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1
Miškufová, Andrea, Alexandra Medvecová, Anna Kochmanová, Dušan Olčák, and Viktor Hronský. "Problems with Solidification of Fly Ashes from the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 832 (April 2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.31.
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One of the negative aspects of MSW (municipal solid waste) incineration is production of hazardous fly ashes. MSW fly ash usually contains heavy metals like for example chromium, lead, cadmium and organic substances (dioxins, furans), soluble compounds (salts) and other harmful substances. According to environmental legislative and with respect to the environment fly ash as a hazardous waste should be stabilized before landfilling. This work deals with certain problems occurring at solidification process of MSW fly ash by cementation. This work also describes efficiency of stabilization by two different binders (slag cement and waste containing alumina and silica). Leachability tests by TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and compressive strength of original and solidified samples by use of uniaxial pressing were studied in order to find suitable parameters for effective stabilization.
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Grishina, Nina. "Environmental Aspects of the State of African Coastal Territories." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-110-118.
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To preserve the ecological balance and health of the population of the African continent, it is necessary to maintain the cleanliness of the surrounding rivers, lakes and ocean coasts. Oil production, transportation of oil and petroleum products inevitably lead to pollution of sea waters due to accidents on tankers, equipment breakdowns, and fires. Oceanic coasts are of great importance for the development of the tourism industry, which plays a significant role in the national economies of African countries. However, many coastal areas are contaminated with industrial and household waste, oil refining waste and sewage. As a result of the growth of cities, the increase in the number of urban residents and the development of industry, a huge number of substances that do not decompose naturally is discharged into water sources. Currently, domestic sewage in most coastal cities does not meet modern sanitary requirements, since the repair of old and the laying of new sewage treatment plants require large financial investments. In the interests of nature and human health, a number of international instruments has been adopted prohibiting the import of hazardous and radioactive waste, as well as the dumping or incineration of hazardous waste in the oceans and inland waters on the African continent. In some African countries, periodic clean-up activities are carried out on ocean and river coasts, but they are ad hoc and do not have a decisive impact on the state of contaminated areas. Experts of international environmental organizations have proposed a set of measures for the conservation and rational use of water resources: construction of wastewater treatment plants; mandatory environmental assessment of all major water management projects; development of measures to eliminate possible damage; control of new industrial installations and industrial waste disposal; design and operation of landfills based on reliable hydrogeological information and environmental expertise. However, these regulations are often violated, and solving the problem of coastal water pollution remains a distant prospect.
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Zhang, Jiahe, Zhenying Zhang, Jiayue Zhang, Guoyang Fan, and Dazhi Wu. "A Quantitative Study on the Benefit of Various Waste Classifications." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6660927.
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Chinese economic development has continuously increased national municipal solid waste (MSW) output. However, the existing MSW classification method is insufficient and exacerbates several urgent problems. There are many factors to consider in Chinese waste classification (population, MSW production, food waste content, water content, economy, environment, and waste disposal methods). Based on research and analysis, MSW classification should highlight and implement treatment methods that focus on incineration, the distinct treatment of kitchen waste, and landfills as a waste disposal supplement. MSW is divided into five categories: kitchen waste, incineration, recyclable, hazardous waste, and other waste. Using economic benefit analysis, life cycle assessment, and radar chart analysis, a quantitative study is conducted on the classification methods of MSW used in Germany, the US, the UK, Sweden, Japan, China, and this study. The results indicate that a more refined classification can effectively improve many aspects of MSW management, especially regarding economic and environmental benefits, which are significantly affected. Effective MSW management can reduce the cost of waste disposal by 69.4% and greenhouse gas and acidic substance emissions and increase the energy utilisation rate four fold. This research is of great significance to environmental protection and the development of a circular economy and provides a reference for the management of MSW.
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Kubatko, Oleksandr V., Oleksandra V. Kubatko, Tetyana I. Sachnenko, and Odevole O. Oluwaseun. "Organization of Business Activities Taking into Account Environmental and Economic Aspects." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation 2021, no. 2 (2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2021.92.08.
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One of the most urgent environmental problems today is the pollution of the environment by emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. The negative impact on the environment and people is becoming more widespread, and its disposal methods inhibit the development of the economic system. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing environmental costs, which naturally lead to higher production costs and reduce profits. The impact on the environment is becoming more widespread every year and has led to an ecological crisis in some parts of the world. Waste recycling has been constantly discussed since a person “produces” more than 250 kg of household waste per year. At the enterprise, these figures reach 10 000 kg. In recent years, Ukraine has imported about 30-50 thousand tons of PET granulate, which is gradually accumulating in landfills in the form of packaging, bottles, films. Such hazardous pollutants affect the environment through soil and water. In contrast, Ukraine does not yet have successful experience in waste management. In our opinion, such behavior is the ignorance of the population about waste disposal and replacement of a particular product with a more environmentally friendly one. The functioning of enterprises and farms does not always have the equipment to dispose of waste, and there is no room for the disposal of unnecessary products and raw materials. However, the problem of lack of innovative equipment arises due to a lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the lack of possibilities for a comprehensive solution to the situation creates a barrier, which does not allow to take proper measures to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage. Despite many regulations and legal frameworks for regulating waste management, there is no cost-effective policy, and there is no regional waste management program and plan for their proper disposal. It can be concluded that the recycling and disposal of waste will reduce the need for waste incineration, create conditions for improving the economic component of the region and the country as a whole with an account of environmental quality standards. The paper pays attention to the essence of waste disposal; identified ways to recycle garbage.
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Turskis, Zenonas, Marius Lazauskas, and Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. "FUZZY MULTIPLE CRITERIA ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION SITE ALTERNATIVES FOR NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION PLANT IN VILNIUS CITY, APPLYING ARAS-F AND AHP METHODS / STATYBVITĖS PARINKIMO NEPAVOJINGŲ ATLIEKŲ DEGINIMO ĮMONEI VILNIUJE VARIANTŲ VERTINIMAS AHP IR ARAS-F METODAIS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20, no. 2 (June 7, 2012): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.645827.
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Continuous increase in electricity and heat prices for citizens necessitates new alternative solutions regarding rational application of existing resources, in order to minimize electric energy production costs. The article presents the description of waste incineration plant siting issue, related to satisfaction of requirements formulated by investors, citizens, contractors and other concerned parties. As the siting process represents fulfilment of the above-stated stakeholder requirements, the multiple criteria task is defined. Seven local assessments of alternative sites located in densely populated urban and industrial development areas have been evaluated. The results of calculations show that the above industrial equipment units cover economic, social and environmental aspects. It was found that the most appropriate place for construction of waste incineration plants is the Paneriai industrial area. Densely populated urban districts can be referred to as the most improper location for waste incineration. The best results can be gained applying complex AHP and ARAS-F methods. Santrauka Nuolat didėjančios gyventojų vartojamos elektros ir šilumos energijos kainos verčia ieškoti alternatyvių sprendimų racionaliau naudoti turimus išteklius – mažinti energijos gamybos išlaidas. Nagrinėjama statybvietės būsimai atliekų deginimo įmonei parinkimo problema. Jos sprendimas susijęs su investuotojų, gyventojų, rangovų ir kitų suinteresuotųjų grupių poreikiais. Parenkant vietą siekiama atsižvelgti į šių grupių pageidavimus, todėl formuluojamas daugiakriteris uždavinys. Vertinamos septynios tam parinktų vietų miesto pramonės plėtros ir tankiai gyvenamose teritorijose alternatyvos. Skaičiavimų rezultatai rodo, kad tokio tipo pramonės objektų kūrimas susijęs su ekonominiais, socialiniais ir aplinkosaugos veiksniais. Nustatyta, kad tinkamiausia vieta atliekų deginimo įmonei statyti yra Panerių pramoninis rajonas. Netinkamiausia atliekoms deginti vieta yra tankiai apgyventi miesto mikrorajonai. Geriausio rezultato paieškai taikomas kompleksinis sprendimas AHP ir ARAS-F metodais.
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Mounsi, Frederic, Celestin Mountchissi, David Ikome Lyonga, Fils Thomas Roger Tchatchoua, Karen Maigou Pohowe, and Marileine Pricyle Eulalie Kemme Kemme. "EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MEDICAL TRAINING: THE CASE OF THE MADINGRING DISTRICT MEDICAL CENTER, NORTH CAMEROON." Journal of Environment 2, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/je.977.
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Purpose: The environment is increasingly threatened by human activities. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the different activities carried out at Madingring Medical Center on the various environmental components.
Methodology: To do this, the identification, characterization, and evaluation of the impacts were carried out during several field works using the Léopold and Fecteau matrices. The analysis of the waste management system was done using the Ishikawa 5M diagram.
Findings: During the study, the real and potential impacts were identified on the various environments. The incineration of medical waste is classified as hazardous and the poor management of toilets emits polluting and toxic substances into the air, as well as unpleasant odors that modify air quality. The presence of stagnant water from the activities of the medical center due to the lack of good drainage degrades soil quality. Added to this, there is a development of algae and moss on the site. Concerning waste management, it appears that the Center does not have an environmental permit and a waste management plan, the sorting carried out is approximate, hazardous waste is incinerated illegally and others are dumped in landfills, contributing to environmental pollution. For each impact identified, corrective measures have been proposed and may make it possible to mitigate or eliminate the negative effects and improve the positive aspects, by implementing the environmental specifications.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: At the end of this study, some recommendations were made. These include training of medical staff in best practices and techniques for medical waste management, monitoring of the implementation of regulations on hospital waste management in Cameroon, information and sensitization of users on the social and environmental impacts of environmental degradation, as well as the best practices and behaviors to adopt within health facilities, the use of bins for the collection and sorting of waste, the creation of a pre-collection unit of waste within the health centers of Cameroon in general and those of Madingring in particular.
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Gannon, T., A. R. Ansbro, and R. P. Burns. "Incineration of hazardous wastes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, no. 1-3 (1991): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401302.
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Al-Dabbagh, Riadh. "Waste management strategy and development in Ajman, UAE." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021005.
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Population growth, social and industrial activities have increased significantly, resulting in an increase in the quantities of wastes in UAE in specific the Emirate of Ajman. Most of the waste is still not thoroughly treated and ends up in municipal landfills, where organic waste generates many gases such as methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Currently, little of the waste is burned, and the rate of municipal waste recycling has been rapidly rising. Waste management in the Ajman is coordinated through local authorities. For this purpose the UAE has set Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure its performance against its targets of 2021. To support the national efforts, Ajman is continuously seeking to adopt vital initiatives and projects that are positively affecting all aspects of life. Waste issues are handled through recycling and converting waste to energy and resources, new technologies and improved waste separation and collection systems. Ajman Municipality and Planning Department has initiated plans and efforts in waste management, including converting waste to energy, treating wastewater, and controlling the movement of hazardous waste. The programs are implemented with the aim to reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of the city, including by paying particular attention to air quality and all types of waste. The paper presents an overview of the waste situation and the management practices according to the Municipality's plans and strategies. It is concluded that Ajman still lacks an infrastructure for organic waste recycling for residents. This organic waste is a significant contributor to methane emissions from landfills. Challenges are to be solved, such as the lack of adequate waste sorting and recycling facilities in the Emirate and weak community culture to adopt waste sorting. Many practices started to be implemented by the Municipality, for instance, creating an incinerator used to treat non-chemical medical waste generated from hospitals & clinics. As a result, Ajman has witnessed a reduction in the quantity of waste dumped in the landfill.
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Dempsey, C. R., and R. C. Thurnau. "Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Incinerating Listed Wastes from Specific Sources." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0392.
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Pilot-scale incineration testing was conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Incineration Research Facility to support the development of best demonstrated available technology standards for the treatment of several hazardous wastes from specific sources. This paper summarizes the results of this testing for four of these wastes. The objective was to determine if these four wastes could be incinerated by a well designed, well operated incinerator based on compliance with the hazardous waste incinerator regulations and to characterize the incineration residuals for hazardous constituents. It was found that these wastes could generally be incinerated in compliance with these regulations. However, the mist carryover from the air pollution control device would have to be more effectively controlled to meet the particulate standard for some of these wastes.
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Filip, Gabriela Maria, and Valeria Mirela Brezoczki. "MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PSYCHIATRY HOSPITAL, BAIA MARE." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 1 (2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.08.
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The paper presents several aspects of the general theme related to medical waste management and elimination in a health unit in Baia Mare. Therefore, non-hazardous wastes are collected like household wastes, being temporarily stored in euro containers and transported by S.C. DRUSAL S.A. The hazardous wastes are selectively collected in special containers, temporarily stored in an especially laid out storage unit and transported by the S.C. ECO BURN S.R.L company to the "Stery Cycle" Bucuresti waste incineration plan.
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Kamens, Richard. "Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes." Journal of Environmental Quality 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010025x.
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Al-kaabi, Falah Kareem Hadi. "Supercritical water oxidation for the treatment of various organic wastes: A review." International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research 6, no. 4 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.6.4.1.
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The removal of complex organic and chemical industrial wastes is not accessible using conventional treatment methods. Incineration and hydrothermal oxidation under supercritical conditions are two options for dealing with a wide range of hazardous wastes. Incineration is an effective treatment for removing hazardous waste. The main disadvantages of incineration are a source of unwanted emissions and high operating costs. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is considered a green technology for destroying organic waste with friendly environmental emissions. The removal efficiency reached 99.99% within a short residence time. In this review, the treatment of organic waste by SCWO is shown using co-fuel and catalysts to enhance the performance of SCWO.
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Bond, Desmond. "ES Views: Ocean incineration of hazardous wastes: An update." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 6 (June 1985): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00136a601.
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Shin, I. K. C. "The Situation and the Problems of Hazardous Waste Treatment in Germany." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0383.
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Yearly 4 900 000 tons of hazardous waste are generated in West Germany. The Germany Waste Disposal Act regulates not only the import and the export, but also the transit of wastes. Also avoidance of waste generation and recycling of wastes are emphasized by the act. To reduce waste amounts the collected wastes are treated preliminarily by chemical, physical and biological methods. 740 000 tons of hazardous waste are combusted annually in 27 incineration plants. 18 additional incineration plants are planned. Disposal of diluted acids in the North Sea was completely stopped by the end of 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were burned on a German incineration ship. This was stopped in 1989. The most usual disposal process is the sanitary landfill. Rainfall results in water and soil pollution caused by leachates. A roof above the landfill could eliminate the generation of leachates. The safest disposal is the deep underground deposition in salt domes.
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Cain, P., and M. R. Neiva. "The Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Wastes Generated by the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0389.
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CETREL - Central de Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos S/A, is responsible for the treatment of the majority of the industrial, wastes generated by more than fifty industries forming the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari. The hazardous wastes that cannot be handled by the central biological station have up to this year been stored in variuos types of “containers,” from large tanks, to barrels or disposal trenches. To meet the requirements of an expanding Complex generating organic-chloride wastes, and to meet more rigorous environment standards, CETREL is implanting a unit for the incineration of hazardous liquid residuals. The plant, intended to start processing wastes in October of this year, will serve principally four companies; CPC, NITROCLOR, SILINOR and QUIMIFINA, which produce liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon residues mixed with nitrogen and silicon compounds. The incinerator will have a nominal capacity of 10,000 t/year of residue and is designed to treat wastes such as PCBs, BHC, and other pesticides. Residence time in the afterburner is greater than two seconds at. 1450°C, which permits a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.9999%. With respect to hazardous solid wastes CETREL is presently defining the requirements of the Petrochemical Complex and the surrounding industries to determine the capacity and type of incinerating unit that is most suitable. This paper presents CETREL's experience which led to the definition and construction of a multipurpose liquid waste incinerator and why it is now planning to build a solid waste incinerator within the next three years.
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Wielgosiński, Grzegorz, Dorota Wasiak, and Alicja Zawadzka. "The Use of Sequential Extraction for Assessing Environmental Risks of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash/Wykorzystanie Ekstrakcji Sekwencyjnej Do Oceny Zagrożeń Dla Środowiska Powodowanych Przez Żużle I Popioły Z." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0030.
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Abstract Thermal treatment of waste is one of the ways of their processing. It is commonly used in most developed countries of the European Union. Major by-products of the combustion processes are slag and bottom ash. In the majority of EU countries bottom ash and slag are used as a priming for road construction. In Poland slag and bottom ash from incineration process are stabilized with the addition of cement and some polymers and are landfilled as wastes. In accordance to Polish law, depending on the leaching of heavy metals from fly ash and slag after thermal treatment of waste can be regarded as both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. At present work sequential extraction methods described in the literature: Tessier’s method, van Herck’s method and BCR method were compared experimentally with the results of using Swiss standard TVA.SA.1991 and European standard EN 12457 and total concentration of metals in sample analyzed after complete digestion of sample. The study sample was bottom ash from the medical waste incineration plant.
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Bridle, T. R., P. L. Côté, T. W. Constable, and J. L. Fraser. "Evaluation of Heavy Metal Leachability from Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0280.
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Future management options for residual inorganic solid wastes are likely to include land disposal. While the environmental ramifications of this option are now better understood, additional data is required to permit a thorough assessment of contaminant leachability from solid wastes. As part of this data gathering exercise, Environment Canada's Wastewater Technology Centre has been actively researching and developing test methods designed to measure intrinsic waste properties that affect contaminant leachability, such as metal solubilities and speciation. Based on this approach the leachability of heavy metals from sewage sludge, char and ash, municipal solid waste ashes, hazardous waste incinerator fly ashes, power plant ashes and a solidified synthetic waste were assessed. The results indicate that incineration of sewage sludge produces a benign ash with most of the metals speciated as insoluble oxides or silicates. By contrast, incineration of municipal solid waste or hazardous wastes produces fly ashes exhibiting significant metal leachability. Environmentally sensitive metals such as Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in these fly ashes were readily leachable and probably speciated as water soluble chloride salts. The intrinsic properties approach appears to be an effective method of assessing waste leachability.
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Zajáros, Anett, Klára Szita, Károly Matolcsy, and Dániel Horváth. "Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of DMSO Solvent Recovery from Hazardous Waste Water." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 62, no. 3 (November 13, 2017): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.11097.
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The protection of continuous drinking water supply is really important all over the world, also in Hungary. Many kinds of hazardous chemicals could pollute the natural water resources, arsenic is one of the most occurring pollutant in Hungary. Recently, an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer based arsenic removal adsorbent has been developed. During the manufacturing process hazardous waste water is produced, which is burned in the incineration plant, so this open production process needs fresh solvent every time. However, if the different fraction of the waste water is separated by distillation both the volume of the hazardous waste water can be reduced extremely and the recovered solvent and water can be reused in the manufacturing process. Beside analytical measurements Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) was prepared to identify and compare the environmental, economic and social effects of the current technology and the new one. The results proved that the technology closed by distillation is better than the current open one in each aspect of LCSA.
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Sadala, Swathy, Saikat Dutta, Radhika Raghava, TS Sasi Jyothsna, B. Chakradhar, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh. "Resource recovery as alternative fuel and raw material from hazardous waste." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 11 (July 3, 2019): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19854124.
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The treatment and disposal of industrial waste has become a critical economic and environmental issue with the ever-increasing rates of its generation. Industries in India, as major players in building the economy and GDP, expel about 7.4 million tons of hazardous waste annually, out of which around 3.98 million tons are recyclable for resource or energy recovery. India’s scenario in the usage of alternative fuel and raw material is less than 1%, which reflects a huge quantum of hazardous waste for potential usage in alternative fuel and raw material. The Netherlands, with around 83% of total hazardous waste, is the highest user of hazardous waste as alternative fuel and raw material in cement kilns. Uncontrolled waste management degrades land, ground water and air quality, leading to health risks to humans, animals and the ecosystem. Presently, industrial waste in most cases is disposed to landfills after incineration, without utilizing the full potential of the wastes through recirculation. The present study analyzed the current situation of the treatment facilities for attaining a sustainable management system using waste as alternative fuel and raw material for the disposal of hazardous waste. Through the alternative fuel and raw material concept, hazardous wastes can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and/or raw material in a few types of industries. This will surely enhance the efficient recirculation of industrial wastes. This paper presents the overall view of Indian hazardous-waste generating industries, their locations, the potential of wastes as alternate sources of fuel to other industries, the use of alternative fuel and raw material by cement industries and applicable regulatory requirements.
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Mendes, J. M. O. "Legal Aspects of the Disposal of Industrial Wastes on Soil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0047.
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It is, clearly, a Government responsibility to enact laws and promulgate regulations for control of industrial pollution. The main techniques for soil industrial wastes disposal, namely, landfarming and landfilling, profit from the extensive knowledge acquired, in past decades, in the field of water and air pollution control and must be analysed within a comprehensive system for hazardous waste management, with its legal and administrative aspects. This paper presents some general principles of a Hazardous Waste Management System, which are broadly applicable, regardless differences between States or Countries. Finally, it discusses the specific case of Hazardous Wastes Management in the State of Bahia, Brazil and makes some suggestions for its improvement.
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Mesdaghinia, Alireza, Kazem Naddafi, Amir Hossein Mahvi, and Reza Saeedi. "Waste management in primary healthcare centres of Iran." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 27, no. 4 (May 26, 2009): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x09335693.
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The waste management practices in primary healthcare centres of Iran were investigated in the present study. A total of 120 primary healthcare centres located across the country were selected using the cluster sampling method and the current situation of healthcare waste management was determined through field investigation. The quantities of solid waste and wastewater generation per outpatient were found to be 60 g outpatient—1 day—1 and 26 L outpatient—1 day— 1, respectively. In all of the facilities, sharp objects were separated almost completely, but separation of other types of hazardous healthcare solid waste was only done in 25% of the centres. The separated hazardous solid waste materials were treated by incineration, temporary incineration and open burning methods in 32.5, 8.3 and 42.5% of the healthcare centres, respectively. In 16.7% of the centres the hazardous solid wastes were disposed of without any treatment. These results indicate that the management of waste materials in primary healthcare centres in Iran faced some problems. Staff training and awareness, separation of healthcare solid waste, establishment of the autoclave method for healthcare solid waste treatment and construction of septic tanks and disinfection units in the centres that were without access to a sewer system are the major measures that are suggested for improvement of the waste management practices.
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Sampaio, J. A. B. "Hazardous Wastes Management in Brazil: The Need for a Regional Synoptic Approach." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0364.
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Hazardous wastes management in Brazil is a particularly difficult task to accomplish. The country's enormous area, the lack of tradition on dealing with this subject, few trained people, the high investment costs and the sophisticated technology involved make the regional management of hazardous wastes a mandatory approach to reduce costs and maximize benefits. In order to achieve this goal, a synoptic approach over an entire geographical region on all aspects of hazardous wastes management is proposed. On the other hand, several difficulties are foreseen, some of them in the socio-political arena, requiring a lot of an. environmental diplomacy and competent social communication in order to succeed. Despite the difficulties, there seem to be no options to deal with this problem when simultaneously considering its environmental, technical, and economic aspects.
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Zhu, Hongmei, Yifeng Wang, Nijie Jing, Xuguang Jiang, Guojun Lv, and Jianhua Yan. "Study on the evolution and transformation of chlorine during co-processing of hazardous waste incineration residue in a cement kiln." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (February 22, 2019): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828147.
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The co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln can eliminate a large quantity of hazardous wastes, but the excessive existence of chlorine will affect not only the operation of a cement kiln but also the quality of cement products. In this study, the mixtures of hazardous waste incineration residue and raw meal were incinerated in a high temperature tubular furnace. The distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas, clinker and fly ash under different experiment conditions was obtained and the influence of the co-processing conditions on chlorine evolution and transformation was studied. The results showed that chlorine mainly existed in flue gas and clinker, and only less than 1% of chlorine existed in fly ash. The incineration temperature had a significant influence on the distribution of chlorine. The higher the incinerating temperature, the greater the distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas and fly ash. The proportion of chlorine in all parts remained basically unchanged while the temperature was higher than 1300°C. With the increase of the retention time, the proportion of chlorine released into the flue gas increased. The distribution ratio of chlorine in each part remained unchanged after about 30 minutes. There were four stages of the rate of chlorine release. In addition, the chlorine content of the sample had little effect on the partition of chlorine. Some suggestions on the co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln are put forward based on these experimental results.
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Oost, Guido Van. "Applications of Thermal Plasmas for the Environment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 7185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147185.
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Thermal processing such as incineration is most commonly used for the treatment of waste streams, whereby often-incomplete combustion of organic waste can lead to dangerous products in the exhaust gases. Thermal plasma technology with its wide temperature range is suitable to treat almost any chemical composition of wastes. It enables the efficient and environmentally friendly conversion of organic waste into energy or chemicals, as well as the pyrolysis of hazardous organic compounds The limitations of conventional technologies and stricter environmental legislation on the processing of wastes make plasma technologies increasingly attractive. Priority is given to environmental quality at affordable costs and to the use of innovative thermochemical conversion technologies (gasification and pyrolysis) to contribute to sustainable development and circular economy in which waste is managed as a resource.
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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Fayad A. Alderwish. "Environmental Aspects of the Accelerated Urbanization in Sana’a, Yemen." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 16 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol16iss0pp1-12.
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From an environmental viewpoint, the prevailing health problems must be a “first priority” in all major development projects. Public water supply provides only 36% of domestic water. Disinfection of public water supply from the south well field is essential to avoid health problems. About 60% of the drinking water sold by ‘hygienic’ stations is of questionable quality. Expansion and upgrading in hospitals, pharmacies and industries (waste producers) will have an immediate impact on the amount of hazardous waste that will have to be disposed of. To achieve a sustainable urban development and to avoid environment/resources degradation, care should be taken now to monitor and improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Initiating management programs for reducing or preventing the generation of waste during production processes or other operations would be the first step to an economically and environmentally sound way of dealing with hazardous wastes. As complete elimination cannot be realized, ways to recycle the wastes should be sought. Major air pollutants in Sana’a include dust and SPM, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons. The main sources of pollution in the cities are the mobile sources. The emissions of gases from oil consumption are exceeding the permissible level and it is essential that the gases be monitored, at least in the congested areas of the cities. Integration of environmental concerns with economic growth in Yemen should occur at the planning stage, adopting a positive approach and focusing on improvement in the health and welfare of the residents of the program area. Mitigating measures relating to the protection of the urban environment and improving public health must be primary objectives of EIA investigation for any upgrading project within urban areas and any other projects impacting on an urban environment.
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Sutrisno, Hendri, and Fitriana Meilasari. "Review: Medical Waste Management for Covid19." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 12, no. 1si (September 30, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.104-120.
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Introduction: Medical waste generation during the Covid19 pandemic increased by around 30%. Sources of medical waste generation are health care activities. If medical waste is not appropriately managed, it can pollute the environment and disturb health. The purpose of the review is to identify the potential of medical waste in health-care facilities in Indonesia when the Covid19 pandemic and to review medical waste management in Indonesia. The analysis uses a systematic literature review. Discussion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 epidemic is infectious waste (PPE wastes), sharps waste (syringes), chemical waste (expired medicines), and pharmaceutical waste (the used alcohol bottles when rapid tests). The hazardous waste management system refers to Government Regulation No. 101 year 2014 about Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste and and Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry of Republic Indonesia No. P.56/MenlhkSetjen/2015 about Procedures and Technical Requirements for Waste Management Hazardous and Toxic From the Health Service Facilities. Infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste are destroyed with incinerators. Syringe residues were damaged with a needle shredder. Residue and incineration ashes are processed using solidification. If the heavy metal content under the quality standards, then the waste can be landfill. Conclusion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 pandemic is infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste. Medical waste generated must be appropriately managed. Proper medical waste management can prevent environmental pollution and the spread of disease. One of the processing of potential medical waste is incineration. The incineration system produces residue and ash waste that must further be handled so that it does not pollute the environment and disturb health.
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Edelmann, W., U. Baier, and H. Engeli. "Environmental aspects of the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and of solid agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0518.
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In order to obtain more detailed information for better decision making in future biogenic waste treatment, different processes to treat biogenic wastes in plants with a treatment capacity of 10,000 tons of organic household wastes per year as well as agricultural codigestion plants were compared by life cycle assessments (LCA). With the tool EcoIndicator, anaerobic digestion is shown to be advantageous as compared to composting, incineration or a combination of digestion and composting, mainly because of a better energy balance. The management of the liquid manure in agricultural codigestion of organic solid wastes causes increased gaseous emissions, which have negative effects on the LCA, however. It is recommended to cover the slurry pit and to use an improved manure management in order to compensate for the additional gaseous emissions. In the LCAs, the quality of the digester output could only be taken into account to a small extent; the reasons are discussed.
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Kharat, Dal Singh. "Pollution Control in Meat Industry." Current Environmental Engineering 6, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190204102731.
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Meat industry generates various wastes such as effluent, emissions and solid wastes that pose environmental and health problems. The effluent released from the meat industries finds its way into the natural water resources and degrade the water quality. The solid wastes of meat industry create a public nuisance by way of foul smell if it is not handled properly. The effluents, as well as solid wastes of meat industries, are possible sources of pathogens that are hazardous to human health. Waste minimization, segregation of wastes and treatment, processing of wastes to make possible recoveries of by-products and the final disposal are the basic steps for containment of pollution from the meat industry. The effluent treatment technologies include primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Composting, biomehtanation, rendering, incineration and burial are the processes for disposing of the solid wastes generated by meat industries. Appropriate treatment process is selected considering the level of pollution, mode of disposal and the environmental standards. The treatment and processing of meat industry wastes minimize the pollution problems and also give scope for the recovery of by-products such as bone and meat meal, tallow, methane and manure that have commercial values. The meat industries also generate odours that are required to be contained using suitable control devices. The paper seeks to give an overview of the pollution control technologies currently in use for the treatment of effluents and solid wastes, and possible recovery of by-products.
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Yasotha, N. "Economic Valuation of Hospital Waste Management." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 3 (2018): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.44.
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Bio- Medical Wastes have become one of the most widespread and important environmental and public health issues and present day concern throughout the globe and as such, the problem has been recognized as one of the important issues towards abatement of pollution in the country along with the rest of the world. The main thrust of the present study is to evaluate the willingness to pay with specific reference to solid waste management in Hospitals. The study has analyzed three hospitals in the Chennai area, in Tamil Nadu. The main method of disposal of hazardous wastes is through incineration and this has been studied with regard to the Government and Private Sectors through the selected hospitals, by way of life expectancy of equipment probable use per day/per kg, cost of operation per day/kg and ultimately the WTP by those availing of these facilities have all been carefully researched.
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Czop, Monika, Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, and Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak. "Evaluation of the Immobilization of Fly Ash from the Incineration of Municipal Waste in Cement Mortar Incorporating Nanomaterials—A Case Study." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 9050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239050.
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Fly ash generated in the process of combustion of municipal waste is classified as hazardous waste. Its management today has become a significant problem. One of the methods of safe management of such ash may be using it for the production of concrete as a partial replacement for cement. Using immobilization, the number of hazardous compounds could be limited so that the obtained new material would be safe for the natural environment. Recovery of byproducts—in this case, fly ash—complies with the business models applied in the production cycle in the circular economy model. Such a solution may result in saving energy, limiting CO2 emissions, reducing the use of natural resources, and management of dangerous waste. It should be added that concretes with the addition of hazardous waste would be used for industrial purposes according to the binding legal regulations. This article presents the influence of the addition of fly ash on the selected mechanical properties of concrete. Fly ash from the incineration of municipal waste was used as a partial replacement of CEM I concrete at amounts of 4%, 8%, and 18% of its mass. The compressive strength and flexural strength of such concretes were tested after 28 days of concrete curing. This article also presents the tests of the leachability of contaminants from fly ash and concretes produced with Portland cement CEM I. The test results confirm that immobilization is an effective process that limits the amount of contamination in the water extract. Zinc, lead, and chrome were almost completely immobilized by the C-S-H (calcium silicate hydrate) concrete phase, with their immobilization degree exceeding 99%. Chloride content also underwent immobilization at a similar level of 99%. The sulfates were immobilized at the level of 96%. The subject matter discussed in this article is essential because, to protect the natural environment and, thus, reduce the use of natural resources, it is increasingly necessary to reuse raw materials—not natural, but recycled from the industry. Waste often contains hazardous compounds. A proposal for their safe disposal is their immobilization in a cement matrix. An important aspect is reducing leachability from concrete as much as possible, e.g., using nanomaterials. The effectiveness of reducing the leachability of hazardous compounds with the proposed method was checked in this study.
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Rekos, Kyriazis C., Ioannis D. Charisteidis, Evangelos Tzamos, Georgios Palantzas, Anastasios I. Zouboulis, and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis." Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem3010007.
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The management of municipal and industrial organic solid wastes has become one of the most critical environmental problems in modern societies. Nowadays, commonly used management techniques are incineration, composting, and landfilling, with the former one being the most common for hazardous organic wastes. An alternative eco-friendly method that offers a sustainable and economically viable solution for hazardous wastes management is fast pyrolysis, being one of the most important thermochemical processes in the petrochemical and biomass valorization industry. The objective of this work was to study the application of fast pyrolysis for the valorization of three types of wastes, i.e., petroleum-based sludges and sediments, residual paints left on used/scrap metal packaging, and creosote-treated wood waste, towards high-added-value fuels, chemicals, and (bio)char. Fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor for the determination of product yields, i.e., pyrolysis (bio)oil, gases, and solids (char). In addition, the composition of (bio)oil was also determined by Py/GC-MS tests. The thermal pyrolysis oil from the petroleum sludge was only 15.8 wt.% due to the remarkably high content of ash (74 wt.%) of this type of waste, in contrast to the treated wood and the residual paints (also containing 30 wt.% inorganics), which provided 46.9 wt.% and 35 wt.% pyrolysis oil, respectively. The gaseous products ranged from ~7.9 wt.% (sludge) to 14.7 (wood) and 19.2 wt.% (paints), while the respective solids (ash, char, reaction coke) values were 75.1, 35, and 36.9 wt.%. The thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis of residual paint contained relatively high concentrations of short acrylic aliphatic ester (i.e., n-butyl methacrylate), being valuable monomers in the polymer industry. The use of an acidic zeolitic catalyst (ZSM-5) for the in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors induced changes on the product yields (decreased oil due to cracking reactions and increased gases and char/coke), but mostly on the pyrolysis oil composition. The main effect of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was that, for all three organic wastes, the catalytic pyrolysis oils were enriched in the value-added mono-aromatics (BTX), especially in the case of the treated wood waste and residual paints. The non-condensable gases were mostly consisting of CO, CO2, and different amounts of C1–C4 hydrocarbons, depending on initial feed and use or not of the catalyst that increased the production of ethylene and propylene.
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Khare, Pratima. "Waste Management- It’s not waste until you waste it!!!" Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2014-o7yop7.
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Waste management is a new concept for most of the Asian countries including India. The lack of financial and technical resources and regulatory control for the management of hazardous waste in the past has led to the unscientific disposal of hazardous waste in India. Now a days urbanization not only concentrates waste but also raises generation rates. New and expensive technologies are being pushed to deal with our urban waste problem ignoring their environmental and social implications. Hazardous waste can be classified into solid, liquid, gases and sludge waste. There are various methods of disposal of waste management. Disposing the waste in a landfill involves burying the waste. In incineration the solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. In recycling, the collection and reuse of waste materials are done such as empty beverage containers. Biological reprocessing in which waste materials that are organic in nature such as plant material, food scraps can be recycled using biological compositing and digestion process to decompose the organic matter. Energy recovery as well as avoidance and reduction methods are also the other ways of disposal.
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Mininni, G., C. M. Braguglia, and D. Marani. "Partitioning of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and fluidized bed furnaces." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0143.
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The behaviour of four metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) during sewage sludge incineration was studied in eight pilot plant tests performed with a rotary kiln (RK) and a fluidised bed (FB) furnace. To simulate sludge co-incineration with hazardous wastes, in three FB tests feed sludge was mixed with chlorinated organic compounds. Chromium and copper showed similar concentrations both in bottom or cyclone ash and in fly ash, even at high chlorine input and high combustion temperature. In contrast, zinc and lead concentrations in fly ash produced in RK tests are one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in bottom ash. However, not even these two metals showed significant enrichment in FB tests carried out at high chlorine input. The predictive capability of a thermodynamic model was checked by comparing predicted metal volatilisation in the combustion chamber with experimental metal enrichment in the fly ash. Large discrepancies were observed in FB tests carried out at high chlorine content, where Pb, Zn, and Cu are predicted to volatilise in great extent, andin RK tests where zinc volatilisation is not predicted. Likely explanations of these discrepancies are the very short solid residence times in the FB furnace (non equilibrium conditions) and the incomplete mixing conditions in the RK furnace (pyrolysis pockets). From the environmental impact point of view, the pilot tests suggest that sludge incineration with fluidised bed furnace is safer than the one using rotary kiln furnace.
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Wolfe, Amy. "Risk Communication: Who's Educating Whom?" Practicing Anthropology 10, no. 3-4 (July 1, 1988): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.10.3-4.gk353523755845p3.
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After a mishap at an industrial plant, company officials say there is no danger to people living nearby. At a public meeting on the siting of a hazardous waste facility, experts report that engineering design specifications are such that the chances of harm to human health are one in a million. Researchers from prestigious universities write that toxins in commonplace foods, like peanut butter, are more likely to harm human health than drinking contaminated well water. These statements are examples of risk communication. In the context of environmental risk assessment, risk communicators are viewed as experts or officials who inform the public, politicians, or news media about potential hazards associated with industries (e.g., nuclear power generation), technologies (e.g., incineration of wastes), chemicals (e.g., pesticides), or behaviors (e.g., not using condoms).
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Mora, Pedro, Daniel Barettino, Antonio Ponce, Laura Sánchez-Martín, and Bernardo Llamas. "Waste-to-Energy Process to Recover Dangerous Pollutants in an Environmental Protected Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031324.
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The present study aims to extract the polluting material from a lagoon and use it as an alternative fuel in cement industries. To this end, in the methodology will analyze two alternatives for the waste: fuel generation and incineration. The polluting material from the Arganda lagoon has highly calorific value to be used as fuel. Thus, not only are these wastes used, but also an area with potentially hazardous waste is decontaminated. After the extraction, which due to the characteristics of the material is chosen for the novel pumping extraction, and subsequent generation of fuel, the process for using this waste is through the distribution of the created fuel to nine cement plants in Spain, leading to significant environmental benefits. The results of the process shows an energy efficiency of 97% for using the waste as fuel, and a consumed energy of approximately 6000 kWh/t·waste to the process that leads to the desired environmental benefit. The use of waste contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions and a decrease in the use of fossil fuels.
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Daniil, Andreana, George P. Dimitrakopulos, Savvas Varitis, George Vourlias, George Kaimakamis, Erasmia Pantazopoulou, Eleni Pavlidou, Anastasios I. Zouboulis, Theodoros Karakostas, and Philomela Komninou. "Stabilization of Cr-rich tannery waste in fly ash matrices." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 9 (May 31, 2018): 818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18775488.
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In the present work, the stabilization/solidification of a Cr-rich ash obtained from the anoxic incineration of tannery hazardous wastes was studied. Chromium in the starting waste was exclusively in amorphous form and in trivalent state. The waste was embedded in fly ash-based cementitious material matrices. Calcium and sodium hydroxides, as well as sodium silicate, were used as activators. The proposed process combines mechanical activation with hydrothermal curing. Successful immobilization of chromium was achieved, as attested by standard leaching tests. Backscattered electron images revealed the existence of the C-S-H gel, and elemental mapping by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a good interdispersion of chromate and aluminosilicate species, verifying that chromium was well distributed in the final amorphous cementitious matrix. X-ray diffraction confirmed the absence of Cr-rich crystalline phases of calcium aluminosilicates, where chromium can enter in hexavalent state. The stiffness of the stabilized samples was reduced with increasing the amount of added Cr-rich ash, as attested by measurements of the dynamic Young’s modulus.
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Balmér, P. "Phosphorus recovery - an overview of potentials and possibilities." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0640.
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The endeavour towards a sustainable society has led to an interest in the recovery and recirculation or reuse of phosphorus from wastewater among environmentalists and politicians. In a recent interdisciplinary investigation commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, an attempt was made to evaluate different possibilities to recover phosphorus from wastewater or its fractions; systems based on source separation of urine or of combined toilet wastes, on the extraction of phosphorus from sludge, from ashes after incineration of sludge or from wastewater as well as the direct recirculation of hygienised digested and dewatered sludge were studied. Aspects like technology, environmental effects, resource economy, economy, markets, organisational aspects and user aspects were studied. In this overview the potential and possibility to recover and recirculate phosphorus from wastewater is discussed, mainly based on the findings in this investigation.
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Đurić, Marija, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Ana Mladenovič, Alenka Mauko Pranjić, Radmila Milačič, Janez Ščančar, Janko Urbanc, et al. "Environmental Acceptability of Geotechnical Composites from Recycled Materials: Comparative Study of Laboratory and Field Investigations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032014.
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The environmental properties of three geotechnical composites made by recycling wastes were investigated on a laboratory scale and in the field with the use of lysimeters designated for the revitalization of degraded mining sites. Composites were prepared by combining the mine waste with paper-mill sludge and foundry sand (Composite 1), with digestate from municipal waste and paper ash (Composite 2), and with coal ash, foundry slag and waste incineration bottom ash (Composite 3). The results of laboratory leaching tests proved that Composites 1 and 3 are environmentally acceptable, according to the legislative limits, as the potentially hazardous substances were immobilized, while in Composite 2, the legislative limits were exceeded. In the field lysimeters, the lowest rate of leaching was determined for optimally compacted Composites 1 and 3, while for Composite 2 the leaching of Cu was high. This study proved that optimally installed Composites 1 and 3 are environmentally acceptable for use in construction as an alternative to virgin materials, for the revitalization of degraded mining sites or, along with Composite 2, for closure operations with landfills. In this way, locally available waste streams are valorised and channelized into a beneficial and sustainable recycling practice.
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Deschamps, Eleonora, Olivia Vasconcelos, Lisete Lange, Claudio Luis Donnici, Merces Coelho da Silva, and Juliana Aparecida Sales. "Management of effluents and waste from pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 4 (December 2012): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000400017.
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Today the management of solid waste and wastewater is a major concern for humanity. In the last decade, traces of pharmaceuticals have been reported in the water cycle and have raised concerns among regulators, water suppliers and the public regarding the potential risks to human health. This study evaluated solid waste management in the state of Minas Gerais and concluded that the main fate of hazardous waste has been incineration, while the non-hazardous waste has been recycled or sent to landfills. However, complaints to the Environmental Agency - FEAM have indicated that a significant number of companies just send their hazardous wastes to landfills or even to garbage dumps, thus highlighting the urgent need for adequate waste management in Minas Gerais. Most of the pharmaceutical companies in Minas Gerais use conventional wastewater treatment. Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) showed that the treatment routes adopted by the two 2 selected pharmaceutical industries were not effective enough since residues and degradation products of antibiotics were detected. The physicochemical analysis of the effluents showed variability in their characteristics, which may influence their treatability. The degradation assay with Fenton's reagent stood out as a promising route in achieving a higher removal capacity compared to the conventional treatment. This study contributes to enhancing our knowledge of the management of wastewater as well as of solid waste from the pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais and points out the need for further research.
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Gour, Anunay A., and S. K. Singh. "Solid Waste Management in India: A State-of-the-Art Review." Environmental Engineering Research 28, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 220249–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.249.
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This paper presents the current scenario of solid waste management aspects and its challenges in India, which will benefit developing and low-income countries. The leading cause of waste generation is the growing population and the new lifestyle due to the increased per capita income. Consequently, the magnitude of solid waste is continuously growing along with its compositional diversity. In earlier days, the wastes were organic and could be disposed of in low-lying areas conveniently without causing any adverse impact on the environment. But today, the organic fraction of waste has steeply declined while the inorganic portion has increased manifold. Moreover, wastes from industries, hospitals, construction sites, households, and many other sources severely affect the environment and public health. Also, the chemicals generated from the improper disposal of these wastes enter the air, soil, and water resources, causing hazardous and toxic effects in countries that could not implement the adopted policy framework strictly. A state-of-the-art review is conducted in this paper to further search other primary and prevalent reasons behind the inability of proper waste management and to find a real solution.
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Wu, Duo, Han Gao, Fan Lü, Liming Shao, Simin Luo, Peiqing Xia, and Pinjing He. "Evaluation of inhibition relief operations for mesophilic anaerobic bio-liquefaction of lincomycin manufacturing biowaste." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 12 (June 1, 2012): 2200–2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.138.
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Owing to high levels of residual antibiotics, antibiotic manufacturing waste is hazardous to the environment. As a result, such wastes are usually treated by expensive incineration. The high organic content of antibiotic manufacturing biowaste suggests its feasibility for anaerobic treatment, but the presence of ammonia and antibiotics in the waste may be inhibitory factors. After evaluating the peak concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia and lincomycin in 10 d bio-liquefaction, different methods for the removal of ammonia from hydrolysate and removal of lincomycin from biowaste were employed to relieve ammonia and lincomycin inhibition respectively. Prior to ammonia elimination on the tenth day, 38.0% of the organic carbon was degraded into hydrolysate. Water replacement, struvite precipitation and nitrogen stripping removed 100, 76 and 30% of the ammonia, respectively. The hydrolysate obtained from the water replacement could be immediately utilized for liquefaction. Lincomycin elution through butanol and water prior to liquefaction removed a large amount of carbohydrate and protein, resulting in poor liquefaction efficiency. The residual lincomycin in the bio-liquefaction process could be co-treated with lincomycin manufacturing wastewater, which made it suitable for the treatment of lincomycin manufacturing biowaste.
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Lohse, Joachim. "Distribution of Organochlorine Pollutants in North Sea Sediments." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 10 (November 1, 1991): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0281.
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Sediment samples from the North Sea and the Skagerrak were analyzed for organochlorine pollutants. Standardisation for organic carbon content of sediments proved to be a suitable tool for comparison of pollution of different sea regions. Relatively high contaminant concentrations were found in coastal regions of the southern North Sea, while standardised organochlorine concentrations in the Skagerrak were almost at baseline level. In addition to the major inputs via rivers and the atmosphere, ocean incineration of hazardous wastes was identified as a probable source of organohalogen pollution. Although the production and use of certain organochlorines have been restricted in most North Sea states, depth profiles from the Skagerrak indicate that deposition of these contaminants has increased until recently. This trend will possibly continue since only a very small proportion of all persistent organochlorines produced in Western Europe in the past has already reached the sea. As a consequence, no persistent and bioaccumulable organics, like most organohalogens, should be allowed to enter the sea in the future. This, in many cases, will necessitate not only better filter techniques, but a dramatic reduction of organic chemical production itself.
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KRECHETOV, Ivan V., Arkadiy A. SKVORTSOV, Ivan A. POSELSKY, Sergey A. PALTSEV, Pavel S. LAVRIKOV, and Vladislavs KOROTKOVS. "Implementation of Automated Lines for Sorting and Recycling Household Waste as an Important Goal of Environmental Protection." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 8 (April 21, 2019): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.8(32).21.
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The principles of selection and creation of rational methods of disposal and recycling of wastes are based on the fact that the problem of waste is an interconnected environmental-economic and technological problem, and the waste itself should be considered as technogenic raw materials of complex organo-mineral composition. Therefore, the main purpose of the work is to define methods for recycling waste and their environmental aspects. To achieve this goal, the methods of analysis, spectroscopy were used. It is determined that the final treatment of waste, to date, means either their disposal in a landfill or incineration, which adversely affects the environment. Methods for identifying the material of the object, as well as algorithms for the selection and recognition of objects by processing data from the computer vision system are considered. High accuracy is shown in 94.12% identification of plastic polymers.
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Weerasundara, G. Ajith. "A Review of Waste Management in Sri Lanka." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.899.
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The purpose of this paper is to review the existing waste management practices, regulatory and institutional framework and technologies that are being employed currently for waste management in Sri Lanka in order to understand the magnitude of non-hazardous and hazardous waste problems and how to avoid these problems. This study is mainly based on information collected from literature review covering both municipal solid waste management and hazardous waste management. Sri Lanka has well-developed legislative and well-organized institutional framework with environmental related policies, strategies and guidelines on waste management. Technologies and methods used for waste management are well accepted, but innovative technologies and strategies have to be introduced to streamline and uplift the existing waste management practices. This study also revealed that there is a high potential in private sector involvement in waste management. Considering all these aspects, a detailed comprehensive technical review and potential technology development are necessary to deal with all categories of wastes generated in Sri Lanka.
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Cubel, Pablo. "Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes in International Law: The Special Case of the Mediterranean Area." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 12, no. 4 (1997): 447–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180897x00329.
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AbstractSince the early 1980s different organisations have tried to enact international instruments to control international waste trade. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 under the auspices of UNEP in order to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from the management of waste involved in transboundary movements of hazardous waste and its disposal. The Basel Convention has evolved significantly in eight years-whereas only 35 states and the EC signed the Convention at the time of its adoption, more than 113 states have ratified it as to August 1997. Several other instruments have been developed under the Basel Convention influence. Among those treaties that have been adopted, two deserve special attention. First, the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa adopted in 1991 under the auspices of OAU. Second, the Fourth Lomé Convention adopted by the EC and its member states and 69 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states. The first part of this article is devoted to a comparative analysis of those three Conventions. The second part of this article gives an objective analysis of the substantive regulation of the Izmir Protocol while criticising diverse aspects and proposing alternatives in view of the conventions treated in the preceding part.
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Lebedenko, T., G. Krusir, H. Shunko, V. Sokolova, and A. Makas. "Environmental management in the hotel and restaurant complex." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 96 (December 2, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9610.
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In the current context, significant changes are taking place in the structure of Ukrainian industry. Powerful productions of some spheres of activity lose their urgency and, on the contrary, acquire the development of power of other branches, namely, craft productions, to the composition of which the company belongs. The result of the activity of the businesses complex is the formation of significant volumes of food waste (about 160 thousand ton), discharges of concentrated wastewater, wastewater discharges. The wastes of the restaurant industry have a wide nomenclature and a specific composition, under the conditions of their placement in the components of the environment form the ecological aspects of the negative effects. Food wastes of facility in this branch contain a significant amount of nutrients, organic substances and require complex processes of their processing. Meanwhile, according to their composition, production wastes can be involved in the transfer process with the removal of secondary raw materials and energy sources. Thus, there is a need to improve existing and new technologies for the transfer of hazardous waste in order to reduce the load on the environment. The results of the analysis of world and domestic developments in the field of technologies for the utilization of food waste allowed to determine the main methodological approaches to the transition. In the case of the utilization of food waste, biotechnological methods represent a significant interest. Thus, the work is devoted to the connection of the actual scientific-practical task, which consists in the scientific substantiation and improvement of the technology of the transfer of the population's needs.
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Meta Puspita, Nadya. "THE URGENCY OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL (ASEAN) LAW WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION APPROACH." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v3i1.309.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe development of technology has been increasing rapidly thus almost all aspects of humans are supported by technology and electronic equipment. More electronic wastes are produced, but those could not be managed similar to the conventional wastes and do not have the same characteristics as hazardous wastes as regulated in the Basel Convention 1989 so that the Convention cannot be applied to electronic wastes management optimally. In this present time, there are still no instruments in international law regarding the management of electronic wastes, but the international community has begun to discuss this issue and argue that it is necessary to develop regulations in international and regional levels, especially in the ASEAN region. The analysis and conclusions of this research shows that the Basel Convention cannot optimally accommodate the regulation of electronic wastes management and it is necessary to establish a regulation in the form of a mechanism under the Basel Convention 1989 with regard to environmental aspects. Arrangements at the ASEAN regional level should be made by referring to the principles regulated in the mechanism and formed in a coordinative and non-coercive guideline.
Keywords: e-waste, e-waste management, environmental protection
AbstrakTeknologi semakin berkembang hampir semua aspek kehidupan manusia telah didukung oleh teknologi dengan peralatan elektronik. Produksi sampah elektronik semakin banyak, namun mereka tidak dapat dikelola seperti sampah konvensional dan juga tidak sepenuhnya memiliki karakteristik yang sama seperti sampah B3 yang telah diatur dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 sehingga Konvensi tidak dapat diterapkan pada pengelolaan sampah elektronik secara optimal. Saat ini, belum ada instrumen dalam hukum internasional mengenai pengelolaan sampah elektronik, namun masyarakat internasional sudah mulai membahas isu ini dan perlu adanya untuk mengembangkan peraturan di tingkat internasional dan regional, khususnya di ASEAN. Analisis dan kesimpulan penelitian ini memperlihatkan pengaturan dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 tidak dapat mengakomodasi secara optimal mengenai pemanfaatan sampah elektronik sehingga perlu dibuat suatu peraturan berupa mekanisme di bawah Konvensi Basel 1989 dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek lingkungan. Pengaturan di tingkat regional ASEAN dapat dibuat dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam mekanisme tersebut namun dibentuk berupa panduan yang lebih koordinatif dan tidak memaksa.
Kata kunci: sampah elektronik, pengelolaan sampah elektronik, perlindungan lingkungan
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Jalkanen, H., H. Oghbasilasie, and K. Raipala. "Recycling of steelmaking dusts: The Radust concept." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 41, no. 1 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0501001j.
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Recycling of dusts and other wastes of steelmaking is becoming to a necessity of two reasons: due to high contents of iron oxides dusts are valuable raw material for steelmaking and tightening environmental legislation makes the landfill disposal of wastes more expensive. Fine dust fractions from various stages of steelmaking route contain besides iron and carbon heavy metals especially zinc and lead and heavy hydrocarbons that are acceptable neither for landfill disposal nor for recycling back to processes without any spe4cial treatments. Some theoretical and practical aspects concerning high temperature treatments of steelmaking dusts for removal of hazardous components and production of clean high iron raw material for recycling is discussed in this paper. The Radust technology developed at Koverhar steelwork in Finland for treatment of the most problematic fine fractions of blast furnace and oxygen converter dusts is shortly presented and discussed.
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Kardono, Kardono. "ANALISIS KIMIA LIMBAH B3 UNTUK MENENTUKAN EFISIENSI PENGHANCURAN DALAM UJI BAKAR DI INSINERATOR." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 13, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v13i2.1416.
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Salah satu cara efektif mengurangi limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yaitu dengan membakarnya dalam insinerator. Berbagai keuntungan pembakaran limbah dalam insinerator mendorong usaha memanfaatkannya untuk menghacurkan limbah B3 di Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup (Men-LH) no. 18/2009memungkinkan orang mendapat ijin pengolahan limbah B3 melalui insinerator, tetapi berdasarkan Keputusan Kepala BAPEDAL No.: Kep-03/1995, mereka harus memenuhi persyaratan efisiensi penghancuran (DRE) sebesar 99,99% atau lebih, dan juga persyaratan lainnya. Pembuktian efisiensi penghancuran dilakukan melalui kegiatanuji bakar (TBT). Sebelum uji bakar dilakukan, analisis kimia limbah harus dilakukan di laboratorium. Senyawa yang paling sulit terbakar dalam uji bakar dapat dipilih berdasarkan nilai bakar senyawa dari hasil analisis tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini analisis kimia dari tiga jenis limbah B3, sarung tangan terkontaminasi, lumpur dari instalasi pengolahan limbah dan limbah infeksius rumah sakit, telah dilakukan. Hidrokarbon organic utama (POHC) yang dianalisis dari ketiga limbah ini adalah 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene dan Tetrachloroethylene dengan konsentrasi masing-masing sebesar 1.411, 0.311, dan 0.166 mg/kg. Hasil perhitungan indek panas pembakarannya masing-masing adalah 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Jadi, Tetrachloroethylene merupakan POHC yang paling sulit terbakar sehingga terpilih sebagai wakil semua POHC yang mungkin terkandung dalam limbah B3 tersebut dalam uji bakar. Sampling untuk emisi Tetrachloroethylene menggunakan metode baku US EPA No. 30. Dalam uji bakar disarankan untuk mengukur emisi partikulat, logam-logam berat, asam khlorida (HCl) dan gas-gas emisi lainnya ((O2, CO, CO2, laju alir gas emisi, kadar air gas) dengan metode sampling baku. Data-data ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan koreksi dan membantu dalam perhitungan hasil sampling. Kata Kunci: Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3), Uji Bakar (TBT), Efisiensi Penghancuran (DRE), Indek Panas Pembakaran (I), Senyawa Hidrokarbon Organic Utama (POHC). AbstractOne effective way to reduce industrial hazardous wastes is to burn them in the incinerators. A variety of advantages of the waste incineration has caused businesses on employing incinerator for hazardous waste destruction in Indonesia. Regulation of the State Minister for the Environment No. 18/2009 allows business people to have licensesto treat hazardous waste through incinerator but according to the Decree of the Head of the Environmental Management Agency (BAPEDAL) No.: Kep-03/1995 they must meet requirement of achieving 99.99% or more destruction removal efficiency (DRE) and other requirements. A demonstration of achieving DRE is done through a trial burn test (TBT). Prior to TBT, the chemical analyses of the wastes need to be done in the laboratory.Themost difficult compund to be burned in the TBT can be selected based on concentrations and heating values of those results. In this research, chemical analyses of three kinds of waste, contaminated gloves, wasterwater treatment sludge, and infectious medical wastes, have been carried out. The principal organic hydrocarbons (POHCs) analyzedare found to be 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene with the respective average concentrations of 1.411, 0.311, and 0.166 mg/kg. The respective calculated heat of combustion indexs are 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Thus, Tetrachloroethylene is a POHC that is most difficult to be burned and therefore it ischosen to be a representation of all POHCs of the wastes for TBT. Sampling method of Tetrachloroethylene emission uses US EPA Method 30 –Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST). During TBT it is also suggested to measure particulate, metals, chloride acid (HCl), and other emitted gases (O2, CO, CO2, gaseous emission rate, gas watercontent) with standard sampling methods. These data could be use to standarize and support the calculationn of the sampling results. Key words: Hazardous wastes, Trial Burn Test (TBT), Destruction Removal Efficiency (DRE), Heat of Combustion Index (I), Principal Organic Hydrocarbons (POHCs).
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Omosebi, Taiwo O., and Noor Faisal Abass. "Polymer tiles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes and fly ash: mechanical properties and durability." F1000Research 10 (November 10, 2021): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53514.1.
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Background: Plastic waste (PW) is becoming increasingly hazardous to the environment as a result of its massive production, causing significant damage to both the ecosystem and its inhabitants. Managing plastic waste is a global concern due to its non-biodegradable nature. However, it is important to handle PWs properly to curtail the environmental emissions associated with their incineration and dumping into landfills. This research investigates the possibility of producing tiles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottles and fly ash. The mechanical properties, as well as the chemical resistance of the manufactured PET polymer tiles, are reported in this study. Methods: PET waste was used in varying proportions (from 30% to 100%) by sand weight. The shredded PET waste was heated at 230 oC before being suitably blended with fly ash. It was then poured into the designated mold, removed after one hour, and cooled for 24 hours before testing. Results: The assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials revealed that the tiles produced with 30% PET content performed better in terms of material density and strength compared to the samples with higher PET content. The highest compressive strength being 6.88 MPa. Based on the results of the tests, the produced PET tiles have a low water absorption efficiency of 80% lower when compare to cement and ceramic tiles (the water absorption values are between 0.98% and 0.09%). Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that PET waste bottles can be used to produce long-lasting, durable, and extremely low water absorption eco-friendly tiles for both residential and commercial applications. This prospect of tile production using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste and fly ash would not only minimize the cost of building products but will also act as a waste diversion to mitigate environmental emissions caused by plastic waste disposal.