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Journal articles on the topic 'Hazardous wastes Victoria Incineration'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gannon, T., A. R. Ansbro, and R. P. Burns. "Incineration of hazardous wastes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, no. 1-3 (1991): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401302.

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2

ZURER, PAMELA S. "Incineration of Hazardous Wastes at Sea." Chemical & Engineering News 63, no. 49 (December 9, 1985): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n049.p024.

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3

Dempsey, C. R., and R. C. Thurnau. "Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Incinerating Listed Wastes from Specific Sources." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0392.

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Pilot-scale incineration testing was conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Incineration Research Facility to support the development of best demonstrated available technology standards for the treatment of several hazardous wastes from specific sources. This paper summarizes the results of this testing for four of these wastes. The objective was to determine if these four wastes could be incinerated by a well designed, well operated incinerator based on compliance with the hazardous waste incinerator regulations and to characterize the incineration residuals for hazardous constituents. It was found that these wastes could generally be incinerated in compliance with these regulations. However, the mist carryover from the air pollution control device would have to be more effectively controlled to meet the particulate standard for some of these wastes.
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4

Kamens, Richard. "Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes." Journal of Environmental Quality 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010025x.

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5

Lodge, James P. "Incineration of municipal and hazardous solid wastes." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 23, no. 11 (January 1989): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90292-8.

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6

Bennett, GaryF. "Incineration of municipal and hazardous solid wastes." Journal of Hazardous Materials 26, no. 1 (January 1991): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(91)85016-g.

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7

Harris, Robert, and Stephen Washburn. "The Qualitative and Quantitative Risks of Incinerating Hazardous Wastes." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809019531.

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Incineration is becoming an increasingly popular method of treatment and disposal for both hazardous and municipal solid waste. Concerns about potential health risks associated with the operation of incineration facilities, however, have led to public opposition to their siting in several communities. The process of risk assessment is a useful tool for providing a quantitative basis for decision makers evaluating such siting concerns.
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8

Al-kaabi, Falah Kareem Hadi. "Supercritical water oxidation for the treatment of various organic wastes: A review." International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research 6, no. 4 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.6.4.1.

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The removal of complex organic and chemical industrial wastes is not accessible using conventional treatment methods. Incineration and hydrothermal oxidation under supercritical conditions are two options for dealing with a wide range of hazardous wastes. Incineration is an effective treatment for removing hazardous waste. The main disadvantages of incineration are a source of unwanted emissions and high operating costs. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is considered a green technology for destroying organic waste with friendly environmental emissions. The removal efficiency reached 99.99% within a short residence time. In this review, the treatment of organic waste by SCWO is shown using co-fuel and catalysts to enhance the performance of SCWO.
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9

Shin, I. K. C. "The Situation and the Problems of Hazardous Waste Treatment in Germany." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0383.

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Yearly 4 900 000 tons of hazardous waste are generated in West Germany. The Germany Waste Disposal Act regulates not only the import and the export, but also the transit of wastes. Also avoidance of waste generation and recycling of wastes are emphasized by the act. To reduce waste amounts the collected wastes are treated preliminarily by chemical, physical and biological methods. 740 000 tons of hazardous waste are combusted annually in 27 incineration plants. 18 additional incineration plants are planned. Disposal of diluted acids in the North Sea was completely stopped by the end of 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were burned on a German incineration ship. This was stopped in 1989. The most usual disposal process is the sanitary landfill. Rainfall results in water and soil pollution caused by leachates. A roof above the landfill could eliminate the generation of leachates. The safest disposal is the deep underground deposition in salt domes.
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10

Bond, Desmond. "ES Views: Ocean incineration of hazardous wastes: An update." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 6 (June 1985): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00136a601.

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11

Filip, Gabriela Maria, and Valeria Mirela Brezoczki. "MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PSYCHIATRY HOSPITAL, BAIA MARE." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 1 (2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.08.

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The paper presents several aspects of the general theme related to medical waste management and elimination in a health unit in Baia Mare. Therefore, non-hazardous wastes are collected like household wastes, being temporarily stored in euro containers and transported by S.C. DRUSAL S.A. The hazardous wastes are selectively collected in special containers, temporarily stored in an especially laid out storage unit and transported by the S.C. ECO BURN S.R.L company to the "Stery Cycle" Bucuresti waste incineration plan.
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12

Bello, O. O., J. A. Sonibare, S. R. A. Macaulay, A. O. Okelana, and A. O. Durojaiye. "Incineration of hazardous wastes from the petroleum industry in Nigeria." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 22, no. 6 (2004): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2004.006047.

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13

Cain, P., and M. R. Neiva. "The Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Wastes Generated by the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0389.

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CETREL - Central de Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos S/A, is responsible for the treatment of the majority of the industrial, wastes generated by more than fifty industries forming the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari. The hazardous wastes that cannot be handled by the central biological station have up to this year been stored in variuos types of “containers,” from large tanks, to barrels or disposal trenches. To meet the requirements of an expanding Complex generating organic-chloride wastes, and to meet more rigorous environment standards, CETREL is implanting a unit for the incineration of hazardous liquid residuals. The plant, intended to start processing wastes in October of this year, will serve principally four companies; CPC, NITROCLOR, SILINOR and QUIMIFINA, which produce liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon residues mixed with nitrogen and silicon compounds. The incinerator will have a nominal capacity of 10,000 t/year of residue and is designed to treat wastes such as PCBs, BHC, and other pesticides. Residence time in the afterburner is greater than two seconds at. 1450°C, which permits a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.9999%. With respect to hazardous solid wastes CETREL is presently defining the requirements of the Petrochemical Complex and the surrounding industries to determine the capacity and type of incinerating unit that is most suitable. This paper presents CETREL's experience which led to the definition and construction of a multipurpose liquid waste incinerator and why it is now planning to build a solid waste incinerator within the next three years.
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14

Monahan, D. J. "Estimation of Hazardous Wastes From Employment Statistics: Victoria, Australia." Waste Management & Research 8, no. 1 (January 1990): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9000800124.

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15

MONAHAN, D. "Estimation of hazardous wastes from employment statistics: Victoria, Australia." Waste Management & Research 8, no. 2 (April 1990): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(90)90037-n.

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16

Bridle, T. R., P. L. Côté, T. W. Constable, and J. L. Fraser. "Evaluation of Heavy Metal Leachability from Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0280.

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Future management options for residual inorganic solid wastes are likely to include land disposal. While the environmental ramifications of this option are now better understood, additional data is required to permit a thorough assessment of contaminant leachability from solid wastes. As part of this data gathering exercise, Environment Canada's Wastewater Technology Centre has been actively researching and developing test methods designed to measure intrinsic waste properties that affect contaminant leachability, such as metal solubilities and speciation. Based on this approach the leachability of heavy metals from sewage sludge, char and ash, municipal solid waste ashes, hazardous waste incinerator fly ashes, power plant ashes and a solidified synthetic waste were assessed. The results indicate that incineration of sewage sludge produces a benign ash with most of the metals speciated as insoluble oxides or silicates. By contrast, incineration of municipal solid waste or hazardous wastes produces fly ashes exhibiting significant metal leachability. Environmentally sensitive metals such as Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in these fly ashes were readily leachable and probably speciated as water soluble chloride salts. The intrinsic properties approach appears to be an effective method of assessing waste leachability.
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17

Zhidkov, A. B. "Furnace for Incineration of Hazardous Wastes. Experience in Construction and Operation." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 41, no. 3 (May 2005): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-005-0048-x.

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18

Downs, William, Stanley Vecci, James Warchol, Steve Datsko, and H. Hay George. "5309850 Incineration of hazardous wastes using closed cycle combustion ash vitrification." Environment International 21, no. 3 (January 1995): IX. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)99248-z.

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19

Bień, January, Bartosz Morzyk, Katarzyna Wystalska, Piotr Celary, and Jolanta Sobik-Szołtysek. "The Treatment of Incineration Wastes with a Carbonate Waste Fraction from the Zinc-Lead Industry." Archives of Environmental Protection 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2014-0001.

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Abstract The article presents the results of plasma vitrification of solid remnants from thermal waste treatment with and without the addition of a carbonate fraction obtained from lead-zinc ore flotation. The substrates used in the research were slags and ashes from medical waste treatment, incineration of municipal waste, sewage sludge as well as hazardous and industrial wastes. The plasma treatment resulted in acquiring products of different quality depending on the processed substrate. Most of the obtained products were of vitreous and homogenic build. Treatment of remnants from incineration of hazardous and industrial wastes resulted in obtaining heterogeneous and rough surfaced products. A 20% share of the carbonate fraction enabled the obtaining of a vitrified product with a glassy surface and fracture. Hardness of the obtained products was rated in Mohs scale and ranged from 6 to 6,5. Leaching tests showed a decrease in heavy metal concentration in the leachates from vitrificates with the addition of carbonate fraction compared to the ones with it.
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20

Wielgosiński, Grzegorz, Dorota Wasiak, and Alicja Zawadzka. "The Use of Sequential Extraction for Assessing Environmental Risks of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash/Wykorzystanie Ekstrakcji Sekwencyjnej Do Oceny Zagrożeń Dla Środowiska Powodowanych Przez Żużle I Popioły Z." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0030.

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Abstract Thermal treatment of waste is one of the ways of their processing. It is commonly used in most developed countries of the European Union. Major by-products of the combustion processes are slag and bottom ash. In the majority of EU countries bottom ash and slag are used as a priming for road construction. In Poland slag and bottom ash from incineration process are stabilized with the addition of cement and some polymers and are landfilled as wastes. In accordance to Polish law, depending on the leaching of heavy metals from fly ash and slag after thermal treatment of waste can be regarded as both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. At present work sequential extraction methods described in the literature: Tessier’s method, van Herck’s method and BCR method were compared experimentally with the results of using Swiss standard TVA.SA.1991 and European standard EN 12457 and total concentration of metals in sample analyzed after complete digestion of sample. The study sample was bottom ash from the medical waste incineration plant.
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21

Kavouras, P., G. Kaimakamis, Th A. Ioannidis, Th Kehagias, Ph Komninou, S. Kokkou, E. Pavlidou, et al. "Vitrification of lead-rich solid ashes from incineration of hazardous industrial wastes." Waste Management 23, no. 4 (January 2003): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00153-8.

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22

Nagypál, László. "Meat meal and industrial fat as alternative fuels in agriculture." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3129.

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I study new energy sources which can replace fossil fuels. As I deal with the burning processes, I have analyzed several kinds of wastes. I think one solution for replacing fossil fuels would be to burn regenerated energy sources in agriculture. For example, oil, industrial fat and meat meal from processing plants are treated as hazardous wastes. There exist non-hazardous wastes for energy recovery, as by-products e.g. sawdust, wood shavings, vegetable oils, stems of plants or poultry manure.We should produce energy from the outsides of vegetables and juices, and should produce bioethanol by fermenting vegetable wastes. We could treat the used vegetable oil to make bio-diesel fuel. Meat meal and fat are good alternative energy forms, if burnt in incineration plants. These materials are new renewable sources of energy.There are some problems in the use of biomass for energy sources. We have to look for the best loading device and burning processes.
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23

Sulaiman, Muhamad Rosli, Sharifah Aishah Syed Abdul Kadir, Ruhani Ibrahim, and Maryam Husin. "A Study on the Problems of the Usage of Incinerators in Malaysia." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i1.5661.

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Incineration is one of the options available to dispose municipal solid wastes (MSW) as it is capable of breaking down hazardous non-metallic wastes besides destroying bacteria and viruses. In terms of volume of wastes, incineration can reduce almost instantaneously by 90 %. In 1998, the government of Malaysia embarked on a pilot project to use incinerators to dispose MSW in four popular resort islands to see the effectiveness of this technique of waste disposal. Seven units of mini incinerators were installed on the islands and the local municipals were made responsible to manage and maintain.This project looked into the problems arises when incineration is used for MSW disposal on these islands. Data collected revealed that the plants were not properly managed and maintained. This was due to the lack of funds available for effective and smooth operation and the absence of highly expert personnel required to maintain the plant. Other factors that contribute to the inefficiency are inadequate air pollution control facilities and the infrastructure which do not condon the foul odour. Further research work need to be done to monitor the operation of these incinerators in order to explore its potential to dispose waste safely, effectively and cleanly.
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24

Sadala, Swathy, Saikat Dutta, Radhika Raghava, TS Sasi Jyothsna, B. Chakradhar, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh. "Resource recovery as alternative fuel and raw material from hazardous waste." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 11 (July 3, 2019): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19854124.

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The treatment and disposal of industrial waste has become a critical economic and environmental issue with the ever-increasing rates of its generation. Industries in India, as major players in building the economy and GDP, expel about 7.4 million tons of hazardous waste annually, out of which around 3.98 million tons are recyclable for resource or energy recovery. India’s scenario in the usage of alternative fuel and raw material is less than 1%, which reflects a huge quantum of hazardous waste for potential usage in alternative fuel and raw material. The Netherlands, with around 83% of total hazardous waste, is the highest user of hazardous waste as alternative fuel and raw material in cement kilns. Uncontrolled waste management degrades land, ground water and air quality, leading to health risks to humans, animals and the ecosystem. Presently, industrial waste in most cases is disposed to landfills after incineration, without utilizing the full potential of the wastes through recirculation. The present study analyzed the current situation of the treatment facilities for attaining a sustainable management system using waste as alternative fuel and raw material for the disposal of hazardous waste. Through the alternative fuel and raw material concept, hazardous wastes can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and/or raw material in a few types of industries. This will surely enhance the efficient recirculation of industrial wastes. This paper presents the overall view of Indian hazardous-waste generating industries, their locations, the potential of wastes as alternate sources of fuel to other industries, the use of alternative fuel and raw material by cement industries and applicable regulatory requirements.
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25

MARCHANT, ROY, WILLIAM HEPLER, OWEN I. SMITH, JEFFREY WILLIS, CHRISTOPHER CADOU, PAMELA LOGAN, and ANN R. KARAGOZIAN. "Development of a Two-Dimensional Dump Combustor for the Incineration of Hazardous Wastes." Combustion Science and Technology 82, no. 1-6 (March 1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209208951809.

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26

Sazan, Mohammed, and Farhan Salah. "Hospital hazardous waste management: Treatment, storage and disposal." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 15, no. 1 (2022): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101043a.

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Rapid population growth, industrialization, and growth of demand for raw materials for industrial and medical production result in generating a huge amount of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is identified by its toxicity, flammability, and radioactivity characteristics. Disposing hazardous waste into the natural environment has a significant impact on health and all living things in the environment. Nowadays, numerous hospitals and industrial places generate a large amount of hazardous waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the management system of hazardous hospital waste in Erbil city. Additionally, the focus is on hazardous hospital waste management and characterizations and situation of the waste in Erbil city as well. The generation rate of hazardous wastes from hospitals in Erbil city was collected for 12 months from 2015 to 2020. The results showed that the highest amount of medical hazardous waste was generated in 2019. Moreover, the number of onsite incineration centres should be increased to reduce the cost of storage and transportation.
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27

Catrina, Gina Alina, Bogdan Stanescu, Agnes Serbanescu, Georgiana Cernica, and Lidia Kim. "Experimental method for the assessment and characterization of hazardous waste for long-term storage." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.103.

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Long-term landfilling of hazardous waste should be a careful choice for any producer or generator of waste, as the behavior of the waste is different due to the physical-chemical conditions or following contact with other hazardous waste. In this study, the research undertaken was aimed at developing an experimental method for the assessment and characterization of hazardous waste for long-term storage. The method consists in the assessment of the behavior of heavy metals from waste, under different leaching conditions. To study various hazardous wastes, fly ash from the incineration of medical waste and slag from aluminum casting were chosen. Contact time, pH and redox potential are important parameters in the leaching process. The solubility of metals increases at pH values between 2 - 5 pH units and decreases at pH values between 6-12 pH units. The highest solubility of metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the tested waste was obtained after 48 hours at pH values between 2 - 5 pH units. Also, the values of the redox potential decrease almost linearly as the pH value increases. The developed method is a useful tool to assess the behavior of hazardous waste for long-term storage in landfills for this category of wastes.
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28

Kshirsagar, Rajat Balasaheb, and Onkar Dayanand Pawar. "DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL INCINERATION ASH BY ITS APPLICATION IN CONCRETE." International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering 8, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijirae.2021.v0810.001.

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Advancement in Medical field is an active part of development in science and technology. With the continuous increase in population and increase in use of medical facilities there is sharp rise in generation of medical waste. These wastes are hazardous in nature and have the greatest potential to have impact on living being and environment. One of the important methods of treatment of such waste is incineration but this method also produces ash which is a subject of land filling. This causes wastage of large area of land also leaching of contaminants in ashes cause contamination of ground water. The purpose of this project is to find some alternative for land filling of incineration ashes.
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29

Rink, Karl K., Fred S. Larsen, Janusz A. Kozinski, JoAnn S. Lighty, Geoffrey D. Silcox, and David W. Pershing. "Thermal treatment of hazardous wastes: a comparison of fluidized bed and rotary kiln incineration." Energy & Fuels 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00042a016.

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30

Mesdaghinia, Alireza, Kazem Naddafi, Amir Hossein Mahvi, and Reza Saeedi. "Waste management in primary healthcare centres of Iran." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 27, no. 4 (May 26, 2009): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x09335693.

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The waste management practices in primary healthcare centres of Iran were investigated in the present study. A total of 120 primary healthcare centres located across the country were selected using the cluster sampling method and the current situation of healthcare waste management was determined through field investigation. The quantities of solid waste and wastewater generation per outpatient were found to be 60 g outpatient—1 day—1 and 26 L outpatient—1 day— 1, respectively. In all of the facilities, sharp objects were separated almost completely, but separation of other types of hazardous healthcare solid waste was only done in 25% of the centres. The separated hazardous solid waste materials were treated by incineration, temporary incineration and open burning methods in 32.5, 8.3 and 42.5% of the healthcare centres, respectively. In 16.7% of the centres the hazardous solid wastes were disposed of without any treatment. These results indicate that the management of waste materials in primary healthcare centres in Iran faced some problems. Staff training and awareness, separation of healthcare solid waste, establishment of the autoclave method for healthcare solid waste treatment and construction of septic tanks and disinfection units in the centres that were without access to a sewer system are the major measures that are suggested for improvement of the waste management practices.
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31

Obroučka, Karel, Jozef Vlček, Tereza Moravcová, Veronika Blahůšková, and Pavel Fojtík. "Numerical modeling of batch formation in waste incineration plants." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0001.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is a mathematical description of algorithm for controlled assembly of incinerated batch of waste. The basis for formation of batch is selected parameters of incinerated waste as its calorific value or content of pollutants or the combination of both. The numerical model will allow, based on selected criteria, to compile batch of wastes which continuously follows the previous batch, which is a prerequisite for optimized operation of incinerator. The model was prepared as for waste storage in containers, as well as for waste storage in continuously refilled boxes. The mathematical model was developed into the computer program and its functionality was verified either by practical measurements or by numerical simulations. The proposed model can be used in incinerators for hazardous and municipal waste.
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32

Zhu, Hongmei, Yifeng Wang, Nijie Jing, Xuguang Jiang, Guojun Lv, and Jianhua Yan. "Study on the evolution and transformation of chlorine during co-processing of hazardous waste incineration residue in a cement kiln." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (February 22, 2019): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828147.

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The co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln can eliminate a large quantity of hazardous wastes, but the excessive existence of chlorine will affect not only the operation of a cement kiln but also the quality of cement products. In this study, the mixtures of hazardous waste incineration residue and raw meal were incinerated in a high temperature tubular furnace. The distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas, clinker and fly ash under different experiment conditions was obtained and the influence of the co-processing conditions on chlorine evolution and transformation was studied. The results showed that chlorine mainly existed in flue gas and clinker, and only less than 1% of chlorine existed in fly ash. The incineration temperature had a significant influence on the distribution of chlorine. The higher the incinerating temperature, the greater the distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas and fly ash. The proportion of chlorine in all parts remained basically unchanged while the temperature was higher than 1300°C. With the increase of the retention time, the proportion of chlorine released into the flue gas increased. The distribution ratio of chlorine in each part remained unchanged after about 30 minutes. There were four stages of the rate of chlorine release. In addition, the chlorine content of the sample had little effect on the partition of chlorine. Some suggestions on the co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln are put forward based on these experimental results.
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33

Al-Duri, Bushra, Faihan Alsoqyani, and Iain Kings. "Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of hazardous waste: better than incineration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2057 (December 28, 2015): 20150013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0013.

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Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an advanced process mainly employed for the treatment of hazardous stable wastes, otherwise treatable by incineration. It is based on the unique properties of water above its critical point ( T c =675 K, P c =22.2 MPa), making it a superior reaction medium for the destruction of all organics in the presence of oxygen. This work presents preliminary laboratory scale studies on SCWO of nitrogen (N)-containing hazardous hydrocarbons, with a view to enhancing the process performance, using available reagents and non-complex reactor design. This article investigates the destruction of dimethylformamide (DMF), carried out in a continuous (plug flow) reactor system. SCWO of DMF was enhanced by (i) a split-oxidant system, where stoichiometric oxidant was divided between two inlet ports at various ratios and (ii) the addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a co-fuel, premixed with the feedstock. Testing a range of temperatures, initial DMF concentrations, oxidant ratios, IPA ratios and oxidant split ratios, selected results were presented in terms of % total organic carbon and % N removal. Reaction kinetics were studied and showed a dramatic decrease in the activation energy upon adding IPA. Split-oxidant-feeding enhancement depended on the split ratio and secondary feed position.
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34

Sutrisno, Hendri, and Fitriana Meilasari. "Review: Medical Waste Management for Covid19." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 12, no. 1si (September 30, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.104-120.

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Introduction: Medical waste generation during the Covid19 pandemic increased by around 30%. Sources of medical waste generation are health care activities. If medical waste is not appropriately managed, it can pollute the environment and disturb health. The purpose of the review is to identify the potential of medical waste in health-care facilities in Indonesia when the Covid19 pandemic and to review medical waste management in Indonesia. The analysis uses a systematic literature review. Discussion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 epidemic is infectious waste (PPE wastes), sharps waste (syringes), chemical waste (expired medicines), and pharmaceutical waste (the used alcohol bottles when rapid tests). The hazardous waste management system refers to Government Regulation No. 101 year 2014 about Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste and and Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry of Republic Indonesia No. P.56/MenlhkSetjen/2015 about Procedures and Technical Requirements for Waste Management Hazardous and Toxic From the Health Service Facilities. Infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste are destroyed with incinerators. Syringe residues were damaged with a needle shredder. Residue and incineration ashes are processed using solidification. If the heavy metal content under the quality standards, then the waste can be landfill. Conclusion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 pandemic is infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste. Medical waste generated must be appropriately managed. Proper medical waste management can prevent environmental pollution and the spread of disease. One of the processing of potential medical waste is incineration. The incineration system produces residue and ash waste that must further be handled so that it does not pollute the environment and disturb health.
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Oost, Guido Van. "Applications of Thermal Plasmas for the Environment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 7185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147185.

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Thermal processing such as incineration is most commonly used for the treatment of waste streams, whereby often-incomplete combustion of organic waste can lead to dangerous products in the exhaust gases. Thermal plasma technology with its wide temperature range is suitable to treat almost any chemical composition of wastes. It enables the efficient and environmentally friendly conversion of organic waste into energy or chemicals, as well as the pyrolysis of hazardous organic compounds The limitations of conventional technologies and stricter environmental legislation on the processing of wastes make plasma technologies increasingly attractive. Priority is given to environmental quality at affordable costs and to the use of innovative thermochemical conversion technologies (gasification and pyrolysis) to contribute to sustainable development and circular economy in which waste is managed as a resource.
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Yasotha, N. "Economic Valuation of Hospital Waste Management." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 3 (2018): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.44.

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Bio- Medical Wastes have become one of the most widespread and important environmental and public health issues and present day concern throughout the globe and as such, the problem has been recognized as one of the important issues towards abatement of pollution in the country along with the rest of the world. The main thrust of the present study is to evaluate the willingness to pay with specific reference to solid waste management in Hospitals. The study has analyzed three hospitals in the Chennai area, in Tamil Nadu. The main method of disposal of hazardous wastes is through incineration and this has been studied with regard to the Government and Private Sectors through the selected hospitals, by way of life expectancy of equipment probable use per day/per kg, cost of operation per day/kg and ultimately the WTP by those availing of these facilities have all been carefully researched.
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Kharat, Dal Singh. "Pollution Control in Meat Industry." Current Environmental Engineering 6, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190204102731.

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Meat industry generates various wastes such as effluent, emissions and solid wastes that pose environmental and health problems. The effluent released from the meat industries finds its way into the natural water resources and degrade the water quality. The solid wastes of meat industry create a public nuisance by way of foul smell if it is not handled properly. The effluents, as well as solid wastes of meat industries, are possible sources of pathogens that are hazardous to human health. Waste minimization, segregation of wastes and treatment, processing of wastes to make possible recoveries of by-products and the final disposal are the basic steps for containment of pollution from the meat industry. The effluent treatment technologies include primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Composting, biomehtanation, rendering, incineration and burial are the processes for disposing of the solid wastes generated by meat industries. Appropriate treatment process is selected considering the level of pollution, mode of disposal and the environmental standards. The treatment and processing of meat industry wastes minimize the pollution problems and also give scope for the recovery of by-products such as bone and meat meal, tallow, methane and manure that have commercial values. The meat industries also generate odours that are required to be contained using suitable control devices. The paper seeks to give an overview of the pollution control technologies currently in use for the treatment of effluents and solid wastes, and possible recovery of by-products.
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Khare, Pratima. "Waste Management- It’s not waste until you waste it!!!" Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2014-o7yop7.

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Waste management is a new concept for most of the Asian countries including India. The lack of financial and technical resources and regulatory control for the management of hazardous waste in the past has led to the unscientific disposal of hazardous waste in India. Now a days urbanization not only concentrates waste but also raises generation rates. New and expensive technologies are being pushed to deal with our urban waste problem ignoring their environmental and social implications. Hazardous waste can be classified into solid, liquid, gases and sludge waste. There are various methods of disposal of waste management. Disposing the waste in a landfill involves burying the waste. In incineration the solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. In recycling, the collection and reuse of waste materials are done such as empty beverage containers. Biological reprocessing in which waste materials that are organic in nature such as plant material, food scraps can be recycled using biological compositing and digestion process to decompose the organic matter. Energy recovery as well as avoidance and reduction methods are also the other ways of disposal.
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39

Rekos, Kyriazis C., Ioannis D. Charisteidis, Evangelos Tzamos, Georgios Palantzas, Anastasios I. Zouboulis, and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis." Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem3010007.

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The management of municipal and industrial organic solid wastes has become one of the most critical environmental problems in modern societies. Nowadays, commonly used management techniques are incineration, composting, and landfilling, with the former one being the most common for hazardous organic wastes. An alternative eco-friendly method that offers a sustainable and economically viable solution for hazardous wastes management is fast pyrolysis, being one of the most important thermochemical processes in the petrochemical and biomass valorization industry. The objective of this work was to study the application of fast pyrolysis for the valorization of three types of wastes, i.e., petroleum-based sludges and sediments, residual paints left on used/scrap metal packaging, and creosote-treated wood waste, towards high-added-value fuels, chemicals, and (bio)char. Fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor for the determination of product yields, i.e., pyrolysis (bio)oil, gases, and solids (char). In addition, the composition of (bio)oil was also determined by Py/GC-MS tests. The thermal pyrolysis oil from the petroleum sludge was only 15.8 wt.% due to the remarkably high content of ash (74 wt.%) of this type of waste, in contrast to the treated wood and the residual paints (also containing 30 wt.% inorganics), which provided 46.9 wt.% and 35 wt.% pyrolysis oil, respectively. The gaseous products ranged from ~7.9 wt.% (sludge) to 14.7 (wood) and 19.2 wt.% (paints), while the respective solids (ash, char, reaction coke) values were 75.1, 35, and 36.9 wt.%. The thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis of residual paint contained relatively high concentrations of short acrylic aliphatic ester (i.e., n-butyl methacrylate), being valuable monomers in the polymer industry. The use of an acidic zeolitic catalyst (ZSM-5) for the in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors induced changes on the product yields (decreased oil due to cracking reactions and increased gases and char/coke), but mostly on the pyrolysis oil composition. The main effect of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was that, for all three organic wastes, the catalytic pyrolysis oils were enriched in the value-added mono-aromatics (BTX), especially in the case of the treated wood waste and residual paints. The non-condensable gases were mostly consisting of CO, CO2, and different amounts of C1–C4 hydrocarbons, depending on initial feed and use or not of the catalyst that increased the production of ethylene and propylene.
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Onyeaka, Helen, Rachel Fran Mansa, Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong, and Taghi Miri. "Bioconversion of Starch Base Food Waste into Bioethanol." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 11401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811401.

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The global demand for fuel keeps increasing daily. The massive depletion of fossil fuels and their influence on the environment as pollution is a severe problem. Meanwhile, food waste disposal is also a complex problem in solid-waste management since one-third of every food consumed is discarded as waste. The standard waste management methods, including food waste incineration and landfilling, are considered hazardous to the environment. Food waste constituents are majorly starch-based and contain various biomolecules, including sugar, lipids, proteins, vitamins, cellulose, etc. These polysaccharides can be hydrolysed into monosaccharides such as glucose, which can then be fermented using microorganisms to produce ethanol through the fermenting of sugars derived from enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of food wastes. The human food system is rich in starch, which can be a potential resource for bioethanol production.
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41

Wolfe, Amy. "Risk Communication: Who's Educating Whom?" Practicing Anthropology 10, no. 3-4 (July 1, 1988): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.10.3-4.gk353523755845p3.

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After a mishap at an industrial plant, company officials say there is no danger to people living nearby. At a public meeting on the siting of a hazardous waste facility, experts report that engineering design specifications are such that the chances of harm to human health are one in a million. Researchers from prestigious universities write that toxins in commonplace foods, like peanut butter, are more likely to harm human health than drinking contaminated well water. These statements are examples of risk communication. In the context of environmental risk assessment, risk communicators are viewed as experts or officials who inform the public, politicians, or news media about potential hazards associated with industries (e.g., nuclear power generation), technologies (e.g., incineration of wastes), chemicals (e.g., pesticides), or behaviors (e.g., not using condoms).
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42

Mininni, G., C. M. Braguglia, and D. Marani. "Partitioning of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and fluidized bed furnaces." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0143.

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The behaviour of four metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) during sewage sludge incineration was studied in eight pilot plant tests performed with a rotary kiln (RK) and a fluidised bed (FB) furnace. To simulate sludge co-incineration with hazardous wastes, in three FB tests feed sludge was mixed with chlorinated organic compounds. Chromium and copper showed similar concentrations both in bottom or cyclone ash and in fly ash, even at high chlorine input and high combustion temperature. In contrast, zinc and lead concentrations in fly ash produced in RK tests are one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in bottom ash. However, not even these two metals showed significant enrichment in FB tests carried out at high chlorine input. The predictive capability of a thermodynamic model was checked by comparing predicted metal volatilisation in the combustion chamber with experimental metal enrichment in the fly ash. Large discrepancies were observed in FB tests carried out at high chlorine content, where Pb, Zn, and Cu are predicted to volatilise in great extent, andin RK tests where zinc volatilisation is not predicted. Likely explanations of these discrepancies are the very short solid residence times in the FB furnace (non equilibrium conditions) and the incomplete mixing conditions in the RK furnace (pyrolysis pockets). From the environmental impact point of view, the pilot tests suggest that sludge incineration with fluidised bed furnace is safer than the one using rotary kiln furnace.
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43

Sawetrattanakul, S., S. N. Jansri, N. Tantranont, and W. Setthapun. "Appropriate guidelines of Waste Management for Keudchang Sub-district, Maetang District, Chiangmai province, Thailand." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 3, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v3i1.10.

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Waste management is one of the major problems around the world. Governments and global organizations are starting to pay attention to the amount of waste left behind. Thai government drafted the National policies of waste management to manage waste in sustainable ways. Keudchang Sub-district confronts waste management problems due to the increase in the amount of waste, insufficient area for disposal, roadside and riverside litters, an illegal dump of rubbish in forests, and air pollution from waste incineration. The purposes of this research were to study the amount of waste and waste composition in 8 villages of Keudchang Community (KC), and develop appropriate guidelines of waste management. This participatory research collects data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data sources include interviews and set up a public hearing stage with stakeholders in KC. Secondary data include a documentary of community context, meeting minutes, and other related documents. Qualitative data were analyzed with the content analysis method. The results showed that the KC produce an average of waste to 4,062.02 kg/day. These wastes could be classified into 4 types including organic waste (45.83%), recycle waste (28.01%), general waste (15.55%), and hazardous waste (10.60%) respectively. An individual person at KC produces an average of waste at 0.98 kg/day. Additionally, the results from conducting a public hearing stage of 8 villages revealed community awareness and solutions for waste management. All people in KC need to sort their wastes properly before disposal in 4 ways. First, organic waste. Each household needs to dig a hole and dump the organic wastes into it. The organic wastes should be managed and separated from other wastes. Second, recycle waste. Various approaches to recycle waste include waste credit bank (WCB), waste volunteer, monthly fee, and self-management. The WCB would be a hub for the communities to make profits and reduce landfill wastes. A waste volunteer would be a volunteer person who buys community wastes and sell them to outsiders. The monthly fee would be an approach where each household pays 70 baht/month to a garbage collector. Self-management would be another approach where households sort out, eliminate, sell, and manage wastes by themselves. Third, general waste. General waste could be divided into 2 groups as profitable waste and community dumping ground. Profitable waste could be sold to WCB or waste stores by each household. Community dumping ground would be an area allocated to all households for waste disposal. All households would not allow to throw garbage or wastes into other areas, but community dumping ground. Finally, hazardous waste. Hazardous waste would need to dispose of carefully in the trash can located at the office of the village headman. The findings from this study suggested setting up a waste management committee (WMC), as well as defining their roles and responsibilities. Local administrative organizations and community leaders also need to support, supervise, and control community waste management for resource-efficient and sustainable societies
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44

Giakoumakis, Georgios, Dorothea Politi, and Dimitrios Sidiras. "Medical Waste Treatment Technologies for Energy, Fuels, and Materials Production: A Review." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 8065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238065.

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The importance of medical waste management has grown during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the increase in medical waste quantity and the significant dangers of these highly infected wastes for human health and the environment. This innovative review focuses on the possibility of materials, gas/liquid/solid fuels, thermal energy, and electric power production from medical waste fractions. Appropriate and promising treatment/disposal technologies, such as (i) acid hydrolysis, (ii) acid/enzymatic hydrolysis, (iii) anaerobic digestion, (vi) autoclaving, (v) enzymatic oxidation, (vi) hydrothermal carbonization/treatment, (vii) incineration/steam heat recovery system, (viii) pyrolysis/Rankine cycle, (ix) rotary kiln treatment, (x) microwave/steam sterilization, (xi) plasma gasification/melting, (xii) sulfonation, (xiii) batch reactor thermal cracking, and (xiv) torrefaction, were investigated. The medical waste generation data were collected according to numerous researchers from various countries, and divided into gross medical waste and hazardous medical waste. Moreover, the medical wastes were separated into categories and types according to the international literature and the medical waste fractions’ percentages were estimated. The capability of the examined medical waste treatment technologies to produce energy, fuels, and materials, and eliminate the medical waste management problem, was very promising with regard to the near future.
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45

Jin, Man Tong, Cai Ju Huang, Liang Chen, Xin Sun, and Lian Jun Wang. "Immobilization of MSWI Fly Ash with Geopolymers." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1564.

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The geopolymer was chosen to immobilize the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash because of its strong fixing capacity for heavy metals. The fly ash-based geopolymer was synthesized from metakaolinite with MSWI fly ash under activation of sodium silicate solution, and then cured at relative humidity (RH) between 40% and 90% at 20°C. The ability of immobilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash with the geopolymer was evaluated in terms of the compressive strength and leaching concentration. The experimental results confirmed that the compressive strength of the resulting solidified body could achieve 35.13 MPa after 7 days of curing. Meanwhile, the leaching concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were 0.0230 mg/kg, 0.186 mg/kg, 0.231 mg/kg, and 6.56 mg/kg, respectively. We confirm that geopolymerisation is an effective alternative in the disposal of various hazardous wastes containing heavy metals.
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46

Deschamps, Eleonora, Olivia Vasconcelos, Lisete Lange, Claudio Luis Donnici, Merces Coelho da Silva, and Juliana Aparecida Sales. "Management of effluents and waste from pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 4 (December 2012): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000400017.

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Today the management of solid waste and wastewater is a major concern for humanity. In the last decade, traces of pharmaceuticals have been reported in the water cycle and have raised concerns among regulators, water suppliers and the public regarding the potential risks to human health. This study evaluated solid waste management in the state of Minas Gerais and concluded that the main fate of hazardous waste has been incineration, while the non-hazardous waste has been recycled or sent to landfills. However, complaints to the Environmental Agency - FEAM have indicated that a significant number of companies just send their hazardous wastes to landfills or even to garbage dumps, thus highlighting the urgent need for adequate waste management in Minas Gerais. Most of the pharmaceutical companies in Minas Gerais use conventional wastewater treatment. Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) showed that the treatment routes adopted by the two 2 selected pharmaceutical industries were not effective enough since residues and degradation products of antibiotics were detected. The physicochemical analysis of the effluents showed variability in their characteristics, which may influence their treatability. The degradation assay with Fenton's reagent stood out as a promising route in achieving a higher removal capacity compared to the conventional treatment. This study contributes to enhancing our knowledge of the management of wastewater as well as of solid waste from the pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais and points out the need for further research.
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47

Giro-Paloma, Jessica, Joan Formosa, and Josep M. Chimenos. "Granular Material Development Applied in an Experimental Section for Civil Engineering Purposes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 6782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196782.

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In this study, a granular material (GM) derived from wastes generated in waste-to-energy plants was developed. Weathered bottom ash (WBA) and air pollution control (APC) ashes obtained from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) were used as raw materials. A mortar (M) with 50 wt. % of APC and 50 wt. % of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) CEM-I was prepared. The GM formulation was 20 wt. % M and 80 wt. % WBA. At the laboratory scale, WBA, APC, M, and crushed GM were evaluated by means of dynamic leaching (EN 12457-4) tests, and WBA, M, and crushed GM by percolation column (CEN/TS 16637) tests. The metal(loid)s analyzed were below the non-hazardous limits, regarding the requirement of the metal(loid)s released for waste revalorization. In order to simulate a road subbase real scenario, the crushed GM was tested in an experimental section (10 × 20 × 0.2 m). During a 600-day period, the leachates generated by the percolation of rainwater were collected. This research shows outstanding results regarding the metal(loid)s released for both the “accumulated” and “punctual” leachates collected. An accomplishment in the immobilization of metal(loid)s from APC residues was achieved because of the encapsulation effect of the cement. The GM formulation from both MSWI wastes can be considered an environmentally safe procedure for revalorizing APC residues.
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48

Kardono, Kardono. "ANALISIS KIMIA LIMBAH B3 UNTUK MENENTUKAN EFISIENSI PENGHANCURAN DALAM UJI BAKAR DI INSINERATOR." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 13, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v13i2.1416.

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Salah satu cara efektif mengurangi limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yaitu dengan membakarnya dalam insinerator. Berbagai keuntungan pembakaran limbah dalam insinerator mendorong usaha memanfaatkannya untuk menghacurkan limbah B3 di Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup (Men-LH) no. 18/2009memungkinkan orang mendapat ijin pengolahan limbah B3 melalui insinerator, tetapi berdasarkan Keputusan Kepala BAPEDAL No.: Kep-03/1995, mereka harus memenuhi persyaratan efisiensi penghancuran (DRE) sebesar 99,99% atau lebih, dan juga persyaratan lainnya. Pembuktian efisiensi penghancuran dilakukan melalui kegiatanuji bakar (TBT). Sebelum uji bakar dilakukan, analisis kimia limbah harus dilakukan di laboratorium. Senyawa yang paling sulit terbakar dalam uji bakar dapat dipilih berdasarkan nilai bakar senyawa dari hasil analisis tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini analisis kimia dari tiga jenis limbah B3, sarung tangan terkontaminasi, lumpur dari instalasi pengolahan limbah dan limbah infeksius rumah sakit, telah dilakukan. Hidrokarbon organic utama (POHC) yang dianalisis dari ketiga limbah ini adalah 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene dan Tetrachloroethylene dengan konsentrasi masing-masing sebesar 1.411, 0.311, dan 0.166 mg/kg. Hasil perhitungan indek panas pembakarannya masing-masing adalah 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Jadi, Tetrachloroethylene merupakan POHC yang paling sulit terbakar sehingga terpilih sebagai wakil semua POHC yang mungkin terkandung dalam limbah B3 tersebut dalam uji bakar. Sampling untuk emisi Tetrachloroethylene menggunakan metode baku US EPA No. 30. Dalam uji bakar disarankan untuk mengukur emisi partikulat, logam-logam berat, asam khlorida (HCl) dan gas-gas emisi lainnya ((O2, CO, CO2, laju alir gas emisi, kadar air gas) dengan metode sampling baku. Data-data ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan koreksi dan membantu dalam perhitungan hasil sampling. Kata Kunci: Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3), Uji Bakar (TBT), Efisiensi Penghancuran (DRE), Indek Panas Pembakaran (I), Senyawa Hidrokarbon Organic Utama (POHC). AbstractOne effective way to reduce industrial hazardous wastes is to burn them in the incinerators. A variety of advantages of the waste incineration has caused businesses on employing incinerator for hazardous waste destruction in Indonesia. Regulation of the State Minister for the Environment No. 18/2009 allows business people to have licensesto treat hazardous waste through incinerator but according to the Decree of the Head of the Environmental Management Agency (BAPEDAL) No.: Kep-03/1995 they must meet requirement of achieving 99.99% or more destruction removal efficiency (DRE) and other requirements. A demonstration of achieving DRE is done through a trial burn test (TBT). Prior to TBT, the chemical analyses of the wastes need to be done in the laboratory.Themost difficult compund to be burned in the TBT can be selected based on concentrations and heating values of those results. In this research, chemical analyses of three kinds of waste, contaminated gloves, wasterwater treatment sludge, and infectious medical wastes, have been carried out. The principal organic hydrocarbons (POHCs) analyzedare found to be 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene with the respective average concentrations of 1.411, 0.311, and 0.166 mg/kg. The respective calculated heat of combustion indexs are 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Thus, Tetrachloroethylene is a POHC that is most difficult to be burned and therefore it ischosen to be a representation of all POHCs of the wastes for TBT. Sampling method of Tetrachloroethylene emission uses US EPA Method 30 –Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST). During TBT it is also suggested to measure particulate, metals, chloride acid (HCl), and other emitted gases (O2, CO, CO2, gaseous emission rate, gas watercontent) with standard sampling methods. These data could be use to standarize and support the calculationn of the sampling results. Key words: Hazardous wastes, Trial Burn Test (TBT), Destruction Removal Efficiency (DRE), Heat of Combustion Index (I), Principal Organic Hydrocarbons (POHCs).
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49

Mora, Pedro, Daniel Barettino, Antonio Ponce, Laura Sánchez-Martín, and Bernardo Llamas. "Waste-to-Energy Process to Recover Dangerous Pollutants in an Environmental Protected Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031324.

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The present study aims to extract the polluting material from a lagoon and use it as an alternative fuel in cement industries. To this end, in the methodology will analyze two alternatives for the waste: fuel generation and incineration. The polluting material from the Arganda lagoon has highly calorific value to be used as fuel. Thus, not only are these wastes used, but also an area with potentially hazardous waste is decontaminated. After the extraction, which due to the characteristics of the material is chosen for the novel pumping extraction, and subsequent generation of fuel, the process for using this waste is through the distribution of the created fuel to nine cement plants in Spain, leading to significant environmental benefits. The results of the process shows an energy efficiency of 97% for using the waste as fuel, and a consumed energy of approximately 6000 kWh/t·waste to the process that leads to the desired environmental benefit. The use of waste contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions and a decrease in the use of fossil fuels.
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50

Daniil, Andreana, George P. Dimitrakopulos, Savvas Varitis, George Vourlias, George Kaimakamis, Erasmia Pantazopoulou, Eleni Pavlidou, Anastasios I. Zouboulis, Theodoros Karakostas, and Philomela Komninou. "Stabilization of Cr-rich tannery waste in fly ash matrices." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 9 (May 31, 2018): 818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18775488.

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In the present work, the stabilization/solidification of a Cr-rich ash obtained from the anoxic incineration of tannery hazardous wastes was studied. Chromium in the starting waste was exclusively in amorphous form and in trivalent state. The waste was embedded in fly ash-based cementitious material matrices. Calcium and sodium hydroxides, as well as sodium silicate, were used as activators. The proposed process combines mechanical activation with hydrothermal curing. Successful immobilization of chromium was achieved, as attested by standard leaching tests. Backscattered electron images revealed the existence of the C-S-H gel, and elemental mapping by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a good interdispersion of chromate and aluminosilicate species, verifying that chromium was well distributed in the final amorphous cementitious matrix. X-ray diffraction confirmed the absence of Cr-rich crystalline phases of calcium aluminosilicates, where chromium can enter in hexavalent state. The stiffness of the stabilized samples was reduced with increasing the amount of added Cr-rich ash, as attested by measurements of the dynamic Young’s modulus.
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