Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hazelnut

Academic literature on the topic 'Hazelnut'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hazelnut"

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Čížková, H., A. Rajchl, J. Šnebergrová, and M. Voldřich. " Filbertone as a marker for the assessment of hazelnut spread quality." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 1 (January 10, 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/493/2011-cjfs.

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A method was proposed for the authenticity evaluation of the hazelnut based products, in which the hazelnut paste content is the principle qualitative parameter. The procedure is based on the determination of filbertone ((E)-5-methyl-hept-2-en-4-one), the natural, unique, and characteristic aroma component of the hazelnuts. A set of authentic hazelnut pastes and model samples containing various hazelnut paste amounts (from 0.1% to 28%) were analysed. Due to the variability found in filbertone content, it was not possible to propose a sufficiently robust model for the hazelnut paste quantification, however, filbertone was found to be a proper marker for the quality sorting of commercial hazelnut spreads. Available hazelnut spreads from the market were analysed and classified into three groups: samples with minimal content of hazelnuts (less than 1%, the filbertone content lower than 4 µg/kg); samples with middle contents of hazelnuts (from 1% to 10%, filbertone 4–45 µg/kg); superior samples with high contents of hazelnuts (above 10%, filbertone above 45 µg/kg).
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HAZNECİ, Esin, Emre NAYCI, and Görkem ÇELİKKAN. "Analysis of cost and profitability in hazelnut production, case of Giresun province." Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 59, no. 3 (September 27, 2022): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.996921.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the production structure of hazelnut production activity in Giresun province, which ranks second in hazelnut production in Turkey.. Material and Methods: Research data were collected through a questionnaire from 53 farms selected by simple random sampling method among 227 agricultural farms engaged in hazelnut cultivation in the central district of Giresun province. The single product budget analysis method was used to determine the cost of hazelnut production, the gross profit and net profit were calculated in hazelnut production. Results: Hazelnut farmers get 0.97 TL for their 1 TL expense to grow hazelnuts. As a result of the study, it was determined that the producers suffered from hazelnut production without government support, but they could cover the costs of 1 kg of shelled hazelnuts with the support. Farmers make profit with agricultural supports. Conclusion: The result of the research revealed that the biggest problem for the producers is the inability do not get paid for their labor and expenses. For this reason, it is important to establish a sustainable price strategy for hazelnuts and to prevent the producer from making possible financial losses.
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Artik, Nevzat, Selen Akan, Yeşim Okay, Nurefşan Durmaz, and A. İlhami Köksal. "Volatile aroma component of natural and roasted hazelnut varieties using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.5.8.

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Hazelnut is a very important nutrient in terms of human health. It is widely consumed as natural and roasted. Aromatic components could be used as marker for export criteria in hazelnut. Thus, this study aimed preliminary to compare the aroma profile of some hazelnut varieties and to determine the effect of roasting on aroma component in natural hazelnuts. Hazelnut varieties (18 Turkish and 2 foreign varieties) were obtained and then roasted at 135°C for 30 min. The volatile aroma components of hazelnuts were characterized via solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). A total of 20 and 29 aroma compounds were detected by SPME/GC-MS in natural and roasted hazelnuts, respectively. Concerning natural hazelnut samples, the highest values among the Turkish and foreign varieties were obtained from nonanal in ‛Kalınkara’, ‛Kan’ and ‛Negret-N9’, which are mainly characterized by citrus, rosy, fatty flavor. In roasted samples, 2(3H)-furanone was determined in highest level in ‛Cavcava’, ‛Mincane’ and ‛Negret-N9’ and the flavor attributes of these varieties were oily-nut-like. In particular, Turkish hazelnut varieties such as ‛Acı’ and ‛Kalınkara’ could be promising in terms of the highest amount of aromatic components in roasted hazelnuts.
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Iakymchuk, Tetiana, Oleksandra Ralko, and German Sirman. "Hazelnut Production in Ukraine and in the World: Analysis of Major Trends and Development Prospects." Modern Economic 34, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v34(2022)-18.

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Abstract. Introduction. There is demand for hazelnuts among consumers in the world. Hazelnuts production in Ukraine is possible and is in accordance with the climatic conditions. So, it is relevant to consider the potential of domestic agricultural enterprises. Purpose. To study the global and Ukrainian hazelnut market over the last five years, to characterize the peculiarities of hazelnut production in Ukraine and the prospects for increasing the supply of hazelnuts by domestic producers. Results. In the article the analysis of the global hazelnut market over the last five years is conducted and as a result the increasing demand and supply in the market is identified. The lead countries among hazelnut producers are Turkey, the USA, Italy, Azerbaijan, Chile, Georgia and Iran. The analysis of the main exporters and importers in the market is conducted. The largest exporter is Turkey, the largest importers are Germany, Italy and France. Ukraine is one of the largest twenty hazelnut importers, and the dynamics of import corresponds to the dynamics of consumption. Over the 2016-2020 years, the consumption of hazelnuts in Ukraine has almost doubled and corresponded to world trends. The forecast of the global consumption of hazelnuts is built – it is expected to increase of 8.41% by 2025. Ukrainian hazelnut market is analyzed and changes in the nut production have been revealed over the last five years: area of the industrial gardens have been increased, the first industrial gardens have started to bear the nut, and the first marketable batches of hazelnuts have harvested. Conclusions. The global consumption of hazelnuts is forecast to grow. The domestic market at this stage is importdependent, Ukraine has all opportunities to manage its own production and ensure not only domestic demand, but also the export of hazelnuts to foreign markets in the future.
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Król, Katarzyna, Magdalena Gantner, Anna Piotrowska, and Ewelina Hallmann. "Effect of Climate and Roasting on Polyphenols and Tocopherols in the Kernels and Skin of Six Hazelnut Cultivars (Corylus avellana L.)." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020036.

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Poland is one of the largest producers of hazelnuts in Europe; however, information about the contents of biologically active compounds in hazelnuts grown in Poland is limited. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the concentrations of phenolic acids, flavonols, and tocopherols in raw and roasted hazelnut kernels and their skin, in addition to determining the effect of the cultivar and year of cultivation. The experiment was carried out in 2016–2018, and the nuts of six hazelnut cultivars were used for research purposes. Among the detected phenolic acids, p-coumaric acid was the most abundant in roasted and unroasted kernels, whereas the apigenin content represented 43%–45% of the total flavonols. The harvest year had a significant effect on the polyphenol content of hazelnuts, whereas roasting had a minor impact. The hazelnut skin contained 168- to 378- fold higher contents of total phenolic compounds than the raw and roasted nuts. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in hazelnut skin, contributing 95.0% of the total polyphenols on average. α-Tocopherol was the most abundant tocopherol in the hazelnut cultivars, followed by β + ƴ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol in hazelnut cultivars. The statistical analysis showed that roasting and year of cultivation did not affect the tocopherol contents of the investigated samples.
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Jambul Abuladze, Jambul Abuladze. "Analysis and Evaluation of the Dynamics of Hazelnut Production and Foreign Trade in Georgia in 2010-2020." Economics 105, no. 4-5 (May 8, 2022): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/4-5/2022-271.

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One of the important tools of Georgia's economic development is to deepen international trade relations and increase its export potential. For this direction, it is even more important to strengthen the trade partnership relations with the EU countries. For this regard the conclusion of the Association Agreement with EU creates legal certainty of cooperation and high reliability for local manufacturers and exporting businesses to enter in The EU market. Hazelnut production holds an important place in Georgia's export production. Moreover, Georgia ranked 7th in the world in hazelnut production during 2017-2018 and is one of the major exporters of the product. More importantly, Georgia’s largest share of hazelnut exports is to EU countries (140 thousand tons were exported in 2010-2020, which is 67% of exported hazelnuts). This factor stimulates the production of hazelnuts. Hazelnut producers mainly are small local households, which is giving this matter more importance. Consequently, the involvement of the population in the hazelnut industry is high, which contributes improvement of their social-economical situation. In Georgia, Samegrelo-zemo Svaneti leads with high rates of hazelnut production, followed by Guria and Imereti regions. Given the relative efficiency of product sales, there is a growing trend of hazelnut production development in other regions, including Ajara. By analyzing the production dynamics in Adjara, assessing and considering the natural-climatic conditions, with the support of governmental, non-governmental and international donor organizations, the development of hazelnut production and its formation for one of its strategic purposes is a real perspective. Keywords: Hazelnuts, export, import, EU.
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Król, Katarzyna, and Magdalena Gantner. "Morphological Traits and Chemical Composition of Hazelnut from Different Geographical Origins: A Review." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090375.

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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a popular tree nut worldwide, and in recent years, the production of hazelnuts has increased in many countries due to large investments improving agricultural techniques and the selection of new cultivars. Turkey, the leader of global hazelnut production, has shown that supply can strongly fluctuate, which leads to peak prices and market instability. In this review, an overview of the morphological traits, nutritional value, fatty acid composition, tocopherols, and future prospects of hazelnut production are described. Furthermore, information regarding hazelnuts from different geographical origins (Chile, Croatia, Iran, Italy, Oregon (US), Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, and Turkey; total of 22 cultivars) to enhance the utilization of hazelnut cultivars from newly producing orchards and origins is comprehensively summarized.
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RÖDER, MARTIN, ANJA IBACH, IRIS BALTRUWEIT, HELWIG GRUYTERS, ANNABELLA JANISE, CAROLA SUWELACK, REINHARD MATISSEK, STEFAN VIETHS, and THOMAS HOLZHAUSER. "Pilot Plant Investigations on Cleaning Efficiencies To Reduce Hazelnut Cross-Contamination in Industrial Manufacture of Cookies." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.11.2263.

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Shared equipment in industrial food manufacture has repeatedly been described as a potential source of unlabeled food allergens, i.e., hidden allergens. However, the impact of shared equipment on allergen cross-contamination is basically unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate systematically the extent of hazelnut cross-contamination in fine bakery wares as a model. A product change from cookies with 10% hazelnut to cookies without hazelnuts was simulated on pilot plant equipment. The extent of hazelnut cross-contamination (HNCC) was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for each production device (kneaders, rotary molder, wire cutting machine, and steel band oven) and various cleaning procedures used between products. The experiments were performed repeatedly with finely ground hazelnuts and with roughly chopped hazelnut kernels. Cross-contamination from chopped kernels was distributed statistically but not homogeneously, and sampling and analysis with the ELISA was therefore not reproducible. Further analysis concentrated on homogenously distributed HNCC from ground hazelnut. Apart from product changes without intermediate cleaning, the highest HNCC was found after mechanical scraping: Up to 100 mg/kg hazelnut protein was found in the follow-up product after processing by one machine. After additional cleaning with hot water, the HNCC decreased regardless of the processing device to levels at or below 1 mg/kg hazelnut protein. In our pilot plant study, the application of an appropriate wet cleaning procedure in combination with quantitative monitoring of the cleaning efficiency reduced the hazelnut protein cross-contamination to a level at which severe hazelnut-related allergic reactions are unlikely to occur.
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Olsen, Jeff. "Improvements in Hazelnuts in the United States." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.343.

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In the mid-1980s, eastern filbert blight (EFB) fungus, Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, was discovered in Oregon's main hazelnut-producing region and now is present throughout the hazelnut-producing area. Oregon State University's (OSU) Hazelnut Breeding Program responded by developing EFB-resistant cultivars, the first of which was released in 2005. The breeding program has also selected for other beneficial traits such as uniform early nut maturation, larger kernel size, and improved kernel quality. A 2008 OSU economic study on the costs of establishing and producing hazelnuts showed that the EFB-resistant cultivars enhanced economic viability of orchards, increasing cumulative cash flow during the 12-year establishment period by $12,243 per hectare. Several completely resistant cultivars have been released from the OSU Hazelnut Breeding program, all of which have ‘Gasaway’ as a resistance source, which transmits a dominant allele at a single locus that provides resistance to EFB. Additional EFB-resistant genotypes have also been identified from a diversity of origins that are being integrated into the OSU breeding program to produce new cultivars expressing multiple sources of genetic resistance. Interest in growing hazelnuts is increasing in other parts of the United States; for example, the Arbor Day Foundation began the Hazelnut Research Project in 1996 in Nebraska. A Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium was formed to join the leading hazelnut researchers in the United States. The Consortium's goal is to create a world-leading research and breeding program to develop hazelnuts as a widely adapted, high-yielding, and low-input sustainable crop that is competitive with annual crops for food, feed, or bioenergy. At Rutgers University, there has been a program of breeding and research for hazelnuts for the eastern United States since 1996. The program currently has ≈11,000 hazelnut seedlings undergoing evaluation. The Rutgers program is also looking for winter-hardy genotypes. They have been working closely with OSU to assess the response of OSU hazelnut selections that are resistant to EFB in Oregon when they are exposed to EFB isolates collected from across the eastern United States. This work has demonstrated the need for cultivars to express multiple sources of resistance and has prompted quarantine on importation of hazelnut plants into Oregon from other states where EFB strains may differ. Rutgers is also searching for new sources of resistance to EFB from seedling populations from Europe with the goal of integrating these sources into American germplasm. More effective Integrated Pest Management for EFB-susceptible hazelnut cultivars has been developed by OSU scientists. They recommend a management program that integrates scouting for and pruning infected tissue, fungicidal sprays, and the use of more resistant cultivars. Advances in hazelnut fertilizer management have included descriptions of patterns of nitrogen uptake, distribution, and use using isotopically labeled nitrogen.
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Vasić, Tanja, Darko Jevremović, Sonja Filipović, Jordan Marković, Sanja Živković, and Aleksandar Leposavić. "Morphological and pathogenic characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. pathogen of hazelnut in Serbia." Biljni lekar 49, no. 5 (2021): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105585v.

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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically very important fruit species cultivated in many countries. The world's largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts is Turkey. In Serbia, compared to other types of fruit, hazelnuts are grown on significantly smaller areas. In the last decade, hazelnut has become more interesting for the producers and there is a growing trend of increase of areas under this crop. Hazelnut is the host of numerous pathogens and pests that can cause significant economic damage in orchards. To date, there has been no comprehensive research on the causes of hazelnut diseases in Serbia, and the goal of our work was to determine the causes of some fungal diseases. In the period from 2017 to 2020, samples of hazelnut leaves and branches with symptoms of necrotic spotting were collected from a large number of plantations in Serbia. A large number of isolates were isolated from the collected samples for further determination. Based on the morphological and pathogenic properties of the isolates, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Pestalotiopsis was determined.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hazelnut"

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Cuhadar, Cigdem. "Production And Characterization Of Activated Carbon From Hazelnut Shell And Hazelnut Husk." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606430/index.pdf.

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In this study, the pore structures and surface areas of activated carbons produced from hazelnut shell and hazelnut husk by chemical activation technique using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), at relatively low temperatures (300, 400 and 500oC), were investigated. Raw materials were impregnated with different H3PO4 solutions of 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% by weight. To produce activated carbon, acid impregnated samples were heated
at a heating rate of 20 oC/min to the final carbonization temperature and held at that temperature for 2 hours. The volume and surface areas of mesopores (2-50 nm) and BET surface areas of the samples were determined by N2 gas adsorption technique at -195.6oC. The pore volume and the area of the micropores with diameters less than 2 nm were determined by CO2 adsorption measurements at 0oC by the application of Dubinin Radushkevich equation. N2 (BET) surface areas of the hazelnut shell and hazelnut husk based activated carbons were in the range of 242-596 m2/g and 705-1565 m2/g, respectively. CO2 (D-R) surface areas of the hazelnut shell and hazelnut husk based activated carbons were in the range of 433-576 m2/g and 376-724 m2/g, respectively. The highest BET surface area was obtained as 596 m2/g among hazelnut shell based samples (HS 60.4
shell impregnated with 60 wt.% H3PO4, carbonized at 400 º
C) and as 1565 m2/g among hazelnut husk based samples (HH 40.4
husk impregnated with 40 wt.% H3PO4, carbonized at 400 º
C). Hazelnut shell based activated carbons were mainly microporous while hazelnut husk based ones were mesoporous.
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Andriotis, Vasilios M. E. "Seed dormancy alleviation in Corylus avellana L. : phosphate pool and phosphate-mobilising enzymes." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250719.

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Webber, J. D. "Phenology of hazelnut big bud mites in Canterbury and implications for management." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/342.

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Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world, although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New Zealand hazelnut crops. The key objectives of this study were to determine the species of mite present on New Zealand crops, explore a method of monitoring mite emergence from overwintering big buds, determine the phenology of mites in relation to tree phenology and weather, and identify the optimum timing for control measures. The presence of both Phytoptus avellanae (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Phytoptidae) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Eriophyidae) was confirmed, the latter species being a new record for New Zealand. Preliminary diagnostic DNA sequences were determined for both species. A sticky band technique was developed to monitor mite emergence from overwintering big buds, and mite emergence was found to occur between early and late spring. Mite emergence and movement occurred when daily temperatures were greater than 15 degrees C and when mean temperatures were greater than 9 degrees C, with mite emergence increasing with temperature. It proved difficult to relate the phenology of hazelnut to mite emergence, however, the development of new buds during mite emergence was a crucial factor in the infestation of new buds. An accumulated heat sum model (DD), started at Julian date 152 and using a lower threshold temperature of 6 degrees C, predicted the onset of emergence on two cultivars and at two sites as occurring at approximately 172 DD. A regression model based on leaf number, bud height, bud width, DD and Julian date provided a more satisfactory prediction of percent accumulated mite emergence. It is recommended both peak mite emergence and the appearance of hazelnut buds should be used to optimise the time to apply control measures. Therefore, a control should be applied before buds measure 0.5 x 0.5 mm (width x height), are enclosed within the axil, and have a rounded tip, or, when 50% accumulated mite emergence has occurred, which ever occurs first. A preliminary field experiment tested the application of sulphur (40 g/10 litres of 800 g/kg No Fungus Super Sulphur) at 2, 50 and 80% accumulated mite emergence. The greatest reduction in mite numbers was achieved with an application at approximately 50% emergence. Considerable variation in mite emergence occurred between years, therefore optimum timing of controls would need to be determined by monitoring mites, new buds and weather conditions each year. Field collection of mites also identified the presence of Typhlodromus doreenae Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) which would warrant further study for inclusion in an integrated mite control programme.
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Azadmard-Damirchi, Sodeif. "Olive oil : phytosterols, tracing of adulteration with hazelnut oil and chemical interesterification /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200736.pdf.

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ARCIUOLO, ROBERTA. "Hazelnut defects: characterization of causal agent and basic knowledge for disease management." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/96577.

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Le principali anomalie evidenziate nelle nocciole avariate riguardano la presenza di macchie necrotiche, imbrunimenti interni rilevati inseguito al taglio dei frutti e la presenza di marciumi parziali o totali su di essi con conseguente riduzione del prodotto disponibile sul mercato e ingenti perdite economiche. Sulla base di quanto premesso, lo scopo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di identificare e caratterizzare l'agente causale/i dei difetti del nocciolo e di definire un protocollo di gestione del problema, secondo i principi IPM. È stata quantificata l'incidenza dei generi fungini isolati da nocciole provenienti da diverse aree geografiche (Caucaso e Turchia), raccolte in diversi anni e in diverse fasi di crescita della coltura. Diaporthe è stato identificato come il principale genere fungino associato ai difetti della nocciola, e la caratterizzazione molecolare ha confermato il ruolo predominante della specie D. eres. Sono state studiate le caratteristiche ecologiche di questo fungo e l'efficacia in vitro di fungicidi chimici e biologici per controllarne la crescita miceliale, lo sviluppo di picnidi e la formazione di cirri. I risultati ottenuti costituiscono una base per definire linee guida per la corretta gestione della coltura al fine di prevenire la comparsa del patogeno identificato e delle difettosità nelle nocciole
Defects on hazelnuts are responsible for a significant reduction in the availability of high-quality hazelnuts with profound economic impacts. A reduction in the occurrence of defects, based on the identification of causal agents and on their control, is critical to improve the quality of raw nut products and reduce yield losses. Based on this background, the main aim of this thesis was to identify and characterize the causal agent/s of kernel defects in hazelnuts and to define a management protocol, according to IPM principles. Defects affecting hazelnuts are cause of brown spots on the kernel surface and darkening/browning inside the kernel, visible after nuts are half-cut. The incidence of fungal genera in hazelnuts coming from different geographical areas (Caucasus and Turkey), collected in different years at different crop growth stages, was quantified. Diaporthe was identified as the main genus involved in hazelnut defects, and the molecular characterization confirmed the predominant role of D. eres. Its ecological needs were investigated, and the in vitro efficacy of chemical and biological fungicide were screened to control D. eres growth, pycnidial conidiomata development and cirrhi occurrence. This would be an essential tool for a sustainable crop protection approach in this economically important crop
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Baldwin, Basil John. "The growth and productivity of hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L.) in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12892.

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During the 1990s, a question posed by new and intending growers of hazelnuts was “What is the best variety to plant when establishing a commercial orchard?” Although existing growers had a range of views on this matter, there had not been any scientific studies to evaluate the range of cultivars available in Australia. Although hazelnut cultivars were introduced to Australia in the mid-Nineteenth Century, there had been very limited industry development compared to other cool climate deciduous tree crops such as pome and stone fruits. In the 1970s many cultivars were imported from overseas, but there was no systematic evaluation of this material. In 1994, the author of this thesis obtained a grant from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) to undertake an assessment of hazelnut cultivars and their potential for Australian conditions. The evaluation involved planting a range of cultivars at 5 field sites. Two were in New South Wales, 2 in Victoria, and 1 in Tasmania. There was variation between the sites in soil types and climate. A randomised block design was used with cultivars as treatments within blocks. Observations and measurements were recorded for tree growth, floral phenology, nut yields and the characteristics of both nuts and kernels. All sites had supplementary irrigation and common management practices. 1-year old hazelnut whips were planted at a spacing of 3 m x 5 m. Automatic weather stations were located at each site. There were major differences between cultivars, in terms of their vigour of growth, floral phenology, nut yields and kernel characteristics. In addition to the cultivar effects, soil type was a major factor influencing tree growth, as was rainfall. Cultivars with high vigour included ‘Barcelona’ and the Australian selection ‘Tokolyi/Brownfield Cosford’ (‘TBC’). Those of low vigour were ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ (‘TGDL’), ‘Negret’ and ‘Wanliss Pride’. There were significant interactions between cultivars and the sites in tree growth and nut yields. Timing of male and female anthesis was strongly influenced by cultivar and seasonal conditions. All cultivars were protandrous. The commencement of pollen shed ranged from late-May, for the cultivars ‘TGDL’ and ‘Barcelona’, to early August for ‘Hall’s Giant’. Chill hour requirements appeared to be the main factor influencing timing of pollen shed. Female anthesis was also spread over a period of several weeks with early cultivars being ‘Atlas’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, late cultivars were ‘Ennis’, ‘Casina’ and ‘Hall’s Giant’. Studies with cut branches in controlled temperature environments indicated that catkins had a relatively high post-chill heat requirement compared to female inflorescences. The differences between cultivars in post-chill heat requirements for catkins were small. The relative dates of flowering across cultivars were found to be highly predictable. This, coupled with published data on genetic incompatibility, made it possible to recommend cultivars as pollinisers for the main nut-yielding cultivars. There were significant differences between cultivars in the date of bud break; ‘TGDL’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ were early (late August) whereas ‘Hall’s Giant’ was late (late September). Nut yields were highly influenced by cultivar, vigour of growth, site and seasonal rainfall. Low rainfall in one season greatly reduced nut yields. High growth rates at one site lead to a closed canopy 7 years from planting with peak yields. Soil characteristics were a main factor influencing tree growth and nut yields. The best tree growth and highest levels of production were achieved on a deep, well drained, fertile loam soil. The characteristics of nuts and kernels were strongly influenced by cultivar, although seasonal conditions influenced nut and kernel size and the degree of kernel fill. An overall evaluation of cultivars was based on nut and kernel yields as well as kernel characteristics to meet market requirements. On average, ‘Ennis’ gave the highest yields of the in-shell cultivars. The cultivars ‘Barcelona’ and ‘TBC’ produced the highest average yields, although their relative performance varied between sites. These cultivars were considered best suited for snack foods and catering with 15-17 mm kernels. ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ produced moderately high yields, varying across sites, with kernels suitable for the confectionery market. Under favourable conditions ‘Barcelona’ achieved nut yields of 3 tonnes/ha within 6 years from planting. Potential areas in Australia for hazelnut production were identified, based on a set of recommended climatic parameters and soil characteristics.
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Sonmez, Abdulkerim. "Peasant household survival strategies : rural transformation in the heartland of Turkey's hazelnut production belt." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5616/.

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This study analyses the dynamics of persistence of the peasantry in a capitalist social formation through a case study of a village (Kayadibi) of hazelnut producers in the Central Black Sea region of Turkey. In the analysis the peasant household is given analytical priority as it is seen to be the single most important social institution through which the peasantry interacts, condition and is conditioned by the wider social, economic and political structures. Within such an analytical framework, this study concentrates on three areas of inquiry concerning the dynamics of survival of peasant modes. This is carried out in the context of the process of rural socio-economic transformation which took place under the impact of capitalism and with the start of hazelnut production for the world market in the early nineteenth century. These are: (1) the historical and contingent factors which contributed to the emergence and decline of big land- ownership and the new forms of development of capitalism in agriculture; (2) the areas of disputes and clashes of interests between the peasantry, the state and the merchants concerning the actual form of organization of the commodity and credit markets and further development or restriction of hazelnut production in the country; and (3) the patterns and mechanisms which enable the peasant households to have continuous access to land, labour and credit. The thesis arrives at the conclusion that the key to the persistence of the peasantry, as a property-owning social category of the society in a capitalist formation, is its strategy of diversifying its sources of income in order to decrease the degree of its dependency on land-bound agricultural production. This is combined with the strategy of consolidating its savings in the means of production in its own possession instead of using them to improve its standards of living and consumption.
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Tekin, Bilbil Ebru. "The Politics of Uncertainty in a Global Market| The Hazelnut Exchange and its Production." Thesis, Bogazici Universitesi (Turkey), 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10630511.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how the market works on the ground. It analyzes the hazelnut market in Turkey and explores the interaction between the market agents. It reveals how this interaction relates to the presence, production and circulation of forms of uncertainty. It also ascertains what uncertainty means in market settings and what role production, representation, dissemination and limiting of uncertainty play in market relations.

In market relations, intentionally or unintentionally, individuals try to forecast, value, prevent and qualify (as risk or loss) uncertainties. They assume that they can perceive, measure and avoid uncertainties on the basis of probabilities, level of knowledge about unknowns or ability to overcome. As such, uncertainty is assumed to be given yet with inadequate attention into its constitutive dynamics, actors of its making and its role in the market creation. The dissertation examines how uncertainties are constructed and what role this construction plays in constituting the market exchange and relations. The conclusions reached are that economizing uncertainty becomes a market device in production, exchange, circulation, pricing and policy making.

The dissertation starts with an analysis of the market reform policies and agricultural transformation in Turkey. Next, it traces the processes of the production and calculation of hazelnuts, examining how hazelnuts are produced and measured under uncertainty, and how uncertainty is created in the calculation of hazelnuts. It then explains exchange relations and price politics created at different spheres and with different expectations. After that, it explores the struggles and controversies among market groups over the production, calculation, exchange and pricing of hazelnuts and policy making. Subsequently, it analyzes what the politics of uncertainty means and how it is produced in the market setting.

Following uncertainties and observing their making in markets require a research program that draws on literatures concerning economics, political science and sociology. The research program includes the discussion of material things, individuals, formal and informal institutions and prices as well as their interactions. The research was based primarily on qualitative interviews, participant observations, case studies and document analysis conducted between 2006 and 2009.

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Demir, Ibrahim. "The firm size, farm size, and transaction costs the case of hazelnut farms in Turkey /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202498616/.

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Fireman, Naomi. "Oberlin's Experimental Hazelnut Orchard: Exploring Woody Agriculture's Potential for Climate Change Mitigation and Food System Resilience." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1559171019286324.

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Books on the topic "Hazelnut"

1

ill, Zaü (Illustrator), ed. Hazelnut days. Hong Kong: Minedition, 2018.

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Hallqvist, Britt G. Mr Hazelnut. London: Burke, 1985.

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International Congress on Hazelnut (3rd 1992 Alba, Italy). Proceedings of the III International Congress on Hazelnut: Alba (Cuneo) Italy, September 14-18, 1992. Edited by Me Giovanni, Radicati di Brozolo Ludovico, Romisondo Piero, and International Society for Horticultural Science. Section for Fruit. [Wageningen, Netherlands]: International Society for Horticultural Science, 1994.

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International Congress on Hazelnut (3rd 1992 Alba, Italy). Proceedings of the III International Congress on Hazelnut: Alba (Cuneo) Italy, September 14-18, 1992. Edited by Me Giovanni, Radicati di Brozolo Ludovico, Romisondo Piero, International Society for Horticultural Science. Section for Fruit., and International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on Nut Production. Wageningen, Netherlands: International Society for Horticultural Science, 1994.

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International, Congress on Hazelnut (6th 2004 Tarragona-Reus Spain June 14-18 2004). Proceedings of the VIth International Congress on Hazelnut: Terragona-Reus, Spain, June, 14-18, 2004. Leuven: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science, 2005.

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International, Congress on Hazelnut (5th 2000 Corvallis Ore ). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Hazelnut: Corvallis, Oregon, 27-31 August 2000. Leuven: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science, 2001.

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International Congress on Hazelnut (5th 2000 Corvallis, Ore.). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Hazelnut: Corvallis, Oregon, 27-31 August 2000. Leuven: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science, 2001.

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Lomax, Shirley. Oregon and the hazelnut. Portland, Or: World Affairs Council of Oregon, 1994.

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Alfred, Bestall, ed. Rupert and the hazelnut. London: BBC Books, 1992.

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Fındık kitabı: Türk kültüründe fındık. Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hazelnut"

1

Wani, Idrees Ahmed, Aneesa Ayoub, Naseer Ahmad Bhat, Aamir Hussain Dar, and Amir Gull. "Hazelnut." In Antioxidants in Vegetables and Nuts - Properties and Health Benefits, 559–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7470-2_29.

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Krist, Sabine. "Hazelnut Oil." In Vegetable Fats and Oils, 343–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30314-3_53.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Corylus spp. (Hazelnut)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 654–55. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_252.

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Rodriguez, R., A. Rodriguez, A. Gonzalez, and C. Perez. "Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)." In Trees II, 127–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61535-1_8.

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Botta, Roberto, Thomas J. Molnar, Veli Erdogan, Nadia Valentini, Daniela Torello Marinoni, and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher. "Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) Breeding." In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops, 157–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_6.

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Topkafa, Mustafa, Hamide Filiz Ayyildiz, and Huseyin Kara. "Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) Oil." In Fruit Oils: Chemistry and Functionality, 223–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12473-1_10.

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Catania, Pietro, Maria Alleri, Eliseo Roma, and Mariangela Vallone. "Safety in Hazelnut Mechanical Harvesting." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 314–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98092-4_33.

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Berros, B., R. Hasbún, L. Radojevic, T. Salajova, M. J. Cañal, and R. Rodríguez. "Protocol for Hazelnut Somatic Embryogenesis." In Protocol for Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, 413–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2985-3_33.

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Berros, B., M. Rey, C. Díaz-Sala, M. Albuerne, and R. Rodríguez. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Hazelnut (Corylus Species)." In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 318–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03091-2_21.

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Gardan, L., and C. H. Manceau. "Transfer of RP4 Plasmid on Leaf Surface of Hazelnut." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 756–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3555-6_158.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hazelnut"

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Radovanovic, Mirjana, Marko Petkovic, Vesna Đurovic, Nemanja Miletic, and Katarina Rumenic. "UTICAJ NAČINA PRESOVANJA NA PROMENE LEŠNIKOVOG ULJA TOKOM ČUVANJA I SENZORNA SVOJSTVA KEKSA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.435r.

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The changes in the spectrum, peroxide numbers and specific absorbances (at 232 nm and 270 nm) of fresh and storaged oils (4 months at 4 °C) obtained by different hazelnuts pressing were monitored. The results showed reduced viability of the oil obtained from the hazelnut exposed to elevated temperature during conditioning and pressing: changes in the spectrum about 290 nm, a peroxide number close to the legally allowed maximum (7.5 mmolkg-1) and possible presence of secondary oxidation products. Sensory evaluation of biscuits with hazelnut oil showed that the samples belonged to the categories of quality: very good and good. The overall sensory score was highest for biscuits with hazelnut oil pressed in an electric press.
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Omar, Cyrus, Ian Voysey, Michael Hilton, Jonathan Aldrich, and Matthew A. Hammer. "Hazelnut: a bidirectionally typed structure editor calculus." In POPL '17: The 44th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3009837.3009900.

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Kalkan, Habil, and Yasemin Yardimci. "Classification of Hazelnut Kernels by Impact Acoustics." In 2006 16th IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsp.2006.275569.

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Luan, Songyu, Lili Wang, Wenju Zhou, and Fulong Yao. "Locate Hazelnut Axis Based on Projection Gradient Statistics." In 2019 IEEE 14th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske47853.2019.9170352.

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William P. Campbell, Lee A. Pothast, and Michael F. Kocher. "Hazelnut Husking Machine Development, Design, and Efficiency Evaluation." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17112.

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Sahin, Selvi Secil, Aziz Tekin, Ayse Nur Akpınar, and Cansu Ekin Gumus. "Formation and Physical Stability of Hazelnut Oil Nanoemulsions." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.581.

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Tasdemir, Kadim. "Classification of hazelnut orchards by self-organizing maps." In 2010 IAPR Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing (PRRS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/prrs.2010.5742803.

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Yalcin, Berna, Yaser Moazzen, and Kadim Tasdemir. "Extraction of hazelnut fields using Approximate Spectral Clustering Ensemble." In 2015 23th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129905.

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Nuri Firat INCE, Ibrahim ONARAN, Ahmed H TEWFIK, Habil KALKAN, Tom PEARSON, A Enis CETIN, and Yasemin YARDIMCI. "Wheat and Hazelnut Inspection with Impact Acoustics Time-Frequency Patterns." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23455.

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Hebda, Tomasz, Beata Brzychczyk, Slawomir Francik, and Norbert Pedryc. "Evaluation of suitability of hazelnut shell energy for production of biofuels." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n437.

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Reports on the topic "Hazelnut"

1

Phillips, Melissa M., David M. Bunk, Ashley B. Green, and James H. Yen. Value Assignment of Reference Material 8405 Hazelnut Flour for Allergen Detection. National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.260-219.

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