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Academic literature on the topic 'Hazard ratios'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Sedgwick, P. "Hazards and hazard ratios." BMJ 345, sep07 1 (September 7, 2012): e5980-e5980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5980.

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Hernán, Miguel A. "The Hazards of Hazard Ratios." Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181c1ea43.

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Sedgwick, P. "Hazard ratios." BMJ 343, sep21 2 (September 21, 2011): d5918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5918.

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Sedgwick, P., and L. Marston. "Hazard ratios." BMJ 341, aug25 1 (August 25, 2010): c4566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4566.

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Sedgwick, P. "Derivation of hazard ratios." BMJ 343, no. 02 1 (November 2, 2011): d6994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6994.

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Bartlett, Jonathan W., Tim P. Morris, Mats J. Stensrud, Rhian M. Daniel, Stijn K. Vansteelandt, and Carl-Fredrik Burman. "The Hazards of Period Specific and Weighted Hazard Ratios." Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research 12, no. 4 (June 23, 2020): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19466315.2020.1755722.

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Alexander, Brian M., Jonathan D. Schoenfeld, and Lorenzo Trippa. "Hazards of Hazard Ratios — Deviations from Model Assumptions in Immunotherapy." New England Journal of Medicine 378, no. 12 (March 22, 2018): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1716612.

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VanderWeele, Tyler J. "Optimal approximate conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios." Biometrics 76, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.13197.

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Padhiar, A., C. Parker, JM Quigley, S. Mealing, and DA Scott. "Time Ratios Or Hazard Ratios: Accelerating Toward A New Approach?" Value in Health 18, no. 7 (November 2015): A686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.2537.

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Diao, Guoqing, and Joseph G. Ibrahim. "Quantifying time-varying cause-specific hazard and subdistribution hazard ratios with competing risks data." Clinical Trials 16, no. 4 (June 5, 2019): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774519852708.

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Various non-proportional hazard models have been developed in the literature for competing risks data. The regression coefficients under these models, however, typically cannot be compared directly. We propose new methods to quantify the average of the time-varying cause-specific hazard ratios and subdistribution hazard ratios through two general classes of transformations and weight functions that are chosen to reflect the relative importance of the hazard ratios in different time periods. We further propose an [Formula: see text] -norm type of test statistic that incorporates the test statistics for all possible pairs of the transformation function and weight function under consideration. Extensive simulations are conducted under various settings of the hazards and demonstrate that the proposed test performs well under all settings. An application to a clinical trial in follicular lymphoma is examined in detail.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Winnett, Angela Susan. "Flexible estimators of hazard ratios for exploratory and residual analysis." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312945.

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Ligges, Sandra [Verfasser], Christine [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Rahnenführer. "Schätzung des Hazard-Ratios in zweiarmigen Überlebenszeitstudien / Sandra Ligges. Betreuer: Christine Müller. Gutachter: Jörg Rahnenführer." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1099709687/34.

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Nåtman, Jonatan. "The performance of inverse probability of treatment weighting and propensity score matching for estimating marginal hazard ratios." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385502.

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Propensity score methods are increasingly being used to reduce the effect of measured confounders in observational research. In medicine, censored time-to-event data is common. Using Monte Carlo simulations, this thesis evaluates the performance of nearest neighbour matching (NNM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) in combination with Cox proportional hazards models for estimating marginal hazard ratios. Focus is on the performance for different sample sizes and censoring rates, aspects which have not been fully investigated in this context before. The results show that, in the absence of censoring, both methods can reduce bias substantially. IPTW consistently had better performance in terms of bias and MSE compared to NNM. For the smallest examined sample size with 60 subjects, the use of IPTW led to estimates with bias below 15 %. Since the data were generated using a conditional parametrisation, the estimation of univariate models violates the proportional hazards assumption. As a result, censoring the data led to an increase in bias.
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Haller, Bernhard. "The analysis of competing risks data with a focus on estimation of cause-specific and subdistribution hazard ratios from a mixture model." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-170319.

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Treatment efficacy in clinical trials is often assessed by time from treatment initiation to occurrence of a certain critical or beneficial event. In most cases the event of interest cannot be observed for all patients, as patients are only followed for a limited time or contact to patients is lost during their follow-up time. Therefore, certain methods were developed in the framework of the so called time-to-event or survival analysis, in order to obtain valid and consistent estimates in the presence of these "censored observations", using all available information. In classical event time analysis only one endpoint exists, as the death of a patient. As patients can die from different causes, in some clinical trials time to one out of two or more mutually exclusive types of event may be of interest. In many oncological studies, for example, time to cancer-specific death is considered as primary endpoint with deaths from other causes acting as so called competing risks. Different methods for data analysis in the competing risks framework were developed in recent years, which either focus on modelling the cause-specific or the subdistribution hazard rate or split the joint distribution of event times and event types into quantities, that can be estimated from observable data. In this work the analysis of event time data in the presence of competing risks is described, including the presentation and discussion of different regression approaches. A major topic of this work is the estimation of cause-specific and subdistribution hazard rates from a mixture model and a new approach using penalized B-splines (P-splines) for estimation of conditional hazard rates in a mixture model is proposed. In order to evaluate the behaviour of the new approach, a simulation study was conducted, using simulation techniques for competing risks data, which are described in detail in this work. The presented regression models were applied to data from a clinical cohort study investigating a risk stratification for cardiac mortality in patients, that survived a myocardial infarction. Finally, the use of the presented methods for event time analysis in the presence of competing risks and results obtained from the simulation study and the data analysis are discussed.
Zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit von Behandlungen in klinischen Studien wird häufig die Zeit vom Beginn einer Behandlung bis zum Eintreten eines bestimmten kritischen oder erwünschten Ereignisses als Zielgröße verwendet. Da in vielen Fällen das entsprechende Ereignis nicht bei allen Patienten beobachtet werden kann, da z.B. Patienten nur für einen gewissen Zeitraum nachverfolgt werden können oder der Patientenkontakt in der Nachbeobachtungszeit abbricht, wurden im Rahmen der so genannten Ereigniszeit- bzw. Überlebenszeitanalyse Verfahren entwickelt, die bei Vorliegen dieser "zensierten Beobachtungen" konsistente Schätzer liefern und dabei die gesamte verfügbare Information verwenden. In der klassischen Ereigniszeitanalyse existiert nur ein möglicher Endpunkt, wie der Tod eines Patienten. Da Patienten jedoch an verschiedenen Ursachen versterben können, ist in manchen klinischen Studien die Zeit bis zu einem von zwei oder mehreren sich gegenseitig ausschließenden Ereignistypen von Interesse. So fungiert z.B. in vielen onkologischen Studien die Zeit bis zum tumor-bedingten Tod als primärer Endpunkt, wobei andere Todesursachen sogenannte konkurrierende Risiken ("Competing Risks") darstellen. In den letzten Jahren wurden mehrere Verfahren zur Datenanalyse bei Vorliegen konkurrierender Risiken entwickelt, bei denen entweder die ereignis-spezifische oder die Subdistribution-Hazardrate modelliert wird, oder bei denen die gemeinsame Verteilung von Ereigniszeiten und Ereignistypen als Produkt von Größen abgebildet wird, die aus den beobachtbaren Daten geschätzt werden können. In dieser Arbeit werden Methoden zur Analyse von Competing-Risks-Daten, einschließlich verschiedener Regressionsansätze, vorgestellt. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Schätzung der ereignis-spezifischen und Subdistribution-Hazardraten aus einem sogenannten Mixture Model. Diesbezüglich wird auch ein neuer Ansatz zur Schätzung der konditionalen Hazardraten in einem Mixture Model unter Verwendung penalisierter B-Spline-Funktionen (P-Splines) vorgestellt. Um die Eigenschaften des neuen Ansatzes zu untersuchen, wurde eine Simulationsstudie unter Einsatz verschiedener Simulationsstrategien für Competing-Risks-Daten, die in dieser Arbeit im Detail beschrieben werden, durchgeführt. Die Regressionsmodelle wurden auf Daten einer klinischen Kohortenstudie zur Evaluation einer Risikostratifizierung für Patienten, die einen Myokardinfarkt überlebt haben, angewandt. Abschließend werden die vorgestellten Methoden zur Analyse von Ereigniszeitdaten bei Vorliegen konkurrierender Risiken sowie die Ergebnisse der Simulationsstudie und der Datenanalyse diskutiert.
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Singh, Bina Aruna. "GIS based assessment of seismic risk for the Christchurch CBD and Mount Pleasant, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1302.

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This research employs a deterministic seismic risk assessment methodology to assess the potential damage and loss at meshblock level in the Christchurch CBD and Mount Pleasant primarily due to building damage caused by earthquake ground shaking. Expected losses in terms of dollar value and casualties are calculated for two earthquake scenarios. Findings are based on: (1) data describing the earthquake ground shaking and microzonation effects; (2) an inventory of buildings by value, floor area, replacement value, occupancy and age; (3) damage ratios defining the performance of buildings as a function of earthquake intensity; (4) daytime and night-time population distribution data and (5) casualty functions defining casualty risk as a function of building damage. A GIS serves as a platform for collecting, storing and analyzing the original and the derived data. It also allows for easy display of input and output data, providing a critical functionality for communication of outcomes. The results of this study suggest that economic losses due to building damage in the Christchurch CBD and Mount Pleasant will possibly be in the order of $5.6 and $35.3 million in a magnitude 8.0 Alpine fault earthquake and a magnitude 7.0 Ashley fault earthquake respectively. Damage to non-residential buildings constitutes the vast majority of the economic loss. Casualty numbers are expected to be between 0 and 10.
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PACIFICO, CLAUDIA. "Comparison of propensity score based methods for estimating marginal hazard ratios with composite unweighted and weighted endpoints: simulation study and application to hepatocellular carcinoma." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/306601.

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Introduzione La mia attività di ricerca si propone di utilizzare i dati dello studio HERCOLES, uno studio retrospettivo sull’epatocarcinoma, come esempio applicativo per il confronto di metodi statistici per la stima dell’effetto marginale di un certo trattamento su endpoint di sopravvivenza standard (non pesati) ed endpoint compositi pesati. Quest’ultimo approccio, non ancora esplorato, è motivato dalla necessità di tenere conto della diversa rilevanza clinica degli eventi causa-specifici. In particolare, la morte è considerata l'evento peggiore ma una rilevanza maggiore è data anche alla recidiva locale rispetto a quella non locale. Per confrontare la performance statistiche di tali metodi sono stati sviluppati due protocolli di simulazioni. Metodi Per rimuovere o ridurre l'effetto dei confondenti (caratteristiche del soggetto e da altri fattori al basale che determinano differenze sistematiche tra i gruppi di trattamento) al fine di quantificare un effetto marginale, è necessario l’utilizzo di metodi statistici appropriati, basati sul Propensity Score (PS):la probabilità che un soggetto sia assegnato ad un trattamento condizionatamente alle covariate misurate al basale. Nella mia tesi ho considerato alcuni tra i metodi disponibili in letteratura basati sul PS (Austin 2013): - PS come covariata con trasformazione spline - PS come covariata categorica stratificata rispetto ai quantili - Appaiamento per PS - Inverse probability weighting (IPW) L’effetto marginale dell’endpoint composito non pesato è misurato in termini di hazard ratio (HR) marginale stimato tramite un modello di Cox. Per quanto riguarda l’endpoint composito pesato, lo stimatore dell’effetto del trattamento è lo stimatore non-parametrico del rapporto tra hazard cumulativi proposto da Ozga e Rauch (2019). Protocollo simulazioni Il meccanismo di generazione dei dati è simile per entrambi gli studi di simulazione. In entrambi i protocolli di simulazione, Il meccanismo di generazione dei dati è simile a quello utilizzato da Austin (2013). Nello specifico, per quanto riguarda l’endpoint non pesato (DFS), ho simulato tre scenari considerando rispettivamente tre valori per l'HR marginale: HR=1 (scenario a); HR=1.5 (scenario b) and HR=2 (scenario c). In ogni scenario ho simulato 10.000 set di dati composti da 1.000 soggetti e per la stima del PS ho generato 12 confondenti. Lo studio di simulazione per l’endpoint pesato prevede gli stessi scenari (a,b,c) combinati con tre tipologie di pesi per i due endpoints singoli: (w1,w2)=(1,1); (w1,w2)=(1,0.5); (w1,w2)=(1,0.8). In ogni scenario ho simulato 1.000 set di dati composti da 1.000 soggetti e per la stima del PS ho generato 3 confondenti. Inoltre ho considerato solo i due metodi considerati in letteratura i più robusti: IPW e appaiamento per PS (Austin 2016). Risultati I risultati relativi all’endpoint composito non pesato confermano quanto già noto in letteratura: l’IPW è il metodo basato su PS più robusto, seguito dall’appaiamento per PS. L’aspetto innovativo della mia tesi riguarda l’implementazione di studi di simulazione per la valutazione della performance dei metodi basati sul PS nello stimare l’effetto marginale di un certo trattamento rispetto ad un endpoint di sopravvivenza composito pesato: l’IPW si conferma il metodo più accurato e preciso.
Introduction My research activity aims to use the data from the HERCOLES study, a retrospective study on hepatocarcinoma, as an application example for the comparison of statistical methods for estimating the marginal effect of a certain treatment on standard survival endpoints (unweighted) and weighted composite endpoints. This last approach, unexplored to date, is motivated by the need to take into account the different clinical relevance of cause-specific events. In particular, death is considered the worst event but a greater relevance is also given to local recurrence compared to non-local one. To evaluate the statistical performance of these methods, two simulation protocols were developed. Methods To remove or reduce the effect of confounders (characteristics of the subject and other baseline factors that determine systematic differences between treatment groups) in order to quantify a marginal effect, it is necessary to use appropriate statistical methods, based on the Propensity Score (PS): the probability that a subject is assigned to a treatment conditional on the covariates measured at baseline. In my thesis I considered some of the PS-based methods available in literature (Austin 2013): - PS as a covariate with spline transformation - PS as a stratified categorical covariate with respect to quantiles - Pairing for PS - Inverse probability weighting (IPW) The marginal effect of the unweighted composite endpoint is measured in terms of marginal hazard ratio (HR) estimated using a Cox model. As regards the weighted composite endpoint, the estimator of the treatment effect is the non-parametric estimator of the ratio between cumulative hazards proposed by Ozga and Rauch (2019). Simulation protocol The data generation mechanism is similar for both simulation studies. In both simulation protocols, the data generation mechanism is similar to that used by Austin (2013). Specifically, with regard to the unweighted endpoint (Disease Free Survival), I simulated three scenarios by considering respectively three values for the marginal HR: HR=1 (scenario a); HR=1.5 (scenario b) and HR=2 (scenario c). In each scenario, I simulated 10,000 datasets consisting of 1,000 subjects and for the estimate of the PS I generated 12 confounders. The simulation study for the weighted endpoint provides for the same scenarios (a, b, c) combined with three types of weights for the two single endpoints: (w1,w2)=(1,1); (w1,w2)=(1,0.5); (w1,w2)=(1,0.8). In each scenario I simulated 1,000 data sets consisting of 1,000 subjects and for the estimate of the PS I generated 3 confounders. Furthermore, I considered only the two methods considered in the literature to be the most robust: IPW and PS pairing (Austin 2016). Results The results relating to the unweighted composite endpoint confirm what is already known in the literature: IPW is the most robust method based on PS, followed by matching for PS. The innovative aspect of my thesis concerns the implementation of simulation studies for the evaluation of the performance of PS-based methods in estimating the marginal effect of a certain treatment with respect to a weighted composite survival endpoint: the IPW is confirmed as the most accurate and precise method.
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Haller, Bernhard [Verfasser], and Kurt [Akademischer Betreuer] Ulm. "The analysis of competing risks data with a focus on estimation of cause-specific and subdistribution hazard ratios from a mixture model / Bernhard Haller. Betreuer: Kurt Ulm." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052778984/34.

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MASO, L. DAL. "LEGAME TRA L¿IMMUNODEFICIENZA HIV-CORRELATA E L¿INSORGENZA DI TUMORI: ASPETTI DI METODOLOGIA STATISTICA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168454.

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The aim of the present Ph.D. program was exploring methodological issues arising in studies of cancer incidence, relative risk, and survival in patients with HIV/AIDS (PHA). Aspects related to the first two objectives were explored in the first two years. This thesis described a record-linkage study conducted between the national Italian AIDS Registry and 24 Italian cancer registries to estimate survival after a cancer diagnosis in PHA. More than 2600 cancer cases diagnosed between 1986 and 2005 were included. Survival in PHA was compared with that reported in patients without AIDS using, as comparison group, patients matched for site (1:1 for Kaposi Sarcoma, 1:2 for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1:5 for other cancers), sex, age, period of diagnosis, and area of residence. Overall survival and death hazard ratios (HR) compared survival in PWA with cancer to that in cancer patients without AIDS have been calculated. Overall, the 3-year survival rate of PHA with cancer increased from 16% in 1986-1995 to 41% in 1996-2005 period, after the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (cART). In this period, HR remained higher in PHA than in persons without AIDS (3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7–3.4), in particular for cancer with good prognosis, e.g., Hodgkin lymphomas (HR=8.6), non-melanoma skin cancer (H=5.0), and anal cancer (HR=4.0). A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impact on survival and on HR of different study designs and comparison groups.
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Petit, Claire. "Méta-analyse en réseau et cancer ORL : utilité des critères de jugement multiples Individual Patient Data Network Meta-Analysis Using Either Restricted Mean Survival Time Difference or Hazard Ratios: Is There a Difference? A Case Study on Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR010.

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Les cancers des voies aéro-digestives supérieures, qu’ils soient des carcinomes épidermoïdes “classiques” ou des carcinomes indifférenciés du nasopharynx sont traités par des associations thérapeutiques en cas de maladie localement avancée. Le traitement loco-régional en est le socle, avec une chirurgie et/ou une radiothérapie. Cette radiothérapie peut être standard (66-70 Grays en 33-35 séances) ou avoir un fractionnement modifié (hyperfractionnement ou accélération). Une chimiothérapie est souvent associée à ces traitements, avec différents temps d’administration possible : en induction, en concomitant ou en adjuvant.De nombreux essais randomisés ont comparé différentes associations de traitements entre elles. Une méta-analyse en réseau permet une analyse groupée de tous ces essais randomisés, en utilisant les informations directes et indirectes disponibles pour déterminer l’efficacité relative des traitements.L’objectif de cette thèse était la réalisation de méta-analyses en réseau de type fréquentiste en utilisant les données individuelles de trois méta-analyses classiques :- combinaison de deux méta-analyses pour les carcinomes épidermoïdes (MACH-NC et MARCH, 115 essais, 28 978 patients et 16 modalités de traitement)- une méta-analyse pour les carcinomes du nasopharynx (MAC-NPC, 28 essais, 8 214 patients et 8 modalités de traitement) ;avec l’utilisation de différents critères de jugement (survie globale, survie sans progression ou sans évènement, contrôle loco-régional et métastatique, décès liés ou non au cancer) et différentes mesures pour ces critères de jugement : hazard ratio et différence de survie moyenne restreinte
Locally advanced head and neck cancers, whether “classical” squamous cell carcinomas or undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharynx, are treated by multimodality therapy. Loco-regional treatment is the main therapy, with surgery and/or radiotherapy. This radiotherapy can be standard (66-70 Grays in 33-35 fractions) or can have a modified fractionation (hyperfractionation or acceleration). Chemotherapy is often associated to these treatments, with different timing: induction, concomitant or adjuvant.Several randomized trials have compared different combinations of treatments. A network meta-analysis allows performing a pooled analysis of all these randomized trials, using the direct and indirect information available to determine the relative efficacy of the treatments.The objective of this doctoral thesis was to perform frequentist network meta-analyses using individual patient data from three standard meta-analyses:- combination of two meta-analyses for squamous cell carcinomas (MACH-NC and MARCH, 115 trials; 28,978 patients and 16 modalities of treatment);- one meta-analysis for nasopharyngeal carcinomas (MAC-NPC, 28 trials; 8,214 patients and 8 modalities of treatment);with different endpoints (overall survival, progression-free or event-free survival, locoregional and metastatic control, cancer-related or non-cancer-related deaths) and different measures for these endpoints: hazard ratio and restricted mean survival time difference
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Cain, Samuel Franklin. "Rating Rockfall Hazard in Tennessee." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9972.

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Rockfall from rock slopes adjacent to roadways is a major hazard and poses a problem for transportation agencies across the country. The state of Tennessee has implemented the Tennessee Rockfall Management System (RMS) as a means of reducing the liabilities associated with rockfall hazard. It utilizes digital data acquisition via PDAs coupled with distribution via an expandable web-based GIS database. The Tennessee Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) is part of the Tennessee RMS and assigns a numeric hazard rating according relative hazard for all slopes identified as having a high potential for delivering rock blocks onto Tennessee Department of Transportation maintained roadways. The Tennessee RHRS uses standard rock slope failure mechanisms (planar failure, wedge failure, topple failure, differential weathering, and raveling) along with the site and roadway geometry to assess the rockfall hazard of an individual slope. This study suggests methods that will expedite fieldwork, including an informational guide on how to properly identify individual failure mechanisms in the field. Also, the study examines the current method of scoring abundance and suggests an alternative, multiplicative approach. The alternative of using a multiplicative abundance is considered and its results summarized.
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Books on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Sample Size Calculation Based on the Semiparametric Analysis of Short-term and Long-term Hazard Ratios. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2013.

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Shoven, John B. Real interest rates and the savings and loan crisis: The moral hazard premium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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Watson, Peter. Survival analysis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0018.

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This chapter explores survival analysis. It includes data censoring, functions of duration time (the survival function, and hazard function), Cox’s proportional hazards model, log-linearity, time varying predictors, and odds ratios.
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Peacock, Janet L., Sally M. Kerry, and Raymond R. Balise. Survival analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779100.003.0011.

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Chapter 11 covers survival analysis, and includes Kaplan–Meier estimates, and the logrank test. Cox regression is used to do multifactorial analyses with results reported as adjusted hazard ratios. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
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Elwood, Mark. Confounding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0007.

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This chapter gives the definition of confounding, a central issue in epidemiology and its dependence on two associations, with exposure and with outcome. It explains confounding in trials, cohort and case-control studies, and Simpson’s paradox. It explains the five methods of controlling confounding: restriction, randomisation, stratification, matching and multivariate methods. For randomised trials, the limits of randomisation, residual confounding, pre-stratification, intention-to-treat, management and explanatory trials, pragmatic trials are explained. It shows the Mantel–Haenszel risk ratio or odds ratio, direct and indirect standardisation, and effect modification. Frequency and individual matching, their value and limitations, over matching, confounding by indication, and calculation of matched odds ratio are shown. It explains multivariate methods, including linear, logistic, Poisson, and Cox’s proportionate hazards models, including the relationship between coefficients and odds ratios, dummy variables, conditional methods, and propensity scores.
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Stoolmiller, Mike. An Introduction to Using Multivariate Multilevel Survival Analysis to Study Coercive Family Process. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.27.

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Multivariate multilevel survival analysis is introduced for studying hazard rates of observed emotional behavior relevant for coercion theory. Finite time sampling reliability (FTSR) and short-term retest reliability (STRR) across two occasions (sessions) of observation during structured problem-solving tasks several weeks apart were determined for hazard rates of emotional behaviors for parent–child dyads. While FTSR was high (.80–.96), STRR was low (.16–.65), suggesting that emotional behaviors in the context of parent–child social interaction are not very stable over a period of several weeks. Using latent variable structural equation models that corrected for the low STRR, two hazard rates were predictive of change in child antisocial behavior over a 3-year period (kindergarten to third grade) net of initial child antisocial behavior. Low levels of parent positive emotion and increases from session 1 to 2 of child neutral behavior both accounted for unique variance in third grade antisocial behavior.
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Liebman, Amy K., and John May. Hazards for Agricultural Workers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0035.

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This chapter describes hazards for agricultural workers. This is a large and exceedingly diverse group, with work—often precarious work—being performed by very young and very old persons, workers who are often economically disadvantaged, and workers of many nationalities and languages. There is considerable variation in power between employers and workers who frequently lack authorization for legal employment in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the hazards faced by migrant workers and immigrant workers. A number of factors, including public policy and the hazards involved with agriculture, such as pesticides, impact worker health and safety. Agricultural workers do not have many of the regulatory protections provided to workers in most other industries in the United States. Mechanical, large-animal, environmental, and toxicologic challenges all contribute to the markedly elevated rates of fatal and nonfatal injuries in these workers. High rates of stress and suicide affect these young workers.
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Besedovsky, Natalia. Uncertain Meanings of Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0011.

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This chapter studies calculative risk-assessment practices in credit rating agencies. It identifies two fundamentally different methodological approaches for producing ratings, which in turn shape the respective conceptions of credit risk. The traditional approach sees ‘risk’ as an only partially calculable and predictable set of hazards that should be avoided or minimized. This approach is particularly evident in the production of country credit ratings and gives rise to ordinal rankings of risk. By contrast, structured finance rating practices conceive of ‘risk’ as both fully calculable and controllable; they construct cardinal measures of risk by assuming that ontological uncertainty does not exist and that models can capture all possible events in a probabilistic manner. This assumption—that uncertainty can be turned into measurable risk—is a necessary precondition for structured finance securities and has become an influential imaginary in financial markets.
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Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell, and Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: general considerations, injury, and drugs. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0044.

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The hazards of anaesthesia should be considered in the context of the hazard of surgery and of the pathology for which the surgery is being undertaken. Anaesthesia has become progressively safer since the successful demonstration of ether anaesthesia in Boston, Massachusetts, United States in 1846 and the first reported death under anaesthesia in 1847. The best estimation of the rate of anaesthesia-related mortality comes from the anaesthesia mortality review committees in Australia and New Zealand, where data have been collected under essentially consistent definitions since 1960, and reports are amalgamated under the auspices of the Australian and New Zealand College of Surgeons. An internationally accepted definition of anaesthetic mortality is overdue. Extending the time for inclusion of deaths from 24 h to 30 days or longer substantially increases estimated rates of mortality. Attribution of cause of death may be problematic. Even quite small degrees of myocardial injury in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery increase the risk of subsequent mortality, and in older patients, 30-day all-cause mortality following inpatient surgery may be surprisingly high. Patients should be given a single estimate of the combined risk of surgery and anaesthesia, rather than placing undue emphasis on the risk from anaesthesia alone. Hazards may arise from equipment or from drugs either directly or through error. Error often underlies harmful events in anaesthesia and may be made more likely by fatigue or circadian factors, but violations are also important. Training in expert skills and knowledge, and in human factors, teamwork, and communication is key to improving safety.
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Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell, and Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: body systems and occupational hazards. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0045.

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“Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate” crises and aspiration of gastric contents are important hazards in anaesthesia, and may result in the death of relatively young and healthy patients. Airway difficulties may manifest at the end of anaesthesia as well as at induction and are commoner in emergency departments and intensive care settings than during anaesthesia in operating rooms. Elements of poor management characterize the majority of airway complications. Emergency cricothyroidotomy performed by anaesthetists is associated with a high rate of failure. Other important hazards associated with anaesthesia may involve excessive or inadequate levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood, hypertension or hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia (including malignant hyperpyrexia), hypovolaemia, embolism of gas or thrombus, awareness, infection, and injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, or the eyes. Stroke and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be particularly devastating for patients. These hazards are typically increased in low- and middle-income countries. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists and the World Health Organization have endorsed international standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia, which are structured to reflect different levels of resource. The Lifebox Foundation seeks to improve the safety of surgery and anaesthesia in resource-constrained areas, notably by closing the substantial global gap in pulse oximetry. Several hazards are integral to the occupation of anaesthesia, including certain infections, increased rates of suicide, and medico-legal risks. In the end, the best way to mitigate these risks is through focusing on the safety of our patients.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Rouam, Sigrid. "Hazard Ratios." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 878–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_228.

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Hilsenbeck, Susan G., Peter M. Ravdin, Carl A. de Moor, Gary C. Chamness, C. Kent Osborne, and Gary M. Clark. "Time-dependence of hazard ratios for prognostic factors in primary breast cancer." In Prognostic variables in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer, 317–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5195-9_25.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "hazard ratio." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 84. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_631.

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Schmoor, Claudia, and Erika Graf. "Hazard Ratio." In Methods and Applications of Statistics in Clinical Trials, 483–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118596005.ch38.

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Andersen, Per Kragh. "Hazard Ratio Estimator." In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, 624–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_284.

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Cummings, Peter. "Hazards." In Analysis of Incidence Rates, 417–48. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429055713-25.

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Di Maso, Matteo, Monica Ferraroni, Pasquale Ferrante, Serena Delbue, and Federico Ambrogi. "Longitudinal profile of a set of biomarkers in predicting Covid-19 mortality using joint models." In Proceedings e report, 191–96. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.36.

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In survival analysis, time-varying covariates are endogenous when their measurements are directly related to the event status and incomplete information occur at random points during the follow-up. Consequently, the time-dependent Cox model leads to biased estimates. Joint models (JM) allow to correctly estimate these associations combining a survival and longitudinal sub-models by means of a shared parameter (i.e., random effects of the longitudinal sub-model are inserted in the survival one). This study aims at showing the use of JM to evaluate the association between a set of inflammatory biomarkers and Covid-19 mortality. During Covid-19 pandemic, physicians at Istituto Clinico di Città Studi in Milan collected biomarkers (endogenous time-varying covariates) to understand what might be used as prognostic factors for mortality. Furthermore, in the first epidemic outbreak, physicians did not have standard clinical protocols for management of Covid-19 disease and measurements of biomarkers were highly incomplete especially at the baseline. Between February and March 2020, a total of 403 COVID-19 patients were admitted. Baseline characteristics included sex and age, whereas biomarkers measurements, during hospital stay, included log-ferritin, log-lymphocytes, log-neutrophil granulocytes, log-C-reactive protein, glucose and LDH. A Bayesian approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm were used for fitting JM. Independent and non-informative priors for the fixed effects (age and sex) and for shared parameters were used. Hazard ratios (HR) from a (biased) time-dependent Cox and joint models for log-ferritin levels were 2.10 (1.67-2.64) and 1.73 (1.38-2.20), respectively. In multivariable JM, doubling of biomarker levels resulted in a significantly increase of mortality risk for log-neutrophil granulocytes, HR=1.78 (1.16-2.69); for log-C-reactive protein, HR=1.44 (1.13-1.83); and for LDH, HR=1.28 (1.09-1.49). Increasing of 100 mg/dl of glucose resulted in a HR=2.44 (1.28-4.26). Age, however, showed the strongest effect with mortality risk starting to rise from 60 years.
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Wijaya, I. Putu Krishna, Peeranan Towashiraporn, Anish Joshi, Susantha Jayasinghe, Anggraini Dewi, and Md Nurul Alam. "Climate Change-Induced Regional Landslide Hazard and Exposure Assessment for Aiding Climate Resilient Road Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study in Bagmati and Madhesh Provinces, Nepal." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 175–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_12.

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AbstractNepal’s hilly and mountainous regions are highly susceptible to landslides triggered by extreme precipitations. The prevalence of such landslides has increased due to climate change-induced extreme hydro-meteorological conditions. These recurring landslides have significantly impacted the road transport infrastructure, which is the economic lifeline for cities and socio-economic mobility of rural communities in the hilly and mountainous regions of the country. This study modelled extreme rainfall scenarios for the current 1976–2005 baseline and future horizons of 2030, 2050, and 2080 to develop high-resolution 1 km × 1 km mean precipitation datasets under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Based on these extreme precipitation scenarios, we developed high-resolution landslide hazard models adopting integrated weighted index by combining the Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methods using multi-variate factors. The multi-variate factors included three terrain parameters—slope, aspect, and elevation; two soil parameters—lithology and soil type; two Euclidean distance parameters from the likely sources—distance from the lineaments and distance from the stream/river; an anthropogenic parameter—land use; and the climate parameter—the mean annual rainfall for four-time horizons and two RCPs. These parameters were spatially modelled and combined using the weighted overlay method to generate a landslide hazard model. As demonstration case studies, the landslide hazard models were developed for Bagmati and Madhesh provinces. The models were validated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) approach, which showed a satisfactory 81–86% accuracy in the study area. Spatial exposure analysis of the road network assets under the Strategic Road Network (SRN) was completed for seven landslide hazard scenarios. In both Bagmati and Madhesh provinces, the exposure analysis showed that the proportion of road sections exposed to landslide hazard significantly increases for the future climate change scenarios compared to the current baseline scenario.
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Atreya, Ajita, and Howard Kunreuther. "Assessing community resilience: mapping the community rating system (CRS) against the 6C-4R frameworks." In Environmental Hazards and Resilience, 71–90. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171430-4.

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Hasanuzzaman, Md, Partha Pratim Adhikary, Biswajit Bera, and Pravat Kumar Shit. "Flood Vulnerability Assessment Using AHP and Frequency Ratio Techniques." In Spatial Modelling of Flood Risk and Flood Hazards, 91–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94544-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Atia, Mohamed, Ahmed Abdelkhalek, Anjan Sarkar, Matt Keys, Mahesh Patel, Mohamed Eissa, and Tarek Omar. "Offshore Structure Specific Performance Targets." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208084-ms.

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Abstract Offshore structures exist in the harshest environments and each region is unique in the severity and development of extreme weathers. This had led to challenges in the identification of a single criterion that's internationally applicable. ADNOC Offshore and Kent, formerly Atkins Oil and Gas, worked closely in 2010 to develop a high-level generalised regional criterion for the Arabian Gulf and in 2020, a major project was conducted to develop a structure-specific criterion that resulted in considerable improvement in risk levels and financial gains. For each of ADNOC Offshore's 480 structures, a Response Based Metocean Analysis (RBMA) was conducted adopting Tromans and Vanderschuren (1995) approach. Structure specific hindcast data at 3-hour intervals over a period of 37 years was analysed, isolating storms and executing hydrodynamic analyses considering joint environmental conditions. Through adopting a combination of peak-over-threshold method and Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulations, convolution of long-term (storms) and short-term (wave probabilities within a storm) was conducted resulting in the generation of the Hazard Curves that account for the possible uncertainties associated with variations in each of the distributions. The structure specific response based metocean analysis resulted in a considerable improvement in the criteria for ADNOC Offshore’s structures. The resulting Hazard Curve ratios (10,000-year to 100-year response parameter ratio) for approximately 95% of the structures were evaluated lower as compared to the 2010 generalised study. It was observed that the water current profiles had a significant impact on the hazard ratios, and specially for assets in the vicinity of the islands. Based on the resulting hazard ratios a detailed risk assessment was conducted and compliance and life extension of most of ADNOC Offshore structures was justified without the need for physical strengthening of their assets. Through the use of machine-learning algorithms associated with serval statistical sampling techniques, extreme value analysis was conducted in conjunction with the MCMC approach and resulted in what is likely to be the largest offshore fleet application of the method.
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Pranata, Bayu, Tedi Yudistira, Erdinc Saygin, Phil R. Cummins, Sri Widiyantoro, Budi Brahmantyo, and Zulfakriza. "Seismic microzonation of Bandung basin from microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR)." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EARTH HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION (ISEDM) 2017: The 7th Annual Symposium on Earthquake and Related Geohazard Research for Disaster Risk Reduction. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5047289.

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Wang, Xiaowei, and YeongAe Heo. "Artificial Neural Network Surrogate Modeling for Offshore Wind Turbines Under Multi-Hazards." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81048.

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Abstract Surrogate modeling of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) under multiple hazards such as wind, wave, and earthquakes provides an expedient path toward rapid risk assessment and management of these structures. This paper explores the applicability of artificial neural network (NN) for the surrogate modeling using a synthetic database based on finite element analyses of a typical OWT under combined loading conditions due to winds, waves, and earthquakes. A multi-layer NN with multiple output variables that can effectively capture the OWT’s multi-hazard behavior is developed. Considered input variables include peak ground accelerations, reference wind speeds, wave heights and periods, and damping ratios. A 5-fold-cross-validation-based optimization is conducted to identify the optimal number of hidden layers (N) and the associated optimal number of neurons in each layer (Q). It is found that N = 2 and Q = 12 are optimal for the OWT. The proposed NN model can evaluate the monopile maximum bending moment, and displacement/rotation at mudline with errors less than 30% in general.
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Porter, Michael, Alex Baumgard, and K. Wayne Savigny. "A Hazard and Risk Management System for Large Rock Slope Hazards Affecting Pipelines in Mountainous Terrain." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27242.

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Pipelines and other linear facilities that traverse mountainous terrain may be subject to rock fall and rock slide hazards. A system is required to determine which sites pose the greatest hazard to the facility. Once sites are ranked according to hazard exposure, a risk management program involving inspection, monitoring, contingency planning and/or mitigation can be implemented in a systematic and defensible manner. A hazard rating methodology was developed to identify and characterize rock slope hazards above a South American Concentrate Pipeline, and to provide a relative ranking of hazard exposure for the pipeline, an access road and operational personnel. The rating methodology incorporates the geometry of the right-of-way, estimated pipe depth, staff and vehicle occupancy time, failure mechanism and magnitude, and the annual probability of hazard occurrence. This information is used in a risk-based framework to assign relative hazard ratings within rock slope sections of relatively uniform hazard exposure. This paper outlines a general framework for natural hazard and risk management along linear facilities, describes the rock slope hazard rating methodology, and illustrates how the system was applied along a South American Concentrate Pipeline.
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Zheng, Lei, Mingzhuo Bai, Bei Zhang, Tiancheng Cui, and Haishen Xu. "Research and Development of X70 Large Diameter UOE Linepipe With High Deformability for Strain-Based Design Pipeline." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90610.

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In recent years, high strength linepipe needs high longitudinal deformability to meet the requirements of strain-based design pipeline employed when passing through geologic hazard-prone regions, such as seismic areas, landslide zones, permafrost zones, etc. The geologic hazard section of the natural gas pipeline from Myanmar to China is going to utilize a strain-based design. Linepipes with high deformability are required in these areas. The microstructures with different phases and the effect of the microstructure on deformability of pipeline steel were studied. Based on a dual phase of ferrite and banite microstructure design, the X70 grade UOE linepipe with low yield-tensile strength ratio, good uniform elongation and high stress ratio were developed. Two dimensions of UOE linepipe for the strain-based design area of Myanmar-China pipeline project, which were 1016mm O.D. and 17.5mm W.T., 1016 mm O.D. and 21.0mm W.T., were industrially trial-produced. The transverse properties of the trial produced linepipes meet the requirements of X70 steel grade of API Specification 5L. And also the linepipe has good toughness, the Charpy impact energy at −5°C is more than 200J, and the shear fracture area of DWTT test is more than 85% at 0°C. The longitudinal tensile properties of the trial produced linepipe exhibit good deformability. The stress-strain curve shows a typical round-house shape, the uniform elongation u-EL% is more than 7%, the yield-tensile strength ratio is lower than 0.80, the stress ratios of Rt1.5/Rt0.5, Rt2.0/Rt1.0 and Rt5.0/Rt1.0 are more than 1.100, 1.040 and 1.088 respectively. The properties of the linepipe after aging at 200°C for 5min to simulate the coating process of the pipe were also investigated. The results show that the linepipe trial-produced has good strain-aging resistance.
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Porter, Michael, and K. Wayne Savigny. "Natural Hazard and Risk Management for South American Pipelines." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27235.

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Hazard identification and rating involve the first two of a four-phase natural hazard and risk management (NHRM) system that is being developed to manage natural hazards along linear facilities. In Canada, completing these first two phases is generally straightforward. Baseline data including air photos, geology and topographic maps are readily available; the number and types of hazard exposure are often limited for any given facility; and, the standard of care expected during design and construction is understood and practiced. The NHRM methodology is also being applied on South American pipelines. Greater flexibility is required in obtaining necessary input data. Helicopter and vehicle access are often more limited, and greater reliance must be placed on airphoto interpretation and literature review. Processes of rating hazard exposure are needed for less familiar hazard types, including tsunami, volcanic eruption, and tectonic ground rupture. South American construction and design practices must be accounted for in the rating methodology. Using examples from recently constructed trans Andean pipelines, this paper outlines application of the NHRM system to linear facilities located in areas of diverse hazard exposure and less stringent design and construction practices. Under the broad headings of ‘geotechnical’ and ‘hydrotechnical’ hazards, a methodology for rating eleven different hazard types is outlined. On the geotechnical side, these include tsunami, volcanic eruption, tectonic ground rupture, landslides and debris flows originating off-rights-of-way, and mass movements originating on rights-of-way. Hydrotechnical hazards include scour, degradation, bank erosion, encroachment, and channel abandonment/avulsion.
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Savigny, K. Wayne, Michael Porter, Joyce Chen, Eugene Yaremko, Michael Reed, and Glenn Urquhart. "Natural Hazard and Risk Management for Pipelines." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27176.

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Pipeline systems must contend with many hazards, of which ground movements such as landslides and washouts represent one type. Under the broader umbrella term, natural hazards, individual ground movement threats can be subdivided into geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazards. A four-phase natural hazard and risk management system (NHRM) is being developed. Although research and development are ongoing, implementation over the past seven years spans approximately 25,000 km of main-line pipeline in North and South America. It complies with CSA requirements for ‘hazard identification’ as well as current standard-of-care guidelines related to case-law in Canada. It is designed as a simple yet reproducible methodology that can be operated by pipeline companies, particularly their field staff. The first two phases of hazard identification/assessment are described here with reference to a recent study of hydrotechnical hazards along the Trans Mountain Pipe Line Co. Ltd. main line from Hinton, Alberta to Kamloops, British Columbia in the mountains of western Canada. The relative hazard ratings generated by the Phase I and II methodology can be integrated into existing risk management methodologies used in the industry. Alternatively, the risk assessment and risk management methodology of the NHRM system can be used as outlined in this paper.
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Zama, Shinsaku, Makoto Endo, Ken Hatayama, Shoichi Yoshida, Kazuma Kawano, Kazuyoshi Sekine, and Hiroaki Maruyama. "Building a Real Time System for Evaluating Oil Storage Tank Damage Due to Earthquakes in Petroleum Stockpiling Bases." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3069.

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It will be difficult to prevent the damage of oil storage tanks caused by a large earthquake even if extreme care has been exercised. Therefore, rational emergency responses will be required for preventing expansion into secondary disaster. In this paper, we propose a system that can estimate ground motion distribution in a whole of petroleum stockpiling base using a seismic record and evaluate damage of oil storage tanks just after an earthquake in order to support rational emergency responses. Spectral ratios of horizontal and vertical component of microtremors were used for evaluation of relative surface soil amplification. The system can assess the hazard for circumferential shell stress, axial shell stress, seismic capacity and liquid sloshing wave height immediately using the ground motion at each tank site estimated from both the relative soil amplification factors and a seismic record at a petroleum stockpiling base just after a large earthquake.
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McIntire, Matthew G., Christopher Hoyle, Irem Y. Tumer, and David C. Jensen. "Safety-Informed Design: Using Cluster Analysis to Elicit Hazardous Emergent Failure Behavior in Complex Systems." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52168.

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Identifying failure paths and potentially hazardous scenarios resulting from component faults and interactions is a challenge in the early design process. The inherent complexity present in large engineered systems leads to non-obvious emergent behavior, which may result in unforeseen hazards. Current hazard analysis techniques either focus on small slices of failure scenarios (fault trees and event trees), or lists of known hazards in the domain (hazard identification). Early in the design of a complex system, engineers may represent their system as a functional model. A function failure reasoning tool can then exhaustively simulate qualitative failure scenarios. Some scenarios will be identified as hazardous by hazard rules specified by the engineer, but the goal is to identify scenarios representing unknown hazards. A clustering method is applied repetitively to the large set of failure propagation results. Then, an algorithm identifies the scenario most likely to be hazardous, and presents it to the engineer. After viewing the scenario and judging its safety, the engineer may have insight to produce additional rules. The collaborative process of computer rating and human judgment will identify previously unknown hazards. The feasibility of this methodology is being tested on a relatively simple functional model of an electrical power system. Related work applying function failure reasoning to a team of robotic rovers will provide data from a more complex system.
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Almeida, Raissa Janine de, Carolina Terra de Moraes Luizaga, and Cristiane Murta Nascimento. "SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1031.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the first most common malignancy in the female population worldwide. Monitoring the survival of women with breast cancer has been a strategy frequently adopted at the international level as a measure to assess the progress of public policies for the control of the disease. Objectives: To estimate the probabilities of five and ten year survival and to investigate the prognostic factors of women with breast cancer included in the hospital-based cancer registry (RHC) of Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo (FOSP). Methods: It was a historical cohort study. The sample consisted of women with breast cancer diagnosed between 2002 and 2012 and included in the RHC-FOSP. The event of interest was breast cancer-specific mortality. Living cases at the end of follow-up (December 31, 2017), loss to follow-up, and death other than that due to breast cancer were considered censored on the date of the last contact or date of death. Descriptive analysis and survival analysis were performed using the Kaplan-Meyer method. Survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95%CI were estimated using Cox’s proportional hazards model. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Brazil. Results: Between 2002 and 2012, 53,146 cases of invasive breast cancer were registered at RHC-FOSP. The median age of women at diagnosis was 55.9 years. By the end of the follow-up, 20,683 patients died and 71.4% of such deaths were due to breast cancer. The five and ten year breast cancer-specific survival for the entire cohort was 76.1% (95%CI 75.7–76.5) and 64.8% (95%CI 64.2–65.3), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with prognosis were: age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, educational level, grouped clinical stage, and histological type. Conclusions: Specific survival for breast cancer in the state of São Paulo is significantly associated with several characteristics. The knowledge of these characteristics can contribute to the development of public policies in the area.
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Reports on the topic "Hazard ratios"

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Mirel, Lisa. NHSR 155: Comparative Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Public-Use and Restricted-Use Linked Mortality Files - Production Schedule. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104774.

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This report describes a comparative analysis of the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative hazard ratios for a standard set of sociodemographic covariates for all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality, using the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs.
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Liu, Jing, Yuanmei Chen, Die Liu, Fang Ye, Qi Sun, Qiang Huang, Jing Dong Dong, Tao Pei, Yuan He, and Qi Zhang. Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and term low birth weight：systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0064.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the effects of particulate matter exposure during various periods of pregnancy on low birth weight and term low birth weight. Population:pregnant women and their singleton live-births; Exposure: maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 during the entire pregnancy or each trimesters were estimated based on ground-level atmospheric pollution monitoring stations or validated exposure models (μg/m3 ); Comparator(s): risk estimates were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with per specific increment in PM2.5; Outcomes: term LBW(≥37weeks and<2500g) or LBW(<2500g)were defined as a dichotomous variables.
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Li, Rongyang, Zheng Ma, and Jianhao Qiu. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of pretreatment systemic immune-inflammation index in esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0024.

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Review question / Objective: We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of pretreatment systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in esophageal cancer patients and the association between SII and the clinicopathological features of esophageal cancer. Eligibility criteria: (I) involved patients diagnosed with EC histopathologically; (II) hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pretreatment SII and survival outcomes were reported, or the correlation between SII and clinicopathological characteristics of EC was stated; (III) SII was calculated by the following formula: platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count; and (IV) a definite cut-off value of pretreatment SII was available to divide the patients into high or low SII group.
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Mirel, Lisa, Cindy Zhang, Christine Cox, Ye Yeats, Félix Suad El Burai, and Golden Cordell. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744.

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"Objectives—Linking national survey data with administrative data sources enables researchers to conduct analyses that would not be possible with each data source alone. Recently, the Data Linkage Program at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) released updated Linked Mortality Files, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data linked to the National Death Index mortality files. Two versions of the files were released: restricted-use files available through NCHS and Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and public-use files. To reduce the reidentification risk, statistical disclosure limitation methods were applied to the public-use files before they were released. This included limiting the amount of mortality information available and perturbing cause of death and follow-up time for select records. Methods—To assess the comparability of the restricted-use and public-use files, relative hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazards models were estimated and compared. Results—The comparative analysis found that the two data files yield similar descriptive and model results. Suggested citation: Mirel LB, Zhang C, Cox CS, Ye Y, El Burai Félix S, Golden C. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. National Health Statistics Reports; no 155. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744. CS323656 nhsr155-508.pdf"
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Wu, Bin, Lixia Guo, Kaikai Zhen, and Chao Sun. Diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs in hepatoblastoma: A systematic review with meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0045.

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Review question / Objective: Background and aim: Increasing evidence has revealed the valuable diagnostic and prognostic applications of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common hepatic malignancy during childhood. However, these results are inconsistent and remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to systematically compile up-to-date information regarding the clinical value of miRNAs in HB. Methods: Articles concerning the diagnostic and prognostic value of single miRNAs for HB were searched from databases. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the curve (AUC), and hazard ratios (HRs) were separately pooled to explore the diagnostic and prognostic performance of miRNA. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were further carried out only in the event of heterogeneity. Results: In all, 20 studies, involving 264 HB patients and 206 healthy individuals, met the inclusion criteria in the six included literature articles. For the diagnostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the pooled SEN and SPE were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72–0.80) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70–0.80), respectively. Moreover, the pooled PLR was 2.79 (95% CI: 2.12–3.66), NLR was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.26–0.45), DOR was 10.24 (95% CI: 6.55–16.00), and AUC was 0.83, indicating that miRNAs had moderate diagnostic value in HB. For the prognostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the abnormal expressions of miR-21, miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-492, miR-193, miR-222, and miR-224 in patients were confirmed to be associated with a worse prognosis. The pooled HR was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.20–2.29) for overall survival (OS) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.31–2.18) for event-free survival (EFS), suggesting its potential as a prognostic indicator for HB. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that examines the diagnostic and prognostic role of dysregulated miRNAs in HB patients. The combined meta-analysis results supported the previous individual finds that miRNAs might provide a new, noninvasive method for the diagnostic and prognostic analyses ofHB.
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Wang, Qing, Zi-Xu Wang, Nasu M. Otomi, and Shinji Mine. Association between cutoffs for classifying high- and low-volume hospitals and long-term survival after eophagectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0023.

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Review question / Objective: It is still unclear about the association between cutoffs for classifying high- and low-volume hospitals and long-term survival after esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer. Condition being studied: It remains controversial whether size of hospital volume influences long-term survival outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer after esophagectomy. In addition, there is still no consensus for defining a reasonable cutoff of esophagectomies per year for classifying high- and low-volume hospitals. Information sources: After the retrieval of the relevant articles, they were screened to remove the duplicates. Search results were screened by two authors (Q.W. and Z.X.W.) independently according to the titles and abstracts. Next, the retained studies were searched for their full text and further were screened according to the following criteria: surgery for esophageal carcinoma as the theme; primary outcomes included hospital volume and long-term OS; comparison of OS between high- and low-volume hospitals; original articles with informative data; articles reporting adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) in multi-variate analysis; and articles in which procedural volume was an exact cutoff. Any disagreements were resolved through consultation with the third author.
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Steele, Robert, Ralph E. Williams, Julie C. Weatherby, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt, James T. Hoffman, and R. W. Thier. Stand hazard rating for central Idaho forests. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-332.

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Melby, Jeffrey, Thomas Massey, Abigail Stehno, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, Shubhra Misra, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 1 – background and approach. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41820.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level and wave hazards for the Port Arthur CSRM structures. Coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP runup and overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry, and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM structure crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide CSRM structure elevations.
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Stehno, Abigail, Jeffrey Melby, Shubhra Misra, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 2 – Port Arthur. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41901.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level and wave hazards for the Port Arthur CSRM structures. Coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP values for overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry, and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide elevations.
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Stehno, Abigail, Jeffrey Melby, Shubhra Misra, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 4 – Freeport. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41903.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave hazards for the Freeport CSRM structures. Coastal SWL and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP values for overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide elevations.
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