Journal articles on the topic 'Haze Asia, Southeastern'
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1
Dong, Xinyi, Joshua S. Fu, Qingzhao Zhu, Jian Sun, Jiani Tan, Terry Keating, Takashi Sekiya, et al. "Long-range transport impacts on surface aerosol concentrations and the contributions to haze events in China: an HTAP2 multi-model study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 21 (October 30, 2018): 15581–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15581-2018.
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Abstract. Haze has been severely affecting the densely populated areas in China recently. While many of the efforts have been devoted to investigating the impact of local anthropogenic emission, limited attention has been paid to the contribution from long-range transport. In this study, we apply simulations from six participating models supplied through the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution phase 2 (HTAP2) exercise to investigate the long-range transport impact of Europe (EUR) and Russia–Belarus–Ukraine (RBU) on the surface air quality in eastern Asia (EAS), with special focus on their contributions during the haze episodes in China. The impact of 20 % anthropogenic emission perturbation from the source region is extrapolated by a factor of 5 to estimate the full impact. We find that the full impacts from EUR and RBU are 0.99 µg m−3 (3.1 %) and 1.32 µg m−3 (4.1 %) during haze episodes, while the annual averaged full impacts are only 0.35 µg m−3 (1.7 %) and 0.53 µg m−3 (2.6 %). By estimating the aerosol response within and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL), we find that long-range transport from EUR within the PBL contributes to 22–38 % of the total column density of aerosol response in EAS. Comparison with the HTAP phase 1 (HTAP1) assessment reveals that from 2000 to 2010, the long-range transport from Europe to eastern Asia has decreased significantly by a factor of 2–10 for surface aerosol mass concentration due to the simultaneous emission reduction in source regions and emission increase in the receptor region. We also find the long-range transport from the Europe and RBU regions increases the number of haze events in China by 0.15 % and 0.11 %, and the North China Plain and southeastern China has 1–3 extra haze days (<3 %). This study is the first investigation into the contribution of long-range transport to haze in China with multi-model experiments.
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Lawrence, M. G., and J. Lelieveld. "Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): 9463–646. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-9463-2010.
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Abstract. Southern Asia is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. Biofuel and biomass burning play a disproportionately large role in the emissions of most key pollutant gases and aerosols there, in contrast to much of the rest of the Northern Hemisphere, where fossil fuel burning and industrial processes tend to dominate. This results in polluted air masses which are enriched in carbon-containing aerosols, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The outflow and long-distance transport of these polluted air masses is characterized by three distinct seasonal circulation patterns: the winter monsoon, the summer monsoon, and the monsoon transition periods. During winter, the near-surface flow is mostly northeasterly, and the regional pollution forms a thick haze layer in the lower troposphere which spreads out over millions of square km between southern Asia and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), located several degrees south of the equator over the Indian Ocean during this period. During summer, the heavy monsoon rains effectively remove soluble gases and aerosols. Less soluble species, on the other hand, are lifted to the upper troposphere in deep convective clouds, and are then transported away from the region by strong upper tropospheric winds, particularly towards northern Africa and the Mediterranean in the tropical easterly jet. Part of the pollution can reach the tropical tropopause layer, the gateway to the stratosphere. During the monsoon transition periods, the flow across the Indian Ocean is primarily zonal with the trade winds, and strong pollution plumes originating from both southeastern Asia and from Africa spread across the central Indian Ocean. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge based on the many observational and modeling studies over the last decades that have examined the southern Asian atmospheric pollutant outflow and its large scale effects.
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Lawrence, M. G., and J. Lelieveld. "Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (November 25, 2010): 11017–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010.
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Abstract. Southern Asia, extending from Pakistan and Afghanistan to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. Biofuel and biomass burning play a disproportionately large role in the emissions of most key pollutant gases and aerosols there, in contrast to much of the rest of the Northern Hemisphere, where fossil fuel burning and industrial processes tend to dominate. This results in polluted air masses which are enriched in carbon-containing aerosols, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The outflow and long-distance transport of these polluted air masses is characterized by three distinct seasonal circulation patterns: the winter monsoon, the summer monsoon, and the monsoon transition periods. During winter, the near-surface flow is mostly northeasterly, and the regional pollution forms a thick haze layer in the lower troposphere which spreads out over millions of square km between southern Asia and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), located several degrees south of the equator over the Indian Ocean during this period. During summer, the heavy monsoon rains effectively remove soluble gases and aerosols. Less soluble species, on the other hand, are lifted to the upper troposphere in deep convective clouds, and are then transported away from the region by strong upper tropospheric winds, particularly towards northern Africa and the Mediterranean in the tropical easterly jet. Part of the pollution can reach the tropical tropopause layer, the gateway to the stratosphere. During the monsoon transition periods, the flow across the Indian Ocean is primarily zonal, and strong pollution plumes originating from both southeastern Asia and from Africa spread across the central Indian Ocean. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge based on the many observational and modeling studies over the last decades that have examined the southern Asian atmospheric pollutant outflow and its large scale effects. An outlook is provided as a guideline for future research, pointing out particularly critical issues such as: resolving discrepancies between top down and bottom up emissions estimates; assessing the processing and aging of the pollutant outflow; developing a better understanding of the observed elevated pollutant layers and their relationship to local sea breeze and large scale monsoon circulations; and determining the impacts of the pollutant outflow on the Asian monsoon meteorology and the regional hydrological cycle, in particular the mountain cryospheric reservoirs and the fresh water supply, which in turn directly impact the lives of over a billion inhabitants of southern Asia.
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Zhao, Ping, Xiangde Xu, Fei Chen, Xueliang Guo, Xiangdong Zheng, Liping Liu, Yang Hong, et al. "The Third Atmospheric Scientific Experiment for Understanding the Earth–Atmosphere Coupled System over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effects." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 4 (April 2018): 757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0050.1.
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AbstractThis paper presents the background, scientific objectives, experimental design, and preliminary achievements of the Third Tibetan Plateau (TP) Atmospheric Scientific Experiment (TIPEX-III) for 8–10 years. It began in 2013 and has expanded plateau-scale observation networks by adding observation stations in data-scarce areas; executed integrated observation missions for the land surface, planetary boundary layer, cloud–precipitation, and troposphere–stratosphere exchange processes by coordinating ground-based, air-based, and satellite facilities; and achieved noticeable progress in data applications. A new estimation gives a smaller bulk transfer coefficient of surface sensible heat over the TP, which results in a reduction of the possibly overestimated heat intensity found in previous studies. Summer cloud–precipitation microphysical characteristics and cloud radiative effects over the TP are distinguished from those over the downstream plains. Warm rain processes play important roles in the development of cloud and precipitation over the TP. The lower-tropospheric ozone maximum over the northeastern TP is attributed to the regional photochemistry and long-range ozone transports, and the heterogeneous chemical processes of depleting ozone near the tropopause might not be a dominant mechanism for the summer upper-tropospheric–lower-stratospheric ozone valley over the southeastern TP. The TP thermodynamic function not only affects the local atmospheric water maintenance and the downstream precipitation and haze events but also modifies extratropical atmospheric teleconnections like the Asia–Pacific Oscillation, subtropical anticyclones over the North Pacific and Atlantic, and temperature and precipitation over Africa, Asia, and North America. These findings provide new insights into understanding land–atmosphere coupled processes over the TP and their effects, improving model parameterization schemes, and enhancing weather and climate forecast skills.
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Rosenfeld, D., G. Liu, X. Yu, Y. Zhu, J. Dai, X. Xu, and Z. Yue. "High-resolution (375 m) cloud microstructure as seen from the NPP/VIIRS satellite imager." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 5 (March 10, 2014): 2479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2479-2014.
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Abstract. VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite), onboard the Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) satellite, has an improved resolution of 750 m with respect to the 1000 m of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer for the channels that allow retrieving cloud microphysical parameters such as cloud drop effective radius (re). VIIRS also has an imager with five channels of double resolution of 375 m, which was not designed for retrieving cloud products. A methodology for a high-resolution retrieval of re and microphysical presentation of the cloud field based on the VIIRS imager was developed and evaluated with respect to MODIS in this study. The tripled microphysical resolution with respect to MODIS allows obtaining new insights for cloud–aerosol interactions, especially at the smallest cloud scales, because the VIIRS imager can resolve the small convective elements that are sub-pixel for MODIS cloud products. Examples are given for new insights into ship tracks in marine stratocumulus, pollution tracks from point and diffused sources in stratocumulus and cumulus clouds over land, deep tropical convection in pristine air mass over ocean and land, tropical clouds that develop in smoke from forest fires and in heavy pollution haze over densely populated regions in southeastern Asia, and for pyro-cumulonimbus clouds. It is found that the VIIRS imager provides more robust physical interpretation and refined information for cloud and aerosol microphysics as compared to MODIS, especially in the initial stage of cloud formation. VIIRS is found to identify significantly more fully cloudy pixels when small boundary layer convective elements are present. This, in turn, allows for a better quantification of cloud–aerosol interactions and impacts on precipitation-forming processes.
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Wang, Bin, Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui, Truong Quang Nguyen, Feng Xie, Cheng Li, Janak Raj Khatiwada, et al. "Phylogenetic surveys on the newt genus Tylototriton sensu lato (Salamandridae, Caudata) reveal cryptic diversity and novel diversification promoted by historical climatic shifts." PeerJ 6 (March 12, 2018): e4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4384.
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Global climatic transitions and Tibetan Plateau uplifts are hypothesized to have profoundly impacted biodiversity in southeastern Asia. To further test the hypotheses related to the impacts of these incidents, we investigated the diversification patterns of the newt genus Tylototriton sensu lato, distributed across the mountain ranges of southeastern Asia. Gene-tree and species-tree analyses of two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes revealed five major clades in the genus, and suggested several cryptic species. Dating estimates suggested that the genus originated in the early-to-middle Miocene. Under different species delimitating scenarios, diversification analyses with birth-death likelihood tests indicated that the genus held a higher diversification rate in the late Miocene-to-Pliocene era than that in the Pleistocene. Ancestral area reconstructions indicated that the genus originated from the northern Indochina Peninsula. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the Miocene Climatic Transition triggered the diversification of the genus, and the reinforcement of East Asian monsoons associated with the stepwise uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau promoted the radiation of the genus in southeastern Asia during the Miocene-to-Pliocene period. Quaternary glacial cycles likely had limited effects on speciation events in the genus, but mainly had contributions on their intraspecific differentiations.
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Zheng, Hongbo. "Birth of the Yangtze River: age and tectonic-geomorphic implications." National Science Review 2, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv063.
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Abstract Large river systems are an integral and essential component of Earth dynamics. The development of large river systems in Asia is closely linked to the evolving topography driven by both near-field and far-field effects of the interplay among Indian, Eurasian and Pacific plates. Plate tectonics together with climatic changes during the Cenozoic is therefore believed to have determined the evolution of Asian large rivers, yet the age of the Yangtze, the largest in Asia, has been strongly debated over a century, with estimates ranging from 40–45 Ma to a more recent initiation postdating 750 ka. In this paper, I attempt to review the competing views about the age of the Yangtze, and evaluate the estimated pre-Miocene birth of the river based on the provenance of the fluvial sediments from the lower reaches. I further present new geological evidence from the upper stream in southeastern Tibetan Plateau to show the existence of a possible southward paleo-Jinshajiang during the Paleogene, and exploit when and how it might deviated eastward to give birth to the modern Yangtze River. I propose that the present Yangtze River system formed in response to the continental-scale gradient driven by uplifting Tibetan Plateau and regional extension throughout eastern China, synchronous with surface uplift in southeastern Tibet and strengthening of Asian summer monsoon.
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Jiang, Jie, Tianjun Zhou, Xiaolong Chen, and Bo Wu. "Central Asian Precipitation Shaped by the Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability." Journal of Climate 34, no. 18 (September 2021): 7541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0905.1.
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AbstractKnown as one of the largest semiarid to arid regions in the world, central Asia and its economy and ecosystem are highly sensitivity to the changes in precipitation. The observed precipitation and related hydrographic characteristics have exhibited robust decadal variations in the past decades, but the reason remains unknown. Using the pacemaker experiments of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2), we find that the tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV) and the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) are the main drivers of the interdecadal variations in central Asian precipitation during 1955–2004. Both the decadal-scale warming of the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic are favorable for wetter conditions over central Asia. The positive TPDV is accompanied with high sea level pressure (SLP) over the Indo–western Pacific warm pool. Southwesterly winds along the northwestern flank of the high SLP can transport more moisture to southeastern central Asia. The warm AMV can excite a circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern. A trough node of the CGT to the west of central Asia drives an anomalous ascending motion and increased precipitation over this region. The results based on the CESM model are further demonstrated by the pacemaker experiments of MRI-ESM2-0. Based on the observational TPDV and AMV indices, we reasonably reconstruct the historical precipitation over central Asia. Our results provide hints for the decadal prediction of precipitation over central Asia.
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Hussain, Abbas Ali, and Rabia Sarwar. "Emergence of Chikungunya Virus in Pakistan: What should be done?" Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 10, no. 02 (March 18, 2021): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc2020005.
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Since 10 years, Chikungunya – a virus spread through Aedes spp mosquitoes – has reemerged in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and the Indian Ocean Islands.1 In SouthEast Asia, epidemics have been documented in India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Pakistan
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Vogel, B., G. Günther, R. Müller, J. U. Grooß, and M. Riese. "Impact of different Asian source regions on the composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone and of the extratropical lowermost stratosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 23 (December 10, 2015): 13699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13699-2015.
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Abstract. The impact of different boundary layer source regions in Asia on the chemical composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone, considering its intraseasonal variability in 2012, is analysed by simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) using artificial emission tracers. The horizontal distribution of simulated CO, O3, and artificial emission tracers for India/China are in good agreement with patterns found in satellite measurements of O3 and CO by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Using in addition, correlations of artificial emission tracers with potential vorticity demonstrates that the emission tracer for India/China is a very good proxy for spatial distribution of trace gases within the Asian monsoon anticyclone. The Asian monsoon anticyclone constitutes a horizontal transport barrier for emission tracers and is highly variable in location and shape. From the end of June to early August, a northward movement of the anticyclone and, during September, a strong broadening of the spatial distribution of the emission tracer for India/China towards the tropics are found. In addition to the change of the location of the anticyclone, the contribution of different boundary source regions to the composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone in the upper troposphere strongly depends on its intraseasonal variability and is therefore more complex than hitherto believed. The largest contributions to the composition of the air mass in the anticyclone are found from northern India and Southeast Asia at a potential temperature of 380 K. In the early (mid-June to mid-July) and late (September) period of the 2012 monsoon season, contributions of emissions from Southeast Asia are highest; in the intervening period (early August), emissions from northern India have the largest impact. Our findings show that the temporal variation of the contribution of different convective regions is imprinted in the chemical composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. Air masses originating in Southeast Asia are found both within and outside of the Asian monsoon anticyclone because these air masses experience, in addition to transport within the anticyclone, upward transport at the southeastern flank of the anticyclone and in the tropics. Subsequently, isentropic poleward transport of these air masses occurs at around 380 K with the result that the extratropical lowermost stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere is flooded by the end of September with air masses originating in Southeast Asia. Even after the breakup of the anticyclonic circulation (around the end of September), significant contributions of air masses originating in India/China are still found in the upper troposphere over Asia. Our results demonstrate that emissions from India, China, and Southeast Asia have a significant impact on the chemical composition of the lowermost stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, in particular at the end of the monsoon season in September/October 2012.
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Pudsey, C. J., M. P. Coward, I. W. Luff, R. M. Shackleton, B. F. Windley, and M. Q. Jan. "Collision zone between the Kohistan arc and the Asian plate in NW Pakistan." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 76, no. 4 (1985): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330001066x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper describes the suture zone between the Asian plate and the accreted Kohistan island arc in the Chitral district of NW Pakistan.The southern part of the Asian plate consists of two tectonic units separated by the N-dipping Reshun fault. The northwestern unit comprises Devonian carbonates and quartzites overlain by Devonian to Permian shales and slates with some limestones (Lun shales). Its structure is complex with S-verging thrusts and isoclinal folds. Along the Reshun fault, the relatively undeformed Reshun Formation may represent molasse. The central unit includes N-dipping Upper Palaeozoic slates and quartzites (Darkot Group), probably faulted against an antiformal tract of slates, schists derived from a volcanic assemblage and Cretaceous limestones (Chitral slate, Koghozi greenschist, Krinj and Gahiret limestones). Asian plate sediments are intruded by granitic and granodioritic plutons, variably deformed and locally porphyritic.The Northern suture melange of volcanic, sedimentary and serpentinite blocks in a slate matrix separates the Asian plate from the southeastern unit, the Kohistan arc. This comprises Cretaceous volcanic rocks with some sediments (Shamran Volcanic Group, Drosh, Purit and Gawuch Formations) intruded by aphyric diorites, tonalites and granites. These intermediate plutonic rocks pass southwards into a mafic layered complex and amphibolites representing deep levels of the arc. The volcanic rocks and sediments dip to the N and have a horizontal lineation. The structural history of southern Asia and Kohistan is consistent with an originally curved Northern suture: motion of the arc was initially to the NE relative to Asia and subsequently to the NW.
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Braman, Dennis R. "Evidence of an Asia to North America dispersal of palynomorphs in the Late Cretaceous." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 2015): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0120.
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The fossil pollen genus Morinoipollenites has been frequently reported in strata from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China and southeastern Russia. Pollen grains belonging to a single fossil species, Morinoipollenites normalis, have been only rarely encountered in Upper Cretaceous strata of North America. Just five specimens of Morinoipollenites have been recovered from sites of definite or probable Maastrichtian age in Alaska, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Colorado. It is argued that the rarity in North America, common Asian occurrences, large size of pollen grains, and complex morphology of the pollen favour these pollen grains having been transported to North America from Asia by some vector. The transporting vector would most likely have been a flying organism based on the life styles of the producing plants and transporting organisms, long distance of transport, and morphology of the pollen grains.
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DeVore, Melanie L., Kathleen B. Pigg, and Wesley C. Wehr. "Systematics and phytogeography of selected Eocene Okanagan Highlands plants." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-072.
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The diverse Early to Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras of south central British Columbia and northeastern Washington reflect a time of rapid evolution and the early radiation of many dicot families that are currently significant elements of temperate floras. Recent studies of the Republic, Washington flora (Klondike Mountain Formation) and related Okanagan floras in British Columbia have documented both the earliest, and sometimes the only, known fossil occurrences of genera. Today many once more widespread taxa are restricted, particularly to Asian and (or) eastern North American refugia. Examples include members of the families Betulaceae (birch, hazelnut), Rosaceae (rose), Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel), and the endemic Asian family Trochodendraceae. Earliest occurrences are noted for Neviusia (Rosaceae), Trochodendron (Trochodendraceae), Corylus and Carpinus (both Betulaceae). The first unequivocal leaf records of Corylopsis and Fothergilla (both Hamamelidaceae), and two new Eocene species of the extinct fruit Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) are also recognized. Today, Trochodendron and Corylopsis are restricted to Asia, whereas Neviusia and Fothergilla, genera with close Asian relatives, occur only in North America. Corylus johnsonii from Republic is most similar to the extant Asian species C. heterophylla, C. wangii, and C. ferox. Neviusia leaves from One Mile Creek near Princeton, British Columbia are more similar to N. cliftonii, an endemic from Mount Shasta, California, than to N. alabamensis of southeastern North America. A better documentation of the Okanagan Highlands floras is essential to our understanding of the evolution of North American temperate floras and the nature of Asian North American disjunct taxa.
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Shen, Haibo, Shengping He, and Huijun Wang. "Effect of Summer Arctic Sea Ice on the Reverse August Precipitation Anomaly in Eastern China between 1998 and 2016." Journal of Climate 32, no. 11 (May 16, 2019): 3389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0615.1.
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Abstract The 1997/98 and 2015/16 El Niño episodes are regarded as two super–El Niño events and have exerted profound influence on eastern China summer rainfall, as expected. However, on the subseasonal time scale, summer rainfall in these two years shows dramatic diversity, although the characteristics of the two super–El Niños are similar. This study reveals that the rainfall increased (decreased) over central China (~30°–35°N) and decreased (increased) over southeastern China (south of ~25°N) in August 1998 (2016), exhibiting a dipole anomaly pattern over eastern China. Observational analyses indicate that, associated with negative interannual variability of the sea ice area (SIA) over the Barents–Kara Seas (BKS) in July and August, August rainfall shows significantly negative (positive) anomalies over central (southeastern) China. Further analyses reveal that negative SIA anomalies in the BKS induce significantly anomalous upper-level divergence over the polar region, accompanied with anomalous upper-level convergence over the Caspian Sea. The advection of vorticity by these anomalous divergent and convergent flows indicates notable Rossby wave sources near the Caspian Sea, yielding a Rossby wave train propagating eastward to East Asia that causes positive barotropic and baroclinic energy convection near the exit region of the Asian jet stream. The accumulation of perturbation energy in East Asia stimulates the formation of the Pacific–Japan teleconnection, which is favorable for the dipole rainfall anomaly pattern over eastern China. Thus, the positive and negative SIA anomaly over the BKS in 1998 and 2016 may contribute to the reverse August precipitation anomaly in eastern China.
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Anonby, Erik John. "Update on Luri: How many languages?" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 13, no. 2 (July 2003): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303003067.
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AbstractLuri is an Indo-Iranian language cluster with over four million speakers. The Luri ethnic area is found in southwestern Iran and southeastern Iraq, although smaller numbers of speakers have emigrated to elsewhere in Asia and a number of cities in the West.
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Sinha, Parimal, and Xianming Chen. "Potential Infection Risks of the Wheat Stripe Rust and Stem Rust Pathogens on Barberry in Asia and Southeastern Europe." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050957.
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Barberry (Berberis spp.) is an alternate host for both the stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and the stem rust pathogen, P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), infecting wheat. Infection risk was assessed to determine whether barberry could be infected by either of the pathogens in Asia and Southeastern Europe, known for recurring epidemics on wheat and the presence of barberry habitats. For assessing infection risk, mechanistic infection models were used to calculate infection indices for both pathogens on barberry following a modeling framework. In East Asia, Bhutan, China, and Nepal were found to have low risks of barberry infection by Pst but high risks by Pgt. In Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, southern Russia, and Uzbekistan were identified to have low to high risks of barberry infection for both Pst and Pgt. In Northwest Asia, risk levels of both pathogens in Turkey and the Republic of Georgia were determined to be high to very high. In Southwest Asia, no or low risk was found. In Southeastern Europe, similar high or very high risks for both pathogens were noted for all countries. The potential risks of barberry infection by Pst and/or Pgt should provide guidelines for monitoring barberry infections and could be valuable for developing rust management programs in these regions. The framework used in this study may be useful to predict rust infection risk in other regions.
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Zhu, Hua, and Yunhong Tan. "Flora and Vegetation of Yunnan, Southwestern China: Diversity, Origin and Evolution." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050340.
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Yunnan has a complicated geological history, a particular geography, and a complex topography, which have influenced the formation of various habitats of high biodiversity: 245 families; 2140 genera; 13,253 species and varieties of seed plants; more than 12 types of vegetation; and 167 plant formations, including tropical rain forests, tropical dry forests, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, cold temperate coniferous forests, and alpine bushes and meadows. An analysis of the geographic elements to the current Yunnan flora shows that the tropical distribution contributed to 51% of all families and to 57.5% of all genera, of which the genera from the tropical Asian distribution make up the highest proportion among all geographical elements. During the late evolution of Yunnan, its flora was strongly affected by the tropical Asian flora. The complicated patterns and diversity in Yunnan flora and vegetation have been shaped mainly by its particular geological histories, which include the differential uplifts in topography, the clock-wise rotation of the Simao-Lanping geoblock, and the extrusion of the Indochina geoblock by the Himalayan uplift. The flora and vegetation of Yunnan were possibly derived from tropical-subtropical Tertiary flora before later diverging. Northwestern Yunnan flora likely evolved due to rapid speciation from families and genera from cosmopolitan and northern temperate distributions during the uplift of the Himalayas and climatic oscillations after the late Tertiary. Southern Yunnan flora likely evolved into tropical Asian flora following the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block, which brought along tropical Asian elements. Central Yunnan flora inherited most of the elements of the Tertiary flora from East Asia. The formation and strengthening of the southwest monsoon by the uplift of the Himalayas was also a direct factor in the formation of the tropical rain forests found in southern Yunnan. The flora from southern and southeastern Yunnan also diverged, with the former being more closely related to Indo-Malaysian flora and the latter being more closely related to Eastern Asian flora. This floristic divergence is well supported by the geological history of these regions: that is, the tropical flora of southeastern Yunnan derived from the South China geoblock, whereas the flora of southern and southwestern Yunnan mainly derived from the Shan-Thai geoblock.
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Tardif, Delphine, Frédéric Fluteau, Yannick Donnadieu, Guillaume Le Hir, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Pierre Sepulchre, Alexis Licht, Fernando Poblete, and Guillaume Dupont-Nivet. "The origin of Asian monsoons: a modelling perspective." Climate of the Past 16, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-847-2020.
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Abstract. The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian–Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan–Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10∘ N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20–25∘ N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian–Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
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Zichu, Xie. "Progress and prospect for research on mountain glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1992aog16-1-207-211.
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In the past decade the interest of many scientists worldwide has been attracted to the central Asian area of China. A number of gaps in scientific knowledge have been closed, and many significant discoveries have been made.The most important achievement is the ice-core research by the Sino-American Joint Expedition to the Dunde Ice Cap, Qilian mountains, that established a record of ten thousand years of climatic and environmental change. In addition, in cooperation with scientists from Japan, Switzerland and the Soviet Union, studies have been carried out focusing on glacier mass balance, heat balance, the mechanism and formation of glacial runoff, and high mountain climates. This work has been done in the Tien Shan, west Kunlun, Tanggula, Nyaingentanglha and Gongga mountains.In addition, through joint efforts of scientists from China, Nepal and Canada, important advances have also been made in studies of glacier lake outburst floods and debris flows in the Karakoram and the Himalayas, and in mountainous areas in southeastern Tibet.The glaciers in central Asia will continue to be an important research area for glaciologists from all over the world in the coming decade.
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Zichu, Xie. "Progress and prospect for research on mountain glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005085.
Full textAbstract:
In the past decade the interest of many scientists worldwide has been attracted to the central Asian area of China. A number of gaps in scientific knowledge have been closed, and many significant discoveries have been made.The most important achievement is the ice-core research by the Sino-American Joint Expedition to the Dunde Ice Cap, Qilian mountains, that established a record of ten thousand years of climatic and environmental change. In addition, in cooperation with scientists from Japan, Switzerland and the Soviet Union, studies have been carried out focusing on glacier mass balance, heat balance, the mechanism and formation of glacial runoff, and high mountain climates. This work has been done in the Tien Shan, west Kunlun, Tanggula, Nyaingentanglha and Gongga mountains.In addition, through joint efforts of scientists from China, Nepal and Canada, important advances have also been made in studies of glacier lake outburst floods and debris flows in the Karakoram and the Himalayas, and in mountainous areas in southeastern Tibet.The glaciers in central Asia will continue to be an important research area for glaciologists from all over the world in the coming decade.
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Safaierad, Reza, Mahyar Mohtadi, Bernd Zolitschka, Yusuke Yokoyama, Christoph Vogt, and Enno Schefuß. "Elevated dust depositions in West Asia linked to ocean–atmosphere shifts during North Atlantic cold events." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 20, 2020): 18272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004071117.
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Rapid North Atlantic cooling events during the last deglaciation caused atmospheric reorganizations on global and regional scales. Their impact on Asian climate has been investigated for monsoonal domains, but remains largely unknown in westerly wind-dominated semiarid regions. Here we generate a dust record from southeastern Iran spanning the period 19 to 7 cal. ka B.P. We find a direct link between frequent occurrences of dust plumes originating from the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa and rapid southward shifts of the westerlies associated with changes of the winter stationary waves during Heinrich Stadial 1, the Younger Dryas, the Preboreal Oscillation, and the 8.2-ka event. Dust input rises and falls abruptly at the transitions into and out of these cooling events, which we attribute to changes in the ocean circulation strength that are modulated by the North Atlantic winter sea-ice cover. Our findings reveal that waxing and waning of North American ice sheets have a stronger influence than those of European ice sheets on the winter climate over West Asia.
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Minwer-Barakat, Raef, Antonio García-Alix, Elvira Martín-Suárez, and Matthijs Freudenthal. "Micromys caesaris, a new murid (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Pliocene of the Guadix Basin, southeastern Spain." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 2 (March 2008): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-030.1.
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The Genus Micromys includes a single extant species, Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771), which lives in Europe and North Asia. This genus is known in the fossil record since the late Miocene; eight fossil species have been described in Europe and Asia, most of them of late Miocene and early Pliocene age. The evolution of this genus during the late Pliocene is barely known. Although it is present in numerous localities of this age, remains of Micromys are usually scarce and generally assigned to the species M. minutus or M. praeminutus Kretzoi, 1959.
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Zhao, Zhuzi, Qiyuan Wang, Li Li, Yongming Han, Zhaolian Ye, Siwatt Pongpiachan, Yong Zhang, Suixin Liu, Ruixia Tian, and Junji Cao. "Characteristics of PM2.5 at a High-Altitude Remote Site in the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau in Premonsoon Season." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110645.
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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the world’s most sensitive areas for climate change. Previous studies have revealed that air pollutants emitted from South and Southeast Asia can be transported to and have a negative impact on the TP. However, the majority of the investigators have focused on the pollutant transport processes from South Asian regions (i.e., India and Bangladesh) and parts of Southeast Asia, while the regions adjacent to the southeast fringe of the TP (i.e., Burma and the Sino-Burmese border) have been neglected. Here, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected during the period 11 March to 13 May 2018 at Gaomeigu, a high-altitude remote site in the southeastern margin of the TP. Characteristics, sources of PM2.5, and the potential source regions for different chemical components were investigated. During the sampling time, PM2.5 mass loadings ranged from 3.79 to 54.57 µg m−3, with an arithmetic mean concentration of 20.99 ± 9.80 µg m−3. In general, major peaks of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) always coincided with high loadings of K+ and NO3−, which implies that common combustion sources caused these species’ concentrations to covary, while the daily variations of crustal elements showed different trends with the other chemical compositions, suggesting different source regions for crustal materials. Five source factors were identified as possible aerosol sources for PM2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF). They are the mining industry (5.3%), characterized by heavy metal elements; secondary formation (18.8%), described by the high concentrations of NH4+ and SO42−; traffic-related emissions (26.7%), dominated by carbonaceous species (especially soot-EC) and some metal elements; fugitive dust (15.2%), represented by crustal elements (Ti, Fe, and Mn), Ca2+, and Mg2+; and biomass burning (34.0%), which is typified by high concentrations of K+, NO3−, char-EC, primary OC, and secondary OC. The concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis results showed that the northeast part of Burma is the potential source region for high concentrations of EC and NO3− due to biomass burning emissions, while the tourism industry surrounding Gaomeigu gave strong grid cell values of SO42− as well as moderate values of EC and NO3−. Moreover, the mining industry in the southwest direction of Gaomeigu has important impacts on the zinc concentrations.
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Zhao, Haigen, and Yanfei Ma. "Evaluating the Drought-Monitoring Utility of Four Satellite-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Products at Global Scale." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172010.
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This study simultaneously analyzed and evaluated the meteorological drought-monitoring utility of the following four satellite-based, quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis 3B43V7 (TRMM-3B43), the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS), the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique gauge-satellite blended product (CMORPH-BLD), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR). Data from 2000 to 2016 was used at global scale. The global Climate Research Unit (CRU) Version 4.02 was used as reference data to assess QPE products. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought index was chosen as an example to evaluate the drought utility of four QPE products. The results indicate that CHIRPS has the best performance in Europe, Oceania, and Africa; the PERSIANN-CDR has the best performance in North America, South America, and Asia; the CMORPH-BLD has the worst statistical indices in all continents. Although four QPE products showed satisfactory performance for most of the world according to SPEI statistics, poor drought monitoring ability occurred in Southeast Asia, Central Africa, the Tibetan plateau, the Himalayas, and Amazonia. The PERSIANN-CDR achieves the best performance of the four QPE products in most regions except for Africa; CHIRPS and TRMM-3B43 have comparable performances. According to the spatial probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) of the SPEI, more than 50% of all drought events cannot be accurately identified by QPE products in regions with sparse gauge distribution. In other regions, such as the southeastern USA, southeastern China, and South Africa, QPE products capture more than 75% of drought events. Temporally, all datasets (except for CMORPH-BLD) can detect all typical drought events, namely, in the southeastern US in 2007, western Europe in 2003, Kenya in 2006, and Central Asia in 2008. The study concludes that CHIRPS and TRMM-3B43 can be used as near-real-time drought monitoring techniques whereas PERSIANN-CDR might be more suitable for long-term historical drought analysis.
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Liu, Huikun, Qiyuan Wang, Li Xing, Yong Zhang, Ting Zhang, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao. "Measurement report: quantifying source contribution of fossil fuels and biomass-burning black carbon aerosol in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 973–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021.
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Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of black carbon (BC) aerosol are transported from Southeast Asia to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the pre-monsoon; however, the quantities of BC from different anthropogenic sources and the transport mechanisms are still not well constrained because there have been no high-time-resolution BC source apportionments. Intensive measurements were taken in a transport channel for pollutants from Southeast Asia to the southeastern margin of the TP during the pre-monsoon to investigate the influences of fossil fuels and biomass burning on BC. A receptor model that coupled multi-wavelength absorption with aerosol species concentrations was used to retrieve site-specific Ångström exponents (AAEs) and mass absorption cross sections (MACs) for BC. An “aethalometer model” that used those values showed that biomass burning had a larger contribution to BC mass than fossil fuels (BCbiomass=57 % versus BCfossil=43 %). The potential source contribution function indicated that BCbiomass was transported to the site from northeastern India and northern Burma. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) indicated that 40 % of BCbiomass originated from Southeast Asia, while the high BCfossil was transported from the southwest of the sampling site. A radiative transfer model indicated that the average atmospheric direct radiative effect (DRE) of BC was +4.6 ± 2.4 W m−2, with +2.5 ± 1.8 W m−2 from BCbiomass and +2.1 ± 0.9 W m−2 from BCfossil. The DRE of BCbiomass and BCfossil produced heating rates of 0.07 ± 0.05 and 0.06 ± 0.02 K d−1, respectively. This study provides insights into sources of BC over a transport channel to the southeastern TP and the influence of the cross-border transportation of biomass-burning emissions from Southeast Asia during the pre-monsoon.
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Zhong, Wogu, Zhicong Yin, and Huijun Wang. "The relationship between anticyclonic anomalies in northeastern Asia and severe haze in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 5941–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5941-2019.
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Abstract. Haze pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region has become increasingly more severe and persistent in recent years. To better understand the formation of severe haze and its relationship with anticyclonic anomalies over northeastern Asia (AANA), this research focused on severe haze over the BTH region occurring in December during 2014–2016 and examined the impacts of AANA. The results indicated that local meteorological conditions were conducive to severe haze (such as weaker surface winds, a stronger temperature inversion, a shallower boundary layer, and higher relative humidity) and were all closely related to AANA. During severe haze episodes, AANA remained strong in the middle upper troposphere, generating anomalous southeasterly winds near the surface. This effect not only promoted the accumulation of pollutants due to the unique topographical conditions in the BTH region but also caused warm advection in lower levels, which was the main cause of the formation and development of a temperature inversion layer. As a synoptic-scale circulation, AANA were accompanied by anomalous vertical motions in the surrounding areas, which weakened the meridional circulation over the BTH region. Intrusions of clean air from upper levels to the surface and downward transport of westerly momentum at mid-levels and upper levels were suppressed, resulting in weaker northerly winds near the surface and a shallower boundary layer. The thermally indirect zonal circulation between the BTH region and western Pacific triggered by AANA provided a persistent source of moisture for the BTH region, which strengthened the development of severe haze by promoting the growth of fine particulates. The advance and retreat of AANA often corresponded with the emergence and dissipation of severe haze, illustrating that AANA could be effective forecast indicators for air quality.
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Hakro, Asghar A. A. D., Muhammad Soomar Samtio, Abdul Shakoor Mastoi, and Riaz Hussain Rajper. "THE MAJOR ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MIDDLE PALEOCENE SEDIMENTS OF SOUTHERN INDUS BASIN PAKISTAN: IMPLICATION ON PROVENANCE." Earth Science Malaysia 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2021.01.09.
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The current study area is a northeastern part of Karachi arc and located in Lakhi Range and also the Southeastern part of Karachi arc which is Thar Desert. Present study is focused on Bara Formation with specifically source rock study, as it could be understand that from where these detritus were being supplied, either from Indian craton or Asian plate in Middle Paleocene time. These sediments are composed of Sandstone, Shale, Coal, and Siltstone with some traces of fossils. Ninety five samples of Middle Paleocene sediments from three localities (Ranikot, Lakhra and Thar) with five stratigraphic sections have investigated for geochemical elements identification. The studied sediments have been classified as Litharenite, Sublitharenite, arkose, Sub-arkose greywacke, Iron sand, Iron shale. PIA and CIA of studied section of basin had been facing low/low to high weathering conditions in source area. The majority of samples indicate the passive margin tectonic settings. Middle Paleocene sediments of Southern Indus Basin is concluded here as the sediments had been supplied from Indian shield rocks and it can be summarized that the Indian plate was not collided with Asia plate in Middle Paleocene time (61.6-59.2 million years age) at Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan.
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Huang, Chun Chang, Jiangli Pang, and Jingpo Zhao. "Chinese loess and the evolution of the east Asian monsoon." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400104.
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The history of the east Asian monsoon has been reconstructed from proxy records from the aeolian loess-palaeosol sequence in the Loess Plateau. It has been suggested that the monsoonal atmospheric circulation was initiated abruptly at 2.6 M yr BP. From about 1.2 M yrBP, the climate was characterized by contrasts between dry-cold periods brought on by the northwesterly monsoon and humid-warm periods brought about by the southeasterly monsoon. The periodic changes related to the earth’s orbital cycles have been clearly identified. Since about 0.6 M yr BP, the monsoonal climatic variations have become extremely pronounced and these correlate well with the marine isotope stages. The three-step shift in the east Asian monsoon towards greater variation seems to have been caused by the accelerated uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. Climatic change during the last interglacial-glacial cycle recorded in the loess seems to match the SPECMAP δ18O record exactly. Six episodes of extremely strong dustfall events (brought on by the strengthened northwesterly monsoon winds) have been identified during the last glaciation. The ages of these episodes seem to match the Heinrich events in the North Atlantic and the Dansgaard-Oeschger events in Greenland. It is therefore suggested that the atmospheric circulation in east Asia is very sensitive to climatic change in high latitudes and has been responsive to global climatic change over the last 2.6 M yr. Millennial-scale climatic variations have also been identified in the Holocene loess. The article concludes by suggesting areas of research that might be undertaken in order to improve our understanding of the Chinese loess and of the evolution of the east Asian monsoon.
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Yang, Li. "Acute Kidney Injury in Asia." Kidney Diseases 2, no. 3 (2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441887.
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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The diversity of the climate and of the socioeconomic and developmental status in Asia has a great influence on the etiology and presentation of AKI in different regions. In view of the International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative, more and more attention has been paid to AKI in Asian countries. Summary: In this review, we summarize the recent achievements with regard to the prevalence and clinical patterns of AKI in Asian countries. Epidemiological studies have revealed the huge medical and economic burden of AKI in Eastern Asian countries, whereas the true epidemiological picture of AKI in the tropical areas is still not well understood. In high-income Asian regions, the presentation of AKI resembles that in other developed countries in Europe and North America. In low-income regions and tropical areas, infections, environmental toxins, and obstetric complications remain the major culprits in most cases of AKI. Preventive opportunities are missed because of failure to recognize the risk factors and early signs of AKI. Patients often present late for treatment or are recognized late by physicians, which leads to more severe kidney injury, multiorgan involvement, and increased mortality. There is significant undertreatment of AKI in many regions, and medical resources for renal replacement therapy are not universally available. Key Messages: More efforts should be made to increase public awareness, establish preventive approaches in communities, educate health-care practitioner entities to achieve better recognition, and form specialist renal teams to improve the treatment of AKI. The choice of renal replacement therapy should fit patients' needs, and peritoneal dialysis can be practiced more frequently in the treatment of AKI patients. Facts from East and West: (1) More than 90% of the patients recruited in AKI studies using KDIGO-equivalent criteria originate from North America, Europe, or Oceania, although these regions represent less than a fifth of the global population. However, the pooled incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients reaches 20% globally with moderate variance between regions. (2) The lower incidence rates observed in Asian countries (except Japan) may be due to a poorer recognition rate, for instance because of less systematically performed serum creatinine tests. (3) AKI patients in South and Southeastern Asia are younger than in East Asia and Western countries and present with fewer comorbidities. (4) Asian countries (and to a certain extent Latin America) face specific challenges that lead to AKI: nephrotoxicity of traditional herbal and less strictly regulated nonprescription medicines, environmental toxins (snake, bee, and wasp venoms), and tropical infectious diseases (malaria and leptospirosis). A higher incidence and less efficient management of natural disasters (particularly earthquakes) are also causes of AKI that Western countries are less likely to encounter. (5) The incidence of obstetric AKI decreased globally together with an improvement in socioeconomic levels particularly in China and India in the last decades. However, antenatal care and abortion management must be improved to reduce AKI in women, particularly in rural areas. (6) Earlier nephrology referral and better access to peritoneal dialysis should improve the outcome of AKI patients.
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Jia, Xiaojing, and Jingwen Ge. "Interdecadal Changes in the Relationship between ENSO, EAWM, and the Wintertime Precipitation over China at the End of the Twentieth Century." Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (February 27, 2017): 1923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0422.1.
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Abstract The current study investigates the interdecadal changes in the relationship between the winter precipitation anomalies in southeastern China, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) at the end of the twentieth century. It appears that the relationships between the interannual variability of the southeastern China winter precipitation and ENSO as well as EAWM are obviously weakened after 1998/99. The possible mechanisms accounting for this interdecadal change in the relationship have been examined by dividing the data into two subperiods [1980–98 (P1) and 1999–2015 (P2)]. The results indicate that, without the linear contribution of EAWM, ENSO only play a limited role in the variability of winter precipitation in southeastern China in both subperiods. In contrast, in P1, corresponding to an ENSO-independent weaker-than-normal EAWM, anomalous southerlies along coastal southeastern China associated with an anticyclone over the northwestern Pacific transport water vapor to China. However, in P2 the impact of EAWM on winter precipitation in southeastern China is weakened because of the regime shift of EAWM. The EAWM-related positive SLP anomalies over the North Pacific move eastward in P2, causing an eastward migration of the associated anomalous southerlies along its western flank and therefore cannot significantly contribute to the positive winter precipitation anomalies in southeastern China.
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Engel, Michael S. "A new genus of anthophorine bees from Brunei (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Journal of Melittology, no. 78 (May 11, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i78.7488.
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A new genus of anthophorine bees (Apinae: Anthophorini) is described and figured from a remarkable female collected in eastern Brunei (northern Borneo). Varthemapistra edentata Engel, new genus and species, is most similar to species of Habrophorula Lieftinck, which occur in southeastern China, and Elaphropoda Lieftinck, found broadly across Southeast Asia. Habrophorula and the new genus both have the third submarginal cell broad anteriorly and posteriorly. Unique among anthophorines, V. edentata has a simple female mandible, while other Anthophorini have bidentate or tridentate mandibles. The genus is described and figured, and a revised key to the genera of Anthophorini provided.
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Hirschman, Elizabeth C., James A. Vance, and Jesse D. Harris. "DNA Evidence for a Colonial Jewish Settlement in Appalachia." Ethnic Studies Review 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.421008.
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Using a 5,000-person DNA database from the Cumberland Gap Region of Appalachia, we document the presence of a Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jewish settlement in Central Appalachia. The settlement may have begun as early as the mid-sixteenth century with the Pardo Expedition and been substantially supplemented from the early seventeenth century onward with Jewish colonists from England, Scotland, and Wales. Additional persons found in this mountainous region show DNA origins from Southeastern Europe, North Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. Thus the region may have served as a refuge for non-white, non-Christian persons arriving in Colonial North America.
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Bryson, Charles T., and Richard Carter. "Cogongrass,Imperata cylindrica, in the United States." Weed Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003815x.
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Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv. # IMPCY] is an aggressive, pernicious, rhizomatous perennial in the Poaceae (Graminae). It is native to tropical and subtropical areas of the eastern hemisphere. Introductions of cogongrass into the southeastern United States have been tracked to several separate sources, both accidental and intentional, in southern Alabama, southern Mississippi, and Florida. It was found to be unacceptable for use as a forage and in erosion control. Cogongrass is a highly variable species and has adapted to a variety of environmental conditions in its native and introduced range. Today cogongrass infests 200 million ha in Asia, several thousand ha in the Southeastern United States, and over 500 million ha worldwide. It has been reported to be a weed problem in many annual and perennial crops. In addition to competing for light, water and nutrients, cogongrass interference is caused by alleopathy and physical injury when rhizome apices penetrate crop roots, bulbs, and tubers. Holm et al. designated cogongrass as the world's seventh worst weed.
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Pooler*, Margaret R., and Thomas S. Elias. "The Identity of the African Firebush (Hamelia) in the Ornamental Nursery Trade." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 772C—772. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.772c.
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The neotropical shrub Hamelia patens Jacq. has been cultivated as an ornamental in the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa for many years, although only in limited numbers and as a minor element in the trade. In recent years, other taxa of Hamelia have been grown and evaluated as new flowering shrubs. The relatively recent introduction of a superior ornamental species of Hamelia called the “African firebush” has propelled this genus to greater prominence as an excellent small flowering shrub or container plant, especially throughout the southeastern United States and in other countries such as South Africa. Initially, this firebush was sold as an African plant. Data from field studies, herbarium specimens, and from DNA analysis of several taxa and populations of Hamelia show that the African firebush in southern Florida may have originated from populations of Hamelia patens var. glabra native to southern Mexico. The original plants were taken to Europe, southern Africa, and southeastern Asia probably in the mid to late 1800s and then recently re-introduced to New World markets as a new African ornamental plant.
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Elias, Thomas S., and Margaret R. Pooler. "The Identity of the African Firebush (Hamelia) in the Ornamental Nursery Trade." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1224.
Full textAbstract:
The neotropical shrub Hamelia patens Jacq. has been cultivated as an ornamental in the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa for many years, although only in limited numbers and as a minor element in the trade. Recently, other taxa of Hamelia have been grown and evaluated as new flowering shrubs. The relatively recent introduction of a superior ornamental taxon of Hamelia, called the african firebush, has propelled this genus to greater prominence as an excellent small flowering shrub or container plant, especially throughout the southeastern United States and in other countries such as South Africa. Initially, this firebush was sold as an African plant. Data from field studies, herbarium specimens, and from DNA analysis of several taxa and populations of Hamelia show that the african firebush in southern Florida may have originated from populations of H. patens var. glabra native to southern Mexico. The original plants were taken to Europe, southern Africa, and southeastern Asia probably in the middle to late 1800s and then recently reintroduced to New World markets as a new African ornamental plant.
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Li, You, James Skelton, Sawyer Adams, Yukako Hattori, Matthew E. Smith, and Jiri Hulcr. "The Ambrosia Beetle Sueus niisimai (Scolytinae: Hyorrhynchini) is Associated with the Canker Disease Fungus Diatrypella japonica (Xylariales)." Plant Disease 104, no. 12 (December 2020): 3143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-20-0482-re.
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Ambrosia beetles in the subtribe Hyorrhynchini are one example of an entire ambrosia beetle lineage whose fungi have never been studied. Here, we identify one dominant fungus associated with a widespread Asian hyorrhynchine beetle Sueus niisimai. This fungus was consistently isolated from beetle galleries from multiple collections. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences identified the primary fungal symbiont as Diatrypella japonica Higuchi, Nikaido & Hattori (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes), which was recently described as a pathogen of sycamore (Platanus spp.) in Japan. To assess the invasion potential of this beetle-fungus interaction into the U.S., we have investigated the pathogenicity of two D. japonica strains on four species of healthy landscape trees native to the southeastern United States. Only Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) responded with lesions significantly greater than the control inoculations, but there was no observable dieback or tree mortality. Although disease symptoms were not as prominent as in previous studies of the same fungus in Japan, routine reisolation from the inoculation point suggests that this species is capable of colonizing healthy sapwood of several tree species. Our study shows that the geographical area of its distribution is broader in Asia and potentially includes many hosts of its polyphagous vector. We conclude that the Sueus-Diatrypella symbiosis has high invasion potential but low damage potential, at least on young trees during the growing season.
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ZAFEIRIOU, SAVVAS, PETR KOCAREK, and KONSTANTINOS KALAENTZIS. "First record of the desert earwig Forficula lucasi Dohrn, 1865 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in Greece: A hitchhiker among the refugees or a seldom encounter?" Journal of Insect Biodiversity 21, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2021.21.1.2.
Full textAbstract:
The relatively small order Dermaptera (commonly called “earwigs”) is comprised of more than 1900 described species mainly distributed in the Afrotropics, Southeastern Asia and South America, while a small number of species occur in the warmer temperate regions of North America, Europe, Asia and Australia (Hudson 1973; Popham 2000; Haas et al. 2011). In the Balkans and Turkey, this insect order is understudied and knowledge about the distribution and ecology of the earwig fauna is scattered (Haas & Henderickx 2002; Anlaş et al. 2010; Anlaş & Kočárek 2012; Muranyi 2013; Haas 2015). In Greece 16 species have been recorded so far (Haas 2015, 2018), showing greater diversity than other countries in the Balkans (Muranyi 2013). From the poorly studied North Aegean Islands, four earwig species are reported (Haas 2015), namely Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli, 1832), Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758, F. lurida Fischer, 1853 and Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773).
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Knox, Gary W., William E. Klingeman, Mathews Paret, and Amy Fulcher. "Management of Pests, Plant Diseases and Abiotic Disorders of Magnolia Species in the Southeastern United States: A Review." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.30.4.223.
Full textAbstract:
The genus, Magnolia, encompasses a group of about 240 species of evergreen or deciduous trees and large shrubs. Magnolias are native to temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of southeastern Asia, eastern North America, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Native and nonnative Magnolia species have become prominent landscape plants in the southeastern U.S. due to their beauty, utility, relative ease of maintenance and broad adaptability to the region's climate and soils. Species introductions, breeding and selection programs over the last 50 years have produced superior selections with improved flowering, new flower colors and ornamental foliage and buds often featuring brown, copper or gold indumentum. Magnolia health and pest management is sometimes overlooked in both landscape and production settings because magnolia is considered to have relatively few pest and disease problems. Some abiotic disorders may mimic biotic damage or may render magnolia more susceptible to pests and diseases. When they occur, abiotic disorders, pests or diseases on magnolia can cause significant economic or aesthetic losses. This review focuses on magnolia culture in production and landscape settings with an emphasis on major pests, plant diseases and abiotic disorders affecting management of Magnolia species.
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RASKOTI, BHAKTA BAHADUR. "A new species of Herminium (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) from Nepal." Phytotaxa 98, no. 1 (May 3, 2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.98.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
Herminium Linnaeus (1758: 251) is a genus of about 30 species, which are collectively distributed mainly inthe Himalayas with few species extending into Europe, central Asia, and southeastern Asia (Pridgeon et al. 2001, Pearce & Cribb 2002, Chen et al. 2009). The genus is characterized by its terrestrial or rarely epiphytic habitat, a concave lip base that is not auriculate and does not have any glands, a lip 2–3 (–5) that is lobed, not spurred and a bilobed stigma with an obscure rostellum. Nepal has nine species of Herminium, which are distributed in the subtropical to alpine regions (Hara et al. 1978, Banerji 1984, Banerji & Pradhan 1984, Press et al. 2000, Department of Plant Resources 2001, Rajbhandari & Dahal 2004; Rajbhandari & Baral 2010). During field work in 2012 in Chandragiri, central Nepal, another species of Herminium was collected, the characteristics of which do not match with any previously described species of the genus. It is illustrated and described here as new.
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Conroy, Jessica L., and Jonathan T. Overpeck. "Regionalization of Present-Day Precipitation in the Greater Monsoon Region of Asia*." Journal of Climate 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 4073–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4033.1.
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Abstract The spatial domain of the Asian monsoon has been defined by the intensity, seasonal concentration, and annual range of precipitation. Monsoon subdomains, such as the Indian monsoon, East Asian monsoon, and western North Pacific monsoon, have also been identified based on seasonal wind reversals as well as the timing and source of monsoon moisture. However, precipitation across the Asian monsoon region is heterogeneous and spatially complex and may have influences farther north than commonly assumed, particularly if scientists consider records of past variability spanning the current interglacial period. This paper presents an additional means of identifying the Asian monsoon domain and monsoon subsystems using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF)-based regionalization of gridded precipitation values. Regions of unique precipitation variability for the Asian monsoon region are determined using monthly precipitation anomalies from the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) gridded precipitation dataset from 1979 to 2009. From these regions, an area of Asian monsoon influence extending from the Arabian Sea eastward to the western North Pacific Ocean is defined, similar to other studies. One key difference is that this region of monsoon influence penetrates farther north into the Tibetan Plateau and northern China. Thus, paleoclimate observations of wetter conditions in these northern arid regions may suggest an intensification of monsoon moisture, rather than a northward shift in the boundary of the monsoon. In contrast, the Arabian Peninsula, largely removed from monsoon precipitation today, likely saw a shift of monsoon influence inland earlier in the Holocene. Also identified are different subdomains of distinct precipitation variability in southeastern Asia, the western North Pacific, and the East Asian monsoon region of northeastern China that agree with previous studies. Not identified in the paper is a single Indian summer monsoon region. Instead, the Arabian Sea was found to have unique precipitation variability relative to the Indian subcontinent. Summers with enhanced precipitation over the Arabian Sea coincide with decreased summer precipitation in the western North Pacific. This relationship is likely a result of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-induced development of the Philippine Sea anticyclone. Local and remote sea surface temperatures were generally found to covary with regional precipitation, but not all regions respond similarly to the remote climate variability associated with ENSO. There is some evidence that the EOF-defined regions were stable … through the Holocene, although additional regionalization analyses of paleorecords and model simulations of past precipitation variability are needed to reconstruct past regions of coherent precipitation variability.
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Liu, Yingying, Lisi Yao, Ying Ci, Xiaomei Cao, Minghui Zhao, Ying Li, and XiaoLong Zhang. "Genetic differentiation of geographic populations of Rattus tanezumi based on the mitochondrial Cytb gene." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248102.
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Rattus tanezumiis a common domestic rat and host of the bubonic plague pathogen in China and Southeast Asia (SEA). The origin, genetic differentiation and dispersal ofR.tanezumihave received increasing attention from researchers. The population genetics ofR.tanezumibased on its mitochondrial cytochrome b gene have been studied to explain the origin, relationships and dispersal of populations. In this study, we captured a total of 229 rats; morphological and molecular biological identification cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) confirmed 131R.tanezumiindividuals collected from 6 provincial areas, and theirCytbgene sequences were analyzed. The results showed that the population in Mohan (MH), Yunnan, had the highest genetic diversity, while that in Ningde (ND), Fujian, had the lowest. Tajima’sDstatistic for all populations was negative and nonsignificant, indicating the possible expansion ofR.tanezumipopulations. Low gene flow occurred between the Zhangmu (ZM)R.tanezumipopulation and other populations, and the genetic differentiation among them was high. Furthermore, our analyses revealed the ZM lineage was the oldest lineage among the groups and diverged ~1.06 Mya, followed by the Luoyang (LY) lineages (~0.51 Mya) and Yunnan lineage (~0.33 Mya). In southeastern Yunnan, the Jinshuihe (JSH) and MH populations were more closely related to the populations in southeastern China (Fuzhou (FZ), ND, Quanzhou (QZ), Nanchang (NC)) and inland areas (Chongqing (CQ), LY) than to those in other areas of Yunnan (Jiegao (JG) and Qingshuihe (QSH)), indicating thatR.tanezumimay have spread from southeastern Yunnan to the interior of China. In summary,R.tanezumimay have originated in ZM and adjacent areas, spread to Yunnan, and then spread from the southeast of Yunnan inland or directly eastward from ZM to inland China.
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Paredes-Trujillo, A., A. Martínez-Aquino, R. Rodiles-Hernández, and D. González-Solís. "Metazoan parasite communities of three endemic cichlid fish species from the upper Grijalva River, Chiapas, Mexico." Helminthologia 57, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0041.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryWe recorded the metazoan parasite communities in three endemic cichlids (Chiapaheros grammodes, Vieja breidohri and V. hartwegi) collected between November 2008 and July 2009 in the upper Grijalva River Basin (GRB), Chiapas, Mexico. In total, 6,287 individual parasites belonging to 18 taxa (1 monogenean, 6 digeneans, 1 cestode, 4 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 hirudinean, 2 copepods and 1 pentastomid) were found. Eleven metazoans were adult forms and 7 larvae; moreover, 14 were endoparasites and 4 ectoparasites. Sixteen parasite taxa represent new geographical and host records. The helminth community in the three cichlids was characterized by higher number of generalists than specialists, as well as a higher proportion of autogenics than allogenics. The metazoan parasites showed prevalence and mean abundances moderate to high. The infracommunities and component community of metazoan parasites had low diversity, richness, and number of individuals and are similar to those reported for other cichlids in Southeastern Mexico, characterized by the presence of typical parasites of cichlids, with a high number of digeneans and generalist parasites. We report the introduced Asian parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus parasitizing endangered or threatened endemic cichlids in the upper GRB. This copepod have been widespread in other freshwater fish species, mainly in Asia (China, India, Japan, Russia, Taiwan), Europe (France, Hungary, Italy, Turkey), and America (Cuba, Mexico, Peru, United States).
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Cicimurri, David J., Jun A. Ebersole, and George Martin. "Two new species of <i>Mennerotodus</i> Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States." Fossil Record 23, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-117-2020.
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Abstract. Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994, is an extinct lamniform shark known to occur in Paleogene strata of the Tethyan region of Asia and Europe. Although only a single species has been named, multiple subspecies have been erected and used as biostratigraphic tools in Asia. The genus has not been reported with confidence outside of the Tethyan region, but we have identified two new species of Mennerotodus from Paleogene deposits of the southeastern United States. Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov. is described by teeth occurring in the lower Paleocene (Danian Stage) Pine Barren Member of the Clayton Formation of southern Alabama. A middle Eocene (Bartonian) species, Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov., is based on material occurring in the Clinchfield Formation in central Georgia. The early Paleocene record could indicate a North American origin for Mennerotodus relatively soon after the K–Pg event, with subsequent radiation to other parts of the world. The genus is likely more widely distributed than is currently known, but teeth can easily be overlooked due to their similarity to other taxa.
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Niu, Hewen, Shichang Kang, Hailong Wang, Rudong Zhang, Xixi Lu, Yun Qian, Rukumesh Paudyal, Shijin Wang, Xiaofei Shi, and Xingguo Yan. "Seasonal variation and light absorption property of carbonaceous aerosol in a typical glacier region of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 9 (May 7, 2018): 6441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6441-2018.
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Abstract. Deposition and accumulation of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol on glacier surfaces can alter the energy balance of glaciers. In this study, 2 years (December 2014 to December 2016) of continuous observations of carbonaceous aerosols in the glacierized region of the Mt. Yulong and Ganhaizi (GHZ) basin are analyzed. The average elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations were 1.51±0.93 and 2.57±1.32 µg m−3, respectively. Although the annual mean OC ∕ EC ratio was 2.45±1.96, monthly mean EC concentrations during the post-monsoon season were even higher than OC in the high altitudes (approximately 5000 ma.s.l.) of Mt. Yulong. Strong photochemical reactions and local tourism activities were likely the main factors inducing high OC ∕ EC ratios in the Mt. Yulong region during the monsoon season. The mean mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of EC, measured for the first time in Mt. Yulong, at 632 nm with a thermal-optical carbon analyzer using the filter-based method, was 6.82±0.73 m2 g−1, comparable with the results from other studies. Strong seasonal and spatial variations of EC MAE were largely related to the OC abundance. Source attribution analysis using a global aerosol–climate model, equipped with a black carbon (BC) source tagging technique, suggests that East Asia emissions, including local sources, have the dominant contribution (over 50 %) to annual mean near-surface BC in the Mt. Yulong area. There is also a strong seasonal variation in the regional source apportionment. South Asia has the largest contribution to near-surface BC during the pre-monsoon season, while East Asia dominates the monsoon season and post-monsoon season. Results in this study have great implications for accurately evaluating the influences of carbonaceous matter on glacial melting and water resource supply in glacierization areas.
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Farnill, Douglas, Susan C. Hayes, and Anna Chur-Hansen. "Interrater Reliability of the Scoring of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3 (June 1995): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3.1027.
Full textAbstract:
Group administrations of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language have been successful in identifying students with English-language problems among groups of university students who include many recent immigrants from southeastern Asia. However, scoring several items requires subjective judgement. Accordingly, interrater reliability was investigated by having two independent examiners score the written responses of 299 first-year medical students at two Australian universities. The examiners produced very similar distributions of total scores with means of 20.36 and 19.36 and achieved a high agreement in the categorisation of students with English problems. The Spearman rank-order correlation of 0.83 was high and statistically significant from zero.
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Hawkins, Susan M., John M. Ruter, and Carol D. Robacker. "Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization in Baptisia and Thermopsis." HortScience 52, no. 9 (September 2017): 1177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12039-17.
Full textAbstract:
Interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed between species in the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis with the goal of creating hybrids with the best qualities of both parents. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. was used as both the male and female parent in intergeneric crosses. Thermopsis chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore, T. lupinoides (L.) Link, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub. were used as male and female parents in both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Pollen was collected from B. alba (L.) Vent., B. bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott, and B. lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. and used to make interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Putative hybrids were obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Interspecific crosses produced a higher percentage of pollinations resulting in seed set and the number of seeds per pollination than intergeneric crosses. Morphological differences between parent species and progeny were evident in putative hybrids resulting from intergeneric crosses between T. villosa and B. australis and T. villosa and B. alba. Most putative hybrids bloomed during the second year after germination. Because seedlings could be obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses, hybrids within and between the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis are feasible. The Fabaceae family contains 670–750 genera and 18,000–19,000 species. Baptisia (commonly called false or wild indigo) and Thermopsis (commonly named false lupine) of the Fabaceae belong to the tribe Thermopsidae, which comprises 46 species in six genera. All species in Thermopsis and Baptisia are herbaceous; they are the only two genera in Thermopsidae that do not have woody species. Thermopsis contains 23 species and has a wide-spread distribution with species endemic to Asia and much of temperate North America. Although Thermopsis is considered to have originated in central Asia, T. chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore and T. fabacea (Pallas) Candole are thought to have originated in North America and migrated over the Bering Land Strait to Asia. Three Thermopsis species, T. fraxinifolia Nutt. ex M.A. Curtis, T. mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub., are native to the southeastern United States. Baptisia contains 15–17 species that are endemic to the southeastern and midwestern United States.
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Pak, Yangjin. "Emergence and Development of the Pedestal Vessels in Northeast Asia." Hoseo Archaeological Society 52 (June 30, 2022): 112–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2022.52.112.
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This paper aims to discuss the introduction of the pedestal vessels to northeast China and their change and development in this region. Pedestal vessels, sometimes called dou, were used to offer, display, and distribute food and seem to have appeared for the first time in southern China during the early period of the Neolithic culture, probably around the 6th millennium B.C.E. The pedestal pottery quickly became popular in the societies of the middle and late phase of the Neolithic Age culture in this area and spread to those in the middle reaches of the Yangzi River as well. Among the Neolithic societies in north China, those in lower reaches of Yellow River began to use pedestal vessels for the first time. It is quite possible that the first pedestal bowels in the Houli culture of Shandong was influenced by the pedestal pottery culture from the south in the lower Yangzi river valley. The pedestal pottery not only continued to be used in the societies of the middle and late phase of the Neolithic culture in Shandong but also spread to those in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Thus, the pedestal vessels were used throughout north and south China by the middle phase of the Neolithic period. In northeast China, the pedestal vessels are found for the first time in two different areas. In the Xiaozhushan Ⅲculture of the 4th millennium B.C.E. in the southern tip of Liaodong peninsula pedestal vessels appeared along with ding and gui tripods and they are very similar to those of the contemporary Dawenkou culture in Shandong peninsula. This new change in pottery was made possible under the direct influence of the Dawenkou culture. These vessels continued to be used in the late phase of the Neolithic period in Liaodong peninsula. Another area in which pedestal vessels were used for the first time in northeast China is western Liaoning and southeastern Inner Mongolia. At the Dongshanzui religious site in Kazuo, western Liaoning, many pedestal vessels were found together with terracotta statues of pregnant woman, circular and rectangular altars, and stone building structures. It is clear that these vessels were used as ritual paraphernalia during religious activities. Pedestal vessels became more widespread in some of the Bronze Age societies in northeast China. In western Liaoning and southeastern Inner Mongolia, Pedestal bowels or dishes are found in the Lower Xiajiadian culture as well as the subsequent Weiyingzi, Upper Xiajiadian, and Shi'ertaiyingzi culture. In particular, pedestal dishes are found in relatively large numbers together with human sacrifices in ash pits of the Xiaoheishigou site of the Upper Xiajiadian culture in southeastern Inner Mongolia. It is clear that these pedestal dishes were closely related to this particular type of ritual activities, as they are hardly included as part of mortuary goods in the graves of this culture. The only exception is a bronze pot connected with six surrounding pedestal bowls that was discovered in Tomb No.8501 in Xiaoheishigou, Inner Mongolia. In the lower reaches of Liao River as well as in Liaodong peninsula, pedestal vessels were used in most Bronze Age societies in different frequencies. Again, in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. the Yueshi pottery culture of Shandong peninsula made a strong effect on the Shuangtuozi II culture of Liaodong peninsula, and as a result, the pedestal vessels are similar to each other in style. In the Xituanshan culture of central Jilin, pedestal vessels were used in limited numbers and so were in eastern Jilin of the Tuman River valley in the second half of the Bronze Age culture. In contrast to the tripod vessels, the pedestal vessels never made their appearance in the present-day Heilongjiang during the Bronze Age. It is interesting, however, that in the Tuanjie- Krounovka culture of eastern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, northeast Korea and southern Maritime area of Russia, pedestal vessels became very popular,
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Wang, Zeng-Zhen, Xuan-Hua Chen, Zhao-Gang Shao, Bing Li, Hong-Xu Chen, Wei-Cui Ding, Yao-Yao Zhang, and Yong-Chao Wang. "Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications of early Carboniferous plutons in the southwestern Alxa Block." Geological Magazine 159, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821000984.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) records the assembly process between several micro-continental blocks and the North China Craton (NCC), with the consumption of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), but whether the S-wards subduction of the PAO beneath the northern NCC was ongoing during Carboniferous–Permian time is still being debated. A key issue to resolve this controversy is whether the Carboniferous magmatism in the northern NCC was continental arc magmatism. The Alxa Block is the western segment of the northern NCC and contiguous to the southeastern CAOB, and their Carboniferous–Permian magmatism could have occurred in similar tectonic settings. In this contribution, new zircon U–Pb ages, elemental geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses are presented for three early Carboniferous granitic plutons in the southwestern Alxa Block. Two newly identified aluminous A-type granites, an alkali-feldspar granite (331.6 ± 1.6 Ma) and a monzogranite (331.8 ± 1.7 Ma), exhibit juvenile and radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic features, respectively. Although a granodiorite (326.2 ± 6.6 Ma) is characterized by high Sr/Y ratios (97.4–139.9), which is generally treated as an adikitic feature, this sample has highly radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopes and displays significantly higher K2O/Na2O ratios than typical adakites. These three granites were probably derived from the partial melting of Precambrian continental crustal sources heated by upwelling asthenosphere in lithospheric extensional setting. Regionally, both the Alxa Block and the southeastern CAOB are characterized by the formation of early Carboniferous extension-related magmatic rocks but lack coeval sedimentary deposits, suggesting a uniform lithospheric extensional setting rather than a simple continental arc.
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Tian, Haifeng, Qiaomu Hu, Hongyi Lu, and Zhong Li. "The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of One Breeding Strain of Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus, Zuiew 1793) Using PacBio and Illumina Sequencing Technologies and Phylogenetic Analysis in Synbranchiformes." Genes 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101567.
Full textAbstract:
Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus, Zuiew 1793) is a commercially important fish due to its nutritional value in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. One local strain of M. albus distributed in the Jianghan Plain of China has been subjected to a selection breeding program because of its preferred body color and superiority of growth and fecundity. Some members of the genus Monopterus have been reclassified into other genera recently. These classifications require further phylogenetic analyses. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the breeds of M. albus were decoded using both PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies, then phylogenetic analyses were carried out, including sampling of M. albus at five different sites and 14 species of Synbranchiformes with complete mitochondrial genomes. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,621 bp, which is one nucleotide shorter than that of four mitogenomes of M. albus sampled from four provinces in China, as well as one with an unknown sampling site. The gene content, gene order, and overall base compositions are almost identical to the five reported ones. The results of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference analyses of the complete mitochondrial genome and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) were consistent. The phylogenetic trees indicated that the selecting breed formed the deepest branch in the clade of all Asian swamp eels, confirmed the phylogenetic relationships of four genera of the family Synbranchidae, also providing systematic phylogenetic relationships for the order Synbranchiformes. The divergence time analyses showed that all Asian swamp eels diverged about 0.49 million years ago (MYA) and their common ancestor split from other species about 45.96 MYA in the middle of the Miocene epoch. Altogether, the complete mitogenome of this breed of M. albus would serve as an important dataset for germplasm identification and breeding programs for this species, in addition to providing great help in identifying the phylogenetic relationships of the order Synbranchiformes.
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Zhao, Siwen, Jie Zhang, Yibo Du, Ruipeng Ji, and Miaomiao Niu. "Modulation of Coupled Modes of Tibetan Plateau Heating and Indian Summer Monsoon on Summer Rainfall over Central Asia." Journal of Climate 35, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0813.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract It has been suggested that summer rainfall over central Asia (CA) is significantly correlated with the summer thermal distribution of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). However, relatively few studies have investigated their synergistic effects of different distribution. This study documents the significant correlations between precipitation in CA and the diabatic heating of TP and the ISM in summer based on the results of statistical analysis and numerical simulation. Summer precipitation in CA is dominated by two water vapor transport branches from the south that are related to the two primary modes of anomalous diabatic heating distribution contributed by the TP and ISM precipitation, that is, the “+−” dipole mode in the southeastern TP and the Indian subcontinent (IS), and the “+−+” tripole mode in the southeastern TP, the IS, and southern India. Both modes exhibit obvious midlatitude Silk Road pattern (SRP) wave trains with cyclone anomalies over CA, but with different transient and stationary eddies over South Asia. The different locations of anomalous anticyclones over India govern two water vapor transport branches to CA, which are from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The water vapor flux climbs while being transported northward and can be transported to CA with the cooperation of cyclonic circulation. The convergent water vapor and ascending motion caused by cyclonic anomalies favor the precipitation in CA. Further analysis corroborates the negative south Indian Ocean dipole in February could affect the tripole mode distribution of TP heating and ISM via the atmospheric circulation, water vapor transport, and anomalous Hadley cell circulation. The results indicate a reliable prediction reference for summer precipitation in CA.