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Journal articles on the topic 'Hazardous wastes Germany Management'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Noeke, Josef. "Education and Training Relating to Hazardous Wastes in Germany." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0390.

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The aim of a study undertaken in Germany was to provide a comprehensive picture and a comparative analysis of existing and planned education and training facilities in relation to hazardous wastes, and to identify educational and training needs of personnel working at hazardous waste facilities or involved in the transportation of hazardous wastes. The educational level of management and supervisory personnel is high. Most operatives have completed little more than basic schooling and have not received any prior training in the handling of hazardous wastes. Training provision varies considerably between works. A high proportion of training is undertaken in-house by training-on-the-job. The educational background of most drivers of hazardous wastes (road transport) is limited to basic school education. A special certificate is necessary for drivers. Most training relates to hazardous substances in general and there is only little training relating to the specific problems of hazardous wastes.

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2

Passos, J. A. L., F. A. Pereira, and S. Tomich. "Approaches and Practices Related to Hazardous Waste Management, Processing and Final Disposal in Germany and Brazil." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0391.

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A general overview about the actual management and processing of hazardous waste in Germany and Brazil is presented in this paper. Emphasis has been given to the new technologies and practices adopted in both countries, with a comparison of the legislation, standards and natural trends. The case studies of two large industrial hazardous waste sites are described in detail: ZVSMM - Zweckverband Sondermull Entsorgung Mittelfranken at Schwabach in Germany and CETREL Industrial Landfill and Incineration Unit at Camaçarí - Brazil.

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3

SIERIG, G. "Survey of hazardous waste management in the Federal Republic of Germany." Waste Management & Research 8, no. 1 (February 1990): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(90)90053-p.

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4

Attrah, Mustafa, Amira Elmanadely, Dilruba Akter, and Eldon R. Rene. "A Review on Medical Waste Management: Treatment, Recycling, and Disposal Options." Environments 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9110146.

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Many nations struggle with the collection, separation, and disposal of medical waste. However, extra caution is required to avoid the risk of injury, cross-contamination, and infection; thus, healthcare workers and individuals responsible for waste management must follow the mandatory safety procedures. In this review, a classification of the various types and categories of medical waste and its treatment methods are discussed. Due to the fact that medical waste can be contaminated and hazardous, it must be managed and processed using complex steps and procedures. In many countries, the primary medical/hospital waste treatment method is incineration, which is regarded as a highly polluting process that emits numerous pollutants that degrade air quality and pose a threat to human health and the environment. As case studies, medical waste treatment and disposal practices in Germany, China, USA, and Egypt were compared, and the legislations and laws enacted to regulate medical waste in each of these countries are reviewed and discussed.

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5

Zhang, Jiahe, Zhenying Zhang, Jiayue Zhang, Guoyang Fan, and Dazhi Wu. "A Quantitative Study on the Benefit of Various Waste Classifications." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6660927.

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Chinese economic development has continuously increased national municipal solid waste (MSW) output. However, the existing MSW classification method is insufficient and exacerbates several urgent problems. There are many factors to consider in Chinese waste classification (population, MSW production, food waste content, water content, economy, environment, and waste disposal methods). Based on research and analysis, MSW classification should highlight and implement treatment methods that focus on incineration, the distinct treatment of kitchen waste, and landfills as a waste disposal supplement. MSW is divided into five categories: kitchen waste, incineration, recyclable, hazardous waste, and other waste. Using economic benefit analysis, life cycle assessment, and radar chart analysis, a quantitative study is conducted on the classification methods of MSW used in Germany, the US, the UK, Sweden, Japan, China, and this study. The results indicate that a more refined classification can effectively improve many aspects of MSW management, especially regarding economic and environmental benefits, which are significantly affected. Effective MSW management can reduce the cost of waste disposal by 69.4% and greenhouse gas and acidic substance emissions and increase the energy utilisation rate four fold. This research is of great significance to environmental protection and the development of a circular economy and provides a reference for the management of MSW.

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6

Watts, Richard J., Mary E. Nubbe, and Thomas F. Hess. "Hazardous wastes: Assessment, management, minimization." Water Environment Research 67, no. 4 (June 1995): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x135840.

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7

Watts, Richard J., Mary E. Nubbe, and Thomas F. Hess. "Hazardous wastes: Assessment, management, minimization." Water Environment Research 68, no. 4 (June 1996): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143096x135489.

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8

KRAG, BRUCE L. "Hazardous Wastes and Their Management." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 2, no. 3 (January 1985): 251–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1985.2.251.

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9

SAKAI, Shin-ichi. "Special Issues: Hazardous Wastes. The Definitions of Hazardous Wastes and their Management." Waste Management Research 3, no. 3 (1992): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.3.202.

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10

Choi, Hyeong-Jin, Yong Choi, and Seung-Whee Rhee. "A new concept of advanced management of hazardous waste in the Republic of Korea." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 11 (August 13, 2019): 1153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19865337.

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In order to activate the recycling of hazardous wastes, the hazardous characteristics of wastes should be removed or stabilized. However, most recyclers in recycling companies do not understand how to remove the hazardous characteristics in wastes with the proper technology. The aim of a new form of advanced management of hazardous waste is to inform recyclers and operators in industries about hazardous characteristics and the treatment methods required for all management processes, from waste generation to final treatment. In a new method of advanced management of hazardous wastes, chemicals in the waste should be initially examined at the generation source in each industry to create a chemical catalogue. Since hazardous characteristics can be determined by a chemical catalogue obtained from the waste, the hazardous characteristics of wastes can be established and considered when choosing the proper treatment method. Then, the categories of waste treatment methods for each hazardous characteristic can be introduced for generators to treat hazardous wastes properly. Therefore, it is possible to create a link between the source and the final treatment of hazardous wastes using a new concept of industry (In), waste (W), hazardous chemicals and their hazardous characteristics (Ha) and treatment methods (T). This new concept of the “InWhat” system, which includes all management processes in Korea, from waste generation to final treatment, will be proposed as a tool in the advanced management of hazardous wastes.

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11

Hennebert, Pierre. "RISK MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES BY HAZARDOUS PROPERTY INCLUDING MERCURY CONTAINING WASTES." Detritus, no. 20 (August 25, 2022): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15212.

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The classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention.

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12

Churchill, S. A. "Hazardous and industrial wastes." Waste Management 13, no. 4 (January 1993): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053x(93)90067-7.

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13

SHIN, Koo-Cheul. "Special Issues: Hazardous Wastes. The Situation of the Hazardous Waste Disposal in Germany." Waste Management Research 3, no. 3 (1992): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.3.164.

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14

Saxena, S. C., and C. K. Jotshi. "Management and combustion of hazardous wastes." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 22, no. 5 (January 1996): 401–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(96)00007-x.

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15

Boyle, Carol, and Brian Baetz. "Household hazardous wastes: options for management." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-071.

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Household hazardous waste (HHW) disposal contributes significantly to the cost of HHW collection programs. In addition, disposal of HHW can contribute to the toxicity of leachate from landfill, heavy metals in ash from waste incinerators, and heavy metals and toxic organic compounds in composted material and sewage sludge. Other options such as product substitution, waste minimization, reuse, or recycling should be considered to help reduce costs and disposal concerns. An estimate of the volumes and types of HHW accumulated by collection programs, their recycling and reuse options, and treatment and disposal requirements are presented.Recycling, reuse, or disposal of collected wastes depends upon the market for the recycled material, the availability of recycling or disposal facilities, transportation facilities, and the potential to reuse the waste material without treatment. The costs of disposing of HHW are relatively high but can be offset by co-funding from manufacturing associations and local businesses. A disposal fee could also be applied to household hazardous products, thus placing the cost burden on the purchaser.Public education can assist in reducing the volumes of HHW and public pressure is also forcing companies to eliminate hazardous compounds in household products. If effective consumer education continues, the increasing demand for non-hazardous substitutes will significantly reduce the volume of household hazardous products, consequently reducing HHW. Key words: household hazardous waste, waste disposal, waste recycling, waste reuse, waste management.

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16

Meier, J. "Management of toxic and hazardous wastes." Toxicon 24, no. 7 (January 1986): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(86)90040-1.

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17

Watts, Richard J., Mary E. Nubbe, and Sungho Kong. "Hazardous wastes: assessment, management, and minimization." Water Environment Research 65, no. 4 (June 1993): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1993.tb00074.x.

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18

Watts, Richard J., Mary E. Nubbe, and Patrick C. Stanton. "Hazardous wastes assessment, management, and minimization." Water Environment Research 66, no. 4 (June 1994): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1994.tb00115.x.

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19

DELLINGER, BARRY, WAYNE A. RUBEY, DOUGLAS L. HALL, and JOHN L. GRAHAM. "Incinerability of Hazardous Wastes." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3, no. 2 (January 1986): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1986.3.139.

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20

Wernke, Alena, and Sascha Gentes. "Development of a novel tool for automation of the contamination measurement." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-29-2021.

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Abstract. Considering that about 100 000 m2 of wall area per nuclear facility must be decontaminated (Hübner et al., 2017), the automation of mechanical decontamination work offers high potential to support people in performing their work and reduce errors in the decommissioning process. Furthermore, the exposure potential for people in contaminated environments is reduced and they are protected from health hazards (Petereit et al., 2019). In the ROBDEKON project, a competence center is being established in Germany to develop practical robotic systems for decontamination work in hazardous environments. To this end, four research institutions are working with industrial partners on the development of (partially) autonomous robotic systems for the decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear facilities, the handling of waste, and the remediation of landfills and contaminated sites (Petereit et al., 2019). At the Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (KIT-TMB), the focus is on development of an automated solution for the (clearance) measurement of near-surface contaminations. A mobile elevating working platform is used as the robotic platform with a contamination array as the tool. The array measures the surface activity on the wall areas and verifies compliance with the thresholds. The contamination array is based on two sensor concepts: measurement and localization. Up to four hand-held contamination-measuring devices are attached to the array to parallelize the measurement. In order to avoid damaging the sensitive detector window foil of the contamination probes, the wall surface to be measured is first examined for imperfections with the help of a laser scanner. For localization of the array, up to four laser sensors are used for distance measurements. Measurement results are automatically saved after each measurement in a table specific to the measurement method and are available to users for documentation purposes at any time. In the further course of the project, the measurement results depending on the radiation level will be overlaid with a geometric 3D environment mapping.

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21

Benarie, Michel. "Toxic and hazardous wastes." Science of The Total Environment 46, no. 1-4 (November 1985): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(85)90303-1.

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22

Shin, I. K. C. "The Situation and the Problems of Hazardous Waste Treatment in Germany." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0383.

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Yearly 4 900 000 tons of hazardous waste are generated in West Germany. The Germany Waste Disposal Act regulates not only the import and the export, but also the transit of wastes. Also avoidance of waste generation and recycling of wastes are emphasized by the act. To reduce waste amounts the collected wastes are treated preliminarily by chemical, physical and biological methods. 740 000 tons of hazardous waste are combusted annually in 27 incineration plants. 18 additional incineration plants are planned. Disposal of diluted acids in the North Sea was completely stopped by the end of 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were burned on a German incineration ship. This was stopped in 1989. The most usual disposal process is the sanitary landfill. Rainfall results in water and soil pollution caused by leachates. A roof above the landfill could eliminate the generation of leachates. The safest disposal is the deep underground deposition in salt domes.

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23

Gannon, T., A. R. Ansbro, and R. P. Burns. "Incineration of hazardous wastes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, no. 1-3 (1991): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401302.

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24

Glass, David J. "Waste Management: Biological Treatment of Hazardous Wastes." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 33, no. 9 (November 1991): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1991.9933177.

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25

Bennett, GaryF. "RCRA hazardous wastes handbook." Journal of Hazardous Materials 17, no. 1 (December 1987): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)85052-5.

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26

Setiawan, Fajar Ajie. "Re-interpreting the Environmentally Sound Management under Basel Convention." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (August 4, 2022): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v6i2.786.

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One of the fundamental principles of Basel Convention is the environmentally sound management (ESM), serving as a ‘meta-rule’, which establish the context within which bargaining under the Basel Convention takes place to develop more specific norms, such as rules regarding PIC, partnerships or management and technical guidelines of specific waste streams, regarding the management and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Yet, Basel Convention defines the crucial notion of ESM only in general terms, and has been subject to widely different interpretations and extensively criticized. Employing teleological approach which relies on the purpose of the Convention, this study argues that Basel Convention intended to establish a global convention with three principal aims: 1) minimization of hazardous wastes; 2) environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes; and 3) minimizing the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. The central element of these aims was to limit such movements, as opposed to current practices of establishing ESM as the “least standard” for which transboundary movement of hazardous wastes would be allowed. Reinterpretation of ESM is also needed in light of the recent entry into force of Ban Amendment, which introduced ‘high risk’ as an element of consideration when addressing transboundary movements from developed countries to developing countries, which entails the applicability of precautionary principle in ESM interpretation.

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27

Urano, Kohei. "Management Systems of Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes. Recent Management Systems of Hazardous Chemicals." Waste Management Research 8, no. 2 (1997): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.8.98.

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28

Scovazzi, Tullio. "The Mediterranean Hazardous Wastes Protocol." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 6, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 1997): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1997037.

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A short overview of the Izmir Protocol adopted within the framework of the Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution; innovations - radioactive wastes and hazardous substances within the scope of the Protocol, the position of States of transit and the "notification without authorization" formula; territorial application.

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29

Baxter, Glenn. "An Assessment of Waste Management at a Major European Based Air Cargo Terminal Operator: A Case Study of Frankfurt Cargo Services." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 5 (2022): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.75.17.

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Air cargo terminal operators play a vital role in the global air cargo supply chain by acting as the key interface point between the air and surface transport modes. However, air cargo terminals produce both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes as a by-product from their operations. Using an in-depth qualitative longitudinal research design, this study has examined waste management at Frankfurt Cargo Services (FCS), one of the major European based air cargo terminal operators. The study period was from 2008 to 2019. The qualitative data was examined by document analysis. The case study found that Frankfurt Cargo Services (FCS) total annual non-hazardous wastes increased from 770 tonnes in 2009 to 1,525 tonnes in 2019. The company’s hazardous wastes fluctuated over the study period from a low of 5 kilograms in 2009 to a high of 2.52 tonnes in 2010. The case study revealed that there were no reported hazardous wastes from 2014 to 2019. Frankfurt Cargo Services primary waste management method is the recovery of wastes. The annual recovered wastes increased from 770 tonnes in 2008 to 1,530 tonnes in 2019. The company’s waste recovery rate increased from 95.3% in 2008 to 100% in 2019. Frankfurt Cargo Services (FCS) disposed wastes increased from 36.37 tonnes in 2008 to a high of 58 tonnes in 2017 and 58 tonnes again in 2018, respectively. There were no reported disposed wastes in 2019. During the study period, there were no reported wastes that were disposed to landfill.

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30

Filip, Gabriela Maria, and Valeria Mirela Brezoczki. "MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PSYCHIATRY HOSPITAL, BAIA MARE." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 1 (2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.08.

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The paper presents several aspects of the general theme related to medical waste management and elimination in a health unit in Baia Mare. Therefore, non-hazardous wastes are collected like household wastes, being temporarily stored in euro containers and transported by S.C. DRUSAL S.A. The hazardous wastes are selectively collected in special containers, temporarily stored in an especially laid out storage unit and transported by the S.C. ECO BURN S.R.L company to the "Stery Cycle" Bucuresti waste incineration plan.

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31

Hardigree, Don, Howard Kunreuther, and Rajeev Gowda. "Integrating Insurance and Risk Management for Hazardous Wastes." Journal of Risk and Insurance 61, no. 4 (December 1994): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253653.

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32

Zeiss, Chris. "Household Hazardous Wastes—Discard Patterns and Management Options." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 120, no. 2 (June 1994): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(1994)120:2(87).

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33

MARTIN, JAMES E., GRANT TRIGGER, and JESSE GOODWIN. "Considerations of State-Owned Management of Hazardous Wastes." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 2, no. 3 (January 1985): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1985.2.399.

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34

Apellaniz, Iñigo, J. Luis Elorriaga, Oscar Casis, and Alfonso Apellaniz. "Internal management of toxic and hazardous wastes (THW)." Toxicology Letters 88 (October 1996): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(96)80295-5.

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35

LaDou, J. "The American Experience with Hazardous Waste Management." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 1, no. 4 (October 1987): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958700100411.

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The United States created a fund in 1980 to clean up hazardous wastes contaminating the environment and to seek out and clean up abandoned dumping sites that harbour hazardous materials. Many of these locations are not known at this time, and others are as much as one hundred years old. The amount of money actually needed to accomplish the goals of legislation is merely speculation. The Of fice of Technology Assessment estimates that dealing with the most critical 10, 000 sites will cost US$100 billion. The impact of hazardous wastes on the public health of surrounding communities is interpreted with caution. Of the 900 hazardous waste dump sites receiving priority attention by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), only 20 have been studied for effects on human health. No prospective study has been initiated among affected populations yet. Federal laws and most state laws do not provide a mechanism for compensating individuals who have developed illnesses from environmental exposures to hazardous waste sites.

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36

BISHOP, PAUL L. "Leaching of Inorganic Hazardous Constituents from Stabilized/Solidified Hazardous Wastes." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 5, no. 2 (January 1988): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1988.5.129.

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37

Smith, Turner T., and Roszell D. Hunter. "Hazardous Wastes: The Knowing Endangerment Offence." Journal of Environmental Law 2, no. 2 (1990): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/2.2.262.

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38

Hong, Soo-Yeon, Cheol-Woo Yoon, Young-Sam Yoon, Jang-Hyun Kang, and Tae-Wan Jeon. "A Study on Safety Management Plan for Recycling of Medium-Contact Wastes via Ecotoxicity Assessment." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221111872.

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In South Korea, hazardous characteristics of wastes to be recycled are managed through the “Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycling” system. The ecotoxicity of medium-contact recyclable wastes, that is, those in contact with soil, groundwater, surface water, etc., is managed according to this system and is determined based on whether or not they exceed an ecotoxicity value (TU) of 2.0. The ecotoxicity of wastes is tested and determined by using pretreated eluate samples according to the Official Wastes Test Standard and applying the Official Water Pollution Process Test Standard. However, no ecotoxicity management limits are stipulated for medium-contact recycling using wastes in numerous other countries. This study aims to evaluate applicability and safety of the ecotoxicity test for wastes used in medium-contact recycling and establish an efficient management plan for hazardous characteristic wastes. Target wastes for the survey were selected based on the Wastes Control Act in South Korea. Nine types of waste were selected, which are representative types of wastes to which ecotoxicity is applied. In order to secure the representativeness of the target samples, a total of 45 samples were collected by selecting 5 cases each of the 9 waste types in consideration of the type of industry and amount of waste generated. Limit exceedance was calculated for each category of hazardous substances (leaching, total content), pH, and ecotoxicity of a total of 45 samples, and was found to increase in the order of leaching 2.22% < pH 9.09% < content 31.11% < ecotoxicity 37.21%. This indicates that the limit exceedance was maximum in the ecotoxicity category. Therefore, the application of ecotoxicity limit is efficient for identifying and comprehensively managing the environmental impacts of various types of hazardous substances contained in wastes from the perspective of comprehensive toxicity.

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39

Sampaio, J. A. B. "Hazardous Wastes Management in Brazil: The Need for a Regional Synoptic Approach." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0364.

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Hazardous wastes management in Brazil is a particularly difficult task to accomplish. The country's enormous area, the lack of tradition on dealing with this subject, few trained people, the high investment costs and the sophisticated technology involved make the regional management of hazardous wastes a mandatory approach to reduce costs and maximize benefits. In order to achieve this goal, a synoptic approach over an entire geographical region on all aspects of hazardous wastes management is proposed. On the other hand, several difficulties are foreseen, some of them in the socio-political arena, requiring a lot of an. environmental diplomacy and competent social communication in order to succeed. Despite the difficulties, there seem to be no options to deal with this problem when simultaneously considering its environmental, technical, and economic aspects.

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40

Takemoto, Kazuhiko, and Shunichi Honda. "Environmentally Sound Management and Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 24, no. 4 (July 31, 2013): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.24.291.

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41

Cho, K. M., S. S. Yoon, J. K. Koo, and H. C. Yoo. "Status and Future Perspective of Hazardous Waste Management in Korea." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0381.

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In this paper, classification and generation of hazardous wastes, related laws, and the hazardous waste management system currently employed in Korea are introduced. Recently, rapid and sustaining increase of generation rate, unsatisfactory reuse and recycle, inaccurate analysis and testing, and illegal treatment and disposal have been pointed out as major problems of hazardous waste management in Korea. In order to resolve these problems, the future directions and priorities in hazardous waste management in Korea are suggested.

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42

Rouhi Broujeni, B., G. A. Omrani, R. Naghavi, and S. S. Afraseyabi. "Construction and Demolition Waste Management (Tehran Case Study)." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 6 (December 18, 2016): 1249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.812.

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Increasing building construction raises concerns about construction and demolition (C&D) waste management. To assess this issue the building components, the collection schemes, their recycling and disposal should be investigated. In order to manage C&D wastes, paying attention to how this kind of wastes is disposed is imperative for their correct identification. Inattention, lack of organization and proper transport and sanitary disposal of construction and demolition waste lead to problems such as accumulation of construction waste in the streets. However, more than 90 percent of the potential for recycling and re-using as raw materials is provided. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified C&D wastes into three categories: non-dangerous waste, hazardous wastes and semi-hazardous wastes. Currently in Tehran, an average of about 50,000 tons per day of construction and demolition wastes are produced from which over 30,000 tons per day are dumped in landfills. According to this research more than 57% of these wastes are placed in the first category (non-dangerous waste) and have the potential for being recycled and reused. On the other hand, items that are placed in the second category shall be managed based on the existing laws. This article provides some management solutions including proposing methods for collecting and reusing construction waste in accordance with current market needs in Iran.

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SHIN, HANG-SIK, NAM-RYOUNG HER, and JA-KONG KOO. "Design Optimization for Solidification of Hazardous Wastes." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 5, no. 3 (January 1988): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1988.5.239.

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Rock, Steven A., and Philip G. Sayre. "Phytoremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Potential Regulatory Acceptability." Remediation Journal 8, no. 4 (1998): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.3440080403.

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45

Kamens, Richard. "Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes." Journal of Environmental Quality 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010025x.

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Bennett, Gary F. "Herbert F. Bender and Philipp Eisenbarth, Hazardous Chemicals: Control and Regulation in the European Market , Wiley–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., KgaA, Weinheim, Germany (2007) ISBN 978-3-527-31541-3 Price: US$ 145.00, 409 pp.." Journal of Hazardous Materials 164, no. 2-3 (May 30, 2009): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.014.

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Mendes, J. M. O. "Legal Aspects of the Disposal of Industrial Wastes on Soil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0047.

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It is, clearly, a Government responsibility to enact laws and promulgate regulations for control of industrial pollution. The main techniques for soil industrial wastes disposal, namely, landfarming and landfilling, profit from the extensive knowledge acquired, in past decades, in the field of water and air pollution control and must be analysed within a comprehensive system for hazardous waste management, with its legal and administrative aspects. This paper presents some general principles of a Hazardous Waste Management System, which are broadly applicable, regardless differences between States or Countries. Finally, it discusses the specific case of Hazardous Wastes Management in the State of Bahia, Brazil and makes some suggestions for its improvement.

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Chapman, N. A., and G. M. Williams. "Hazardous and radioactive waste management: a case of dual standards?" Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.59.

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AbstractThe recent activity by the UK Nuclear industry to investigate the safety of sites in shallow ground for the disposal of low level radioactive wastes has not surprisingly prompted comparison with landfill facilities in which toxic wastes are being deposited. The conclusion is that the level of site investigation, operation and long term performance assessment proposed for the radwaste sites is many orders of magnitude greater than that required by the regulatory authorities for landfills where the operators responsibility for the safety of the site virtually disappears once the last load of waste is tipped and the disposal licence lapses. Furthermore, the research budget for radwaste exceeds that for landfill disposal by a similar amount even though the risk from radwaste can be shown to be many times less than that from toxic wastes. Since the same government department is in charge of radwaste and landfill disposal, it seems that dual standards are operating, and that either the radwaste managers are being singled out for unfair scrutiny, or that insufficient attention is being directed at the real threat to the environment from 'antediluvian and ramshackle' landfill practices.

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Sazan, Mohammed, and Farhan Salah. "Hospital hazardous waste management: Treatment, storage and disposal." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 15, no. 1 (2022): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101043a.

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Rapid population growth, industrialization, and growth of demand for raw materials for industrial and medical production result in generating a huge amount of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is identified by its toxicity, flammability, and radioactivity characteristics. Disposing hazardous waste into the natural environment has a significant impact on health and all living things in the environment. Nowadays, numerous hospitals and industrial places generate a large amount of hazardous waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the management system of hazardous hospital waste in Erbil city. Additionally, the focus is on hazardous hospital waste management and characterizations and situation of the waste in Erbil city as well. The generation rate of hazardous wastes from hospitals in Erbil city was collected for 12 months from 2015 to 2020. The results showed that the highest amount of medical hazardous waste was generated in 2019. Moreover, the number of onsite incineration centres should be increased to reduce the cost of storage and transportation.

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Iwai, Tetsuo, and Kengo Ando. "Management Systems of Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes. Internal Management System of Hazardous Chemicals at Automobile Production Plant." Waste Management Research 8, no. 2 (1997): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.8.128.

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