Journal articles on the topic 'Hazardous index'
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1
Gupta, J. P., and B. Suresh Babu. "A new Hazardous Waste Index." Journal of Hazardous Materials 67, no. 1 (May 1999): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(99)00006-0.
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M. R., Intan Suhana, Hussain Hamid, Law Teik Hwa, and Ahmad Farhan. "Identification of Hazardous Road Sections: Crash Data versus Composite Index Method." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 6 (December 2014): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2014.v6.745.
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Musee, N., L. Lorenzen, and C. Aldrich. "An aggregate fuzzy hazardous index for composite wastes." Journal of Hazardous Materials 137, no. 2 (September 21, 2006): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.060.
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Chaiklieng, Sunisa. "Risk assessment of workers’ exposure to BTEX and hazardous area classification at gasoline stations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0249913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249913.
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Vaporization of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds pollutes the air and causes health hazards at gasoline stations. This study revealed the risk of BTEX exposure according to the hazardous area classification at gasoline stations. The risk assessment of gasoline workers from a representative group of 47 stations, which followed the United States Environmental Protection Agency-IRIS method of assessing BTEX exposure, was expressed as the hazard index (HI). A result of matrix multipliers of the hazardous exposure index and fire possibility from flammable gas classified hazardous area-I and area-II at the fuel dispensers. BTEX concentrations were actively sampled in ambient air and a flammable gas detector was used to measure the flammability level. Results showed that the BTEX concentrations from ambient air monitoring were in the range of 0.1–136.9, 8.1–406.0, 0.8–24.1 and 0.4–105.5 ppb for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively, which exceeded the NIOSH exposure limit of 100 ppb of benzene concentration. The risk assessment indicated that five stations reached an unacceptable risk of worker exposure to BTEX (HI>1), which correlated with the numbers of gasoline dispensers and daily gasoline sold. The risk matrix classified hazardous area-I at 4 meters and hazardous area-II at 4–8 meters in radius around the fuel dispensers. This study revealed the hazardous areas at gasoline stations and suggests that entrepreneurs must strictly control the safety operation practice of workers, install vapor recovery systems on dispenser nozzles to control BTEX vaporization and keep the hazardous areas clear of fire ignition sources within an eight-meter radius of the dispensers.
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Kales, Stephen N., Gerry N. Polyhronopoulos, Jon M. Aldrich, Edward O. Leitao, and David C. Christiani. "Correlates of Body Mass Index in Hazardous Materials Firefighters." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, no. 7 (July 1999): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199907000-00007.
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Walsh, Frances A. "A Review of “Hazardous Material Reference Book Cross Index”." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 58, no. 4 (April 1997): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028894.1997.10399280.
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Deng, Fumin, Yanjie Li, Huirong Lin, Jinrui Miao, and Xuedong Liang. "A BWM-TOPSIS Hazardous Waste Inventory Safety Risk Evaluation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165765.
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Hazardous waste can cause severe environmental pollution if not disposed of properly, which in turn can seriously affect the sustainable development of the entire ecology and will inevitably bring disaster to companies. However, because of limited available disposal capacity, it is often difficult to safely dispose of hazardous waste, meaning that it must be kept as passive inventory. For the passive inventory of hazardous waste, risk evaluation of safe operation of the inventory is crucial and urgently needs to be resolved. Based on this, this paper focuses on the risk management of hazardous waste inventory of waste-producing companies and proposes a risk evaluation system for safely dealing with hazardous waste inventory, which expands the scope of inventory safety management and provides guidance to companies on developing appropriate measures to ensure hazardous waste inventory safety. First, the risk evaluation index system for hazardous waste inventory is constructed from equipment, management level, nature of hazardous waste and operational aspects. Then, the best worst method (BWM) is employed to calculate the criteria weights and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed to rank the alternatives. Finally, risk evaluation on four waste-producing companies was conducted using the developed method. The results show that Case Company 4 has the greatest risk of hazardous waste inventory, which should be reduced by improving storage method and the amount of hazardous waste. It was found that the proposed evaluation system was effective for hazardous waste inventory safety risk assessments and that the designed index system could assist companies improve their hazardous waste inventory management.
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Wang, Rui, Qing Xu, Chenyu He, Xinyi Liu, Zhenyu Feng, Luxiaohe Zhang, and Jun Gao. "Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Elements in Oil and Gas Enterprises Based on the Life-Cycle Management Concept." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 5504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065504.
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By analyzing the China’s hazardous waste management policy and the existing problems in hazardous waste management, the elements of hazardous waste management in oil and gas exploration enterprises were identified. Based on the theory of life-cycle management under the concept of sustainable development, combined with literature research, a three-level comprehensive index system was constructed by using the AHP–entropy weight method to evaluate the hazardous waste management capability of oil and gas enterprises. It was proposed that oil and gas enterprises should further strengthen the life-cycle management of hazardous waste, strengthen the assessment of hazardous waste management capacity, continuously establish a sound hazardous waste supervision system, and actively build a hazardous waste information control platform to realize the whole-process tracking management, as well as other suggestions.
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Rybakov, A. V., E. V. Ivanov, D. S. Sibgatulina, and G. S. Alyoshkin. "Assessing the stability of hydraulic structures to the impact of hazardous factors of hazardous natural phenomena." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 6, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2020-06-04-539-546.
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The article shows the procedure for determining the values of the stability index of hydraulic structures (earth dams). An approach to the creation of an engineering methodology for carrying out operational calculations for predicting the state of an earth dam under the influence of known characteristics of damaging factors of rapidly developing dangerous natural phenomena and man-made processes is presented. One of the directions of application of the proposed approach is shown — the definition of rational parameters for the protection of hydraulic structures and the development of a plan of measures to achieve them.
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Summers, Kevin, Andrea Lamper, and Kyle Buck. "National Hazards Vulnerability and the Remediation, Restoration and Revitalization of Contaminated Sites—2. RCRA Sites." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020965.
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Natural hazards can be powerful mechanisms that impact the restoration of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) contaminated sites and the community revitalization associated with these sites. Release of hazardous materials following a natural hazard can impact communities associated with these sites by causing the release of hazardous or toxic materials. These releases can inhibit the restoration of the sites, thus altering the long-term sustainable community revitalization. Hazard-related contaminant releases in areas characterized by large populations can create problems equal to those posed by the original site clean-up. Similarly, natural hazards can enhance the probability of future issues associated with the renovated sites. This manuscript addresses the co-occurrence of 12 natural hazards (singly and in combination) at individual RCRA sites. The co-occurrence was determined by the co-location of exposure likelihoods determined from the Cumulative Resilience Screening Index (CRSI) and the site locations for RCRA facilities provided by Environmental Protection Agency. Results showed that several natural hazards were likely to occur at RCRA facilities and these occurrences should be included in management and policy evaluations of these sites.
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Jin, Yanming, Zhuonan Li, Xinli Xiao, Conggan Ma, Min Liu, and Lingyu Chen. "Research on the evaluation method of the business model for the recycling of hazardous waste in power grid." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.1.1.241.
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Hazardous wastes in power grids include waste transformer oil and waste lead-acid batteries, etc. Due to the problems of extremely large number of points, wide distribution, and small number of units, coupled with differences in hazardous waste recycling technologies, policies, and markets in various regions, so Possible business models need to be listed and evaluated. This paper establishes an evaluation index system for the business model of hazardous waste recycling, and uses the TOPSIS method to evaluate five feasible business models. The evaluation results will help relevant departments of power grid companies at all levels to formulate recycling strategies according to the characteristics of hazardous waste recycling, so as to facilitate the recycling and reuse of hazardous wastes.
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Bekjanova, Olga, and Miraziz Adizov. "Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress in mixed saliva of Bukhara oil refinery workers." E3S Web of Conferences 413 (2023): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341303030.
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The study evaluated the biochemical effects of chronic exposure to the oil refining industry on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation processes in the saliva of hazardous production workers. The workers of the main specialties of the Bukhara oil refinery were examined. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines both in the workers of the hazardous shops of the oil refinery and in the employees of the plant management were determined by the amount of destruction of the epithelial attachment of the gums, determined by the value of the CPI index. At the same time, with an increase in the severity of periodontal lesions, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05). in those examined with healthy periodontium (CPΙ -0), the concentration of TNF-α in the mixed saliva of workers in hazardous production exceeds that of employees of the plant management by 83.85% (P ≤ 0.01); in those examined with low values of the СPΙ index (1–2), this excess was 41.23% (P ≤ 0.01) and in severe lesions (СP Ι – 3–4) – 72.23% (P ≤ 0.01). In general, the concentration of TNF-α in the mixed saliva of workers at the enterprise exceeded that of employees of the plant management by 61.20% (P ≤ 0.01); the corresponding excess levels of IL-6 were 85.00%; 80.00%; 72.33% and 65.91% Thus, the production hazards of the oil refinery are a systemic risk factor for the development of periodontitis.
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Murugesan, S., S. Mullainathan, and V. Ramasamy. "Natural radioactivity and hazardous index of major South Indian river sediments." International Journal of Low Radiation 10, no. 1 (2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlr.2015.071761.
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Song, Wen Juan, Bin Zhan, and Guan Ze Wang. "Grey Analytic Hierarchy X DG Corporate Risk Assessment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 2377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2377.
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First, the gray theory and analytic hierarchy brief overview, and then establish the evaluation index system, using the gray system theory and the analytic hierarchy process AHP gray formed to establish a specific hazardous materials transportation safety risk assessment model, Company X hazardous materials transportation risk evaluation, get the value of the company's risk level, and the evaluation value analysis.
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Sandoval, José Luis, Teresa Leão, Jean-Marc Theler, Thierry Favrod-Coune, Barbara Broers, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Pedro Marques-Vidal, and Idris Guessous. "Alcohol control policies and socioeconomic inequalities in hazardous alcohol consumption: a 22-year cross-sectional study in a Swiss urban population." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e028971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-028971.
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ObjectiveHarmful use of alcohol represents a large socioeconomic and disease burden and displays a socioeconomic status (SES) gradient. Several alcohol control laws were devised and implemented, but their equity impact remains undetermined.We ascertained if an SES gradient in hazardous alcohol consumption exists in Geneva (Switzerland) and assessed the equity impact of the alcohol control laws implemented during the last two decades.DesignRepeated cross-sectional survey study.SettingWe used data from non-abstinent participants, aged 35–74 years, from the population-based cross-sectional Bus Santé study (n=16 725), between 1993 and 2014.MethodsSES indicators included educational attainment (primary, secondary and tertiary) and occupational level (high, medium and low). We defined four survey periods according to the implemented alcohol control laws and hazardous alcohol consumption (outcome variable) as >30 g/day for men and >20 g/day for women.The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were used to quantify absolute and relative inequalities, respectively, and were compared between legislative periods.ResultsLower educated men had a higher frequency of hazardous alcohol consumption (RII=1.87 (1.57; 2.22) and SII=0.14 (0.11; 0.17)). Lower educated women had less hazardous consumption ((RII=0.76 (0.60; 0.97)and SII=−0.04 (−0.07;−0.01]). Over time, hazardous alcohol consumption decreased, except in lower educated men.Education-related inequalities were observed in men in all legislative periods and did not vary between them. Similar results were observed using the occupational level as SES indicator. In women, significant inverse SES gradients were observed using educational attainment but not for occupational level.ConclusionsPopulation-wide alcohol control laws did not have a positive equity impact on hazardous alcohol consumption. Targeted interventions to disadvantaged groups may be needed to address the hazardous alcohol consumption inequality gap.
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Sambo, Bala Ibrahim. "Dr. Harassment Matters: Perception of Students on hazardity of Political, Religious, Economic, Sexual and Social Harassment in the Academia." International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Science 3, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0302.149.
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This study investigated the perception students have on the relative hazardity of political, religious, economic, sexual and social harassment on students. Four hundred students were drawn as research respondents through convenience and stratified sampling techniques. Using Likert type scale, respondents were requested to indicate the level of hazard of each political, religious, economic, sexual and social harassment (PRESS) factor using 5 = very hazardous; 4 = hazardous; 3 = neutral; 2 = not hazardous; 1 = less hazardous. Digital interview was used to obtain data from the respondents. Frequency counts, percentage, relative importance index and chi square were used to analyse the data. Results indicated that the PRESS factors were perceived as hazardous by students; however, contrary to popular belief that sexual harassment was most hazardous, the results indicated that religious harassment was the most hazardous; sexual harassment was second; economic harassment was third; political harassment was fourth; and social harassment was fifth. Based on the findings, it was recommended that harassment factors should be addressed according to their magnitude; and that addressing harassment behaviour should be holistic and comprehensive. Furthermore, education of stakeholders should take the issue of harassment serious by being proactive.
Keywords: Economic harassment, political harassment, religious harassment, sexual harassment, and social harassment.
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Rachma, Vira Annisa, Ankiq Taofiqurohman, Sri Astuty, and Wahyuniar Pamungkas. "Nilai Bahaya Rip Current untuk Wisata Pantai di Pantai Pangandaran, Jawa Barat." Buletin Oseanografi Marina 10, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v10i3.32375.
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Keselamatan para wisatawan adalah hal yang paling penting dalam mengelola kawasan wisata. Rip current merupakan bahaya yang signifikan bagi para pengunjung pantai dan telah memakan banyak korban di seluruh dunia. Riset ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai bahaya Rip Current serta mengidentifikasi waktu yang aman untuk wisata di Pantai Pangandaran, Jawa Barat. Pelaksanaan riset berlangsung dari bulan Januari – Mei 2020. Metode riset yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif. Pengolahan data dan penilaian bahaya rip current berdasarkan Rip Current Hazard Assessment Guide (RNLI-UK). Parameter yang digunakan dalam riset ini adalah tinggi dan periode gelombang pecah, kecepatan jatuh sedimen, dan nilai tunggang pasut. Hasil riset menunjukan bahwa nilai bahaya rip current di Kawasan Wisata Pantai Barat Pangandaran, Jawa Barat sebesar 3 sampai dengan 4; yang dikategorikan ke dalam tingkat berbahaya sampai tingkat sangat berbahaya dengan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi adalah tinggi gelombang. Nilai bahaya rip current tertinggi (sangat berbahaya) berada di Bulan Juni hingga Oktober. Waktu yang dinilai relatif lebih aman untuk wisata berdasarkan hasil assesment nilai bahaya rip current adalah pada Bulan Januari, Februari, Maret, April, Mei, November serta Desember.The safety of tourists is the most important thing in tourism management. Rip current is a significant danger for beach visitors and has many casualties around the world. This research aims to get an index of Rip Current and identify the safety period for tourism in Pangandaran Beach. This research was conducted from January – May 2020. Methods of this research were using quantitative method. Processing data and getting an index for hazardous of Rip Current based on the Rip Current Hazard Assesment Guide (RNLI-UK). The parameters used in this research are height and period of the breaker wave, sediment fall velocity, and tide range. The result of this research are shown as an index of rip current’s hazardous 3 to 4; whereas 3 means hazardous and 4 as categorized very hazardous with the wave height as the most affecting factor. The safety periods for tourism based on the results of an index for hazardous occurs in January, February, March, April, May, November, and December.
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Grihoryan, Olena, and Vоlоdymyr Korobchanskyі. "ATTENTION AS A CRITERIAL PROPERTY OF PROFESSIONAL FITNESS OF PERSONS WORKING IN HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS." Inter Collegas 8, no. 4 (May 22, 2022): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/ic.8.4.254-259.
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The purpose of the study was to improve methodological approaches to determination of attention as a criterion of professional fitness of persons working in hazardous conditions. To determine attention, we evaluated productivity index of information retrieval by “Numeric Square” method. When analyzing the data obtained during the study of attention (including its switching) on the productivity of information retrieval in persons who perform different types of hazardous work and the difference between the type of work performed. The vast majority of surveyed persons working in hazardous conditions were found to meet professional requirements (70%) by psychophysiological function “attention” (including its switching). The group of “conditionally fit” included (25%) subjects and “unfit” – 5%.
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Bezgodova, O. V., and Е. А. Rasputina. "GIS-based automated mapping hazardous exogenous processes in the Tunka depression." Geodesy and Cartography 957, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-957-3-8-20.
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The authors consider automated mapping and spatial analysis of hazardous exogenous processes using a digital elevation model, space images and GIS technologies. A highly detailed map of dangerous exogenous processes within the Tunka depression has been created. At the initial stage, using digital terrain model data, the maps of natural characteristics, which cause the distribution of exogenous processes, were made. This is an elevation map, steepness of slopes and slope aspect maps, normalized difference vegetation index map (NDVI), topographic humidity index and slope length (LS) factor maps. Additional information was obtained from the analysis of space images, landscape conditions and field data. Certain sets and ranges of indicators that characterize the spatial distribution of each class of hazardous exogenous processes were chosen. Seven classes of the most intense hazardous exogenous processes were revealed. The main hazardous exogenous processes in the territory of the Tunka depression were noted on a vector basis using the method of spatial analysis in geographic information systems. Fluvial, slope erosion, and cryogenic-slope classes are most common. Fluvial class of exogenous processes is most dangerous due to mudflows within the valleys of small and temporary watercourses. Slope erosion class is represented by gully erosion, and cryogenic-slope is most often manifested in the form of solifluction. The local danger is represented by screes and rock falls, which are included in the group of gravitational-slope processes.
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Hou, Meng, Kaixuan Zhang, Pan Wang, and Dong Li. "Research on Limit of Hazardous Elements in Automotive Interior Parts Based on Acid Sweat Extraction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2529, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2529/1/012006.
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Abstract The evaluation index system of hazardous substances in automobile products is constructed for hazardous substances, such as heavy metals in automobiles. That may cause harm to the health of passengers and the natural environment, based on the requirements of domestic and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations as well as the ways and principles of these elements’ harm to the human body. Focusing on 14 kinds of heavy metals and metalloid elements that may be introduced into automobile products, this paper establishes a multi-dimensional evaluation parameter of hazardous substances for environmental protection and health and form a scientific and reasonable indicator system. According to the actual content of hazardous substances in automobile products in China, it aims to guide automobile enterprises to carry out product ecological design, while providing consumers with green procurement indicator reference for car selection and purchase and promoting green production and consumption of automobile products.
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Tatrari, Gaurav, Manoj Karakoti, Chetna Tewari, Sandeep Pandey, Bhashkar Singh Bohra, Anirban Dandapat, and Nanda Gopal Sahoo. "Solid waste-derived carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications: a recent overview." Materials Advances 2, no. 5 (2021): 1454–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00871k.
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ANISHCHENKO, Lidia, Igor MOSKALENKO, Marina AVRAMENKO, Yuliya VOROCHAY, and Aleksey PLAKHOTIN. "BIOINDICATIVE, ECOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MINOR STREAMS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HAZARDOUS MAN-MADE OBJECTS." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.40_anishchenko_pgs_462_476.pdf.
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Water bodies are the most vulnerable mean in terms of human-made impact, and the collection of monitoring information on the state of biota and the hydrochemical regime is mandatory per the recommendations of the Water Framework Convention. The paper deals with the necessary arrangements for integrated monitoring and analysis of hydrobiological and environmental analytical databases for prognostic and remediation purposes at water observation points affected by human-made chemically hazardous technogenic object (chemical weapons). The purpose of this paper was to present data of hydrobiological and hydrochemical monitoring of rivers in the area of hazardous human-made objects (chemical weapons) as recommended by the Water Framework Convention for a comparative description of the reactions of European aquatic biota to stress effects. The use of hydrobiological indices and indices of biological diversity to record the anthropogenic impact on water has been validated. The features of environmental analytical data for additional analysis of monitoring specifications dynamics have been identified. The scale parameters of hydrobiological monitoring with the calculation of α-diversity, Shannon index, saprobity index should be based on a complete examination of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation and flora. The analysis of the anthropogenic impact of a chemically hazardous human-made object in the Bryansk region (Russian Federation) on aquatic ecosystems over a long period of time using bioindication method (which consists in the assessment of species diversity, calculation of the Shannon index and water saprobity index) revealed that the technogenic component of the impact of reference points on watercourses is minimal.
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Cheng, Jinhua, Bing Wang, Chenxi Cao, and Ziqiang Lang. "A Quantitative Risk Assessment Model for Domino Accidents of Hazardous Chemicals Transportation." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051442.
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In recent years, hazardous materials transportation accidents have received increasing attention. Previous studies have focused on accidents involving a single vehicle. When vehicles loaded with materials gather on a stretch of road, a potential domino accident might cause terrible incidents. This paper prompts a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model to estimate the risk of multi-vehicle incidents. The model calculates the possibility of leakage and explosion of hazardous chemicals using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). For different types of hazardous chemicals, the model uses event trees to list different scenarios and analyzes the probability of domino accidents caused by each scenario. The FN-curve and potential loss of life (PLL) are used as an index to evaluate social risk. A case involving multiple vehicles in the JinShan District, Shanghai, is analyzed. The result of the case shows that the state of the driver, the type of road, weather factors and the distance between vehicles have vital impacts on the societal risk resulting from hazardous materials transportation accidents.
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Trojanowska, Marzena, and Ryszard Świetlik. "EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni AND Zn PRESENT IN URBAN DUSTS." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego / Inżynieria Środowiska 167, no. 47 (October 1, 2017): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8690.
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The paper assesses the environmental exposure of urban dwellers to heavy metals present in urban dusts. The research was focused on lifelong exposure of an adult and a child to chromium, lead, nickel, copper and zinc. The assessment of health hazard included exposure by digestion, inhalation and skin contact. The hazard estimation was carried out using a method recommended by the American Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The determined hazard index values characterizing a health risk have shown that the highest hazard results from accidental unintentional intake of toxic substances. Skin penetration by metals is much less hazardous, whereas inhalation is least hazardous. According to the accepted scenario of human exposure, children are most at risk compared to other populations considered. The hazard index values obtained for them were the highest.
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Nur Syamimi Muhamad Fauzi, Maznah Mat Kasim, and Nor Hasliza Mat Desa. "Construction of Air Pollution Index with the Inclusion of Aggregated Weights of the Pollutants." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 21, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2022.21.4.2.
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The ambient air quality measurement in Malaysia is described as Air Pollution Index (API). Basically the existing API for a given period of time is defined as the maximum value of the sub-index values of six pollutants. Although research has shown that long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human, the API still considers these pollutants as having equal hazardous impacts on human. Hence, this paper aims to propose a new API that includes weights representing different hazardous levels of these pollutants in its calculation. Based on secondary data of six pollutants’ readings for sixteen states of Malaysia for year 2018, the aggregated weights were computed by combining both weights obtained from the subjective experts’ opinions and the objective data-driven methods, which balanced both perspectives of evaluations. The results show that the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometre (PM2.5) found to be the most hazardous pollutant since its aggregated weight value is the highest and the distributions of the API readings for all sixteen states were found to be normal. The highest and lowest API readings took place on the 14th of August and 10 of March 2018 respectively. It is argued that the new API readings are more accurate and give a better picture about the occurrence of air pollution in Malaysia in particular. This study provides a new insight in constructing API specifically and contributes a more comprehensive and precise air quality measurements to be analysed by the responsible authorities in their efforts towards healthy environment.
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Bordean, Despina-Maria, Luminita Pirvulescu, Mariana-Atena Poiana, Ersilia Alexa, Antoanela Cozma, Diana Nicoleta Raba, Aurica Breica Borozan, et al. "An Innovative Approach to Assess the Ecotoxicological Risks of Soil Exposed to Solid Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116141.
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The adoption of sustainable waste management strategies is a challenge faced by most European countries, mainly due to the need to generate less waste and replace landfills with new methods of waste treatment, associated with increases in the separate collection of waste and recycling rates. This paper highlights the significance of environmental legislation regarding waste removal to protect ecosystems. The aim was to predict ecological responses to heavy metals in soil exposed to hazardous waste and to identify environmental hazards in landfills, small illegal waste dumps, and litter, in addition to identifying if heavy metal accumulation in the investigated soil samples showed a single or cumulative risk. This is an innovative method to predict the ecological risk generated by hazardous waste landfills. The assessment of ecological risks was based on the evaluation of a heavy metal soil contamination factor, pollution index of soil loadings, a geo-accumulation index for heavy metals, and potential ecological risk. The current study is also the first to attempt to identify the dimension of risk based on the type of waste deposit (landfill, small illegal waste dump, and litter) and to identify potential patterns. The geological index corresponding to cadmium Igeo(Cd) showed heavy contamination in the soil samples from the landfill and moderate contamination for those from the illegal waste dumps. These findings indicate that soil contamination is influenced by contamination time, anthropogenic processes, and a history of industrial activity, and not only by waste composition and storage. The present study shows that cadmium might be considered a latent fingerprint for waste disposal, which is correlated to the industrialization level and rehabilitation procedures.
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Szejnwald Brown, Halina, Donna R. Bishop, and Carol Rowan West. "A Methodology for Assessing Carcinogenic Hazards of Chemicals." Toxicology and Industrial Health 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378600200303.
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Assessment of carcinogenic hazards of substances involves evalua tion and classification of qualitative and quantitative data, includ ing the attendant uncertainty,. Recently proposed EPA guidelines represent a significant step towards a uniform carcinogenic risk assessment procedure and its appropriate use. The Methodology for Assessing Carcinogenic Hazards of Chemicals proposed here shares common characteristics with the EPA guidelines but it also focuses on other aspects of carcinogen assessment, not addressed by the guidelines, such as: folding together quantitative and quali tative data into a combined hazard index; classification of limited, incomplete or flawed qualitative data; utilization of quantitative risk estimates based on weak qualitative evidence. The elements are used to assess carcinogenic hazards of chemicals, qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative assessment consists of stratification into one of five categories of weight-of evidence, whereas quantitative assessment consists of stratification into one of four potency categories on the basis of carcinogenic unit risk estimate. Carcinogenic hazard index, codified in letters A to E, is derived from the quantitative and qualitative elements of assess ment in a two-dimensional matrix. The matrix is designed so that weaker evidence for carcinogenicity requires a correspondingly higher unit risk value for a given score. Assessment of 100 chemicals using our methodology shows a good distribution of scores from A to E. Group B, which can be described as moderately hazardous, is most frequently represented. The methodology represents a mixture of two possible approaches to assessing hazards of carcinogens: one which gives the highest rank to those likely to produce the greatest risk, the other which ranks highest those most likely to produce cancer in humans. By using this com bined approach, it is ensured that a chemical hazardous on either count is not missed. The methodology also makes maximum use of all available data without over-interpreting some highly uncertain procedures such as quantitative risk estimation or extrapolation of animal response to humans.
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Liang, Xuedong, Jinrui Miao, Yanjie Li, Xu Yang, and Zhi Li. "Hazardous Waste Disposal Enterprise Selection in China Using Hesitant Fuzzy PROMETHEE." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124309.
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Because of the urgent need to protect the environment, it has become vital to deal with the dangers and particularities associated with the growth in hazardous industrial waste. Governments have begun to expand their investments in the environmental protection industry and have tightened enterprise environmental management requirements. The 13th Five-Year Plan period in China, in particular, increased the focus on the environmental supervision and enterprise environmental management. Because of the specific qualities of many types of hazardous waste, most enterprises do not have the ability to process hazardous waste and therefore must outsource the disposal to third-party contractors. However, choosing suitable hazardous waste disposal enterprises (HWDE) can be difficult. Therefore, to assist in the selection of appropriate hazardous waste disposal enterprises, this paper developed a comprehensive evaluation index system for hazardous waste disposal enterprises (EISHWDE). As multi-criteria decision-making problems involve qualitative evaluations that have semantic ambiguity, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTS) were introduced to increase the accuracy of the evaluation process, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) used to determine the objective indicator weights, and PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) employed to determine the final order for the selected enterprises. This research developed a scientific evaluation model that industrial waste enterprises (IWE) and related organizations could use to objectively and systematically select suitable hazardous waste disposal enterprises. Then, the problems of uncertainty and fuzzy semantics in the evaluation process were solved, and the weight of each selection criteria and the ranking of alternative enterprises are given.
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Alijani, S., and B. Alijani. "Analysis of climate hazards in relation to urban designing in Iran." Advances in Science and Research 6, no. 1 (June 14, 2011): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-173-2011.
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Abstract. In order to study the climate hazards, daily rainfall and temperature data of 61 weather stations over the country were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran for the 1951–2007 period. The following indices are defined as indications of climate hazards: sultriness of the air or the heat index, cold days with minimum temperature below −5 °C, warm days with maximum temperature above 32 °C, the share of extreme rain days from the annual rainfall. The annual frequencies of these indices are analyzed and the overall hazard index is computed using the Analytical Hierarchical Process method. The results show that the southern coastal areas and central deserts are the most hazardous parts of the country, whereas, the northern Caspian coastal lands and mountainous regions experience lower hazard alerts. The problem of the northern parts is the cold days and that of the southern areas is the hot and humid days. Despite the relatively equal occurrence of torrential rains over the country, they are more harmful in the south than in the other parts of the country.
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Bellón, Juan Ángel, Juan de Dios Luna, Michael King, Irwin Nazareth, Emma Motrico, María Josefa GildeGómez-Barragán, Francisco Torres-González, et al. "Predicting the onset of hazardous alcohol drinking in primary care: development and validation of a simple risk algorithm." British Journal of General Practice 67, no. 657 (March 30, 2017): e280-e292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17x690245.
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BackgroundLittle is known about the risk of progressing to hazardous alcohol use in abstinent or low-risk drinkers.Aim To develop and validate a simple brief risk algorithm for the onset of hazardous alcohol drinking (HAD) over 12 months for use in primary care.Design and setting Prospective cohort study in 32 health centres from six Spanish provinces, with evaluations at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.MethodForty-one risk factors were measured and multilevel logistic regression and inverse probability weighting were used to build the risk algorithm. The outcome was new occurrence of HAD during the study, as measured by the AUDIT.ResultsFrom the lists of 174 GPs, 3954 adult abstinent or low-risk drinkers were recruited. The ‘predictAL-10’ risk algorithm included just nine variables (10 questions): province, sex, age, cigarette consumption, perception of financial strain, having ever received treatment for an alcohol problem, childhood sexual abuse, AUDIT-C, and interaction AUDIT-C*Age. The c-index was 0.886 (95% CI = 0.854 to 0.918). The optimal cutoff had a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.80. Excluding childhood sexual abuse from the model (the ‘predictAL-9’), the c-index was 0.880 (95% CI = 0.847 to 0.913), sensitivity 0.79, and specificity 0.81. There was no statistically significant difference between the c-indexes of predictAL-10 and predictAL-9.ConclusionThe predictAL-10/9 is a simple and internally valid risk algorithm to predict the onset of hazardous alcohol drinking over 12 months in primary care attendees; it is a brief tool that is potentially useful for primary prevention of hazardous alcohol drinking.
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Mu, Bo, Lin Wang, Ting Chun Wang, Xiu Xiang Wang, and Jian Gang Zhu. "The Application of DOW Method for Production Risk Evaluation in Chemical Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.162.
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The DOW’s Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) was used to assess the chemical enterprise production safety risk. This article used methanol synthesis unit as an example, according to the characteristic of the hazardous chemical and process of the fertilizer production, conducted risk evaluation of the production unit by Fire and Explosion danger index evaluation method, and proposed suitable safety protection measures aim at the evaluation results.
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Abdulkareem, Fatimah, Mimi H. Hassim, and Syaza I. Ahmad. "Inherent Occupational Health Assessment for Alternative Hydrogen Synthesis Pathways." Journal of Energy and Safety Technology (JEST) 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jest.v5n2.114.
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Hydrogen is one of the most investigated topics in energy transition due to its sustainability and vast applicability. However, it has health and safety challenges like any other chemical process. Most attention focuses on this fuel production's technology and economic potential with some work related to its safety impact. This study conducts an occupational health hazard assessment on two hydrogen synthesis routes at the design research and development stage. This study compares the outcomes to find the healthiest Hydrogen production route. This research leveraged the Inherent Occupational Health Index (IOHI) as the assessment to measure the health challenges peculiar to each production route. Three different index calculation types additive, average, and worst case are used to achieve the comparison. The information used in the evaluation is available at the R&D design stage. The study shows that both synthesis routes assessed steam methane reforming and coal gasification fall under the hazardous category of the IOHI index standard. But steam methane reforming has a lower IOHI index standard value of 16 than coal gasification 17.7. Therefore, although both synthesis routes are hazardous and pose occupational health risks to workers, steam methane reforming is a better alternative for hydrogen production from a health perspective.
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Antonenko, А. М., O. P. Vavrinevych, B. I. Shpak, I. V. Tkachenko, and S. T. Omelchuk. "PREDICTION OF THE AVERMECTIN INSECTICIDES HAZARDOUS EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH WHEN CONSUMING PLANT PRODUCTS GROWN WITH THE APPLICATION OF FORMULATIONS BASED ON THEM." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.3.2022.12.
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Relevance. In order to conduct agriculture and comply with food standards, it is necessary to create effective systems for controlling the content of pesticides active ingredients in agricultural crops, the food products quality, and assessing the risk of consuming food that may contain pesticide residues.Objective: forecasting and assessment of the risk of consuming products contaminated with avermectin insecticides hazardous effect on human health.Materials and methods. The actual content of abamectin and emamectin benzoate in vegetable, grain, stone fruits, berries, grapes, soybeans and green mass of plants was determined by the methods of gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The τ50 of the studied insecticides and the integral index of danger when using products contaminated by them were calculated.
Results. According to its stability in agricultural crops (grapes, cabbage, peaches, cherries) emamectin benzoate pertained to the 4th hazardous class (not stable); abamectin – to class 3 (moderately stable compounds) in grapes, pears, nuts, strawberries, apples, tomatoes; to the 4th class (non-persistent compound) – in cucumbers, eggplants, soybeans.
Abamectin and emamectin belong to the 2nd hazardous class according to integral index of danger when using pesticide-contaminated products value – dangerous. This is due to its high toxicity for warm-blooded animals and humans and a wide range of crops on which formulations based on the studied compounds are allowed to be used.Conclusion. It was established that abamectin and emamectin benzoate belong to moderately persistent (3rd hazard class) and non-persistent (4th hazard class) pesticides according to their persistence in agricultural plants, respectively, and according to the value of integral index of danger when using pesticide-contaminated products value, both studied compounds belong to the 2nd class (dangerous).
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Rolinski, S., A. Rammig, A. Walz, K. Thonicke, W. von Bloh, and M. van Oijen. "A probabilistic risk assessment for the vulnerability of the European carbon cycle to extreme events: the ecosystem perspective." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 10167–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-10167-2014.
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Abstract. Extreme meteorological events are most likely to occur more often with climate change, leading to a further acceleration of climate change through potentially devastating effects on terrestrial ecosystems. But not all extreme meteorological events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Unlike most current studies, we therefore focus on pre-defined hazardous ecosystem behaviour and the identification of coinciding meteorological conditions, instead of expected ecosystem damage for a pre-defined meteorological event. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and meteorological conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are, thus, estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour. We first adapt this generic approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought and high temperatures, with defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12 months period. Further, we show an instructive application for two selected sites using data for 1981–2010; and then apply the method on pan-European scale addressing the 1981–2010 period and future projections for 2071–2100, both based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; REMO-SRES A1B for climate). Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI index to describe the meteorological condition. They also provide examples for their interpretation in case of vulnerability to drought for Spain with the expected value of the SPEI being 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour, and of non-vulnerability for Northern Germany, where the expected drought index value for hazard observations relates to wetter conditions than for the non-hazard observations. The pan-European assessment shows that significant results could be obtained for large areas within Europe. For 2071–2100 they indicate a shift towards vulnerability to drought, mainly in the central and north-eastern parts of Europe, where negative net biome productivity was not used to be associated with drought. In Southern parts of Europe, considerable vulnerability and risk to drought have been identified already under current conditions; in future, the difference in SPEI between hazardous and non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour as well as the frequency of hazardous ecosystem behaviour will increase further. Vulnerability decreased only for the border region between Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, where a change in ecosystem types occurred with less vulnerable plant species in the future. These first model-based applications indicate the conceptional advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical meteorological conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed dataset. Application of the method to empirical time series would be an important next step to test the methods.
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Cintineo, John L., Michael J. Pavolonis, Justin M. Sieglaff, Lee Cronce, and Jason Brunner. "NOAA ProbSevere v2.0—ProbHail, ProbWind, and ProbTor." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0242.1.
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ABSTRACTSevere convective storms are hazardous to both life and property and thus their accurate and timely prediction is imperative. In response to this critical need to help fulfill the mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA and the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) at the University of Wisconsin (UW) have developed NOAA ProbSevere—an operational short-term forecasting subsystem within the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system, providing storm-based probabilistic guidance to severe convective hazards. ProbSevere extracts and integrates pertinent data from a variety of meteorological sources via multiplatform multiscale storm identification and tracking in order to compute severe hazard probabilities in a statistical framework, using naïve Bayesian classifiers. Version 1 of ProbSevere (PSv1) employed one model—the “probability of any severe hazard” trained on the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) criteria. Version 2 of ProbSevere (PSv2) implements four models, three naïve Bayesian classifiers trained to specific hazards: 1) severe hail, 2) severe straight-line wind gusts, 3) tornadoes; and a combined model for any of the aforementioned hazards, which takes the maximum probability of the three classifiers. This paper overviews the ProbSevere system and details the construction and selection of predictors for the models. An evaluation of the four models demonstrated that v2 is more skillful than v1 for each severe hazard with higher critical success index scores and that the optimal probability threshold varies by region of the United States. The discussion highlights PSv2 in NOAA’s Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) and current and future research for convective nowcasting.
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Al-Okby, Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij, Sebastian Neubert, Thomas Roddelkopf, Heidi Fleischer, and Kerstin Thurow. "Evaluating of IAQ-Index and TVOC Parameter-Based Sensors for Hazardous Gases Detection and Alarming Systems." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041473.
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The measurement of air quality parameters for indoor environments is of increasing importance to provide sufficient safety conditions for workers, especially in places including dangerous chemicals and materials such as laboratories, factories, and industrial locations. Indoor air quality index (IAQ-index) and total volatile organic Compounds (TVOC) are two important parameters to measure air impurities or air pollution. Both parameters are widely used in gases sensing applications. In this paper, the IAQ-index and TVOCs have been investigated to identify the best and most flexible solution for air quality threshold selection of hazardous/toxic gases detection and alarming systems. The TVOCs from the SGP30 gas sensor and the IAQ-index from the SGP40 gas sensor were tested with 12 different organic solvents. The two gas sensors are combined with an IoT-based microcontroller for data acquisition and data transfer to an IoT-cloud for further processing, storing, and monitoring purposes. Extensive tests of both sensors were carried out to determine the minimum detectable volume depending on the distance between the sensor node and the leakage source. The test scenarios included static tests in a classical chemical hood, as well as tests with a mobile robot in an automated sample preparation laboratory with different positions.
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Kudryavtsev, S. S., P. V. Yemelin, and N. K. Yemelina. "Methodology of Risk Assessment for the Environment from Emergencies at the Chemically Hazardous Objects." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2022): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-5-81-89.
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The relevance of the work is due to the lack of a unified methodology for assessing environmental risks from hazardous production objects in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which makes it especially in demand against the backdrop of an increase in the number of new enterprises. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for multifactorial assessment of the environmental risk from the technogenic accidents at chemically hazardous objects. The methodology uses the method of expert assessments. Employees of the Industrial Safety Committee and the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan and their territorial subdivisions, employees of chemically hazardous objects responsible for their safe operation and environmental protection were involved as experts. Further, the statistical analysis and processing of expert assessments were carried out with the aim to determine the degree of agreement of expert opinions, to establish the final scores. This made it possible to determine the weight coefficients of the parameters and establish the final estimates for all valid values of the criteria parameters. The environmental risk of a chemically hazardous object is considered as a combination of indices of the environmental hazard of a chemically hazardous object, and the vulnerability of the environment from it. The first index is determined by the criterion parameters, united in 3 clusters: physicochemical, ecotoxicological properties of a hazardous chemical and its amount; technological equipment; and staff. After a quantitative assessment of the indicators using a matrix, it is possible to determine the level of environmental risk, both for a separate territory, and for zoning the entire territory around a chemically hazardous object. In the future, the creation of an information and analytical system based on the presented methodology will allow specialists to objectively and quickly analyze the state of the environmental safety at industrial objects, make informed management decisions aimed at reducing the environmental risk to the environment around the chemically hazardous objects, and monitor the efficiency of the measures applied.
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Kim, Ho-Hyun, Min-Jung Kwak, Kwang-Jin Kim, Yoon-Kyung Gwak, Jeong-Hun Lee, and Ho-Hyeong Yang. "Evaluation of IAQ Management Using an IoT-Based Indoor Garden." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061867.
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This study was designed to verify the effectiveness of smart gardens by improving indoor air quality (IAQ) through the installation of an indoor garden with sensor-based Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology that identifies pollutants such as particulate matter. In addition, the study aims to introduce indoor gardens for customized indoor air cleaning using the data and IoT technology. New apartments completed in 2016 were selected and divided into four households with indoor gardens installed and four households without indoor gardens. Real-time data and data on PM2.5, CO2, temperature, and humidity were collected through an IoT-based IAQ monitoring system. In addition, in order to examine the effects on the health of occupants, the results were analyzed based on epidemiological data, prevalence data, current maintenance, and recommendation criteria, and were presented and evaluated as indices. The indices were classified into a comfort index, which reflects the temperature and humidity, an IAQ index, which reflects PM2.5 and CO2, and an IAQ composite index. The IAQ index was divided into five grades from “good” to “hazardous”. Using a scale of 1 to 100 points, it was determined as follows: “good (0–20)”, “moderate (21–40)”, “unhealthy for sensitive group (41–60)”, “bad (61–80)”, “hazardous (81–100)”. It showed an increase in the “good” section after installing the indoor garden, and the “bad” section decreased. Additionally, the comfort index was classified into five grades from “very comfortable” to “very uncomfortable”. In the comfort index, the “uncomfortable” section decreased, and the “comfortable” section increased after the indoor garden was installed.
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Al-Okby, Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij, Thomas Roddelkopf, Heidi Fleischer, and Kerstin Thurow. "Evaluating a Novel Gas Sensor for Ambient Monitoring in Automated Life Science Laboratories." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 8161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218161.
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Air pollution and leakages of hazardous and toxic gases and chemicals are among the dangers that frequently occur at automated chemical and life science laboratories. This type of accident needs to be processed as soon as possible to avoid the harmful side effects that can happen when a human is exposed. Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are among the most prominent indoor air pollutants, which greatly affect the lifestyles in these places. In this study, a commercial MOX gas sensor, SGP41, was embedded in an IoT environmental sensor node for hazardous gas detection and alarm. The sensor can detect several parameters, including nitrogen oxide index (NOx-Index) and volatile organic compound index (VOC-Index). Several tests were conducted to detect the leakage of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in different concentrations and volumes, as well as from different leakage distances, to measure the effect of these factors on the response speed and recovery time of the sensors used. These factors were also compared between the different sensors built into the sensor node to give a comprehensive picture of the system used. The system testing results revealed that the SGP41 sensor is capable of implementing the design purposes for the target parameters, can detect a small NO2 gas leakage starting from 0.3% volume, and can detect all the tested VOC solvents ≥ 100 µL
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Sidorov, A. I., A. V. Bogdanov, Yu V. Medvedeva, and A. N. Filippov. "Occupational Risk Determination Using the Integral Assessment of Working Conditions Methodology." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 3 (March 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-3-88-93.
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The whole complex of adverse effects of hazardous and harmful production factors on the employees most fully reflects such an indicator as occupational risk. In the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the occupational risk is considered as the likelihood of personnel injury due to exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors when the employee performs the job duties. However, most of the risk assessment methods used are time-consuming and largely subjective. The concept of «risk» is used when organizing the risk-oriented state control (supervision), since the frequency of scheduled inspections of the organizations (enterprises) depends on the risk category (hazard class). The analysis is made concerning the methods for determining the potential risk of harm when assigning the objects of state supervision to risk categories. Some serious shortcomings are identified in the existing approach. It is established that the potential risk indicator considers only hazardous production factors through the incidents and their severity. At the same time, the harmful production factors that lead to various kinds of employee diseases are not considered. The harm caused to the health of employees due to exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors can be comprehensively assessed using the integrated assessment method of working conditions based on the regulatory standard of working time losses from morbidity with temporary disability. It is proposed to calculate the occupational risk index using the integrated assessment methodology. In accordance with the calculated values of the occupational risk index, it is possible to determine the categories of occupational risk and justify the frequency of occupational safety scheduled inspections. Occupational risk categories can be defined individually for each employee, workplace, structural subdivision, and the organization as a whole, which will allow to address the issue of working conditions improvement and conduct timely occupational safety scheduled inspections.
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Li, Wenjun, Peng Li, and Zhiming Feng. "Delineating Fire-Hazardous Areas and Fire-Induced Patterns Based on Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Active Fires in Northeast China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 5115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205115.
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(1) Background: Fire affects global agricultural and/or forest ecosystems with high biomass accumulation. However, the delineation of fire-hazardous areas based on satellite-derived active fire intensity is not well-studied. Therefore, examining the characteristics of fire occurrence and development plays an important role in zoning fire-hazardous areas and promoting fire management. (2) Methods: A fire intensity (FI) index was developed with Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fires and then applied to identify fire-hazardous areas in Northeast China. Combined with terrain, land cover and net primary productivity (NPP), the spatial and temporal characteristics of active fire occurrence were consistently analyzed. Next, a conceptual decision tree model was constructed for delineating fire-induced patterns impacted by varied factors in Northeast China. (3) Results: The accidental, frequent, prone and high-incidence areas of active fires defined by the FI index accounted for 31.62%, 30.97%, 26.23% and 11.18%, respectively. More than 90% of active fires occurred in areas with altitude <350 m above sea level (asl), slope <3° and NPP between 2500–5000 kg·C/m2. Similarly, about 75% occurred in cropland and forest. Then, four fire-induced conceptual patterns driven by different factors were classified, including the agricultural and forest active fire-induced patterns (i.e., the Agri-pattern and FRST pattern) with NPP ranging 2500–5000 kg·C/m2, and two others related to settlements and unused land with an altitude <350 m asl. The Agri-pattern dominates in Northeast China because of agricultural straw burning. (4) Conclusions: Despite the national bans of open burning of straws, active fires due to agricultural production have occurred frequently in Northeast China in the last decade, followed by small and sporadic forest fires. The approach for defining fire-hazardous areas and varied fire occurrence patterns is of significance for fire management and risk prediction at continental to global scales.
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Rybakov, A. V., E. V. Ivanov, A. V. Dmitriev, and A. E. Borisov. "Assessment of the influence of the normalized vegetation index on the fire situation in the fire-hazardous period." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-04-432-437.
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The paper presents an analysis of the parameter obtained by remote sensing of the planet Earth, the normalized vegetation index (NDVI index). The results of assessing the impact of the index on the occurrence of fires in a certain area are presented. Using the example of statistical data for the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the index values for two periods of spring and summer were obtained, and the influence of NDVI values on the change in the probability of a forest fire was estimated. Static data on the index were selected from the «data lake» of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, data is collected from 2014 to the present, and data on thermal points from 2012. The consequences after wildfires will cause significant damage to forestry in Russia, and to the environment as a whole. Therefore, the allocation of previously known areas with a high probability of a natural fire will not only improve preventive measures for prevention, but will also make it possible to prevent most of the consequences. This article considers one of the parameters obtained by remote sensing of the Earth NDVI of its change before and after the event in question (natural fire).
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Emrich, Christopher T., Yao Zhou, Sanam K. Aksha, and Herbert E. Longenecker. "Creating a Nationwide Composite Hazard Index Using Empirically Based Threat Assessment Approaches Applied to Open Geospatial Data." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052685.
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The US is exposed to myriad natural hazards causing USD billions in damages and thousands of fatalities each year. Significant population and economic growth during the last several decades have resulted in more people residing in hazardous places. However, consistent national-scale hazard threat assessment techniques reflecting the state of hazard knowledge are not readily available for application in risk and vulnerability assessments. Mapping natural hazard threats is the crucial first step in identifying and implementing threat reduction or mitigation strategies. In this study, we demonstrate applied GIS approaches for creating and synthesizing US hazard threat extents using publicly available data for 15 natural hazards. Individually mapping each threat enables empirically supported intervention development and the building of a Composite Hazard Index (CHI). Summarizing the hazard frequencies provides a novel representation of US hazardousness. Implementing cluster analysis to regionalize US counties based on their underlying hazard characteristics offers insight into hazard threats’ spatial (non-political) natures. The results indicate that the southeast, central plains, and coastal regions of the northeast had high hazard occurrence scores, whereas more moderate hazard scores were observed west of the continental divide. Furthermore, while no place is safe from hazard occurrence, identifying each region’s distinct “hazardousness” can support individualized risk assessments and mitigation intervention development.
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Zhang, Chi, Suling Shen, Qiong Wang, Mi Lin, Zhengbiao Ouyang, and Qiang Liu. "Highly Sensitive THz Gas-Sensor Based on the Guided Bloch Surface Wave Resonance in Polymeric Photonic Crystals." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051217.
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THz waves have interesting applications in refractive index sensing. A THz gas sensor based on the guided Bloch surface wave resonance (GBSWR) in a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC), which consists of periodic polycarbonate (PC) layers and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layers, has been proposed. Numerical results based on finite element method (FEM) show that the photonic band gap that confines Bloch surface waves (BSWs) lies in the regime of 11.54 to 21.43 THz, in which THz wave can transmit in both PC and PVDF with the ignored absorption. The calculated sensitivity of hazardous gas HCN in angle is found to be 118.6°/RIU (and the corresponding figure of merit (FOM) is 227) and the sensitivity in frequency is 4.7 THz/RIU (the corresponding FOM is 301.3). The proposed structure may also be used for monitoring hazardous gases which show absorption to the incident THz wave. Further results show that for N2O gas, the maximum sensitivity goes up to 644 (transmittance unit/ one unit of the imaginary part of the refractive index). The proposed design may find applications in the detection of dangerous gases.
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Kato, Mika, Kohei Urano, and Tomohiro Tasaki. "Development of Semi- and Nonvolatile Organic Halogen as a New Hazardous Index of Flue Gas." Environmental Science & Technology 34, no. 19 (October 2000): 4071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000881+.
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Pan, Ke, and Shouan Guan. "A SOMNN Model for Transport Risk Assessment of Hazardous Materials by Rail." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.778.
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Railway siding for transport of hazardous materials is an important way in transporting of hazardous materials in China and they often result in catastrophic consequences for environment and society with a great deal of economic loss. Risk assessment for railway siding is an effective way to ensure its operational safety. This paper focuses on the application of self-organizing neural network (SOMNN) to assess the risk of the railway siding operational system and classify its risk factors. In this work, the system analysis method based on the characteristics of railway siding for hazardous materials is first used to establish the transport risk assessment index system. A comprehensive risk assessment model of railway siding has been developed with the SOMNN theory to improve present methods available for risk assessment of rail siding’s safety. A field case study about 15 railway slides for transporting of oil in Jilin broach center of China National Petroleum Corporation is undertaken so that the effectiveness of the proposed approach could be verified. The result is in line with the actual situation and indicates that this method used is feasible and rational. This model provides a new method for transport risk assessment of hazardous materials by rail. The method is also proved more efficient for both risk assessment and safety management. The work specified in this paper can be as reference to the assessment work in China.
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Samigullin, G. Kh, and L. G. Samigullina. "Ensuring fire safety during the operation of oil and gas equipment based on the results of compact specimens tests." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 052014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/5/052014.
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Abstract The paper considers the application of the test method of compact specimens to assess the degree of damage of steel elements of oil and gas equipment. According to experimental data, an analytical dependence was obtained linking the degree of damage to the index of the specific fracture work, intended to assess the possibility of safe operation of explosive and fire-hazardous equipment.
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Kishita, Yusuke, Eisuke Kunii, Shinichi Fukushige, Yasushi Umeda, and Jun Fujimoto. "Scenario Analysis of Global Resource Circulation with Traceability Index Targeting Sustainable Manufacturing." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2009): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0003.
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Global, or transboundary, resource circulation involves the movement of recyclable resources from developed to developing countries. Despite concomitant problems such as the dumping of hazardous materials, global resource circulation helps to conserve resources. The risk-based traceability this paper proposes for evaluating global circulation scenarios based on economic and environmental aspects clarifies conditions for sustainable global circulation. The key to its success is traceability, and this paper presents a case study on desktop computers whose simulation results demonstrate that reuse scenarios are economically superior to recycling scenarios, but are less traceable because of their longer supply chains. Implementing anti-risk measures improves traceability and lessens environmental risk.
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Onofrejová, D., and M. Balážiková. "Simulation model for evaluation of ergonomic load in the use of exoskeletons." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1199, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1199/1/012011.
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Abstract For the analysis of musculoskeletal workload and associated potential hazardous working conditions as well as musculoskeletal symptoms in worker populations among various occupations different approaches are taken, and extensive data collection studies are being accomplished. Questions are targeted on musculoskeletal workload and associated potentially hazardous working conditions can be categorized into seven indices (force, dynamic and static load, repetitive load, climatic factors, vibration and ergonomic environmental factors). Evaluation focus on standing, sitting, walking and uncomfortable postures, the indices constitute a brief overview of the main findings on musculoskeletal workload and associated potentially hazardous working conditions. The validity of the findings is fair when compared with an index of psychosocial working conditions and discomfort during exposure to physical loads. Worker groups with contrasting musculoskeletal loads can be differentiated on the basis of the indices and other factors. It appears that most indices and factors show significant associations with low back and/or neck-shoulder symptoms. This simulation model NIOSH analysis can be used as a simple and quick approach to identify worker groups in which a more thorough ergonomic analysis indicates possible improvements in load factor using particular exoskeletons at work.
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Vasilieva, O. S., T. V. Kolyadova, S. A. Korvyakov, R. Kh Akhmetov, G. Ya Shvarts, and T. N. Neumolotova. "Therapeutic efficacy of troventol in patients with occupational asthma or COPD." PULMONOLOGIYA, no. 5 (October 28, 2007): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2007-0-5-74-79.
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Respiratory pathology takes 15 to 35 % of occupational diseases and a half of them falls to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical efficiency and safety of troventol in workers of rubber industry and other hazardous fields and in agriculture workers suffering from asthma or COPD. The study involved 33 workers of hazardous industries of Moscow and 35 agriculture workers. Methods used included questionnaire, physical examination, spirometry, bronchodilating test, methacholine challenge test, peak flowmetry, measurements of NO in the exhaled air (NOexh) and total IgE level before and after treatment with troventol under the continuing hazardous exposure condition. The daily dose of troventol depended on the severity of the disease and ranged 80 to 240 μg. The therapy with troventol has resulted in improvement of cough from 1.6 to 1.2 score (р ≤ 0.05) and dyspnea from 1.12 to 0.8 (р ≤ 0.04). Asthma attacks ceased in 39.7 % of the workers. Number of the workers having normal Tiffeneau index increased from 36.4 to 48.5 %. Bronchial hyperreactivity reduced. NOexh became normal in 24% of the patients. The drug was generally well tolerated.