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1
Eid, Benjamin, David Beggs, and Peter Mansell. "The Impact of Bushfire Smoke on Cattle—A Review." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030848.
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In 2019–2020, a particularly bad bushfire season in Australia resulted in cattle being exposed to prolonged periods of smoke haze and reduced air quality. Bushfire smoke contains many harmful pollutants, and impacts on regions far from the fire front, with smoke haze persisting for weeks. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major components of bushfire smoke known to have a negative impact on human health. However, little has been reported about the potential effects that bushfire smoke has on cattle exposed to smoke haze for extended periods. We explored the current literature to investigate evidence for likely effects on cattle from prolonged exposure to smoke generated from bushfires in Australia. We conducted a search for papers related to the impacts of smoke on cattle. Initial searching returned no relevant articles through either CAB Direct or PubMed databases, whilst Google Scholar provided a small number of results. The search was then expanded to look at two sub-questions: the type of pollution that is found in bushfire smoke, and the reported effects of both humans and cattle being exposed to these types of pollutants. The primary mechanism for damage due to bushfire smoke is due to small airborne particulate matter (PM). Although evidence demonstrates that PM from bushfire smoke has a measurable impact on both human mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidities, there is little evidence regarding the impact of chronic bushfire smoke exposure in cattle. We hypothesize that cattle are not severely affected by chronic exposure to smoke haze, as evidenced by the lack of reports. This may be because cattle do not tend to suffer from the co-morbidities that, in the human population, seem to be made worse by smoke and pollution. Further, small changes to background mortality rates or transient morbidity may also go unreported.
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Zulkarnain and Aos Yuli Firdaus. "Australia Foreign Policy Effect On Indonesia Post Independence of Timor Leste." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v4i2.667.
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As initially, Australia supported the integration of Timor Leste into the Republic of Indonesia, many events occurred which caused the relationship between Indonesia and Australia to be slightly disturbed. The changes that have taken place in Australia's relationship with Indonesia illustrate the real effects of Timor-Leste's independence. As a result of Australia's role in the East Timorese independence process, its relationship underwent many changes, especially in the political and military fields. The changes taking place in military relations are evident. First, the Agreement on Mutual Security (AMS) was released. Second, the joint training was cancelled, and the troops that used to work together became enemies. Eventually, Australian arms sales to Indonesia were stopped. Changes in the political and diplomatic sphere, including all political visits, were cancelled, and politicians within Australia and Indonesia publicly denounced others. Furthermore, cooperation within the global framework is limited, and the Ambassador's 'high alert' status is. Overall, Australia's relations with Indonesia became hostile. This study aims to determine how the influence of Australian foreign policy on Indonesia after the independence of Timor Leste. This research shows that the independence of Timor Leste and Australia's role in this process directly influenced government relations between Australia and Indonesia. Most Indonesians view the Australian government's actions and policies as separate from its relationship with Australian citizens. However, the relationship between people must still be considered when making policies about Indonesia because of widespread reactions to Australia's role in the East Timorese independence process.
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Firdaus, Aos Yuli. "The Effects of Australia's Foreign Policy on Indonesia Post-Independence Timor Leste." British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjpsh.2022.2.1.4.
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As initially, Australia supported the integration of Timor Leste into the Republic of Indonesia, many events occurred which caused the relationship between Indonesia and Australia to be slightly disturbed. The changes that have taken place in Australia's relationship with Indonesia illustrate the real effects of Timor-Leste's independence. As a result of Australia's role in the East Timorese independence process, its relationship underwent many changes, especially in the political and military fields. The changes taking place in military relations are evident. The Agreement on Mutual Security (AMS) was released, the joint training was canceled, and the troops that used to work together became enemies. Eventually, Australian arms sales to Indonesia were stopped. Changes in the political and diplomatic sphere, including all political visits, were canceled, and politicians within Australia and Indonesia publicly denounced others. Furthermore, cooperation within the global framework is limited, and the Ambassador's 'high alert' status is. Overall, Australia's relations with Indonesia became hostile. This study aims to determine how the influence of Australian foreign policy on Indonesia after the independence of Timor Leste. This research shows that the independence of Timor Leste and Australia's role in this process directly influenced government relations between Australia and Indonesia. Most Indonesians view the Australian government's actions and policies as separate from its relationship with Australian citizens.
4
Lee, I. K., J. C. Trinder, and A. Sowmya. "APPLICATION OF U-NET CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK TO BUSHFIRE MONITORING IN AUSTRALIA WITH SENTINEL-1/-2 DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-573-2020.
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Abstract. This paper aims to define a pipeline architecture for near real-time identification of bushfire impact areas using Geoscience Australia Data Cube (AGDC). A series of catastrophic bushfires from late 2019 to early 2020 have captured international attention with their scale of devastation across four of the most populous states across Australia; New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia. The extraction of burned areas using multispectral Sentinel-2 observations are straightforward when no cloud or haze obstruction are present. Without clear-sky observations, precisely locating the bushfire affected regions are difficult to achieve. Sentinel-1 C-band dual-polarized (VH/VV) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is introduced to effectively elicit and analyse useful information based on backscattering coefficients, unaffected by adverse weather conditions and lack of sunlight. Burned vegetation results in significant volume scattering; co-/cross-polarised response decreases due to leafless trees, as well as coherence change over fire-disturbed areas; two sensors acquired images in a shortened revisit time over the same effected areas; all of which provided discriminative features for identifying burnt areas. Moreover, applying U-Net deep learning framework to train the recent and historical satellite data leads to an effective pre-trained segmentation model of burnt and non-burnt areas, enabling more timely emergency response, more efficient hazard reduction activities and evacuation planning during severe bushfire events. The advantages of this approach could have profound significance for a more robust, timely and accurate method of bushfire detection, utilising a scalable big data processing framework, to predict the bushfire footprint and fire spread model development.
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Wannan, BS, and JT Waterhouse. "A taxonomic revision of the Australian species of Limnophila R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850367.
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In Australia five species of Limnophila are here recognized: L. arornatica, L. chinensis, L. fragrans, L. gratioloides and L. australis. L. gratioloides is an Australian native which has previously been considered conspecific with L. indica. L. australis sp. nov, is an Australian endemic related to L. gratioloides and to the exotic species L. heterophylla and L. aquatica. It has been confused with L. gratioloides and fragmentary material of underwater parts alone may in fact be indeterminable; nonetheless the two species are quite distinct on character-states of seed morphology, types of trichomes on aerial parts, occurrence of submerged cleistogamous flowers, floral morphology and occurrence of aroma in aerial leaves. L. fragrans and L. arornatica have been confused on herbarium specimens in Australia; they are, however, distinct.
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Goot, Murray. "2014 Henry Mayer Lecture the Press We Had to Have? Henry Mayer and The Press in Australia: Argument, Reception, Impact." Media International Australia 153, no. 1 (November 2014): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1415300103.
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Published 50 years ago, Henry Mayer's The Press in Australia – still the most comprehensive analysis of Australia's daily papers and their critics – remains a landmark in the study of the Australian press. This article lays out the book's main arguments, recalls the way it was received, and offers an assessment of its impact on teaching in the universities, on academic research and on the newspaper industry.
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Read, Stuart. "Bidwill of Wide Bay: A Botanist Cut Short." Queensland Review 19, no. 1 (June 2012): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2012.7.
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John Carne Bidwill was born in 1815 in England and died in Queensland in 1853. His short life is relevant to Australia's garden history, botany, the horticultural use of Australian plants in European gardens and the colonial history of Sydney, New Zealand, Wide Bay and Maryborough. He may have been the first to introduce plant breeding into Australia. In a short life, and working in his spare time, he contributed more than many full-time and longer-lived horticulturists. This included discovering new species, crossing new hybrids (specific and inter-generic), and propagating and promulgating plants for the nursery trade and gardeners. His efforts are marked by his name gracing many Australian and New Zealand plants, exotic plant hybrids and modern suburbs of Sydney and Maryborough. This brief biography outlines Bidwill's time in Australasia and Queensland.
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King, Rachael A., and Remko Leys. "The Australian freshwater amphipods Austrochiltonia australis and Austrochiltonia subtenuis (Amphipoda:Talitroidea:Chiltoniidae) confirmed and two new cryptic Tasmanian species revealed using a combined molecular and morphological approach." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 3 (2011): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is10035.
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Given the complex nature of freshwater catchment divides and emerging evidence of high levels of genetic diversity, there is great potential for cryptic species to exist among Australian freshwater amphipod groups. Among the chiltoniid amphipods, two congeneric species, Austrochiltonia australis (Sayce, 1901) and A. subtenuis (Sayce, 1902), have been widely recorded across southern Australia yet are poorly known and contentiously defined. A large fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was examined and morphological diversity among populations assessed across the reported geographic range of the two putative species. The results confirmed A. australis and A. subtenuis as morphological and molecular species. In addition, two previously undetected and cryptic species from Tasmania are recognised – sister species to A. subtenuis and A. australis. Working conclusions provide evidence towards a more comprehensive systematic revision of the Chiltoniidae and present species information relevant to conservation and management efforts of Australian river systems. A key is presented to the chiltoniid amphipods of southern Australia.
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Sidabutar, Victor Tulus Pangapoi. "PEMANFAATAN SURAT KETERANGAN ASAL INDONESIA DALAM PENINGKATAN INVESTASI BERORIENTASI EKSPOR AUSTRALIA KE INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis dan Ekonomi Asia 14, no. 2 (August 8, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32812/jibeka.v14i2.152.
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Indonesia has signed a trade agreement with Australia and hoped that this agreement can benefit both parties in facing global free trade. Indonesia is not Australia's main trading partner currently and Indonesia's exports to Australia tend to decline in recent years. Indonesia can take advantage of Australia's export market which is experiencing an increase in the value of exports which has risen faster than import prices which has affected the growth of the Australian economy. Indonesia can utilize the export market, especially markets that have trade agreements with Indonesia in order to indirectly increase Indonesian exports by utilizing the issuance of Certificates of Origin from Indonesia as partners of producers of Australian export products. The abundance of natural resources and labor in Indonesia is expected to attract the interest of Australia to invest in Indonesia to build an industry that aims to produce goods for the needs of the country's export market demand and for Indonesia to increase the entry of foreign direct investment to Indonesia.
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Taylor, Brendan. "Is Australia's Indo-Pacific strategy an illusion?" International Affairs 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz228.
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Abstract Australia has been among the most prominent advocates of the increasingly popular Indo-Pacific concept. This article argues that Canberra's enthusiasm for the concept stems from its appeal to the two dominant traditions of Australian foreign policy—a ‘dependent ally’ tradition and a ‘middle power’ approach. While these two traditions are typically seen as being in tension, the Indo-Pacific concept provides a rare point of convergence between them. The article begins by outlining the appeal of the Indo-Pacific concept to each of these traditions. Using a case-study of recent Australian policy toward the South China Sea disputes, however, the article then demonstrates that Australia has in practice implemented its stated Indo-Pacific strategy far less consistently than its very vocal support would appear to suggest. This disjuncture is attributed to the growing influence of a third, generally understudied, ‘pragmatic’ Australian foreign policy tradition. Because Australia has been such a prominent champion of the Indo-Pacific concept, the article concludes that this divergence between the rhetoric and the reality of Australia's Indo-Pacific strategy threatens to have a negative impact on the concept's broader international appeal and sustainability, particularly among Australia's south-east Asian neighbours.
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BOROWSKI, ALLAN. "Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia's Policies of Multiculturalism." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 3 (July 2000): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400006036.
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Australia's post-war programme of mass immigration has been accompanied by growing ethnic and racial diversity. This process of diversification accelerated markedly from the 1970s onwards after the abandonment of the White Australia Policy in the 1960s. Despite this diversification, Australia has been able to sustain itself as a peaceful liberal democracy. It is the contention of this article that Australia's policies of multiculturalism have played an important role in contributing to this state of relative peacefulness. This article seeks to assemble some evidence from the Australian experience to ‘test’ the notion that the peacefulness of Australian society may, in some measure, be understood as a product of the contribution of its policies of multiculturalism to engendering and reinforcing those very virtues which liberal democracies require in order to sustain themselves over time.
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Jaric, Ljubica. "Contemporary skill migration in Australia." Stanovnistvo 39, no. 1-4 (2001): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0104157j.
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Immigration has always been a key of the Australian social and economic development. Australia administers separate Migration and Humanitarian Programs. The Migration Program has two streams: Family and Skill. The smaller Special Eligibility stream includes groups such as former Australian citizens and former residents who have maintained ties with Australia. The Skill stream of Australia's Migration Program is specifically designed to target migrants who have skills or outstanding abilities that will contribute to the Australian economy. The migration to Australia of people with qualifications and relevant work experience can help to address skill shortages in Australia and enhance the size, skill level and productivity of the Australian labour force. Skilled migrants were mainly employed in managerial, administrative, professional or paraprofessional occupations or as traders. Permanent movement represents the major element of net overseas migration. Australia has experienced not only permanent influx of skilled but longterm movement as an affect of globalisation of business, the creation of international labour and education markets and cheaper travel. The level of longterm movements is strongly influenced by both domestic and international conditions of development, particularly economic conditions. More Australians are going overseas to work and study and foreigners are coming to Australia in larger numbers for the same reasons. Skill migration in FRY is mostly correlated with the economic situation in the country. Skill stream from FRY to Australia has been significantly increased since 1990. In the Australian official statistics separate data for the FRY has been available since July 1998. Prior to July 1998. FRY component was substantial proportion of total Former Yugoslav Republics. Estimated Serbian skill stream is around 4500 people.
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Croft, Clyde. "Recent Developments in Arbitration in Australia." Journal of International Arbitration 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2011): 599–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2011046.
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Australia has recently modernized its international and domestic commercial arbitration law to reflect (with some amendments) the 2006 version of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. As well as legislative reform, Australia has taken practical steps such as providing new dispute resolution facilities and specialist court arbitration lists to enhance Australia as an arbitral seat. Recent judgments by Australian courts have been supportive of international arbitration and have indicated a willingness to apply the international jurisprudence relating to the Model Law and the New York Convention. These improvements have increased Australia's attractiveness as an arbitral seat.
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Jamil, M. Mukhsin, Solihan Solihan, and Ahwan Fanani. "The Dynamic of Muslim Identity In Multicultural Politic of Australia." Jurnal THEOLOGIA 31, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/teo.2020.31.2.7946.
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This research aims to explore the dynamic of Muslim Identities in a multicultural context. Taking Brisbane as a research locus, the research investigates modes of conflict resolution that are enacted in a Muslim minority area by considering the operation of Islam and Islamic modes negotiating identity within the wider society. The prime concern of the research based on the questions of how does the Muslim in Australia expresses their identity by developing the adaptation strategy as social action in a multicultural context?. Based on the questions, this article focused on the issues of the strategy of Muslim that used in responding to view and practices of multiculturalism. This research shows that Muslims in Australia have a wide variety of historical and social backgrounds. Amid Australia's multicultural politics, Australian Muslims have different responses to negotiate Islamic identity on the one hand and as Australian citizens on the other. The adaptation of Muslim in Australia then ranges from a moderate pattern, accepting a secular culture, to being reactionary as the impact of the feeling of being marginalized people as a “stepchild” in Australian citizenship.
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GOLDSMITH, BENJAMIN E., and MATTHEW LINLEY. "Engaged or Not? Perceptions of Australian Influence among Asian Publics." Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000254.
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AbstractDespite Australia's increasing economic ties with Asia, little is known about how it is perceived by the typical citizen in the region. This paper seeks to contribute to the Australian discussion on ‘Asian engagement’, as well as to a general understanding of the structure of foreign policy beliefs, by examining perceptions of Australia's influence among the mass publics of 14 Asian polities. Despite some anxiety in Australia on national op-ed pages and among political leaders over how the country is perceived, we find that the average person in Asia probably does not have a strong or meaningful opinion about Australia's foreign policy. Using survey data covering the years 2006 through 2008 from the AsiaBarometer project, we find that, on average, far more people view Australia's influence on their country favorably (40.5%) than view it unfavorably (6.1%). A similar percentage (41.5%), however, have neutral views of Australia's influence, and 12% of people in Asian nations express no opinion on the topic. We suggest these high frequencies of neutral perceptions and non-response are evidence of considerable indifference towards Australia. Furthermore, we investigate the correlates of perceptions of Australia's influence and find that in almost all cases citizens’ views about US and Chinese influence on their country are much better predictors of their views of Australia's influence than core values, identity, information, and demographic characteristics. We posit that opinions about Australia, even those that are favorable, may have less to do with perceptions of Australia specifically, and more to do with respondents’ general internationalist sentiment or perceptions of major powers.
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Dettmann, Mary E., and David M. Jarzen. "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-116.
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Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.
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McKay, Roseanna C., Julie M. Arblaster, and Pandora Hope. "Tropical influence on heat-generating atmospheric circulation over Australia strengthens through spring." Weather and Climate Dynamics 3, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-413-2022.
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Abstract. Extreme maximum temperatures during Australian spring can have deleterious impacts on a range of sectors from health to wine grapes to planning for wildfires but are studied relatively little compared to spring rainfall. Spring maximum temperatures in Australia have been rising over recent decades, and it is important to understand how Australian spring maximum temperatures develop in the present and warming climate. Australia's climate is influenced by variability in the tropics and extratropics, but some of this influence impacts Australia differently from winter to summer and, consequently, may have different impacts on Australia as spring evolves. Using linear regression analysis, this paper explores the atmospheric dynamics and remote drivers of high maximum temperatures over the individual months of spring. We find that the drivers of early spring maximum temperatures in Australia are more closely related to low-level wind changes, which in turn are more related to the Southern Annular Mode than variability in the tropics. By late spring, Australia's maximum temperatures are proportionally more related to warming through subsidence than low-level wind changes and more closely related to tropical variability. This increased relationship with the tropical variability is linked with the breakdown of the subtropical jet through spring and an associated change in tropically forced Rossby wave teleconnections. An improved understanding of how the extratropics and tropics project onto the mechanisms that drive high maximum temperatures through spring may lead to improved sub-seasonal prediction of high temperatures in the future.
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Juita, Dewi Nawar Sri, and Baiq L. S. W. Wardhani. "Bantuan Australia kepada Kiribati melalui Program Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI)." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2021.8.1.3486.
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Kiribati merupakan salah satu negara yang terletak di Kepulauan Pasifik yang rentan dengan banjir karena kenaikan permukaan air laut dan diperkirakan akan tenggelam pada tahun 2050. Selain itu, Kiribati juga dihadapkan oleh permasalahan domestik, seperti pengangguran dan kemiskinan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pemerintah Kiribati berupaya untuk membentuk kebijakan yang dikenal dengan “migration with dignity” dengan meningkatkan program pendidikan dan keterampilan. Untuk mendukung kebijakan tersebut, pemerintah Australia sebagai negara tetangga Kiribati, memberikan bantuan berupa beasiswa kepada masyarakat Kiribati dalam bentuk program beasiswa pendidikan geratis di bidang keperawatan dan memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat Kiribati yang telah lulus program tersebut untuk bekerja langsung di Australia. Bantuan beasiswa ini dikenal dengan Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan faktor-faktor yang menjadi motif Australia dalam membantu Kiribati. Penelitian ini berupa studi kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, mengumpulkan data dari buku, internet, dan artikel ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KANI merupakan program beasiswa yang tidak saja menguntungkan Kiribati sebagai negara penerima, tetapi juga menguntungkan Australia sebagai negara pemberi bantuan luar negeri. Self-interest Australia yang dominan dalam program KANI adalah kebutuhannya pada kekurangan tenaga kerja pada sektor kesehatan akibat terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sekaligus untuk memenuhi tugas regional Australia sebagai ‘big brother’ di Pasifik.
Kata kunci: Australia, bantuan luar negeri, KANI, Kiribati
Kiribati is a nation in the Pacific Island that is exposed to flooding due to rising sea levels and is expected to sink by 2050. In addition, Kiribati is also faced domestic problems such as unemployment and poverty. To solve the problems, Kiribati government seeks to establish a policy known as "migration with dignity" by improving education and skills programs. To support this policy, Australian government as a neighboring country of Kiribati, provides scholarship assistance to the Kiribati community in the form of free education scholarship programs in the field of nursing and provides opportunities for kiribati citizen who have passed the program to work directly in Australia. This scholarship assistance is known as Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). This study answers the question of Australia's motive in helping Kiribati. This research is in the form of literature studies using qualitative methods, collecting data from books, the internet, journals and scientific articles. The result showed that KANI is a scholarship program that not only benefits Kiribati as a receiving country, but also benefits Australa as a foreign aid provider. Australia's dominant self-interest in KANI program is its need for workforce shortages in the health sector due to limited human resources in meeting those needs, as well as to fulfill Australia's regional duty as a 'big brother' in the Pacific.
Keywords: Australia, foreign aid, KANI, Kiribati
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Zavřelová, Marta, Vratislav Psota, Pavel Matušinsky, Markéta Musilová, and Michaela Némethová. "Evaluation of malting quality of spring barley genetic resources from different regions of origin." KVASNY PRUMYSL 67, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2021.67.392.
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A set of 92 genetic resources of spring barley split into groups according to the areas of origin was studied in terms of grain malting quality. The following malting parameters were monitored in this study: nitrogen content in barley grain, malt extract, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, apparent final attenuation, friability, β-glucans in wort, haze of wort measured at the angles of 15° and 90°. In the studied set, the largest variability was found in the haze of wort (90°), the smallest in the apparent final attenuation. The optimal values of the extract content in the malt dry matter according to the malting quality index were only detected in the genotypes originating from Europe. The group of the genetic resources from South America and Australia, together with the genotypes from the Middle East and Africa, differed statistically significantly in the values of the Kolbach index from other groups. The two-row genotypes differed statistically significantly in the values of the malt extract content, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, friability and β-glucan content in wort. Although the European and non-European groups differed in a number of traits, the non-European groups also included genetic resources that in their malting parameters approached or equaled the European malting varieties (such as Psaknon). In this study, several significant correlations were found; the strongest correlations were between friability and malt extract (r = 0.85), friability and Kolbach index (r = 0.84).
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Holly, Gabrielle. "Challenges to Australia's Offshore Detention Regime and the Limits of Strategic Tort Litigation." German Law Journal 21, no. 3 (April 2020): 549–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.26.
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AbstractAustralia's offshore detention regime has been the subject of numerous attempts to seek accountability for harm caused to detainees using legal and other avenues in Australia. This Article examines recent strategic litigation actions against the Australian government and the corporate contractors engaged in offshore detention, including: Kamasaee v. Commonwealth; AUB19 v. Commonwealth; and actions seeking injunctions requiring the Australian government to airlift detainees to Australia for medical treatment. While these actions have vindicated the rights of those in offshore detention in specific ways, and in some instances facilitated compensation for harms caused while in detention, none have proved capable of challenging the underlying basis of the offshore detention regime, nor of providing a foreseeable end to the detention, whether by facilitating credible prospects for resettlement, or by other means. The Article provides an account of the achievements and limitations of these claims and concludes that although certain features of the Australian jurisdiction make it possible to pursue transnational claims, and thus potentially provide remedy for those who have suffered wrongs in Australia's offshore detention regime, such claims need to be pursued with the utmost care and with careful consideration of the complexities of the Australian political and legal environment.
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Carpenter, Raymond J., Myall Tarran, and Robert S. Hill. "Leaf fossils of Proteaceae subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae: tracing the past of an important Australasian sclerophyll lineage." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16045.
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Fossils from the Eocene of South Australia and Western Australia and the Oligo–Miocene of Victoria represent the first known Australian leaf fossils of subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae. Persoonieaephyllum blackburnii sp. nov. is described from Middle Eocene Nelly Creek sediments near Lake Eyre, South Australia. Persoonieae are an important clade for understanding vegetation transitions in Australasia. The Nelly Creek leaf fossils are small (~6mm wide) and belong to an assemblage that has some characteristics of open vegetation, which is also inferred for the Oligo–Miocene of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria. In contrast, the Western Australian Late Eocene Persoonieae occur with diverse Lauraceae and other elements now typical of closed rainforests, and may, therefore, have been derived from communities that are unlike those in which most Persoonieae now occur. All fossil Persoonieae leaves so far known are hypostomatic (or virtually so), a state of stomatal distribution now only found in species of reasonably mesic habitats in New Zealand, New Caledonia and eastern Australian eucalypt forests. The ancestral state of stomatal distribution in Persoonieae leaves is unclear, but evidence suggests ancient associations of amphistomaty with open habitats, evolutionary loss of adaxial stomata in more closed vegetation, and the evolution of pronounced xerophylly within south-western Australian heathlands.
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Johnston, Jane, and Steve Gration. "Coastlines, Cags and Communications." Media International Australia 127, no. 1 (May 2008): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812700119.
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This paper layers communication theory over a cultural context by examining how Community Action Groups (CAGs) have responded to development along Australian coastlines. It analyses how communication and media strategies and techniques have been adopted by the third sector to challenge commercial and government organisations which have proposed coastal development. As noted by Huntsman (2001): ‘It is this appropriation of the beach for the purposes of capitalism, and the contesting ideas about the beach that have captured the attention of critics.’ Indeed these critics, who in this paper are members of strategic alliances, or CAGs, exist all along the Australian coastline. The paper seeks to highlight how the connections that are felt with Australia's coasts provide a special impetus and motivation for CAGs which have emerged in response to development along Australia's coasts, from Western Australia to New South Wales and Queensland.
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King, Rachael A., and Remko Leys. "Molecular evidence for mid-Pleistocene divergence of populations of three freshwater amphipod species (Talitroidea : Chiltoniidae) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, with a new spring-associated genus and species." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 2 (2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13099.
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Recent molecular and morphological analyses have shown that chiltoniid amphipods, once thought to be a relictual group, are a diverse and speciose family of Australian freshwater amphipods. As part of a larger examination of the family, chiltoniids from Kangaroo Island in South Australia were collected and analysed using molecular (COI and 28S) and morphological methods in order to understand species distributional patterns and relationships. Kartachiltonia moodyi gen. nov., sp. nov., a spring-associated species endemic to the island, was discovered and populations of three additional mainland species (Austrochiltonia australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis) were examined. The island populations of A. australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis were found to form natural groups with differing haplotype coalescence times dating from the Early to Mid-Pleistocene. Numerous cycles of regional climate change throughout the Pleistocene are likely to have driven speciation in chiltoniid amphipods in southern Australia and the presence of multiple chiltoniid species at Kangaroo Island indicates that it exists at a likely convergence of species distribution patterns. Three possible hypotheses to explain the evolution and diversity of chiltoniids in southern Australia are discussed as are evidence for potential introduction and long-distance dispersal events.
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Greenwood, DR. "Early Tertiary Podocarpaceae - Megafossils From the Eocene Anglesea Locality, Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 2 (1987): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870111.
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The nomenclature of some Tertiary fossil Podocarpaceae is reviewed. Fossil Podocarpaceae from the Eocene Anglesea locality in Victoria are described and assigned to six species from five modern genera using cuticular and other vegetative morphology. Falcatifolium australis D. R. Greenwood is the first record for this genus in Australia. Dacrycarpus eocenica D. R. Greenwood, Podocarpus platyphyllum D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys lanceolata D. R. Greenwood are new species. Decussocarpus brownei (Selling) D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys aff. Pr. Tasmanica (Townrow) D. R. Greenwood have previously been recorded as megafossils from the Australian Tertiary. The diversity of Podocarpaceae recorded from Anglesea is far greater than in any modern Australian forests.
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RODRÍGUEZ, JORGE, PAT A. HUTCHINGS, and JANE E. WILLIAMSON. "Biodiversity of intertidal marine flatworms (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) in southeastern Australia." Zootaxa 5024, no. 1 (August 23, 2021): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5024.1.1.
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Flatworms of the Order Polycladida are a group of free-living invertebrates found in a diversity of marine habitats, with over 800 species described worldwide. Marine flatworms are a conspicuous component of Australia’s marine fauna yet have received little attention. Less than 30 scientific articles have been published on Australian marine flatworms since 1855, of which only nine include species from southeastern Australia. Here, the biodiversity and distribution of species belonging to the Order Polycladida inhabiting intertidal rocky beaches in southeastern Australian waters were identified and analysed. Sampling was conducted at low tide along the coasts of New South Wales and Victoria. Collected samples were serially sectioned for comparative anatomical studies, and tissue was removed from each individual for molecular sequencing and analyses. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences were obtained and used as an additional source of evidence for the description of new species as well as providing further insight into the phylogenetic relationships between them. A total of 20 species, six of which are new (e.g., Eulatocestus australis sp. nov.), and a new genus (Parabolia gen. nov.) have been described, as well as two new records for Australia (e.g., Stylochoplana clara Kato, 1937) have been identified increasing our knowledge of this important component of the Australian marine biota.
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GEIGER, DANIEL L., and PATTY JANSEN. "Revision of the Australian species of Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda)." Zootaxa 415, no. 1 (January 28, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.415.1.1.
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The Australian members of the vetigastropod family Anatomidae are revised and two new species are described. The family has thus far been treated as a subfamily of Scissurellidae, but recent molecular evidence (Geiger & Thacker, unpubl. data) indicates that Scissurellinae plus Anatominaeis not monophyletic, and full family rank is warranted for a group containing the genera Anatoma and Thieleella. Seven species from Australia belonging in Anatomidae are discussed and illustrated by SEM: Anatoma aupouria (Powell, 1937) mainly from New Zealand, though with some Australian records; A. australis (Hedley, 1903), A. funiculata n. sp., An turbinata (A. Adams, 1862), which has been misidentified in the past as the South African A. agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925), A. tobeyoides n. sp., Thieleella equatoria (Hedley, 1899) with a second known specimen, and T. gunteri (Cotton & Godfrey, 1933). Other species that have been (erroneously) indicated from Australia are discussed. A neotype is designated for A. agulhasensis from South Africa for taxon stabilization.
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Robertson, A. G., M. G. Leclercq, and S. Poke. "(A235) Australian Medical Assistance Teams in Australia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002214.
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Western Australia (WA) was one of the first states in Australia to deploy medical team members to the tsunami-stricken regions of the Maldives and Banda Aceh in 2004. This early experience led the WA Department of Health to develop and pilot these teams locally and to progress a national model for their future development, which could be implemented further by other Australian jurisdictions. Further experience with these teams in Yogyakarta after the 2006 Java earthquake, Karratha after Tropical Cyclone George in 2007, Ashmore Reef after the 2009 boat explosion, Samoa after the 2009 tsunami, and during the Pakistan floods in 2010 have signaled both the utility of the Australian Medical Assistance Teams (AUSMATs) and the commitment by the Australian Commonwealth and State Governments to utilize these teams in both domestic and international settings. This presentation will examine the implementation of the AUSMAT model in Australia over the last five years, the modifications to the original model to suit the unique geographical and resource challenges faced by Australian teams, both within and outside Australia, and the lessons learned from recent team deployments. The challenges of delivering health care over vast, sparsely populated distances, and the inherent and increasing natural and industrial disaster threats in the Asia-Pacific region, have contributed to the modification of the model to ensure that the AUSMATs are flexible, modular, and capable of responding to a variety of major incidents. The national model continues to evolve to ensure that well prepared, equipped and trained civilian AUSMATS remain able to effectively deploy to a mass casualty situation in Australia's area of interest.
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Stamation, K., M. Watson, P. Moloney, C. Charlton, and J. Bannister. "Population estimate and rate of increase of southern right whales Eubalaena australis in southeastern Australia." Endangered Species Research 41 (April 30, 2020): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01031.
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In Australian waters, southern right whales Eubalaena australis form 2 genetically distinct populations that have shown contrasting patterns of recovery since whaling ceased: a western population in South Australia and Western Australia and an eastern population in southeastern Australia (Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales). Here, we provide an abundance estimate derived from a breeding female superpopulation mark-recapture model for the southeastern southern right whale population. The population comprises 268 individuals (68 breeding females) and has increased at a rate of 4.7% per annum between 1996 and 2017. There has been no significant change in the annual abundance of mother-calf pairs sighted at the only calving ground (Logans Beach in Victoria) over the last 3 decades. The total number of southern right whales (i.e. all adults and calves) using the southeastern Australian coastline has increased by 7% since 1985. Unlike the population estimate (which was restricted to breeding females sighted prior to the post-breeding southward migration), this estimate is likely to include transiting whales from the southwestern population. The theoretical population model predicts 19 breeding females at Logans Beach in 2018 and 28 in 2028; the actual number of breeding females, as of 2018, is 14. This study provides the first complete estimate of population size and rate of increase of southern right whales along the southeastern Australian coastline. This knowledge is critical for assessing population status and recovery of southern right whales in Australia. It provides a basis for monitoring persistence and responses of the population to environmental stressors.
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Neilson, Briony. "“Moral Rubbish in Close Proximity”: Penal Colonization and Strategies of Distance in Australia and New Caledonia, c.1853–1897." International Review of Social History 64, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000361.
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AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the two convict-built European settler colonial projects in Oceania, French New Caledonia and British Australia, were geographically close yet ideologically distant. Observers in the Australian colonies regularly characterized French colonization as backward, inhumane, and uncivilized, often pointing to the penal colony in New Caledonia as evidence. Conversely, French commentators, while acknowledging that Britain's transportation of convicts to Australia had inspired their own penal colonial designs in the South Pacific, insisted that theirs was a significantly different venture, built on modern, carefully preconceived methods. Thus, both sides engaged in an active practice of denying comparability; a practice that historians, in neglecting the interconnections that existed between Australia and New Caledonia, have effectively perpetuated. This article draws attention to some of the strategies of spatial and temporal distance deployed by the Australian colonies in relation to the bagne in New Caledonia and examines the nation-building ends that these strategies served. It outlines the basic context and contours of the policy of convict transportation for the British and the French and analyses discursive attempts to emphasize the distinctions between Australia and New Caledonia. Particular focus is placed on the moral panic in Australian newspapers about the alleged dangerous proximity of New Caledonia to the east coast of Australia. I argue that this moral panic arose at a time when Britain's colonies in Australia, in the process of being granted autonomy and not yet unified as a federated nation, sought recognition as reputable settlements of morally virtuous populations. The panic simultaneously emphasized the New Caledonian penal colony's geographical closeness to and ideological distance from Australia, thereby enabling Australia's own penal history to be safely quarantined in the past.
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YOUNG, GREG. "‘So slide over here’: the aesthetics of masculinity in late twentieth-century Australian pop music." Popular Music 23, no. 2 (May 2004): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143004000145.
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For Australian men, the very act of appearing on stage has for much of the twentieth century aroused suspicion about their gender status and their sexuality. To aspire to the stage often implied homosexuality culturally in Australia. This has been evident in the evolving aesthetic of white Australian masculinity in pop music from the 1970s onwards. For most of that period, Anglo-Australian males who presented themselves in a rigid, almost asexual way dominated the aesthetic. The reality of urban Australia was ignored in their images, which were essentially confined to outback or coastal Australian settings. This paper examines that development as part of a continuum of twentieth century Australian male music performance that has variously been informed by the bush legend; a mythologised late nineteenth-century Australian masculine image, popularised in The Bulletin under the editorship of Archibald, that saw the urban as the feminine and the rural as the masculine. The paper considers how the combination of sexual anxiety surrounding male gender identity in Australian performance, and this rigid bush aesthetic, have encouraged the development of unstable male gender representations in Australian music that for the most part have come across as either caricatured male, sexless or anti-pop. The exception is the late Michael Hutchence whose performances were a clear departure from this in that on stage and in music videos he conveyed a star persona that was sexually charged and often ambiguous about its sexuality. It is for that reason alone that Michael Hutchence has been referred to as Australia's only international rock star (Carney 1997).
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Beck, Luke. "Our Father who art in Town Hall: Do local councils have power to pray?" Alternative Law Journal 46, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x21996364.
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Many local councils in Australia commence their meetings with prayer. Case law in the United Kingdom holds that English local councils do not have power to commence their meetings with prayer. This article argues that the reasoning of the UK case law applies with equal force in Australia with the result that the practice of many Australian local councils of incorporating prayers into their formal meetings is unlawful.
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Woods, Denise. "Good Guys, Bad Guys: Images of the Australian Soldier in East Timor." Media International Australia 98, no. 1 (February 2001): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0109800115.
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It is said that pictures tell a thousand words, but to Malaysian Prime Minister Dr Mahathir, the images of Australian soldiers pointing guns at suspected militiamen in East Timor made one word stand out: ‘belligerent’. Images that meant one thing in Australia represented quite different and often opposite meanings in Southeast Asia. In the Australian press, the Australian soldiers were constructed as ‘the good guys’ helping out a neighbouring country in trouble. The press in some Southeast Asian countries told quite a different story — that of the Australian soldiers as intimidating and therefore the ‘bad guys’ of the region. Through a textual analysis of these images, this paper examines the ways in which the Australian soldiers have been represented in the press in Southeast Asia. This paper also discusses the role the reading of these images played in negotiating Australia's role in East Timor and the region.
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Wescott, Geoffrey Charles. "Australia's Distinctive National Parks System." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002258x.
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Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.
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Paynter, Q., S. M. Csurhes, T. A. Heard, J. Ireson, M. H. Julien, J. Lloyd, W. M. Lonsdale, W. A. Palmer, A. W. Sheppard, and R. D. van Klinken. "Worth the risk? Introduction of legumes can cause more harm than good: an Australian perspective." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01025.
Full textAbstract:
Weeds are serious threats to Australia's primary production and biodiversity conservation. For example, a recent Australia Bureau of Statistics survey found that 47% of farmers across Australia have a significant weed problem. A literature review revealed that legumes represent a significant proportion of the national weed problem and most serious Australian legume weeds are exotic thicket-forming species that were deliberately introduced for their perceived beneficial properties, such as for shade and fodder, or even quite trivial reasons, such as garden ornamentals. The low economic value of the rangelands most of these species infest, compared with control costs, hinders chemical and mechanical control of these weeds, such that biological control, which takes time, is expensive to implement and has no guarantee of success, may represent the only economically viable alternative to abandoning vast tracts of land. We argue that, because the behaviour of an introduced species in a novel environment is so hard to forecast, better predictive techniques should be developed prior to further introductions of plant species into novel environments. We also discuss the potential of legumes currently being promoted in Australia to become weeds and suggest the recent trend of exporting Australian Acacia spp. to semiarid regions of Africa risks history repeating itself and the development of new weed problems that mirror those posed by Australian Acacia spp. in southern Africa.
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Phillips, J. A. "Systematics of the Australian species of Dictyopteris (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 2 (2000): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99002.
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Eleven species of Dictyopteris are recognised for Australia. The tropical species D. australis (Sonder) Askenasy, D. deliculata Lamouroux, D. plagiogramma (Montagne) Vickers, D. repens (Okamura) Børgesen, D. serrata (Areschoug) Hoyt and D. woodwardia (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh are recorded for warmer coasts, although isolated populations of D. australis occur in the Gulfs region of South Australia. Dictyopteris acrostichoides (J.Agardh) Bornet and D. crassinervia (Zanardini) Schmidt are endemic to eastern Australia, with D. acrostichoides also extending to the eastern end of the southern coast. Dictyopteris gracilis Womersley and D. muelleri (Sonder) Reinbold occur on temperate southwestern and southern coasts. The west coast species Dictyopteris secundispiralis J.A.Phillips sp. nov. is described, and D. nigricans Womersley is reduced to a taxonomic synonym ofD. muelleri. Detailed comparative studies undertaken on these species have identified several new taxonomically-informative characters useful for generic circumscription and species discrimination. Thallus branches which have a cortical layer composed of large cuboidal cells and reproductive organs scattered in fertile zones are additional characters which characterise the genus. Australian species of Dictyopteris are now well defined by differences in several distinctive vegetative and reproductive characters such as thallus morphology, blade cell layer number, structure of the thallus apex, presence of marginal teeth and lateral veins, distribution and structure of hair bundles, sporangia, oogonia and antheridial sori.
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Sumner, C. J. "Taking Account of the Victim in Sentencing in South Australia." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300208.
Full textAbstract:
South Australia's practical measures to give effect to the spirit and letter of the 1985 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power have meant changes to legislation and to legal procedures. This extract from a previously given Paper on these changes concentrates on the principles of Anglo-Australian law adopted by Courts in Australia in sentencing offenders, and in particular deals with the relevance of the victim in sentencing.
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Glasgow, Nicholas, and Lucio Naccarella. "Guest Editorial: Getting Evidence into Policy - Stimulating Debate and Building the Evidence Base." Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, no. 2 (2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07016.
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In this special edition of the Journal, we have brought together papers with the aim of contributing to primary health care reform in Australia. The papers will stimulate further debate and increase the evidence base through which policies can be informed. Does primary health care in Australia need reform? Are there fundamental problems with the health system demanding a reform response? The challenges confronting Australia's health care system over the next decade are real and well documented (Productivity Commission, 2005; Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee [AMWAC], 2005). They include the ageing population and longer life expectancies, the increasing prevalence of chronic illness and co-morbidity, heightened consumer expectations, advances in health technologies and shortages in the health workforce.
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Long, Dr Warrick, Associate Professor Lisa Barnes, Professor Maria Northcote, and Professor Anthony Williams. "Disruptive Changing Higher Education Ecosystems: Have University Academics Been Gazumped?" Frontiers in Education Technology 4, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v4n2p12.
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Continual reforms in the Australian Higher Education Sector result in ongoing significant changes to the experiences of the Australian academic. As a result, massification, internationalisation and corporatization form the landscape of academia in Australia. The Australian University Accounting Academic (AUAA) faces ongoing challenges and opportunities within this dynamic academic environment, and this study explores these challenges in relation to teaching themed issues that confront the AUAA. By using a questionnaire and interviews with AUAAs, three themes emerged, being curriculum, teaching workload, and the impact of online teaching. The “ASSET” support framework is developed from these conversations with the AUAA’s to help them become an “asset” to the university during these times of disruptive change instead of allowing the system to “gazump” them.
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Stokes, Anthony, and Sarah Wright. "Does Australia Have A Good Income Tax System?" International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2013): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i5.7828.
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Australia is considered to have relatively low rates of tax in comparison to other members of the OECD. This paper explores Australias tax system to see if it is a fair, efficient and simple system for income earners. The paper finds that there are major inequities in the current income tax system, which tend to favour the higher income earners and owners of wealth.
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Griff, Catherine, and Drew MacRae. "Flexible Vision: Emerging Audiovisual Technologies and Services, and Options to Support Australian Content." Media International Australia 111, no. 1 (May 2004): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0411100105.
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The Australian audiovisual industry is facing two significant policy challenges — rapid technological change and trade liberalisation — both of which have the potential to limit the scope of government regulatory action to support local content. The Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) brought into focus both of these challenges, with Australia's ability to regulate future audiovisual delivery services becoming a central issue of the services negotiations. This article draws upon recent research by the Australian Film Commission on regulatory options to ensure the ongoing availability of Australian content via new media. Internationally, many new media technologies are now regulated to support local content, and many governments are reviewing content regulation options on digital and interactive delivery systems. This article discusses the merits of the key policy levers available to government in order to support the continued presence of Australian content in new services and delivery technologies.
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El Haq, Muhammad Naser, and Muhammad Saef El Islam. "AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI KEKUATAN REGIONAL DALAM EKSPLOITASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DI KAWASAN PASIFIK." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v4i1.117.
Full textAbstract:
Since Australia was still a colonial territory under Great Britain, the Australian colonial administration had a goal of making Australia a regional power that had interests in the Pacific region, specifically the South Pacific. The South Pacific region itself is an area that has already been proven to have considerable natural wealth, ranging from an abundance of marine biota wealth, oil reserves which have been discovered and also have not been explored, and mineral wealth lying beneath the Pacific Earth makes this area as a very interesting area to control. The widespread influence of Australia in the Pacific region makes Australia a country that has large bargaining power in exploration and exploitation projects of natural resources in the region. This article uses the concepts of the theory of Hegemony and Regionalism with descriptive qualitative research methods which sets out some examples of cases of Australia's role as a regional power in the exploitation of natural resources in the Pacific region. Australia as a regional power in the Pacific shows a tendency to control the natural resources that are buried in the region. Various methods such as military, economic and social interventions are carried out by Australia to benefit from the natural wealth in the Pacific region.
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Creighton, Colin, Paul I. Boon, Justin D. Brookes, and Marcus Sheaves. "Repairing Australia's estuaries for improved fisheries production – what benefits, at what cost?" Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 6 (2015): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14041.
Full textAbstract:
An Australia-wide assessment of ~1000 estuaries and embayments undertaken by the National Land and Water Resources Audit of 1997–2002 indicated that ~30% were modified to some degree. The most highly degraded were in New South Wales, where ~40% were classified as ‘extensively modified’ and <10% were ‘near pristine’. Since that review, urban populations have continued to grow rapidly, and increasing pressures for industrial and agricultural development in the coastal zone have resulted in ongoing degradation of Australia's estuaries and embayments. This degradation has had serious effects on biodiversity, and commercial and recreational fishing. A business case is developed that shows that an Australia-wide investment of AU$350 million into repair will be returned in less than 5 years. This return is merely from improved productivity of commercial fisheries of a limited number of fish, shellfish and crustacean species. Estuary repair represents an outstanding return on investment, possibly far greater than most of Australia's previous environmental repair initiatives and with clearly demonstrated outcomes across the Australian food and services economies.
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Dziedzic, Anna, and Mark McMillan. "Australian Indigenous Constitutions: Recognition and Renewal." Federal Law Review 44, no. 3 (September 2016): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1604400301.
Full textAbstract:
The Anglo-Australian legal system has not readily recognised Indigenous constitutions. The absence of such recognition does not, however, deny that Australia's Indigenous nations have had constitutions for thousands of years and continue to do so. In this article, we explain how Indigenous laws, institutions and systems of authority are constitutional. Using the constitutions of the Gunditjmara peoples and Ngarrindjeri nation as examples, we identify three dimensions of Indigenous constitutions in Australia: first, the foundation of Indigenous constitutions in the continuing and inherent authority of Indigenous nations; secondly constitutional features deriving from Indigenous law; and thirdly the use in Indigenous constitutions of institutions and processes that also have status under Australian law. We suggest that this new understanding of Indigenous constitutions provides a basis for contributing to current efforts in Indigenous constitution-making and to the development of a more inclusive understanding of the Australian constitutional system.
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Stewart, AC, and WL Nicholas. "New species of Xyalidae (Nematoda : Monhysterida) from Australian ocean beaches." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 1 (1994): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9940091.
Full textAbstract:
Eight new species of Xyalidae are described from Australian ocean beaches. Gonionchus australis, sp. nov., has non-capitate spicules with recurved tips and lacks longitudinal crests on the cuticle. G. alastairi, sp. nov., has cuticular crests and a strong dorso-caudal gubernacular apophysis. Xyala brevibucca, sp. nov., has a very shallow buccal cavity and small amphids. X. hanleyi, sp. nov., is similar but has fewer longitudinal crests, a longer thinner tail and weakly curved spicules. X. macramphis, sp. nov., has sexually dimorphic amphids, larger in males, and many somatic setae. Omicronema australis, sp. nov., has a very deep buccal cavity and males have two rows of ventral post-anal setae. O. australis from southern Australia are larger than those from the north. O. coronalata, sp. nov., has distinctive cephalic annulation, and O. nana, sp. nov., is very small, weakly annulated and with large amphids. Separation of the genus Omicronema from Xyala is supported.
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Murray, John M., Ann M. McDonald, and Matthew G. Law. "Rapidly ageing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in Australia." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08063.
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Background: Antiretroviral therapy has increased survival for individuals living with HIV and has led to an ageing of this population in developed countries. To date the rate of ageing has been unquantified, giving rise to uncertainty in the treatment emphasis and burden in this population. Methods: A mathematical model was used in conjunction with HIV/AIDS data from the Australian National HIV/AIDS Registry to estimate numbers and ages of Australian men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV infection from 1980 to 2005. Results: The average age of HIV-infected Australian MSM is estimated to exceed 44 years of age by the year 2010 and has increased by 1 year of age for each two calendar years since the mid-1980s. HIV-infected MSM over 60 years of age have been increasing in number by 12% per year since 1995. A consequence of successful therapy with subsequent ageing of those infected has meant that from 2001 estimated deaths from other causes exceed AIDS deaths in Australia. Conclusions: In summary, our analyses indicate an increasing and rapidly ageing population living with HIV in Australia. This will inevitably lead to more serious non-AIDS conditions in ageing patients living with HIV, and to increased treatment complexity.
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Gray, Gwen. "How Australia Came to Have a National Women's Health Policy." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcpl-8xa9-wkxu-d1a3.
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A National Women's Health Policy was launched in Australia in 1989, and Australia became the only country to have a comprehensive policy on women's health. The policy is intended to provide a framework for decisionmaking in both mainstream and separate women's health services. The author examines the forces and factors that led to the formulation and adoption of the policy, then addresses the question of why Australia is alone in choosing a national policy as a focus for women's health action. A number of key influences, either absent or weaker in comparable countries, worked together to facilitate policy development. The activities of women working in a number of arenas coincided with the election of relatively supportive governments, creation of women's policy machinery in bureaucracies, employment of feminists in key positions, and opportunities for policy expansion afforded by federalism. These influences, within the Australian ideological context of strong support for social liberalism, account for the country's distinctive policy position.
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Ghosn, Margaret. "Contexts That Have Influenced Young Australian Maronite Adults’ Spirituality." Journal of Youth and Theology 9, no. 2 (January 17, 2010): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055093-90000022.
Full textAbstract:
The research described in this paper examined the Maronite spirituality of 33 young Australian-Lebanese adults who attended a Maronite1 Catholic Church in Sydney, Australia. Data gathered through qualitative methods of in-depth and focus group interviews were collated using grounded theory, to reveal the cultural resources utilized as interpretive structures for their life journeys. Apparent influences on their Maronite spirituality is evidenced through ecclesial, social and cultural contexts.
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Cook, P. J., A. Rigg, and J. Bradshaw. "PUTTING IT BACKWHERE IT CAME FROM: IS GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE AN OPTION FOR AUSTRALIA?" APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99045.
Full textAbstract:
Liquefied natural gas projects with a total value of around $20 billion are planned for Australia. Over the next decade or so, they have the potential to generate an increase of approximately 3% in Australia's GDP, and an excess of 50,000 jobs. One of the major risks to this vast investment is uncertainty over how to deal with the major increase in direct carbon dioxide (C02) emissions that will result from these developments. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol has served to focus even more attention on this issue.Potentially, a solution to sustaining Australia's economic development, whilst at the same time meeting emission targets, may lie, in part, in developing suitable methodologies for C02 sequestration. One of the key sequestration options is geological disposal. The method, which involves injection of supercritical C02 into the deep subsurface, is being tested on a commercial scale in only one place in the world at the present time, although several other countries are now developing research programs into the technique.The APCRC research program GEODISC is investigating the applicability of this method in Australia. Whilst the focus of GEODISC is on the application of C02 disposal to the Australian natural gas industry, its outcomes will have implications for other industries such as power generation and minerals processing. It will also be looking at some of the other potential benefits of geological sequestration, such as enhanced oil recovery and enhanced coalbed methane recovery.The program will establish the most viable locations for C02 injection, determine the key areas of technical, social and economic risk, and help define a pilot injection program to address the most critical areas of uncertainty. GEODISC brings together six major petroleum companies, the Australian Greenhouse Office and key Australian research groups. The total cost of GEODISC will be approximately $10 million over four years. The major expected outcome of GEODISC will be to help the Australian gas industry plan the way ahead in terms of C02 emissions in an environmentally acceptable manner, whilst concurrently ensuring that the industry does not incur major cost disadvantages, which may adversely impact upon Australia's international competitiveness.
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Given, Jock. "‘Not Unreasonably Denied’: Australian Content after Ausfta." Media International Australia 111, no. 1 (May 2004): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0411100104.
Full textAbstract:
The text of the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA), released in early March 2004, makes more concessions than many in Australia's audiovisual and cultural industries might have hoped, but less than they feared. Its precise impact will depend on how ‘new media’ replaces, subsumes or supplements ‘old media’, and how quickly. AUSFTA institutionalises much lower aspirations about the level of Australian content in emerging media systems than Australians have come to expect in broadcast television. Some will interpret this simply as an articulation of the policy impotence which will inevitably flow from technological change. Others will recognise it as a partial, but historic, concession of Australian policy capacity and a broad acceptance of the long-standing US agenda for the information economy — long and tough protections for intellectual property rights, but increasingly liberal global markets for trading them. This article explains the provisions of AUSFTA and examines their effect on Australian audiovisual and cultural activities.
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Possamai, Adam, and Alphia Possamai-Inesedy. "The Baha'i faith and Caodaism." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 3 (September 2007): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783307080108.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, new immigrant and ethnic communities constitute the largest segment of the phenomenon of increasing religious diversity and change. These groups celebrate and maintain a way of life and a religious culture from elsewhere, but they are also working in Australian society: not just resisting pressures for assimilation, but helping members to translate the norms and values of their land of origin into the new Australian context. In this process, a de-secularization of the world at both local and global levels occurs; indeed, while offering support to migrants, these groups offer a site of `cultural security' to them and simultaneously promote and diffuse their religion in Australia's public sphere. This article focuses on the Baha'i faith and Caodaism; two groups with an ever-increasing growth in the Western world, and an involvement at local, national and international levels. The research shows that these two groups have had different measures of success in Australia, highlighting the fact that the de-secularization process does not have the same intensity among these groups. This article aims at finding the reason behind this difference of intensity.