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1
Dettmann, Mary E., and David M. Jarzen. "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-116.
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Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.
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Martin, Helene A. "The history of the family Onagraceae in Australia and its relevance to biogeography." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 5 (2003): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03033.
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The family Onagraceae is a relatively minor part of the Australian flora but it has a long history in Australia: a probable Ludwigia dates from the Eocene; Fuchsia, not native to Australia today, is present from early Oligocene times; and Epilobium is found only in the Pleistocene. Onagraceae first appears in the Late Cretaceous in northern South America and southern North America, where it is thought to have originated, and Ludwigia dates from the Palaeocene. It is thought that Ludwigia migrated into Australia via a northern route. Fuchsia in Australia predates its first appearance in New Zealand, suggesting that New Zealand Fuchsia may have been derived from the Australian Fuchsia.
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JACOBSEN, IAN P., and MIKE B. BENNETT. "A Taxonomic Review of the Australian Butterfly Ray Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) and Other Members of the family Gymnuridae (Order Rajiformes) from the Indo-West Pacific." Zootaxa 2228, no. 1 (September 11, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2228.1.1.
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The taxonomy of G. australis was examined as part of a wider review of Indo-West Pacific Gymnuridae species. The study revealed two distinct morphological variants: G. australis var. eastern Australia and G. australis var. northern Australia. Gymnrua australis var. eastern Australia has ≤ 3 complete or partially-complete white tail-bands and may or may not have a dorsal fin. Gymnura australis var. northern Australia has a longer tail region, always possesses a dorsal fin and has ≥ 4 predominantly complete white tail-bands. Morphological and genetic comparisons indicate the observed differences were intraspecific (1.22% genetic gap difference). Wider morphometric comparisons between Indo-West Pacific gymnurids, revealed species differ principally in tail morphology. Dorsal-fin development in G. zonura also varied intraspecifically. Results obtained from the study, help clarify the taxonomic status of the family and provide strong evidence that all Gymnuridae species belong to a single genus Gymnura, with Aetoplatea subsequently defined as a junior synonym.
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L., Cecil A. "Female Indigenous entrepreneurship in remote communities in northern Australia." Information Management and Business Review 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v6i6.1131.
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Little is known about Australian Indigenous female entrepreneurship. Misconceptions typifying Australian Indigenous businesses are community enterprises are encumbered by research limitations, generalisations and stereotyping; the material is seldom voiced by Australian Indigenous people; and few sources detail the challenges for grass roots female Indigenous entrepreneurs in remote Australian Aboriginal communities that maintain patriarchal cultures. In this paper is described how 21 Indigenous female entrepreneurs in a remote region of northern Australia have tailored their businesses to comply with the regulatory and statutory framework of the dominant society while preserving sensitivity to the traditional cultural norms, rules, and obligations. The data were independently corroborated by Indigenous and non Indigenous men of recognised standing in the region. These empirical observations provide foundation for better informed judgements about the business environment in remote regions of Australia, which is fundamental when developing policies for delivering sustainable female Indigenous small businesses.
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Southcott, RV. "Australian Larvae of the Genus Trombella (Acarina, Trombidioidea)." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 4 (1986): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860611.
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The Australian larvae of the genus Trombella Berlese, 1887 (Acarina : Trombidioidea : Trombellidae) are revised. All six known species are Australian, five new, the larva having been correlated with adult and deutonymphal forms by the earlier rearing to deutonymphs of larvae of Trombella alpha Southcott, 1985 obtained from the field cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) in New South Wales. The five new species of larvae are: T. cucumifera, sp. nov.; T. fusiformis, sp. nov.; T, rugosa, sp. nov.; T. sternutor, sp. nov.; and T. calabyi sp. nov.; they have all been obtained by a systematic survey of the ectoparasitic mites of Australian grasshoppers. T. cucumifera occurs in the northern part of Western Australia, in the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales; T. fusiformls in the northern part of Western Australia, and the northern parts of the Northern Territory and Queensland; T. rugosa and T. sternutor in the south-western part of Western Australia; T. calabyi is recorded from a single specimen in north- western Western Australia. Correlation studies are made on the metric characters of T. cucumifera, T. fusiformis and T. rugosa. In each species there was a significant excess of positive correlations between many of the metric variates used, within and between the groups of variates for scutal, idiosomal setal and leg variates. There appeared to be a tendency for a greater excess of these correlations within character groups than between characters of different groups.
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Brown, Gillian K., Daniel J. Murphy, James Kidman, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Phylogenetic connections of phyllodinous species of Acacia outside Australia are explained by geological history and human-mediated dispersal." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 6 (2012): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12027.
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Acacia sensu stricto is found predominantly in Australia; however, there are 18 phyllodinous taxa that occur naturally outside Australia, north from New Guinea to Indonesia, Taiwan, the Philippines, south-western Pacific (New Caledonia to Samoa), northern Pacific (Hawaii) and Indian Ocean (Mascarene Islands). Our aim was to determine the phylogenetic position of these species within Acacia, to infer their biogeographic history. To an existing molecular dataset of 109 taxa of Acacia, we added 51 new accessions sequenced for the ITS and ETS regions of nuclear rDNA, including samples from 15 extra-Australian taxa. Data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic positions of the extra-Australian taxa sampled revealed four geographic connections. Connection A, i.e. northern Australia?South-east Asia?south-western Pacific, is shown by an early diverging clade in section Plurinerves, which relates A. confusa from Taiwan and the Philippines (possibly Fiji) to A. simplex from Fiji and Samoa. That clade is related to A. simsii from southern New Guinea and northern Australia and other northern Australian species. Two related clades in section Juliflorae show a repeated connection (B), i.e. northern Australia?southern New Guinea?south-western Pacific. One of these is the ?A. auriculiformis clade', which includes A. spirorbis subsp. spirorbis from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands as sister to the Queensland species A. auriculiformis; related taxa include A. mangium, A. leptocarpa and A. spirorbis subsp. solandri. The ?A. aulacocarpa clade' includes A. aulacocarpa, A. peregrinalis endemic to New Guinea, A. crassicarpa from New Guinea and Australia, and other Australian species. Acacia spirorbis (syn. A. solandri subsp. kajewskii) from Vanuatu (Melanesia) is related to these two clades but its exact position is equivocal. The third biogeographic connection (C) is Australia?Timor?Flores, represented independently by the widespread taxon A. oraria (section Plurinerves) found on Flores and Timor and in north-eastern Queensland, and the Wetar island endemic A. wetarensis (Juliflorae). The fourth biogeographic connection (D), i.e. Hawaii?Mascarene?eastern Australia, reveals an extreme disjunct distribution, consisting of the Hawaiian koa (A. koa, A. koaia and A. kaoaiensis), sister to the Mascarene (R�union Island) species A. heterophylla; this clade is sister to the eastern Australian A. melanoxylon and A. implexa (all section Plurinerves), and sequence divergence between taxa is very low. Historical range expansion of acacias is inferred to have occurred several times from an Australian?southern New Guinean source. Dispersal would have been possible as the Australian land mass approached South-east Asia, and during times when sea levels were low, from the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The close genetic relationship of species separated by vast distances, from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific, is best explained by dispersal by Austronesians, early Homo sapiens migrants from Asia.
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Douglas, Michael M., Stuart E. Bunn, and Peter M. Davies. "River and wetland food webs in Australia's wet - dry tropics: general principles and implications for management." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04084.
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The tropical rivers of northern Australia have received international and national recognition for their high ecological and cultural values. Unlike many tropical systems elsewhere in the world and their temperate Australian counterparts, they have largely unmodified flow regimes and are comparatively free from the impacts associated with intensive land use. However, there is growing demand for agricultural development and existing pressures, such as invasive plants and feral animals, threaten their ecological integrity. Using the international literature to provide a conceptual framework and drawing on limited published and unpublished data on rivers in northern Australia, we have derived five general principles about food webs and related ecosystem processes that both characterise tropical rivers of northern Australia and have important implications for their management. These are: (1) the seasonal hydrology is a strong driver of ecosystem processes and food-web structure; (2) hydrological connectivity is largely intact and underpins important terrestrial–aquatic food-web subsidies; (3) river and wetland food webs are strongly dependent on algal production; (4) a few common macroconsumer species have a strong influence on benthic food webs; and (5) omnivory is widespread and food chains are short. The implications of these ecosystem attributes for the management and protection of tropical rivers and wetlands of northern Australian are discussed in relation to known threats. These principles provide a framework for the formation of testable hypotheses in future research programmes.
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RENTZ, D. C. F., YOU NING SU, NORIHIRO UESHIMA, and MARTYN ROBINSON. "Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae: Australian agraeciine katydids, two new genera from northern Australia (Tettigoniidae; Conocephalinae; Agraeciini)." Zootaxa 2417, no. 1 (April 2, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2417.1.1.
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Two new agraeciine genera and five new species are described from northern Australia. Both genera have species that live in mixed woodlands in the tropics. Armadillagraecia Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. nov. is known from two species in the Northern Territory and one from Queensland. Kapalgagraecia Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. nov. is known from two species, one apparently widespread in the Northern Territory, the other from Groote Eylandt, NT. Cytological data are provided for all Armadillagraecia species but not for Kapalgagraecia. A table is presented documenting knowledge of the known cytology of all Agraeciini. The calling songs of both A. mataranka and A. yerilla Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. et spp. nov. are noted and documented by sonograms. Known biological, ecological and distributional data are presented.
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Manasseh, Richard, Kathleen L. McInnes, and Mark A. Hemer. "Pioneering developments of marine renewable energy in Australia." International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759313116684525.
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The history of ocean renewable energy developments in Australia is reviewed. A layperson’s description of the physical operating principle is given for the main classes of technology that have been tested in Australian waters. The Australian marine domain possesses among the world’s most energetic wave-energy resources, driven by powerful mid-latitude westerly winds. The northern coast of Western Australia has tidal ranges significant on a global scale, and some geographical features around the continent have local tidal resonances. The East Australian Current, one of the world’s major western boundary currents, runs along the eastern Australian seaboard, offering potential for ocean-current energy. Sea-water temperatures in the tropical north-east of Australia may permit ocean thermal energy conversion. While this abundance of resources makes Australia an ideal location for technology development, the population is highly concentrated in a few large cities, and transmission infrastructure has developed over a century to supply cities from traditional power plants. Several wave-power developments have resulted in demonstration of deployments in Australian waters, three of which have been grid connected. Trials of tidal devices have also occurred, while other classes of ocean renewable energy have not yet been trialled. The prospects for marine renewable energy in Australia are discussed including non-traditional applications such as coastal protection and energy export.
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Baehr, M. "The ground beetle genus Casnoidea Castelnau: Taxonomy, phylogeny and zoogeography (Insecta : Coleoptera : Carabidae : Odacanthinae)." Invertebrate Systematics 10, no. 5 (1996): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9961041.
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On the basis of morphological characters of adults, the odacanthine genus Casnoidea Castelnau is reviewed and a key to the species is provided. Of the 17 species, seven are described as new: Casnoidea celebensis, sp. nov., from Sulawesi, C. ceylonica, sp. nov., from Sri Lanka, C. leytensis, sp. nov., from Leyte (Philippines), C. australica, sp. nov., and C. storeyi, sp. nov., both from northern Australia, C. malickyi, sp. nov., from northern Thailand and C. brandti, sp, nov., from Bougainville (Solomon Islands). The first five species are closely related to the widespread Oriental species C. interstitialis (Schmidt-Göbel), C. malickyi is related to the Oriental species C. nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Göbel), and C. brandti is closely related to the Papuan C. gestroi (Maindron). An Australian record of the Oriental species C. indica (Thunberg) indicates an accidental introduction. For the Australian species C. puncticollis and C. thouzeti new records show more extensive ranges than known previously. C. thouzeti (Castelnau) is also a new record from New Guinea. For C. foersteri (Bouchard) a new subgenus Procasnoidea, subgen. nov., is erected because of certain aberrant and presumably plesiomorphic external and genitalic characters present in this species. On the basis of the cladistic method as proposed by Hennig, a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis shows that Casnoidea is a young, highly evolved genus that probably originated in the so-called 'Sundaland'. Apart from some rather primitive species or dibasic species-groups (C. gestroi-group, C. puncticollis, C. indica, C. thouzeti) the subgenus Casnoidea s. str. is divided into two more diverse species groups, namely the nigrofasciata-group with C. nigrofasciata, C. bakeri, C. bhamoensis and C. malickyi, and the interstitialis-group with C. interstitialis, C. ishiii, C. celebensis, C. ceylonica, C. leytensis, C. storeyi and C. australica. Both groups combine closely related species that apparently have been derived from the same stocks with the widespread C. nigrofasciata and C. interstitialis, respectively, and the species have mostly rather restricted ranges at or beyond the margins of the range of the wide-ranging species. Phylogenetical and chorological evidence reveals that several evolutionary events occurred within the genus and that Wallace's line was probably crossed six times independently in easterly direction by the gestroi-, puncticollis-, indica and thouzeti-stocks and within the nigrofasciata- and interstitialis-groups. The Papuan and Australian subregions have been colonised by different stocks and the shared species may have colonised New Guinea rather recently from the south. For Australia at least three independent immigrations of Casnoidea species from the Oriental region are postulated, namely by the thouzeti-, puncticollis- and australica-storeyi-lineages.
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Kear, B. P., J. A. Long, and J. E. Martin. "A review of Australian mosasaur occurrences." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, no. 3 (September 2005): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021089.
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AbstractMosasaurs are rare in Australia with fragmentary specimens known only from the Cenomanian-lower Turonian Molecap Greensand (Perth Basin), Campanian - lower Maastrichtian Korojon Calcarenite (Carnarvon Basin), and upper Maastrichtian Miria Formation (Carnarvon Basin), Western Australia. These units were laid down during a near-continuous marine inundation of the western margin of the Australian landmass (which followed separation from India in the Valanginian and genesis of the Indian Ocean) in the Early-Late Cretaceous. The Australian mosasaur record incorporates evidence of derived mosasaurids (mainly plioplatecarpines); however, as yet no specimen can be conclusively diagnosed to genus or species level. The fragmentary nature of the remains provides little basis for direct palaeobiogeographic comparisons. However, correlation with existing data on associated vertebrates, macroinvertebrates and microfossils suggests that the Western Australian mosasaur fauna might have been transitional in nature (particularly following palaeobiogeographic separation of the northern and southern Indian Oceans during the mid-Campanian), potentially sharing elements with both northern Tethyan and austral high-latitude regions.
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Fyler, C. A., and J. N. Caira. "Phylogenetic status of four new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda:Tetraphyllidea) parasitic on the wedgefish Rhynchobatus laevis (Elasmobranchii:Rhynchobatidae): implications for interpreting host associations." Invertebrate Systematics 24, no. 5 (2010): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is10034.
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A recent major revision of the elasmobranchs of Australia, which expanded the described fauna from 190 to 307 species, has serious implications for our understanding of the host associations of parasites of Australian elasmobranchs. Most importantly, it questions the identities of the host records for many parasite species. This study focuses on cestodes of the tetraphyllidean genus Acanthobothrium parasitising Rhynchobatus, a batoid genus, the Australian elements of which have recently been revised. Four new cestode species are described from Rhynchobatus laevis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from the Northern Territory, Australia. These species differ from their ~160 congeners in several morphological respects. They differ conspicuously from their four Australian congeners also hosted by a Rhynchobatus species, all four of which (i.e. Acanthobothrium bartonae Campbell & Beveridge, 2002, Acanthobothrium gibsoni Campbell & Beveridge, 2002, Acanthobothrium lasti Campbell & Beveridge, 2002 and Acanthobothrium rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1955) were reported from Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775), a batoid species no longer considered to occur in Australian waters. This suggests that one or both of the other Australian members of Rhynchobatus (i.e. R. australiae Whitley, 1939 and R. palpebratus Compagno & Last, 2008) are likely candidates as hosts for one or more of the latter four species. With respect to the relationships among congeners parasitising the same host species, phylogenetic analyses of sequence data of the D1–D3 region of 28S rDNA for three of the four new cestode species support previous work suggesting that congeners parasitising the same host species are not each other’s closest relatives. This study also serves to emphasise the importance of careful scrutiny of host identities, particularly in systems such as this, in which host taxonomy is under active revision.
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Price, Erin P., Derek S. Sarovich, Emma J. Smith, Barbara MacHunter, Glenda Harrington, Vanessa Theobald, Carina M. Hall, et al. "Unprecedented Melioidosis Cases in Northern Australia Caused by an Asian Burkholderia pseudomallei Strain Identified by Using Large-Scale Comparative Genomics." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03013-15.
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ABSTRACTMelioidosis is a disease of humans and animals that is caused by the saprophytic bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei. Once thought to be confined to certain locations, the known presence ofB. pseudomalleiis expanding as more regions of endemicity are uncovered. There is no vaccine for melioidosis, and even with antibiotic administration, the mortality rate is as high as 40% in some regions that are endemic for the infection. Despite high levels of recombination, phylogenetic reconstruction ofB. pseudomalleipopulations using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revealed surprisingly robust biogeographic separation between isolates from Australia and Asia. To date, there have been no confirmed autochthonous melioidosis cases in Australia caused by an Asian isolate; likewise, no autochthonous cases in Asia have been identified as Australian in origin. Here, we used comparative genomic analysis of 455B. pseudomalleigenomes to confirm the unprecedented presence of an Asian clone, sequence type 562 (ST-562), in Darwin, northern Australia. First observed in Darwin in 2005, the incidence of melioidosis cases attributable to ST-562 infection has steadily risen, and it is now a common strain in Darwin. Intriguingly, the Australian ST-562 appears to be geographically restricted to a single locale and is genetically less diverse than other common STs from this region, indicating a recent introduction of this clone into northern Australia. Detailed genomic and epidemiological investigations of new clinical and environmentalB. pseudomalleiisolates in the Darwin region and ST-562 isolates from Asia will be critical for understanding the origin, distribution, and dissemination of this emerging clone in northern Australia.
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Rabosky, D. L., K. P. Aplin, S. C. Donnellan, and S. B. Hedges. "Molecular phylogeny of blindsnakes (Ramphotyphlops) from western Australia and resurrection of Ramphotyphlops bicolor (Peters, 1857)." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 5 (2004): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04045.
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Blindsnakes (Typhlopidae) represent one of the least known elements of the Australian herpetofauna. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphology are used here to show that a widespread species of Australian blindsnake, Ramphotyphlops australis, comprises two distinct species. Ramphotyphlops bicolor (new combination) is resurrected from synonymy with R. australis and redescriptions are provided for both species. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within R. australis indicates that the central and south-coast populations are more closely related to each other than either is to the morphologically distinctive populations at the northern edge of the species' range. Observed levels of differentiation suggest historical isolation of populations from the Kalbarri/Shark Bay region of the western Australian coastline. However, lack of concordance between mitochondrial haplotype phylogeny and morphology for several individuals might reflect limited gene flow between the northern and south–central populations. We note that many taxa show restricted distributions or range disjunctions along the central Western Australian coastal margin, and we discuss possible models to explain population fragmentation in this region. Pliocene–Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations along the western Australian coast could have isolated sand plain communities in the Kalbarri/Shark Bay region from similar communities further south near Geraldton, possibly underlying the phylogeographic pattern in R. australis. Data from additional taxa will be needed to fully evaluate this hypothesis.
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Karabanov, Dmitry P., Eugeniya I. Bekker, Petr G. Garibian, Russell J. Shiel, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi, Derek J. Taylor, and Alexey A. Kotov. "Multiple Recent Colonizations of the Australian Region by the Chydorus sphaericus Group (Crustacea: Cladocera)." Water 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040594.
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Biotic introductions are an ongoing disruption for many ecosystems. For passively dispersed freshwater zooplankton, transcontinental introductions have been common but are poorly studied in the southern hemisphere. Here we assess the hypothesis of recent introduction for populations of the Chydorus sphaericus group (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Australia. We analyzed 254 sequences (63 original sequences) from the cytochrome oxidase I region of mitochondrial DNA of Chydorus sp., which included global representation. Three Australian populations were connected with separate clades in the northern hemisphere, suggesting multiple colonization events for Australia. The timescale of the divergences was consistent with recent (Quaternary) dispersal. As Australian populations are exposed to migrating birds from the northern hemisphere, both avian and anthropogenic sources are candidates for dispersal vectors. We concluded that recent cross-hemisphere dispersal in the Chydorus sphaericus group is more common than previously believed.
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Dyer, Adrian G., Skye Boyd-Gerny, Stephen McLoughlin, Marcello G. P. Rosa, Vera Simonov, and Bob B. M. Wong. "Parallel evolution of angiosperm colour signals: common evolutionary pressures linked to hymenopteran vision." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (June 6, 2012): 3606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0827.
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Flowering plants in Australia have been geographically isolated for more than 34 million years. In the Northern Hemisphere, previous work has revealed a close fit between the optimal discrimination capabilities of hymenopteran pollinators and the flower colours that have most frequently evolved. We collected spectral data from 111 Australian native flowers and tested signal appearance considering the colour discrimination capabilities of potentially important pollinators. The highest frequency of flower reflectance curves is consistent with data reported for the Northern Hemisphere. The subsequent mapping of Australian flower reflectances into a bee colour space reveals a very similar distribution of flower colour evolution to the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, flowering plants in Australia are likely to have independently evolved spectral signals that maximize colour discrimination by hymenoptera. Moreover, we found that the degree of variability in flower coloration for particular angiosperm species matched the range of reflectance colours that can only be discriminated by bees that have experienced differential conditioning. This observation suggests a requirement for plasticity in the nervous systems of pollinators to allow generalization of flowers of the same species while overcoming the possible presence of non-rewarding flower mimics.
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Frederiks, T. M., J. T. Christopher, S. E. H. Fletcher, and A. K. Borrell. "Post head-emergence frost resistance of barley genotypes in the northern grain region of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 9 (2011): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11079.
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Post head-emergence frost causes substantial losses for Australian barley producers. Varieties with improved resistance would have a significant positive impact on Australian cropping enterprises. Five barley genotypes previously tested for reproductive frost resistance in southern Australia were tested, post head-emergence, in the northern grain region of Australia and compared with the typical northern control cultivars, Gilbert and Kaputar. All tested genotypes suffered severe damage to whole heads and stems at plant minimum temperatures less than −8°C. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, frost events reaching a plant minimum temperature of ~−6.5°C did not result in the complete loss of grain yield. Rather, partial seed set was observed. The control genotype, Gilbert, exhibited seed set that was greater than or equal to that of any genotype in each year, as did Kaputar when tested in 2005. Thus, Gilbert and Kaputar were at least as resistant as any tested genotype. This contrasts with trial results from the southern grain region where Gilbert was reported to be less resistant than Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo. Hence, rankings for post head-emergence frost damage in the northern grain region differ from those previously reported. These results indicate that Franklin, Amagi Nijo and Haruna Nijo are not likely to provide useful sources of frost resistance or markers to develop improved varieties for the northern grain region of Australia.
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HILLMAN, WENDY. "Grey Nomads travelling in Queensland, Australia: social and health needs." Ageing and Society 33, no. 4 (April 12, 2012): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12000116.
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ABSTRACTAt any time of the year, and particularly in the colder months of the southern part of the Australian continent, many caravans and mobile homes can be seen on the roads of northern Australia, and Queensland, in particular. Mainly during June, July, August and September, Grey Nomads frequent the northern half of Australia, to escape the colder climate of southern Australia. The term Grey Nomad is applied to the section of the older Australian population who use their retirement years as a time to experience travel once freed from the constraints of work and family commitments. This paper draws on research conducted about the health and social needs of Grey Nomads holidaying in a Central Queensland, Australia, coastal location. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 20 participants. Contingency plans concerning wellness, wellbeing and medical conditions all formed a part of the Grey Nomads’ daily existence while travelling. Many important and lasting friendships and social support networks were formed during the journeying and sojourning phases of the travel. Many of the Grey Nomads interviewed felt the need to keep in contact with home, even though they willingly chose to leave it, and to be ‘away’. Just as the Grey Nomad cohort have concerns and solutions about their health and related issues, so too, they have concerns for social networks and family connectedness while travelling in Australia.
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Andersen, Alan N., Lyn M. Lowe, and D. C. F. Rentz. "The grasshopper (Orthoptera : Acridoidea, Eumastacoidea and Tettigonioidea) fauna of Kakadu National Park in the Australian seasonal tropics: biogeography, habitat associations and functional groups." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 4 (2000): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00039.
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Grasshoppers are a diverse and functionally important group of insects, but assemblages of Australian grasshoppers are extremely poorly known. This study of the grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acrididae, Eumastacidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tridactylidae, Tetrigidae and Tettigoniidae) of Kakadu National Park in the seasonal tropics of the Northern Territory is the first comprehensive description of any regional grasshopper fauna in Australia. We list all known species, describe their biogeography, habitat associations and abundance, and propose a functional group classification for Australian grasshoppers as a framework for future ecological and biogeographical studies. In all, 161 grasshopper species from 90 genera are known from Kakadu. The dominant family is Acrididae (64% of all genera, 63% of all species), within which the subfamily Catantopinae (44% of all grasshopper genera, 47% species) is particularly important, as is typical for Australia. The Tettigoniidae is also relatively diverse, with 35 species from 16 genera. A large proportion of the fauna – 81 species (50%) and 15 genera (17%) – is undescribed. In total, 86% of Kakadu’s species and 73% of genera are endemic to Australia. Many (42%) of the species are endemic to the northern half of the Northern Territory, and most of the others (36% of total species) have their Australian distributions restricted to the tropics. The major functional groups in terms of species are Grass-eating Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (33% total species), Broadleaf-eating Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (19%) and Open-ground Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae (12%). There is a widespread macroecological tendency for locally abundant species to have wide geographic ranges, but there was no consistent trend for locally abundant species in Kakadu to have widespread distributions.
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Millar, AJK. "Marine red algae of the Coffs Harbour region, northern New South Wales." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 3 (1990): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900293.
Full textAbstract:
The marine benthic red algae of the Coffs Harbour region are described and illustrated in detail. The survey constitutes the first ever detailed descriptive and illustrative mainland regional monograph of any area along the entire eastern Australian seaboard. Collections made intertidally and to depths of 20 m have included 119 species in 74 genera, 26 families, and 8 orders of Rhodophyta, of which 54 (45%) were previously unrecorded from eastern Australia, 22 (18%) are new records for the whole of Australia (16 being new Southern Hemisphere records), 1 (Dictyothumnion) constitutes a new genus, and 16 (13%) are new species in the genera Gracilaria, Curdiea, Botryocladia, Dictyothamnion, Antithamnion, Ceramium, Callithumnion, Anotrichium, Nitophyllum, Phycodrys, Apoglossum, Dasya, Fernandosiphonia, and Herposiphonia. Also included are major Australian revisions of the genera Martensia and Nitophyllum, and six new combinations are proposed (Chondria infestans, Curdiea angustata, Dasya pilosa, Haraldiophyllum sinuosum, Myriogramme pulchellum, and Stenograrnme phyllophoroides). The Coffs Harbour flora, although related to the north-eastern and, to a lesser degree, southern Australian floras, has a number of species previously known only from much more remote localities, such as Japan (6 species), California (4 species), New Zealand (3 species), India (2 species), South America (2 species), the Galapagos Islands (1 species), China (1 species), South Africa (1 species), and the Mediterranean (1 species). Twelve of the 22 species newly recorded for Australia show a definite western Pacific distribution, a region with which the overall Coffs Harbour flora has strong affinities.
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Hall, Peter B., and Robert L. Kneale. "PERTH BASIN REJUVENATED." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91004.
Full textAbstract:
The northern Perth Basin is an area where recent seismic advances combined with new geological insight, have led to exploration success with a significant new gas field discovery at Beharra Springs and a number of other minor discoveries. This paper outlines 'new concepts' with regard to stratigraphy and structure and how this has been balanced with the commercial environment to rejuvenate exploration in the northern Perth Basin. The Perth Basin is unique in Australia, as running through the middle of the Basin is the West Australian Natural Gas (WANG) pipeline which will be operating at approximately 26 per cent of its capacity in 1992. With the deregulation of the natural gas market in 1988, supply of gas to the Western Australian market via the State Energy Commission of Western Australia (SECWA) pipeline from the Carnarvon Basin, and in particular, the North West Shelf project, can now be balanced with supply from the onshore Perth Basin carried by the WANG pipeline.The minimum economically viable gas field in the northern Perth Basin is calculated to be 15 BCF (16.05 PJ) and the expected median field size is 50 BCF (53.5 PJ) of recoverable gas. Based on the historical success rate of one in eight, typical finding costs are 12 c/MCF (12 c/GJ).In the 1990/91 financial year, eight onshore exploration wells were drilled in Western Australia of which five were drilled in the northern Perth Basin. Provided the market access and opportunities remain, it is anticipated that the recent technological developments will sustain exploration and development of the onshore northern Perth Basin.
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Kaethner, Ben, Peter See, and Adam Pennington. "Talking camels: a consultation strategy for consent to conduct feral camel management on Aboriginal-owned land in Australia." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 2 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15076.
Full textAbstract:
Thorough consultation and informed consent are required for any work on Aboriginal-owned land in Australia. Consultations for feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) management under the Australian Feral Camel Management Project across the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia were conducted across a vast area, spanning a diversity of cultures and landscape types. Aboriginal organisations from these jurisdictions developed consultative processes that supported Aboriginal communities in making informed decisions on any removal of camels from their country. This article describes the communication techniques used to depict the feral camel issues and opportunities to Aboriginal communities at the local and landscape scale. The decisions that communities arrived at were varied, but consistently focussed on feral camel removal. Their decisions have led to broad-scale feral camel removal under the Australian Feral Camel Management Project, and beyond.
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Morrison, SM, and JK Scott. "Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .3. Isozyme Analysis." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (1996): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960201.
Full textAbstract:
Isozyme variation in seedlings was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Seedlings were obtained from 30 Australian and 24 overseas collections of burrs. Polymorphism was detected in 8 of the 11 putative loci scored. Queensland and Northern Territory collections differed from other Australian and non-Australian collections, indicating that they belong to a separate and possibly native Australian species. Other Australian collections had a high genetic similarity to burrs obtained from the Mediterranean, West Asia, South Africa, Namibia and the USA, the latter being an introduced population. Two Namibian collections formed a separate group and it is possible that southern Africa, like Australia, has native and introduced plants of T. terrestris. All Indian and two Kuwait collections were grouped together and had little similarity with any other group. Tribulus terrestris in southern Australia is most likely to have originated in the Mediterranean or West Asian region.
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Maclaine, Alicia, Wytamma T. Wirth, Donald T. McKnight, Graham W. Burgess, and Ellen Ariel. "Ranaviruses in captive and wild Australian lizards." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Ranaviral infections have been associated with mass mortality events in captive and wild amphibian, fish, and reptile populations globally. In Australia, two distinct types of ranaviruses have been isolated: epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus in fish and a Frog virus 3-like ranavirus in amphibians. Experimental studies and serum surveys have demonstrated that several Australian native fish, amphibian, and reptile species are susceptible to infection and supported the theory that ranavirus is naturally circulating in Australian herpetofauna. However, ranaviral infections have not been detected in captive or wild lizards in Australia. Oral-cloacal swabs were collected from 42 wild lizards from northern Queensland and 83 captive lizards from private collections held across three states/territories. Samples were tested for ranaviral DNA using a quantitative PCR assay. This assay detected ranaviral DNA in 30/83 (36.1%) captive and 33/42 (78.6%) wild lizard samples. This is the first time molecular evidence of ranavirus has been reported in Australian lizards.
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Stein, J. L., M. F. Hutchinson, and J. A. Stein. "A new stream and nested catchment framework for Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 22, 2014): 1917–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1917-2014.
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Abstract. Nationally framed assessment and planning assists coordination of resource management activities across jurisdictional boundaries and provides context for assessing the cumulative effects of impacts that can be underestimated by local or regional studies. However, there have been significant shortcomings in the existing spatial frameworks supporting national assessment and planning for Australia's rivers and streams. We describe the development of a new national stream and nested catchment framework for Australia that includes a fully connected and directed stream network and a nested catchment hierarchy derived using a modified Pfafstetter scheme. The directed stream network with associated catchment boundaries and Pfafstetter coding respect all distributary junctions and topographically driven surface flow pathways, including those in the areas of low relief and internal drainage that make up over half of the Australian continent. The Pfafstetter coding facilitates multi-scale analyses and easy tracing and query of upstream/downstream attributes and tributary/main stem relationships. Accompanying the spatial layers are 13 lookup tables containing nearly 400 attributes describing the natural and anthropogenic environment of each of the 1.4 M stream segments at multiple spatial scales (segment, sub-catchment and catchment). The database supplies key spatial layers to support national water information and accounting needs and assists a wide range of research, planning and assessment tasks at regional and continental scales. These include the delineation of reporting units for the Australian Water Resources Assessment, the development of an ecohydrological environment classification for Australian streams and the identification of high conservation value aquatic ecosystems for northern Australia.
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Breed, William, John Hatch, Colin Rogers, William Brooker, Andrew Breed, Maria Marklund, Harry Roberts, and Martin Breed. "Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant provides an important habitat for South Australian ducks and waders." Australian Field Ornithology 37 (2020): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo37190199.
Full textAbstract:
The populations of South Australian duck and wader species have recently decreased considerably, but their abundance at Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant in metropolitan Adelaide is poorly known. To help assess the importance of this site for ducks and waders, we made 25 trips to Bolivar between December 2018 and July 2020, during most of which time south-eastern Australia was experiencing a long dry period. On each trip, we observed between 11 and 26 species of ducks and waders, with a mean total of 9804 (range 2437–15,653) individuals per trip. At times, we observed several thousand Pink-eared Ducks Malacorhynchus membranaceus, Grey Teal Anas gracilis, and Australian Shelducks Tadorna tadornoides, with occasionally up to 1200 Blue-billed Ducks Oxyura australis and 2000 Hardheads Aythya australis. Several wader species that largely breed in Australia’s semi-arid and arid zones were also observed, including occasionally >1000 Red-necked Avocets Recurvirostra novaehollandiae. Five species of waders that breed in the Northern Hemisphere were also recorded fairly regularly in the summer of both 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, including up to ~2000 Sharp-tailed Sandpipers Calidris acuminata, 2000 Red-necked Stints C. ruficollis and 150 Curlew Sandpipers C. ferruginea. These observations indicate that this wastewater treatment plant is a critically important refuge site for several species of ducks and waders. Every effort should thus be made to maintain this site for the conservation of these species in the future.
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Miller, G. H., J. W. Magee, M. L. Fogel, and M. K. Gagan. "Detecting human impacts on the flora, fauna, and summer monsoon of Pleistocene Australia." Climate of the Past 3, no. 3 (August 6, 2007): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-463-2007.
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Abstract. The moisture balance across northern and central Australia is dominated by changes in the strength of the Australian Summer Monsoon. Lake-level records that record changes in monsoon strength on orbital timescales are most consistent with a Northern Hemisphere insolation control on monsoon strength, a result consistent with recent modeling studies. A weak Holocene monsoon relative to monsoon strength 65–60 ka, despite stronger forcing, suggests a changed monsoon regime after 60 ka. Shortly after 60 ka humans colonized Australia and all of Australia's largest mammals became extinct. Between 60 and 40 ka Australian climate was similar to present and not changing rapidly. Consequently, attention has turned toward plausible human mechanisms for the extinction, with proponents for over-hunting, ecosystem change, and introduced disease. To differentiate between these options we utilize isotopic tracers of diet preserved in eggshells of two large, flightless birds to track the status of ecosystems before and after human colonization. More than 800 dated eggshells of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), an opportunistic, dominantly herbivorous feeder, provide a 140-kyr dietary reconstruction that reveals unprecedented reduction in the bird's food resources about 50 ka, coeval in three distant regions. These data suggest a tree/shrub savannah with occasionally rich grasslands was converted abruptly to the modern desert scrub. The diet of the heavier, extinct Genyornis newtoni, derived from >550 dated eggshells, was more restricted than in co-existing Dromaius, implying a more specialized feeding strategy. We suggest that generalist feeders, such as Dromaius, were able to adapt to a changed vegetation regime, whereas more specialized feeders, such as Genyornis, became extinct. We speculate that ecosystem collapse across arid and semi-arid zones was a consequence of systematic burning by early humans. We also suggest that altered climate feedbacks linked to changes in vegetation may have weakened the penetration of monsoon moisture into the continental interior, explaining the failure of the Holocene monsoon. Climate modeling suggests a vegetation shift may reduce monsoon rain in the interior by as much as 50%.
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Cowan, Tim, Matthew Wheeler, and Roger Stone. "Prediction of Northern Australian Rainfall Onset Using the ACCESS-Seasonal Model." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036189.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the Australian Community Climate Earth-System Simulator-Seasonal version 1 (ACCESS-S1) prediction system signifies a major step in addressing predictive limitations in multi-week to seasonal forecasting. It is anticipated that ACCESS-S1 will provide greater skill in its prediction of the wet season onset and intensity, which are crucial to the viability of cattle grazing across northern Australia. We evaluate the hindcast skill of the ACCESS-S1 for the northern rainfall onset, defined as the date when 50 mm of precipitation has accumulated at a given location from the 1st of September, heralding the start of the seasonal dry-to-wet transition over northern Australia. We show that the raw ACCESS-S1 hindcasts, regridded to a 5 km observed grid, capture the broad-scale features of the median onset, including an early October onset over the western Top End and southeast Queensland. However, the hindcasts fail to capture the later December onsets over central Australia. The greatest improvement in onset skill comes from first calibrating the hindcasts using observations, which outperform the raw model and bias corrected hindcasts over central Australia and the far west in the Pilbara-Gascoyne basin. Based on its simulation of realistic northern rainfall onset dates and variability alone, ACCESS-S1’s prediction performance can be considered an improvement over the older predictive system. As the real-time onset forecasts have were issued using ACCESS-S1 in July 2019, it is expected that the calibrated predictions will help improve the resilience of cattle producers and graziers to drought across northern Australia.
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Andersen, Nils Møller, and Tom A. Weir. "The genus Microvelia Westwood in Australia (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Veliidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 17, no. 2 (2003): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is02001.
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Water striders and their allies (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) are familiar inhabitants of water surfaces throughout the world. One of the most species-rich groups is the subfamily Microveliinae (Veliidae) and, in particular, the genus Microvelia Westwood, 1834. This genus comprises small or very small bugs inhabiting the nearshore areas of stagnant or slow-flowing fresh water. Accumulation of material during the past 30 years has shown that the Australian fauna of Microvelia is much richer and more diverse than previously recognised. In the present paper we discuss the subgeneric classification of the genus Microvelia based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony, describe three new subgenera and redescribe all previously known Australian species of the genus. The new taxa are: Microvelia (Austromicrovelia), subgen. nov. (type species: Microvelia mjobergi Hale, 1925) with the species Microvelia (Austromicrovelia) spurgeon, M. hypipamee, M. margaretae, M.�monteithi, M. tuberculata, M. myorensis, M. woodwardi, M. carnarvon, M. annemarieae, M. mossman, spp. nov. (all from Queensland), M. eborensis and M. milleri, spp. nov. (New South Wales), M. queenslandiae, M.�ventrospinosa, spp. nov. (New South Wales, Queensland), M. angelesi, M. alisonae, M. odontogaster, spp. nov. (Northern Territory), M. apunctata, sp. nov. (Northern Territory, Queensland), M. pennicilla, sp. nov. (Northern Territory, Western Australia), M. herberti, M. malipatili, M. torresiana, and M. australiensis, spp. nov. (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Microvelia (Barbivelia), subgen. nov. (type species: Microvelia barbifer, sp. nov.) with the species Microvelia (Barbivelia) barbifer, sp. nov. (Queensland) and M. falcifer, sp. nov. (Northern Territory); Microvelia (Pacificovelia), subgen. nov. (type species: Microvelia oceanica Distant, 1914) with the species M. tasmaniensis, sp. nov. (Tasmania), M. lilliput, and M. kakadu, spp. nov. (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia). We further recognise the subgenus Microvelia (Picaultia), stat. nov. (type species: Picaultia pronotalis Distant, 1913), and describe the following new species: Microvelia (Picaultia) justi and M. paramega, spp. nov. (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), and M. cassisi, sp. nov. (New South Wales). Finally, Microvelia fluvialis weiri Malipatil, 1980, is synonymised with Microvelia fluvialis Malipatil, 1980. Keys to adults of all species are provided and their distributions mapped.
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Costa, Vincenzo A., Jemma L. Geoghegan, Edward C. Holmes, and Erin Harvey. "Genetic Reassortment between Endemic and Introduced Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodaviruses in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia." Viruses 14, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14102186.
Full textAbstract:
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV)—the aetiological agent of white tail disease—is a major limiting factor of crustacean aquaculture as it causes up to 100% mortality in M. rosenbergii larvae and juveniles. Despite the importance of MrNV, there have been few studies on the phylogenetic diversity and geographic range of this virus in Australian waterways. Here, we detected MrNV genomes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) metatranscriptomes sampled at five freshwater sites across the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), Australia. We identified genetic divergence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene between MrNV sequences identified in the northern and southern rivers of the MDB. Northern viruses exhibited strong phylogenetic clustering with MrNV from China, whereas the southern viruses were more closely related to MrNV from Australia. However, all five viruses were closely related in the capsid protein, indicative of genetic reassortment of the RNA1 and RNA2 segments between Australian and introduced MrNV. In addition, we identified Macrobrachium australiense in two of the five MrNV-positive libraries, suggesting that these species may be important reservoir hosts in the MDB. Overall, this study reports the first occurrence of MrNV outside of the Queensland region in Australia and provides evidence for genetic reassortment between endemic and introduced MrNV.
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Scott, JK, and SM Morrison. "Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .1. Burr Morphology." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (1996): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960175.
Full textAbstract:
Variation in bun morphology was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Measurements were made of four size variables, four spine angles and the number of seeds in each bun from 31 Australian and overseas collection sites. Cluster analysis using all variables (valid for 26 collection sites) identified four groups of burrs, one of which contained a single site from Israel that differed due to the angle of the spines. All 31 sites were included by removing the measurement of the basal spine, which is sometimes absent from burrs. Four clusters were found on reanalysis. The minimum number of variables that produced the four clusters were length and width of burrs and abaxial spine length. Most southern Australian sites were grouped with southern African, Indian and Israeli sites. Three Western Australian sites formed one group, as did Northern Territory and Queensland sites. A fourth group included one site each from Australia, Iran, Israel and USA. The relationship between base length and width of the bun distinguished the probably native northern Australian collections, which have either more squat or more elongate burrs, from the probably introduced populations of T. terrestris in southern Australia. However, analysis of morphological variation only approximately detected groupings within the southern Australian and overseas collections that were subsequently identified by isozyme and cytogenetic studies.
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Taylor, Andrew S., Brian J. Knaus, Niklaus J. Grünwald, and Treena Burgess. "Population Genetic Structure and Cryptic Species ofPlasmopara viticolain Australia." Phytopathology® 109, no. 11 (November 2019): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0146-r.
Full textAbstract:
Downy mildew of grape caused by Plasmopara viticola is a global pathogen of economic importance to commercial viticulture. In contrast to populations in the northern hemisphere, few studies have investigated the population biology, genetic diversity, and origin of the pathogen in Australian production systems. DNA was extracted from 381 P. viticola samples from Vitis vinifera and alternate hosts collected via fresh and herbarium leaves from populations within Australia and Whatman FTA cards from North America, Brazil, and Uruguay. A total of 32 DNA samples were provided from a French population. The populations were genotyped using 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Representative samples from within Australia, Brazil, and Uruguay were also genotyped to determine which of the cryptic species (clades) within the P. viticola species complex were present. Our findings suggest the Australian and South American populations of P. viticola are more closely related to the European population than the North American population, the reported source of origin of the pathogen. The Western Australian population had similarities to the South Australian population, and the tight clustering of samples suggests a single introduction into Western Australia. P. viticola clade aestivalis was the only clade detected in Australian and South American populations. Analysis of the Western Australian population suggests that it is reproducing clonally, but additional research is required to determine the mechanism as to how this is occurring.
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Herman, Jay, Alexander Cede, Liang Huang, Jerald Ziemke, Omar Torres, Nickolay Krotkov, Matthew Kowalewski, and Karin Blank. "Global distribution and 14-year changes in erythemal irradiance, UV atmospheric transmission, and total column ozone for2005–2018 estimated from OMI and EPIC observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 8351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8351-2020.
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Abstract. Satellite data from the Ozone Measuring Instrument (OMI) and Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) are used to study long-term changes and global distribution of UV erythemal irradiance E(ζ,φ,z,t) (mW m−2) and the dimensionless UV index E ∕ (25 m Wm−2) over major cities as a function of latitude ζ, longitude φ, altitude z, and time t. Extremely high amounts of erythemal irradiance (12 < UV index <18) are found for many low-latitude and high-altitude sites (e.g., San Pedro, Chile, 2.45 km; La Paz, Bolivia, 3.78 km). Lower UV indices at some equatorial or high-altitude sites (e.g., Quito, Ecuador) occur because of persistent cloud effects. High UVI levels (UVI > 6) are also found at most mid-latitude sites during the summer months for clear-sky days. OMI time-series data starting in January 2005 to December 2018 are used to estimate 14-year changes in erythemal irradiance ΔE, total column ozone ΔTCO3, cloud and haze transmission ΔCT derived from scene reflectivity LER, and reduced transmission from absorbing aerosols ΔCA derived from absorbing aerosol optical depth τA for 191 specific cities in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere from 60∘ S to 60∘ N using publicly available OMI data. A list of the sites showing changes at the 1 standard deviation level 1σ is provided. For many specific sites there has been little or no change in E(ζ,φ,z,t) for the period 2005–2018. When the sites are averaged over 15∘ of latitude, there are strong correlation effects of both short- and long-term cloud and absorbing aerosol change as well as anticorrelation with total column ozone change ΔTCO3. Estimates of changes in atmospheric transmission ΔCT (ζ, φ, z, t) derived from OMI-measured cloud and haze reflectivity LER and averaged over 15∘ of latitude show an increase of 1.1±1.2 % per decade between 60 and 45∘ S, almost no average 14-year change of 0.03±0.5 % per decade from 55∘ S to 30∘ N, local increases and decreases from 20 to 30∘ N, and an increase of 1±0.9 % per decade from 35 to 60∘ N. The largest changes in E(ζ,φ,z,t) are driven by changes in cloud transmission CT. Synoptic EPIC radiance data from the sunlit Earth are used to derive ozone and reflectivity needed for global images of the distribution of E(ζ,φ,z,t) from sunrise to sunset centered on the Americas, Europe–Africa, and Asia. EPIC data are used to show the latitudinal distribution of E(ζ,φ,z,t) from the Equator to 75∘ for specific longitudes. EPIC UV erythemal images show the dominating effect of solar zenith angle (SZA), the strong increase in E with altitude, and the decreases caused by cloud cover. The nearly cloud-free images of E(ζ,φ,z,t) over Australia during the summer (December) show regions of extremely high UVI (14–16) covering large parts of the continent. Zonal averages show a maximum of UVI = 14 in the equatorial region seasonally following latitudes where SZA = 0∘. Dangerously high amounts of erythemal irradiance (12 < UV index < 18) are found for many low-latitude and high-altitude sites. High levels of UVI are known to lead to health problems (skin cancer and eye cataracts) with extended unprotected exposure, as shown in the extensive health statistics maintained by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the United States National Institute of Health National Cancer Institute.
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Chessman, Bruce C., Nina Bate, Peter A. Gell, and Peter Newall. "A diatom species index for bioassessment of Australian rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06220.
Full textAbstract:
The Diatom Index for Australian Rivers (DIAR), originally developed at the genus level, was reformulated at the species level with data from diatom sampling of rivers in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria. The resulting Diatom Species Index for Australian Rivers (DSIAR) was significantly correlated with the ARCE (Assessment of River Condition, Environment) index developed in the Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA), and with nine of the ARCE’s constituent indices and sub-indices, across 395 river reaches in south-eastern Australia. These correlations were generally stronger than those shown by the biological index that was used to assess river condition in the NLWRA, the ARCB (Assessment of River Condition, Biota) index based on macroinvertebrates and the Australian River Assessment System (AUSRIVAS). At a finer spatial scale, DSIAR was strongly and significantly correlated with measures of catchment urbanisation for streams in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. DSIAR scores across south-eastern Australia bore little relationship to the latitude, longitude or altitude of sampling sites, suggesting that DSIAR is not greatly affected by macro-geographical position. In addition, DSIAR scores did not vary greatly among small-scale hydraulic environments within a site. DSIAR appears to have potential as a broad-scale indicator of human influences on Australian rivers, especially the effects of agricultural and urban land use, and also for impact studies at a local scale. Further evaluation is warranted to test the sensitivity of the index to natural variables such as catchment geology, and to assess its performance in northern, western and inland Australia.
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Poore, GCB, and HM Lew Ton. "Idoteidae of Australia and New Zealand (Crustacea : Isopoda : Valvifera)." Invertebrate Systematics 7, no. 2 (1993): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9930197.
Full textAbstract:
The isopod family Idoteidae is diagnosed to distinguish it from other valviferan families. It is represented in Australia by 23 species and in New Zealand by four species. Except for the pelagic cosmopolitan species, Idotea metallica, all species occur only in shallow macroalgae and sea-grass habitats and are mostly confined to temperate waters. In Australia, the species have more or less limited ranges along the southern coast between Sydney (33°S.) and just north of Perth (29°S.) with the exception of three species which occur in subtropical Western Australia. In New Zealand, no species is found north of Wellington (41°S.). The valviferan family-groups are briefly reviewed and the Idoteidae rediagnosed. The Australian species Lyidotea nodata Hale, 1929 is removed to the arcturid complex, but its family placement is uncertain. Some species from New Zealand, 'Austridotea (Austridotea)' annectans Nicholls, 1937, 'A. (A.)' benhami Nicholls, 1937, 'Notidotea' lacustris (Thomson, 1879), and Idotea festiva Chilton, 1885, are regarded as chaetiliids and are also excluded. A new genus, Batedotea, is erected for Crabyzos elongata Miers. A neotype is selected for Zdotea stricta Dana and the species' position in Euidotea is confirmed. All genera and species are diagnosed and illustrated and complete synonymies are given. A key for their identification is presented. The Australian species are: Batedotea elongata (Miers), Crabyzos longicaudatus Bate, Engidotea cristata, sp. nov., Euidotea bakeri (Collinge), E. caeruleotincta Hale, E. danai, sp. nov., Euidotea halei, sp. nov., E. peronii (Milne Edwards), E. stricta (Dana), I. brevicorna Milne Edwards, I. metallica Bosc, Paridotea aquarii, sp. nov., P. collingei, sp. nov., P. miersi, sp, nov., P. munda Hale, P. simplex, sp. nov., P. ungulata (Pallas), Pentidotea australis Hale, Synidotea grisea, sp. nov., S. keablei, sp. nov., S. watsonae, sp. nov., Synidotea sp. and Synischia levidensis Hale. The New Zealand species are: Batedotea elongata (Miers), Euidotea durvillei, sp. nov., I. metallica Bosc and Paridotea ungulata (Pallas). A more restrictive definition of the Idotea implies that many of its Northern Hemisphere species may need to be included in other genera. Idotea hectica (Pallas) is placed in Synischia Hale.
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Entwisle, Timothy J., and John Huisman. "Algal systematics in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 2 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97006.
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Documentation of the algal flora of Australia had its beginnings in the seventeenth century and has progressed sporadically but with increasing vigour ever since. Earlier studies dealing with Australian algae were undertaken by overseas phycologists working with specimens collected during scientific voyages or short visits. Recent floristic studies have concentrated on specific regions, isolated localities, or particular taxonomic or ecological groupings. The algal flora of Australia is unevenly documented: northern Australia remains largely uncollected for seaweeds and marine phytoplankton, freshwater algal sampling sites are eclectically scattered across Australia, and collecting of terrestrial algae has been almost completely neglected. At present, numbers and names of species reported from Australia can only be provisional, and an immense amount of floristic and revisionary work is needed before we can match our current knowledge of the vascular plant flora. Until recently, documentation of records was poor and voucher material seldom adequate. We recommend extensive collecting, thorough taxonomic revisions, and regular contribution to Floras and guidebooks. A critical corollary is the training and employment of systematic phycologists in Australian herbaria and universities. Only then can we follow the path that leads ‘beyond the Floras’.
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Bougher, NL, BA Fuhrer, and E. Horak. "Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian Rozites species mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 4 (1994): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940353.
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Seven species of the putatively obligately ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Rozites are described from Australian Nothofagus and myrtaceaeous forests. Rozites metallica, R. armeniacovelata, R. foetens, and R. occulta are new species associated with Nothofagus in south eastern Australia. Rozites fusipes, previously known only from New Zealand, is reported from Tasmanian Nothofagus forests. Rozites roseolilacina and R. symea are new species associated with Eucalyptus in south eastern and south western Australia respectively. The significance of these Rozites species to mycorrhizal and biogeographical theories, such as the origin of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with myrtaceous plants in Australia are discussed. The diversity of Rozites species in Australia, which equals or exceeds that of other southern regions, furthers the notion that many species of the genus co-evolved with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere. Rozites symea in Western Australia occurs well outside the current geographic range of Nothofagus. It is considered to be a relict species that has survived the shift in dominant ectomycorrhizal forest tree type from Nothofagus to Myrtaceae (local extinction of Nothofagus 4–5 million years ago), and is most likely now confined to the high rainfall zone in the south west. Data on Rozites in Australia support the concept that at least some of the present set of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Myrtaceae in Australia are those which successfully completed a host change from Nothofagus, and adapted to changing climate, vegetation and soil conditions during and since the Tertiary. We suggest that the ancient stock of Rozites arose somewhere within the geographical range of a Cretaceous fagalean complex of plant taxa. By the end of the Cretaceous, Rozites and the fagalean complex may have spanned the Asian–Australian region including perhaps many Southern Hemisphere regions. A northern portion of the ancestral Rozites stock gave rise to extant Northern Hemisphere Rozites species and a southern portion speciated as Nothofagus itself speciated.
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Falvey, D. A., P. A. Symonds, J. B. Colwell, J. B. Willcox, J. F. Marshall, P. E. Williamson, and H. M. J. Stagg. "AUSTRALIA'S DEEPWATER FRONTIER PETROLEUM BASINS AND PLAY TYPES." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89015.
Full textAbstract:
Vast areas of Australia's continental margin sedimentary basins lying seawards of the 200 m water depth line, or shelf edge, are under-explored for petroleum. Indeed, most are essentially unexplored. However, recent advances in drilling and production technology, as well as recent reconnaissance seismic, geochemical, geothermal and seabed sampling data collected by the Bureau of Mineral Resources' (BMR) Marine Division, may reduce the perceived economic risk of many of these deepwater basins relative to their shelf counterparts. Triassic reefs have been identified off the northern Exmouth Plateau and possibly in the deepwater Canning Basin, locally within a predicted oil window. In the deepwater North Perth Basin, major wrench structures have been identified. The deepwater areas of the Great Australian Bight and Otway Basin are actually the main depocentres of a major basin complex lying along the almost totally unexplored southern Australian continental margin. The Latrobe Group in the outer Gippsland Basin is likely to have similar geology to the well explored and productive shelf basin, but remains untested. The Queensland and Townsville troughs, in deepwater off northeast Australia, contain many significant structures typical of unbreached rift systems.All these areas have been risked relative to each other and their prospectivity assessed. The most attractive frontier areas in terms of relative risk may be the Otway and North Perth basins. The highest potential may occur in the deepwater rift troughs off northeast Australia, although the relative risk is very high. Triassic reefs of the Northwest Shelf may have the best prospectivity in the shorter term, given that they are known from drilling in a region with proven source potential and a substantial exploration infrastructure.
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Haworth, Jeffrey, and Richard Bruce. "Australian states and Northern Territory acreage update." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13042.
Full textAbstract:
It is encouraging to note that a number of international oil companies (IOCs) have taken an interest in Australian onshore exploration, including the following: Bowen-Surat Basin—BG, ConocoPhillips, CNOOC, PetroChina, Sinopec, KOGAS, Mitsui, Petronas, Shell, and Total.Canning Basin—Mitsubishi, ConocoPhillips, Hess, PetroChina, and Apache.Cooper-Eromanga Basin—BG, and Chevron.Galilee Basin—CNOOC.Georgina Basin—Statoil, and Total. There is now greater interest in Australian onshore exploration, including in a number of sedimentary basins that have previously largely been overlooked. New views on geology and the development of a commercial shale and tight gas sector in the US have prompted a reassessment of onshore petroleum potential, especially in SA, the NT and WA. Access to onshore acreage in Australia for petroleum exploration is, in most jurisdictions, by means of a formal release process with a work program bidding system. Acreage that is being made available for exploration will generally be accompanied by information regarding its geological setting and petroleum prospectivity. Previous exploration activity may be summarised (including information in relation to the amount of pre-existing data available to applicants for acreage), and relevant maps and figures may be included. The following is a compilation of material supplied by the states and NT in relation to onshore acreage being made available for petroleum exploration.
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Dreccer, M. Fernanda, Scott C. Chapman, Francis C. Ogbonnaya, M. Gabriela Borgognone, and R. M. Trethowan. "Crop and environmental attributes underpinning genotype by environment interaction in synthetic-derived bread wheat evaluated in Mexico and Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 5 (2008): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07220.
Full textAbstract:
Synthetic backcrossed-derived bread wheats (SBWs) from CIMMYT were grown in the north-west of Mexico (CIANO) and sites across Australia during 3 seasons. A different set of lines was evaluated each season, as new materials became available from the CIMMYT crop enhancement program. Previously, we have evaluated both the performance of genotypes across environments and the genotype × environment interaction (G × E). The objective of this study was to interpret the G × E for yield in terms of crop attributes measured at individual sites and to identify the potential environmental drivers of this interaction. Groups of SBWs with consistent yield performance were identified, often comprising closely related lines. However, contrasting performance was also relatively common among sister lines or between a recurrent parent and its SBWs. Early flowering was a common feature among lines with broad adaptation and/or high yield in the northern Australian wheatbelt, while yields in the southern region did not show any association with the maturity type. Lines with high yields in the southern and northern regions had cooler canopies during flowering and early grain filling. Among the SBWs with Australian genetic backgrounds, lines best adapted to CIANO were tall (>100 cm), with a slightly higher ground cover. These lines also displayed a higher concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in the stem at flowering, which was negatively correlated with stem number per unit area when evaluated in southern Australia (Horsham). Possible reasons for these patterns are discussed. Selection for yield at CIANO did not specifically identify the lines best adapted to northern Australia, although they were not the most poorly adapted either. In addition, groups of lines with specific adaptation to the south would not have been selected by choosing the highest yielding lines at CIANO. These findings suggest that selection at CIMMYT for Australian environments may be improved by either trait based selection or yield data combined with trait information. Flowering date, canopy temperature around flowering, tiller density, and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the stem at flowering seem likely candidates.
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INGLIS, T. J. J., N. F. FOSTER, D. GAL, K. POWELL, M. MAYO, R. NORTON, and B. J. CURRIE. "Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 5 (October 2004): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002663.
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An environmental surveillance programme was developed to determine whether water supplies could be a source of Burkholderia pseudomallei as noted during previous melioidosis outbreak investigations. Water supplies to communities in the three northern Australian jurisdictions (Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland) were sampled periodically during 2001 and 2002. Water and soil samples were collected from communities known to have had recent culture-positive melioidosis cases and nearby communities where no cases had been diagnosed. Clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei obtained from northern Australian patients during 2001 and 2002 were compared with the environmental B. pseudomallei isolates by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. B. pseudomallei was isolated from 11 distinct locations, all in the Northern Territory, seven of which were associated with culture-positive melioidosis cases (>1 case at three locations). Water was implicated as a possible environmental source of melioidosis in six locations. A variety of free-living amoebae including Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella spp. that are potential hosts to B. pseudomallei were recovered from environmental specimens. Culturable B. pseudomallei was not found to be widely dispersed in the environments sampled.
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Brown, Gillian K., Frank Udovicic, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 4 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00029.
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To resolve the relationships of taxa within the Beaufortia suballiance (Myrtaceae), 72 ingroup taxa were analysed by parsimony methods and nrDNA sequence data from the 5S and ITS-1 ribosomal DNA spacer regions. Although basal nodes in the consensus tree (combined data set) are not supported by bootstrap or jackknife values, a number of clades are well supported, showing that Melaleuca is polyphyletic. Monophyletic groups include: endemic species of Melaleuca from New Caledonia (including species of Callistemon recently transferred to Melaleuca); the tropical Melaleuca leucadendra group; Australian species of Callistemon, which relate to species of Melaleuca predominantly from the South-East; and a group of south-western and eastern Australian melaleucas that relate to a clade of three south-western genera, Eremaea, Conothamnus and Phymatocarpus. Calothamnus, Regeliaand Beaufortiamay also relate to this latter group. Lamarchea is possibly related to northern melaleucas. The results have implications for generic revisions of the large genus Melaleuca. Biogeographic subtree analysis, based only on supported nodes of the taxon cladogram, showed New Caledonia, New Guinea, Eastern Queensland and the Northern Desert unresolved at the base of the area cladogram. The position of some of these areas is likely to be artifactual, but New Caledonia is interpreted as in the correct position. At a higher node, the monsoonal northern areas of Australia (Kimberley, Arnhem and Cape York), Atherton, the Pilbara and Western Desert relate to the southern regions, which form a group. The South-West of Australia is related to Eyre and Adelaide (designated area ‘South’) and Tasmania is related to the South-East and MacPherson–Macleay. The vicariance between northern and southern regions in Australia possibly relates to an early major climatic change (from the Early Tertiary). The biogeographic analysis helped illuminate taxon relationships.
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Greenwood, DR. "Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?" Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960095.
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The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.
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Bolaji, Stephen, Sulay Jalloh, and Marilyn Kell. "It Takes a Village: Listening to Parents." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030053.
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The study was premised on the concern of the migrant African parents about their children’s lack of aspiration for higher education after completing their secondary education in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. There appears to be little understanding of, or confusion around, the different pathways available to higher education in Australia. The reports and anecdotes around African youths in the NT demonstrating antisocial behaviors, including, but not limited to drug offences, teen pregnancies and suicides prompted this research. These troubling behaviors have culminated in the death of two young boys in the African community in Darwin 2016 and another girl in 2019 in Kathrine. The study comprises of African parents who migrated to NT in Australia from different demographics in Africa. This study used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to investigate African parents’ perception of their child’s post-secondary school aspiration. The outcome of this investigation revealed a lack of understanding of the NT Australian school systems and reporting strand on their children performance and the different pathways through which their children can access higher education in Australia. This study provided four recommendations to help African parents understand the NT Australian government policies and programs on education.
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Gopurenko, David, and Jane M. Hughes. "Regional patterns of genetic structure among Australian populations of the mud crab, Scylla serrata (Crustacea : Decapoda): evidence from mitochondrial DNA." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01225.
Full textAbstract:
The population genetic structure of the estuarine crab, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), was examined among shelf-connected locations and across a historical bio-geographic barrier. Over 300 individuals were sampled from multiple locations within coastal regions (western, northern and eastern) of Australia and analysed for mutational differences at a mitochondrial coding gene (COI). Analysis of molecular variance indicated mitochondrial haplotypes to be structured regionally (P < 0.001), which contrasted with evidence of genetic panmixia within regions. Regional genetic structure broadly correlated with hydrological circulation, supporting the contention that release of propagules away from the estuary may allow genetic connectivity among widespread shelf-connected S. serrata populations. That similar patterns of maternal gene flow are absent among trans-oceanic populations may indicate that the spatial scale of effective dispersal for this species is generally limited to areas of coastal shelf. Two distinct clades of haplotypes were geographically separated either side of the Torres Strait, a narrow sea channel connecting the northern and eastern regions of coastal Australia. This pattern of historical genetic separation is concordant with a number of other marine species across northern Australia and may indicate a shared history of vicariance induced by eustasy. Alternatively, we suggest that sundering of S. serrata populations resulting in cladogenesis may have its origins outside of the northern Australian region.
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Cook, Garry D., and Michael J. Nicholls. "Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Wind Hazard for Darwin: Comparison with Two Other Locations and the Australian Wind-Loading Code." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2013.1.
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Abstract The passage of three Australian Category 5 cyclones within 350 km of Darwin (Northern Territory), Australia, during the last decade indicates that that city should have a high wind hazard. In this paper, the wind hazard for Darwin was compared with that for Port Hedland (Western Australia) and Townsville (Queensland) using data from a coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation model and from historical and satellite-era records of tropical cyclones. According to the authoritative statement on wind hazard in Australia, Darwin’s wind hazard is the same as Townsville’s but both locations’ hazards are much less than that of Port Hedland. However, three different estimates in this study indicate that Darwin’s wind hazard at the long return periods relevant to engineering requirements is higher than for both Port Hedland and Townsville. The discrepancy with previous studies may result from the inadequate cyclone records in the low-latitude north of Australia, from accumulated errors from estimates of wind speeds from wind fields and wind–pressure relationships, and from inappropriate extrapolations of short-period records based on assumed probability distributions. It is concluded that the current wind-hazard zoning of northern Australia seriously underestimates the hazard near Darwin and that coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation models could contribute to its revision.
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Jorgensen, Eleanor, Jennifer Green, and Anastasia Bauer. "Exploring Phonological Aspects of Australian Indigenous Sign Languages." Languages 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020081.
Full textAbstract:
Spoken languages make up only one aspect of the communicative landscape of Indigenous Australia—sign languages are also an important part of their rich and diverse language ecologies. Australian Indigenous sign languages are predominantly used by hearing people as a replacement for speech in certain cultural contexts. Deaf or hard-of-hearing people are also known to make use of these sign languages. In some circumstances, sign may be used alongside speech, and in others it may replace speech altogether. Alternate sign languages such as those found in Australia occupy a particular place in the diversity of the world’s sign languages. However, the focus of research on sign language phonology has almost exclusively been on sign languages used in deaf communities. This paper takes steps towards deepening understandings of signed language phonology by examining the articulatory features of handshape and body locations in the signing practices of three communities in Central and Northern Australia. We demonstrate that, while Australian Indigenous sign languages have some typologically unusual features, they exhibit the same ‘fundamental’ structural characteristics as other sign languages.
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Irwin, Peter, Siobhon Egan, Telleasha Greay, and Charlotte Oskam. "Bacterial tick-associated infections in Australia: current studies and future directions." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 4 (2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18063.
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It may seem perplexing that there is any uncertainty in Australia about the existence of zoonotic tick-associated infections1–3. Outside this country, particularly in the northern hemisphere, tick-borne diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Boutonneuse fever, ehrlichiosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tick-borne encephalitis, have well documented aetiologies, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatments. Why is Australia different and what research is being conducted to address this issue? This article briefly addresses these questions and explains how high-throughput metagenomic analysis has started to shed light on bacterial microbiomes in Australian ticks, providing new data on the presence and distribution of potentially zoonotic microbial taxa.
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Mallitt, Kylie-Ann, David P. Wilson, Ann McDonald, and Handan Wand. "HIV incidence trends vary between jurisdictions in Australia: an extended back-projection analysis of men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10141.
Full textAbstract:
Background Trends in HIV diagnoses differ across Australia and are primarily driven by men who have sex with men (MSM). We use national population surveillance data to estimate the incidence of HIV infections among MSM by jurisdiction and infer the proportion of undiagnosed infections. Methods: Annual surveillance data for AIDS diagnoses, HIV diagnoses and recently acquired HIV infections were obtained from 1980 to 2009. A modified statistical back-projection method was used to reconstruct HIV incidence by jurisdiction. Results: HIV incidence among MSM peaked for all jurisdictions in the early 1980s and then declined into the early 1990s, after which incidence increased. Trends then differ between jurisdictions. In New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia, estimated HIV incidence peaked at 371 and 50 cases respectively in 2003, and has since decreased to 258 and 24 cases respectively in 2009. HIV infections in Queensland (Qld) have more than doubled over the past decade, from 84 cases in 2000 to 192 cases in 2009. Victoria and Western Australia have seen a rise in HIV incidence from 2000 to 2006 (to a peak of 250 and 38 incident cases respectively), followed by a plateau to 2009. HIV incidence in the Northern Territory, Tasmania and Australian Capital Territory have increased since 2000; however, case numbers remain small (<20 per year). The estimated proportion of HIV infections not yet diagnosed to 2009 ranges from 10% (NSW) to 18% (Qld), with an average of 12% across Australia. Conclusions: HIV diagnosis trends among MSM in Australia reflect changes in estimated incidence to 2009, and reveal the largest increase in the past 10 years in Qld.
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Sutcliffe, Sarah, Bradley O. Clarke, and Oliver A. H. Jones. "Steroid oestrogens in the environment: an Australian perspective." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 24, 2013): 2317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.508.
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Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been in the scientific spotlight since the 1980s. However, there has been much less research reported in Australia than in other developed countries and little information is known about how these compounds interact with native Australian species compared to European and North American fauna. This is of concern because Australia has distinct wildlife and environments that face increasing intensity and frequency of extreme, climatic events compared to northern hemisphere countries. Since oestrogenic compounds cannot be prevented from entering wastewater their management and removal must occur at wastewater treatment plants. Biological treatment is the most effective tool in this regard; however the financial and environmental costs must be balanced with the environmental benefit to effectively plan treatment options. Since standard risk assessment models and procedures developed internationally are unlikely to translate well to Australian ecosystems, new, novel and localised research on both the monitoring and assessment of EDCs in Australian wastewater and receiving aquatic environments is recommended. This includes the development of relevant bioassays and application of treatment technologies that reflect the local community and climate.