-linking IgE antibodies binding to the protein backbone and not to carbohydrate structures. In comparison to Cor a 1, a 10000-fold higher concentration of Cor a 11 was required to induce similar basophil mediator release. In conclusion, the hazelnut vicilin Cor a 11 is a minor allergen both in regard to prevalence and allergenic potency, whereas its glycan does not contribute to its allergenic activity.
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Markuszewski, Bogumił, Anna Adriana Bieniek, Urszula Wachowska, Arkadiusz Bieniek, and Izabela Krzymińska. "Effect of biological treatment used before harvesting and storage methods on the quality, health and microbial characteristics of unripe hazelnut in the husk (Corylus avellana L.)." PeerJ 10 (January 28, 2022): e12760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12760.
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Background The hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is still one of the most profitable nut crop species. In recent years, however, there has been growing interest in this species in the form of “fresh nuts” that are picked before falling out of the fruit cover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage conditions for hazelnuts protected with biological preparations on selected morphological features of the fruits, their health status and the count of bacteria and fungi colonizing the fruits. Results The hazelnuts harvested from the trees protected with a preparation containing Pythium oligandrum and stored for 2 months under the controlled atmosphere conditions and in Xtend® bags (MAP) had the greatest weight and the highest percentage of the kernel. After 3 months of storage, the hazelnuts had reduced commercial value. Only a few hazelnuts displayed symptoms of infectious diseases caused by species of Botrytis and Monilia. The protection applied before the hazelnut harvesting contributed to a multiple increase in the bacterial and yeasts count on the husks and shells of the hazelnuts stored for 3 months. The bacterial count on the nuts stored under the controlled atmosphere (CA, 3%O2:3%CO2, a temperature of 0–1 °C, humidity of 85–95%) and under the controlled atmosphere conditions and in Xtend® bags (MAP) increased significantly. An analysis of the ITS region sequence revealed the presence of bacteria Arthrobacter luteolus and Pantoea agglomerans. A Koch test proved that both non-pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi can cause the browning of the C. avellana leaf under conditions of high humidity. The application of a controlled atmosphere is recommended for a short-term storage of hazelnuts in the husk. Conclusion This research showed that 2 months’ storage of hazelnuts under controlled atmosphere conditions and Xtend® bags (MAP) prevented a reduction in the weight of hazelnuts in the husk, without the husk, and of the kernel and prevented the nut separation from the husk. In general, the application of biopreparations for the protection of the hazelnut had a positive effect on the kernel weight and size.
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Ciarmiello, Loredana F., Pasquale Piccirillo, Carmela Gerardi, Filippo Piro, Antonio De Luca, Francesco D’Imperio, Valerio Rosito, Palmiro Poltronieri, and Angelo Santino. "Microwave Irradiation for Dry-Roasting of Hazelnuts and Evaluation of Microwave Treatment on Hazelnuts Peeling and Fatty Acid Oxidation." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 3 (April 23, 2013): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n3p22.
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<p>European hazelnut is an important nut crop in Italy, where about 121,750 tons of in-shell nuts are produced every year. Roasting is the most important practice for hazelnut preservation and commonly is carried out in commercial electrical ovens at 120-160°C for 10-20 min. This needful practice is time and energy expensive, so the development of new processing methods is required to reduce processing costs and to obtain top quality roasted nuts. The aim of this study was to develop a simple microwave treatment for hazelnuts peeling and roasting.</p> <p>With this aim, some physical (colour, temperature, moisture) and chemical (taste, lipoxygenase activity, fatty acids, vitamins, sensory attributes) features of inshell nuts and kernels of three Italian hazelnut varieties (Tonda di Giffoni, Tonda Romana and Nocchione) after conventional oven or microwave roasting were evaluated.</p> <p>Results showed that microwave roasting of kernels for 450 s gave a higher peeling score than the conventional oven treatment. This paralleled with better colour and taste scores for microwaved roasted kernels. Furthermore, a 360-450 s microwave roasting was able to inactivate almost completely lipoxygenases, avoiding adverse effects on fatty acids hydroperoxides and PUFA content. A shorter microwave treatment (360 s) was enough to obtain good peeling and sensory scores of inshell hazelnuts.</p> Taken together our results indicated that microwave technology can be successfully applied to both kernels and inshell hazelnuts to obtain suitable peeling and high quality roasted nuts.
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Olsen, Jeff. "Hazelnut Production in Oregon." HortScience 32, no. 6 (October 1997): 980d—981. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.6.980d.
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Hazelnuts in Oregon are grown on 30,000 acres by ≈1000 orchardists in the Willamette Valley. Their annual production accounts for 3% to 5% of the world's hazelnut tonnage. The trees are grown in a single trunk system wrtb an average spacing of 20 feet between trees. Mechanical harvestihg is done in October. The industry employs an Integrated Pest Management approach, utilizing combinations of scouting, trapping, and biological control. The main insect pests are filbertworm, filbert leafroller, obliquebanded leafroller, and filbert aphids. The aphid parasite Trioxys pallidus was imported from Europe and successfully established in Oregon. Eastern Filbert Blight, Anisogramma anomala, a fungus disease, is the most serious disease problem in the industry. Annual applications of nitrogen to the soil and boron applied to the foliage are routine for Oregon's hazelnut growers. OSU research has quantified the importance of good light distribution in the tree canopy for increased nut production. OSU recommends a 5-year rotational pruning program. Some growers use mechanical hedging instead of hand pruning. OSU is home to the world's largest hazelnut breeding program. `Barcelona' is still the main, cultivar grown, while `Ennis' is the main in-shell variety. There is growing interest in planting varieties with a high percent kernel, such as `Casina', `Willamette', and `Lewis'.
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Baykal, Ulku, and Kadriye Özcan. "Analysis of Clade V MLO Gene Expressions in Hazelnut Leaves upon Exposure to Powdery Mildew." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (May 4, 2022): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i4.595-612.4686.
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Powdery mildew affecting European hazelnut Corylus avellana L. trees in Turkey is caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe corylacearum. This fungal disease causes significant economic losses by reducing the yield and quality of hazelnuts. Loss-of-function mutations in the mildew resistance locus o (MLO) gene family of many plants confer high levels of broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. The proteins encoded by the genes at the MLO locus are divided into approximately seven different conserved clades. Among them, the phylogenetic clade V has been shown to be involved in PM susceptibility, as inactivation of these genes leads to long-term disease resistance in dicotyledons. In this study, we examined the temporal expression pattern of three hazelnut MLO genes, previously identified as clade V, in response to powdery mildew infection in C. avellana cv. Tombul. Leaves are the main tissue affected by the powdery mildew pathogen in hazelnut plants. Analysis of MLO expression in hazelnut leaves showed that CavMLO2 and CavMLO6 were significantly upregulated after challenge with E. corylacearum, providing preliminary evidence that they may be involved in PM susceptibility. Thus, these results present a basis for the isolation and use of relevant genes in plant breeding for disease resistance. Moreover, expression profiles of the clade V MLO genes are also important to identify candidate genes that need to be silenced or edited for future molecular studies to obtain resistant hazelnut varieties.
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Houhoula, D. P., K. Lagou, M. Varvaresou, M. Giannakourou, M. Bratakos S, V. Lougovois, J. Tsaknis, and S. Koussissis. "Food safety and label claims for hazelnut allergy traces: evaluation of two PCR assays." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 33, No. 5 (June 3, 2016): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/602/2014-cjfs.
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The molecular techniques (C-PCR, RT-PCR) in the detection and quantification of allergic substances of hazelnut in various categories of food commodities, e.g. breakfast cereals, chocolates and biscuits, frequently involved in allergic outbreaks was implemented. For the detection of hazelnut a gene coding the major allergenic protein Cor a1 was selected. In some instances, the presence of hazelnuts is not declared on the label and the products may carry no warning for potentially allergenic substances, usually referred to as “traces”. A total of 150 samples were collected from local supermarkets and analysed for the purpose of the study. From these, a total of 38 (25.3%) specimens contained hazelnut, 30 (20.0%) contained “traces” of hazelnut, 26 (17.3%) contained a label warning for the possible presence of “traces” of allergenic substances, and 56 (37.3%) specimens contained no food allergy labels. Among them, using the C-PCR, 36 (94.7%), 10 (33.3%), 5 (19.2%), and 5 (8.9%) specimens were detected as positive, respectively. Using the RT-PCR, 38 (100%), 15 (50%), 7 (26.9%) and 8 (14.3%) specimens were detected as positive, respectively. Finally, by combining both methods, 38 (100%), 17 (56.7%), 9 (34.6%), and 10 (17.9%) specimens were identified as positive, respectively.
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Ortiz, Tina, Radhakrishna Para, Babu Gonipeta, Ramasamy Ravi, Mike Reitmeyer, Yingli He, Ines Srkalovic, Perry Ng, and Venugopal Gangur. "Effect of extrusion processing on in vivo allergenicity of hazelnut in an adjuvant-free mouse model (HYP7P.313)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 119.28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.119.28.
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Abstract Life-threatening nut allergy is a growing public health problem in many countries including the USA. Causes underlying this alarming trend are incompletely understood and methods are urgently needed to prevent such immune reactions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extrusion processing of hazelnuts will reduce in vivo allergenicity using an adjuvant-free mouse model of hazelnut allergy established in our lab. Groups of mice received transdermal exposure (TDE) to extrusion processed hazelnut protein (EHNP) versus raw hazelnut protein (RHNP) extract preparations. Mice were evaluated for systemic IgE antibody responses (sIgER), hypothermia shock response (HSR), and mucosal mast cell responses by measuring plasma mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels. Results showed that EHNP elicited a reduced sIgER compared to RHNP after 4 TDE but similar responses after 5 TDE. However, EHNP induced less HSR compared to RHNP upon oral challenge. Both protein preparations induced similar HSR upon i.p., challenge. Finally, we measured plasma mMCP-1 levels after oral and i.p., injection challenges. We found that EHNP elicited reduced mMCP-1 response compared to RHNP upon both oral as well as i.p., challenges. This is the first study demonstrating the utility of a mouse model to evaluate the effect of food processing on in vivo food allergenicity in general and hazelnut in particular.
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Sun, Jun, Yue Zhang, Zeyang Zheng, Jiachen Hao, and Lijing Chen. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Responses in Two Contrasting Hazelnut Varieties against Botrytis cinerea Infection." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030493.
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Botrytis cinerea, a pathogenic fungus that causes necrosis in plants, is one of the most destructive pathogens of hazelnuts. This fungus is responsible for causing Husk Brown Rot, a significant threat to hazelnut production. The plant’s defense mechanism against this pathogen, as well as other pathogens, is a complex biological process that involves changes at molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. To better understand the molecular responses of hazelnut plants to B. cinerea infection, we conducted a comparative transcriptome profiling study between a B. cinerea-resistant Ping’ou hybrid hazelnut variety (Dawei; DW) and a susceptible variety (Qiuxiang; QX). Our study focused on the transcriptome profiles of DW and QX plants after three days of B. cinerea infection. The results of our study showed moderate changes in the defense strategies of both DW and QX plants in response to B. cinerea infection. Specifically, we observed that the expression of 14 disease-resistant genes was significantly different between DW and QX. Our comparative analysis revealed that DW had a higher number and expression of immunity-related differentially expressed genes compared to QX, which indicates that these genes play a crucial role in inducing innate resistance in DW plants against B. cinerea infection. This study highlights that plant resistance to pathogens like B. cinerea is a complex process that is controlled by multiple genes and biological pathways, each playing a specific role. Our findings provide new insights into the development of hazelnut varieties that are resistant to B. cinerea infection. By using the candidate genes identified in this study, it may be possible to enhance the resistance of hazelnut plants to B. cinerea and reduce the impact of Husk Brown Rot on hazelnut production.
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Webber, J., and R. B. Chapman. "Timing of sulphur spray application for control of hazelnut big bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis)." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6835.
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Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New Zealand hazelnut crops The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of and optimum timing for sulphur application to control these mites A field experiment tested the application of sulphur (112 g ai/tree) at 3 62 and 88 accumulated mite emergence from overwintering big buds The greatest reduction in emerging mite numbers was achieved with an application at 62 emergence The importance of determining peak mite emergence the appearance of hazelnut buds and weather conditions to optimise the time to apply control measures are discussed
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Aytaç, Ersin. "Forecasting Turkey's Hazelnut Export Quantities with Facebook's Prophet Algorithm and Box-Cox Transformation." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 10, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij20211013347.
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Time series forecasting methods are used by an evolving field of data analytics for the prediction of market trends, sales, and demands. Turkey is the major producer of hazelnut in the world. If Turkey wants to continue its domination of hazelnut and protect the price-setting role, time series forecasting methods could be key factors accordingly. There are a few studies that focused on time series forecasting of hazelnut export quantities of Turkey, and this study uses a recently developed algorithm and implements a power transformation to increase the forecast accuracy. The presented research aims to forecast Turkey’s hazelnut export quantities for the coming 36-months starting from June 2020. The forecasting process was conducted with the help of Facebook’s Prophet algorithm. To improve the forecast accuracy, a Box-Cox power transformation was also implemented to process. To find out the stationarity and periodicity of the data set, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and autocorrelation function was applied to the time-series data. The Prophet algorithm, with Box-Cox transformation, projected the hazelnut export quantity could be over five hundred thousand tons from 07/2020 to 06/2023. The export quantities were in an increment trend, and the slope of the trend has increased since June 2008 by 0.66 % per month. The Prophet algorithm also revealed the seasonality of the data set, and the export amounts indicate monthly oscillations. The monthly export volumes start to increase and reach their peak value in October because August is the time for the harvest of hazelnuts in Turkey.
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Puliga, Federico, Pamela Leonardi, Francesco Minutella, Alessandra Zambonelli, and Ornella Francioso. "Valorization of Hazelnut Shells as Growing Substrate for Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030214.
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Recently, the cultivation of hazel is undergoing a large expansion. Italy is the world’s second largest producer of hazelnuts, with a production of around 98,530 tons in 2019. The processing of hazelnuts produces large amounts of waste, especially woody pericarps, due to the cracking process, generally used for domestic heating, causing air pollution. The high lignin content present in the pericarps makes them a suitable substrate for the cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms. To this aim, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus cornucopiae were grown and cultivated on different hazelnut-shell-based substrates: Hazelnut Shell (HS), Hazelnut Shell and Wheat Straw (HS-WS), and Wheat Straw mixed with Beech Chips (WS-BC) as control. In vitro mycelial grow rate, the degradation capacity of the lignocellulosic fraction, the biological efficiency, and the qualitative differences between mushrooms growing on different substrates by using Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were investigated. Our results suggested the ability of G. lucidum, L. edodes, and P. cornucopiae to grow and decay the lignocellulosic fraction of HS. Cultivation trials showed a similar biological efficiency but a different Fruiting Body Production (FBP) in the presence of HS with respect to the control. ATR-FTIR analysis provided a chemical insight for the examined fruiting bodies, and differences were found among the substrates studied. These results provide attractive perspectives both for more sustainable management and for the improvement of mushroom cultivation efficiency.
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Nas, Mehmet Nuri, Nedim Mutlu, and Paul E. Read. "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis of Long-term Cultured Hybrid Hazelnut." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1079.
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RAPD and phenotypic analysis were conducted to assess clonal stability of hazelnuts generated from axillary buds cultured in vitro for long-term. The nuts produced on in vitro-propagated plants were indistinguishable from those of donor plants. With the exception of rare horizontal (plagiotropic) growth, all in vitro-propagated plants exhibited phenotypes similar to those of donor plants. RAPD analysis did not reveal any somaclonal variation between donor plants from which in vitro cultures were initiated and micropropagated plants (6-year cultures), and no somaclonal variation was detected among in vitro-propagated plants. However, polymorphism (15.6%) was detected between the parent plant and its in vitro-propagated progenies (from seedlings). These results show a good discriminatory power of RAPD to detect polymorphism between samples where it is expected, and it can be effectively used for genetic assessment of micropropagated hazelnut. No evidence of genetic or epigenetic changes was observed in long-term cultured hazelnut, and thus long-term in vitro culture of hazelnut does not seem to limit its clonal propagation.