Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hazard

Academic literature on the topic 'Hazard'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Hazard"

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Sedgwick, P. "Hazards and hazard ratios." BMJ 345, sep07 1 (September 7, 2012): e5980-e5980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5980.

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Hernán, Miguel A. "The Hazards of Hazard Ratios." Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181c1ea43.

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Liu, Baoyin, Yim Ling Siu, and Gordon Mitchell. "Hazard interaction analysis for multi-hazard risk assessment: a systematic classification based on hazard-forming environment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-629-2016.

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Abstract. This paper develops a systematic hazard interaction classification based on the geophysical environment that natural hazards arise from – the hazard-forming environment. According to their contribution to natural hazards, geophysical environmental factors in the hazard-forming environment were categorized into two types. The first are relatively stable factors which construct the precondition for the occurrence of natural hazards, whilst the second are trigger factors, which determine the frequency and magnitude of hazards. Different combinations of geophysical environmental factors induce different hazards. Based on these geophysical environmental factors for some major hazards, the stable factors are used to identify which kinds of natural hazards influence a given area, and trigger factors are used to classify the relationships between these hazards into four types: independent, mutex, parallel and series relationships. This classification helps to ensure all possible hazard interactions among different hazards are considered in multi-hazard risk assessment. This can effectively fill the gap in current multi-hazard risk assessment methods which to date only consider domino effects. In addition, based on this classification, the probability and magnitude of multiple interacting natural hazards occurring together can be calculated. Hence, the developed hazard interaction classification provides a useful tool to facilitate improved multi-hazard risk assessment.
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Liu, B., Y. L. Siu, and G. Mitchell. "Hazard interaction analysis for multi-hazard risk assessment: a systematic classification based on hazard-forming environment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 7203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-7203-2015.

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Abstract. This paper develops a systematic hazard interaction classification based on the geophysical environment that natural hazards arise from – the hazard-forming environment. According to their contribution to natural hazards, geophysical environmental factors in the hazard-forming environment were categorized into two types. The first are relatively stable factors which construct the precondition for the occurrence of natural hazards, whilst the second are trigger factors, which determine the frequency and magnitude of hazards. Different combinations of geophysical environmental factors induce different hazards. Based on these geophysical environmental factors for some major hazards, the stable factors are used to identify which kinds of natural hazards influence a given area, and trigger factors are used to classify the relationships between these hazards into four types: independent, mutex, parallel and series relationships. This classification helps to ensure all possible hazard interactions among different hazards are considered in multi-hazard risk assessment. This can effectively fill the gap in current multi-hazard risk assessment methods which to date only consider domino effects. In addition, based on this classification, the probability and magnitude of multiple interacting natural hazards occurring together can be calculated. Hence, the developed hazard interaction classification provides a useful tool to facilitate improved multi-hazard risk assessment.
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Wagner, Harrison R. "The hazards of thinking about moral hazard." Ethnopolitics 4, no. 2 (June 2005): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449050500147283.

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Read, Laura K., and Richard M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-915-2016.

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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e., that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk, and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied generalized Pareto model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard random variable X with corresponding failure time series T should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with opportunities for future extensions.
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Read, L. K., and R. M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 11 (November 13, 2015): 6883–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-6883-2015.

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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e. that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied Generalized Pareto (GP) model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard event series X, with corresponding failure time series T, should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with rich opportunities for future extensions.
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Gill, Joel C., and Bruce D. Malamud. "Hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) within multi-hazard methodologies." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-659-2016.

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Abstract. This paper combines research and commentary to reinforce the importance of integrating hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) into multi-hazard methodologies. We present a synthesis of the differences between multi-layer single-hazard approaches and multi-hazard approaches that integrate such interactions. This synthesis suggests that ignoring interactions between important environmental and anthropogenic processes could distort management priorities, increase vulnerability to other spatially relevant hazards or underestimate disaster risk. In this paper we proceed to present an enhanced multi-hazard framework through the following steps: (i) description and definition of three groups (natural hazards, anthropogenic processes and technological hazards/disasters) as relevant components of a multi-hazard environment, (ii) outlining of three types of interaction relationship (triggering, increased probability, and catalysis/impedance), and (iii) assessment of the importance of networks of interactions (cascades) through case study examples (based on the literature, field observations and semi-structured interviews). We further propose two visualisation frameworks to represent these networks of interactions: hazard interaction matrices and hazard/process flow diagrams. Our approach reinforces the importance of integrating interactions between different aspects of the Earth system, together with human activity, into enhanced multi-hazard methodologies. Multi-hazard approaches support the holistic assessment of hazard potential and consequently disaster risk. We conclude by describing three ways by which understanding networks of interactions contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of hazards, disaster risk reduction and Earth system management. Understanding interactions and interaction networks helps us to better (i) model the observed reality of disaster events, (ii) constrain potential changes in physical and social vulnerability between successive hazards, and (iii) prioritise resource allocation for mitigation and disaster risk reduction.
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Khatakho, Rajesh, Dipendra Gautam, Komal Raj Aryal, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Rajesh Rupakhety, Suraj Lamichhane, Yi-Chung Liu, et al. "Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105369.

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Natural hazards are complex phenomena that can occur independently, simultaneously, or in a series as cascading events. For any particular region, numerous single hazard maps may not necessarily provide all information regarding impending hazards to the stakeholders for preparedness and planning. A multi-hazard map furnishes composite illustration of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and spatial distribution. Thus, multi-hazard risk assessment is performed to depict the holistic natural hazards scenario of any particular region. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, multi-hazard risk assessments are rarely conducted in Nepal although multiple natural hazards strike the country almost every year. In this study, floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire hazards are used to assess multi-hazard risk in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is then integrated with the Geographical Information System (GIS). First, flood, landslide, earthquake, and urban fire hazard assessments are performed individually and then superimposed to obtain multi-hazard risk. Multi-hazard risk assessment of Kathmandu Valley is performed by pair-wise comparison of the four natural hazards. The sum of observations concludes that densely populated areas, old settlements, and the central valley have high to very high level of multi-hazard risk.
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Yilmaz, Işık, Marian Marschalko, and Martin Bednarik. "Gypsum collapse hazards and importance of hazard mapping." Carbonates and Evaporites 26, no. 2 (June 28, 2011): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-011-0055-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hazard"

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Williams, David D. "Hazard signs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1245688200.

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Yang, Y.-S. "Marine hazard assessment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356793.

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Abdel-Latif, M. A. "Landslide hazard assessment." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371042717.

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Ricci, Edward D. "Environmental Hazard Evaluations." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296376.

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From the Proceedings of the 1987 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 18, 1987, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Cameron, Lee R. J. "Aerosol explosion hazard quantification." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311674.

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Kovář, Milan. "Hazard v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9202.

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This thesis engages in discribing Czech gambling law and it's recent development in preparing a very new gambling act. The goal of this diploma thesis is to point out at the biggest problems of so far existing gambling act and at what way they should be dealt in the new one. I use two main economic theories to explain reasons of issuing new act. The first one is The Theory of Interest Groups and the other one is Theory of Public Interest which are applied at the case of Czech Republic. Next goal of this thesis is an analysis of popularity of all gambles according to sum of money gambled and money paid back. I also describe a historic development of gambles and it's regulation and show that the ability to innovate new ways to evade the law had very often no limits and the regularors have never been able to make up a clear set of rules that would be unavoidable.
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Kozák, Jakub. "Internetový hazard v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17100.

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This diploma thesis is focused on comparison of two political approaches to a quite new e-commerce industry -- internet gambling. These approaches are prohibition on the one hand and regulation, free market environment, on the other hand. Internet gambling became the worldwide phenomenon. However, American legislators had passed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act 2006 in 2006 which outlawed an internet gambling. The declared purpose of this Act is protection of families against ill effects, such money laundering, underage gambling and problem gambling on society. This paper argues that regulation and free market environment established in Great Britain is much more effective way how to solve these key issues. There is demonstrated in the paper that free market stands for economically preferable option and contains better instruments for solving the issues at the same time.
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Hjorth, Christian Overvåg. "Hazard boilerplates in safety analysis : Aspects of hazard identification using boilerplates and ontologies." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23001.

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In the Specialization Project, we looked at methods of performing safety analysis in the early stages of development based upon the use of boilerplates and ontologies. Based on our work, we suggested two approaches for performing safety analysis: global hazards using can-cause chains and human failure modes. The method of global hazard focus on identifying events in a system that can cause hazards which affects the environment it operates in. The method of human failure modes introduces generic failures for human, in order to identify hazards related to the operator of the system.We were interested in assessing how good our suggested methods were in identifying hazards during the safety analysis. To do this, we chose to create two research questions to be answered in this thesis:RQ1: Is it easier to discover possible environment threatening hazards with global hazards and can-cause chains?RQ2:Is it easier to discover possible operator hazards with human failure modes?To answer our research questions, we chose perform an experiment with students using the suggested methods for safety analysis of two systems. The experiment gaveus a good illustration of how the procedure would work in a real hazard analysis project. The results for global hazards with can-cause chains indicate that the method is not in a state where it can be used for safety analysis as of yet. There are still too many ambiguities as too how the chains should be created, and the feedback from the students indicates that it is difficult to learn and use the method. The algorithm needs to be further structured and we must obtain better documentation of how to perform it.The data from the experiment indicate that human failure modes have proven to be efficient at identifying operator related hazards. The method was given overall favorable feedback from the students, and appeared to identify many of the hazards in the test case. Our hypothesis was that it would be better than the method of system diagrams at identifying operator related hazards. The results from the experiment support this hypothesis.
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Parchment, Ann. "Development of a novel method for cross-disciplinary hazard identification." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8054.

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Hazards and risks are currently identified in generic risk silos using top-down tools and methods which are incorporated into whole system risk management frameworks such as enterprise risk management. The current methods of identification and documentation are linear in approach and presentation. However, the world is multi-dimensional requiring a method of identification which responds to complex non-linear relationships. A method is required to identify cross- disciplinary hazards and formulate a register method to evidence the identified hazards. This study uses expert elicitation, web, survey and case studies to develop a method for cross-disciplinary hazard identification by application of the dimensions of generic, interface, causation and accumulation. The results of the study found many of the tools and methods used for hazard and risk identification such as hazard and operability studies took a top down approach commencing with a known failure and establishing cause and effect. The starting position of a known failure or event precludes identification of new types of failure or events and perpetuates a linear approach to hazard identification. Additionally the linear design of a risk register does not facilitate the presentation of multidimensional hazards. The current methods do not accommodate multiple lifecycles and components within cross discipline relationships. The method was applied to three case studies. The first case study had an existing risk register of 50 risks, post method application an additional 531 hazards were identified; case study (2) a register of 49 hazards and post method application additional hazards of 261; case study (3) an initial register of 45 hazards and an additional 384 hazards after method application. The impact of the method application highlights inconsistencies in the initial risk register and provides a tool which will aid the identification understanding and communication of hazards. Additionally it documents previously unidentified cross-disciplinary hazards and provides a proactive register method for identification and documentation by application of the dimensions of interface, causation and accumulation.
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Guzzetti, Fausto. "Landslide hazard and risk assessment." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980716993.

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Books on the topic "Hazard"

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Harris, Gardiner. Hazard. New York: Minotaur Books, 2010.

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Hazard. New York: Avalon Books, 2010.

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Harris, Gardiner. Hazard. New York: Minotaur Books, 2010.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Hazard. New York: New American Library, 2002.

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Senuta, Michael. Hazard. New York: Avalon Books, 2010.

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Chmielewska, Joanna. Hazard. Warszawa: Vers, 1997.

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Senuta, Michael. Hazard. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2011.

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Beverley, Jo. Hazard. [Waterville, ME]: Wheeler Publishing, 2002.

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Niewiadomska, Iwona. Hazard. Lublin: Wydawn. KUL, 2005.

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Niewiadomska, Iwona. Hazard. Lublin: Wydawn. KUL, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hazard"

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Nadim, Farrokh. "Hazard." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 425–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_164.

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Guthrie, Richard. "Hazard." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_153-1.

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Weik, Martin H. "hazard." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 714. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8258.

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Guthrie, Richard. "Hazard." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 451–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_153.

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Petrovic, Predrag V., and Paul T. Anastas. "Hazard." In First Do No Harm, 1–22. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359647-1.

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Suter, Glenn W. "Hazard." In Fundamentals of Environmental Assessment, 97–99. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003156307-14.

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Wogalter, Michael S. "Hazard Analysis and Hazard-Control Hierarchy." In Forensic Human Factors and Ergonomics, 17–32. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Series: Human factors and ergonomics: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429462269-2.

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Webb, Leanne, and Richard L. Snyder. "Frost Hazard." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 363–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_148.

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Bokwa, Anita. "Natural Hazard." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 711–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_248.

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Crozier, Michael James, Nick Preston, and Thomas Glade. "Piping Hazard." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 764–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_269.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hazard"

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Li, James, Andrew Howard, and Amin Kalbasi. "Hazard Management Plan for Mass Transit System." In 2022 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2022-78000.

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Abstract The literature has recognized that developing a Hazard Management Plan is the most efficient way to outline the process of identifying hazards, assessing the hazard risks, and eliminating hazards or mitigating the hazard risks to the acceptable level for a Mass Transit System. Hazard management is a comprehensive, collaborative approach to manage hazards. It brings different hazard analyses and hazard management tools together to identify the hazard, control the hazard, eliminate the hazard, or mitigate the hazard risk to an acceptable level at an early stage. Hazard management is a top-down hazard management process which involves the Hazard Management Plan (HMP) to outline the hazard management process from the initial stages of identifying a hazard to the final stage in the process of closing a hazard. Hazard analyses that are identified by the HMP include: Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) to provide an early assessment of the top-level hazards associated with a design or concept; Operating and Support Hazard Analysis (OSHA) to identify and analyze hazards associated with personnel and procedures during production, installation, testing, training, operations, maintenance, and emergencies; Interface Hazard Analysis (IHA) to capture interface hazards introduced because of fault or failures in the interaction or interface between systems and between system and Civil works which covers both internal and external interfaces; Subsystem Hazard Analysis (SSHA) to identify previously unidentified hazards associated with the design of subsystems, including component failure modes, critical human error inputs, and hazards resulting for functional relationships between components and equipment comprising each subsystem and recommend actions necessary to eliminate identified hazards or control their associated risk to acceptable levels; System Hazard Analysis (SHA) to evaluate top-level hazards to ensure at the system level the hazards are mitigated to an acceptable level; Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to identify weakness in the design (i.e., common mode failures); Failure Modes, Effect Analysis (FMEA) to identify and analyze possible failures early in the design phase so that appropriate actions are taken to eliminate, minimize, or control safety. A Hazard Log is a hazard management tool to collect all the hazards identified from various hazard analyses and manage the hazards to closure. In some cases, where hazards are owned by other parties the HMP process will define Hazard Transfer Forms (HTF) to transfer the hazard to the responsible party who will be responsible to supply the evidence of closure or accept the residual risk. This paper will introduce the HMP, various hazard analyses, hazard log and hazard management process that applies to a Mass Transit System.
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Leduc, Daniel R., and Allen C. Smith. "Survey of Packaging Requirements for the Transport of Highly Hazardous Materials." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2132.

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Among hazardous materials those which are most dangerous fall into three categories: chemical, biological, and radioactive. The DOT hazard classes for these three categories are Hazard Class 2.3 (poisonous gases) and 6.1 (toxic substances) for chemical hazards, Hazard Class 6.2 (infectious substances) for biological hazards and Hazard Class 7 for radioactive material (RAM) hazards. The packaging requirements for chemical and biological hazards are outlined and compared with RAM packaging requirements. RAM packages are found to be able to withstand much more severe performance tests than packages for other, more lethal hazards.
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Malone, Sarah, and Roland Brünken. "Detection or Appraisal – Do Their Eye Movements Reveal What Causes Novices’ Poor Performance in a Dynamic Hazard Perception Test?" In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100734.

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According to Grayson et al. , risk behavior in driving consists of hazard detection, threat appraisal, action selection and implementation. Hazard perception tests often include the task to react quickly to hazards within traffic scenarios. Thus, two components of risk behavior are included in one measure and therefore confounded: hazard detection and threat appraisal. Tracking the eye movements, researchers found evidence for novices having deficits regarding hazard detection . In contrast, Hystegge et al. revealed, that novice drivers were as fast as expert drivers in looking at still hazards but needed more time to evaluate them. The aim of the present eye tracking experiment was to investigate, whether experienced drivers outperform novices with regard to hazard detection or threat appraisal. 22 experienced drivers and 15 learner drivers were presented 32 animated traffic scenarios in a computer based hazard perception test. The depended variables were accuracy and speed of hazard detection (first fixation) and threat appraisal (reaction after detection). Experts outperformed novices clearly in hazard detection: They focused on more hazards and detected them faster than the novices. Moreover, after having detected a hazard, experts react to it more reliable but not faster than the novices.
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Savigny, K. Wayne, Michael Porter, Joyce Chen, Eugene Yaremko, Michael Reed, and Glenn Urquhart. "Natural Hazard and Risk Management for Pipelines." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27176.

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Pipeline systems must contend with many hazards, of which ground movements such as landslides and washouts represent one type. Under the broader umbrella term, natural hazards, individual ground movement threats can be subdivided into geotechnical and hydrotechnical hazards. A four-phase natural hazard and risk management system (NHRM) is being developed. Although research and development are ongoing, implementation over the past seven years spans approximately 25,000 km of main-line pipeline in North and South America. It complies with CSA requirements for ‘hazard identification’ as well as current standard-of-care guidelines related to case-law in Canada. It is designed as a simple yet reproducible methodology that can be operated by pipeline companies, particularly their field staff. The first two phases of hazard identification/assessment are described here with reference to a recent study of hydrotechnical hazards along the Trans Mountain Pipe Line Co. Ltd. main line from Hinton, Alberta to Kamloops, British Columbia in the mountains of western Canada. The relative hazard ratings generated by the Phase I and II methodology can be integrated into existing risk management methodologies used in the industry. Alternatively, the risk assessment and risk management methodology of the NHRM system can be used as outlined in this paper.
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Caren, Brooklin, Erika Ziraldo, and Michele Oliver. "Comparing Visual Fixations between Initially Stopped and In-motion Turn Across Path Hazards." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0837.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Collisions involving turn-across-path hazards are responsible for a disproportionate number of injuries and fatalities compared to collisions with other orientations. Previous investigations of turn-across-path hazards have found conflicting results regarding hazard detection and response behaviour of drivers, particularly for hazards with different onset conditions. Typically, hazards with abrupt onsets should attract attention more readily, however, the opposite trend for response times has been observed when the abrupt onset is a rapid change in speed, rather than a sudden appearance. This study compared two left-turn-across path hazards with different onsets. The abrupt onset hazard was an initially stopped vehicle that quickly accelerated into the participant drivers’ path, while the gradual onset hazard was already in motion as the participant driver approached. Visual fixations were compared between the two onset types to determine if the sudden speed change was capturing attention as quickly as the already in-motion hazard, or if drivers were responding faster to the initially in-motion hazard for another reason. 88 participants completed the experiment in a full vehicle driving simulator while donning eye tracking glasses. Both response time and time-to-first fixation were shorter for drivers responding to the initially in-motion hazard when compared to the initially stopped hazard. There was no significant difference in total fixation duration between the onset conditions. The results indicate that despite the sudden onset behaviour, drivers were attending to the initially stopped hazard later. Additionally, for both hazard onsets time to first fixation duration was significantly, positively correlated with driver response time, while total fixation duration was significantly, negatively correlated. These differences in fixations provide evidence to include targeted instruction to address recognition of and responses to hazards with different onset conditions during driver training, and to include hazard onset behaviour as a consideration when evaluating the avoidability of collisions involving left-turning vehicles.</div></div>
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Porter, Michael, and K. Wayne Savigny. "Natural Hazard and Risk Management for South American Pipelines." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27235.

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Hazard identification and rating involve the first two of a four-phase natural hazard and risk management (NHRM) system that is being developed to manage natural hazards along linear facilities. In Canada, completing these first two phases is generally straightforward. Baseline data including air photos, geology and topographic maps are readily available; the number and types of hazard exposure are often limited for any given facility; and, the standard of care expected during design and construction is understood and practiced. The NHRM methodology is also being applied on South American pipelines. Greater flexibility is required in obtaining necessary input data. Helicopter and vehicle access are often more limited, and greater reliance must be placed on airphoto interpretation and literature review. Processes of rating hazard exposure are needed for less familiar hazard types, including tsunami, volcanic eruption, and tectonic ground rupture. South American construction and design practices must be accounted for in the rating methodology. Using examples from recently constructed trans Andean pipelines, this paper outlines application of the NHRM system to linear facilities located in areas of diverse hazard exposure and less stringent design and construction practices. Under the broad headings of ‘geotechnical’ and ‘hydrotechnical’ hazards, a methodology for rating eleven different hazard types is outlined. On the geotechnical side, these include tsunami, volcanic eruption, tectonic ground rupture, landslides and debris flows originating off-rights-of-way, and mass movements originating on rights-of-way. Hydrotechnical hazards include scour, degradation, bank erosion, encroachment, and channel abandonment/avulsion.
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Porter, Michael, Alex Baumgard, and K. Wayne Savigny. "A Hazard and Risk Management System for Large Rock Slope Hazards Affecting Pipelines in Mountainous Terrain." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27242.

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Pipelines and other linear facilities that traverse mountainous terrain may be subject to rock fall and rock slide hazards. A system is required to determine which sites pose the greatest hazard to the facility. Once sites are ranked according to hazard exposure, a risk management program involving inspection, monitoring, contingency planning and/or mitigation can be implemented in a systematic and defensible manner. A hazard rating methodology was developed to identify and characterize rock slope hazards above a South American Concentrate Pipeline, and to provide a relative ranking of hazard exposure for the pipeline, an access road and operational personnel. The rating methodology incorporates the geometry of the right-of-way, estimated pipe depth, staff and vehicle occupancy time, failure mechanism and magnitude, and the annual probability of hazard occurrence. This information is used in a risk-based framework to assign relative hazard ratings within rock slope sections of relatively uniform hazard exposure. This paper outlines a general framework for natural hazard and risk management along linear facilities, describes the rock slope hazard rating methodology, and illustrates how the system was applied along a South American Concentrate Pipeline.
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Jia, Shaohui, Lei Guo, Qingshan Feng, Lijian Zhou, and Yan Huang. "A New Method for Protecting Pipeline in Summer Monsoon." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39885.

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In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused casualties and economic losses throughout the year accounted for 70% ∼ 80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat for pipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude oil, gas, and refined oil are operated by PetroChina Pipeline Company. The pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for over forty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective spatial analysis tool, provides advanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field data and historical precipitation records. After many years of research and application of our prediction model of pipeline geo-hazard, an important link between geo-hazard and rainfall is understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such as landslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis with predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline geo-hazard susceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused by geo-hazards during the next twenty-four hours. Finally, the result is modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning is divided into five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines damaged by geo-hazards and protection measures are also proposed. During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina Pipeline Company web page and the communication software of Instant Messaging. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline Company acted promptly with a detailed deployment and emergency plan to ensure pipeline safety.
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Jia, Shaohui. "Pipeline Geo-Hazard Prediction and Early Warning During Summer Monsoon Based on GIS Technology." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31032.

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In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused casualties and economic losses throughout the year accounted for 70% ∼ 80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat for pipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude oil, gas, and refined oil are operated by PetroChina Pipeline Company. The pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for over forty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective spatial analysis tool, provides advanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field data and historical precipitation records. After many years of research and applicaton of our prediction model of pipeline geo-hazard, an important link between geo-hazard and rainfall is understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such as landslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis with predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline geo-hazard susceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused by geo-hazards during the next twenty-four hours. Finally, the result is modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning is divided into five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines damaged by geo-hazards and protection measures are also proposed. During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina Pipeline Company web page (http://www.gdgs.petrochina) and the communication software of IM. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline Company acted promptly with a detailed deployment and emergency plan to ensure pipeline safety.
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Demjancukova, Katerina, and Dana Prochazkova. "Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment in Countries With Low Seismicity." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28937.

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The region of the Czech Republic is mostly composed of the Bohemian Massif which is considered as a geological unit with low seismic activity. Nevertheless, all critical objects as the nuclear power plants, big dams etc. are built as aseismic structures. The nuclear installations have to satisfy the IAEA safety standards and requirements. One of important phenomena that have to be involved in the PSHA process is the diffuse seismicity. In 2010 International Atomic Energy Agency issued a specific safety guide SSG-9 Seismic Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations. The key chapters are focused on general recommendations, necessary information and investigations (database), construction of a regional seismotectonic model, evaluation of the ground motion hazard, probabilistic seismic hazards analysis (PSHA), deterministic seismic hazards analysis, potential for fault displacement at the site, design basis ground motion, fault displacement and other hazards, evaluation of seismic hazards for nuclear installations other than NPPs. In the paper a numerical example of seismic hazard assessment will be presented with emphasis on problems and particularities related to PSHA in countries with low seismic activity.
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Reports on the topic "Hazard"

1

Paul, C., and J. F. Cassidy. Seismic hazard investigations at select DND facilities in Southwestern British Columbia: subduction, in-slab, and crustal scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331199.

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Southwest British Columbia has some of the highest seismic hazard in Canada and is home to facilities owned by the Department of National Defence which support operations on the west coast of Canada. The potential impact of seismic hazards on these government facilities are investigated here. The hazard is from three primary sources: subduction interface, crustal and in-slab earthquakes. NRCan, in consultation with DRDC have produced representative earthquake scenarios for each of these sources. The subduction scenario we constructed was an M8.9 earthquake extending along the entire Cascadia Subduction Zone from 4 to 18 km depth. We used an M6.8 earthquake occurring along a 30 km fault at between 52 and 60 km depth below Boundary Bay to represent in-slab events. The final scenario, representing a crustal source, was an M6.4 along the central 47 km of the Leech River Valley-Devil's Mountain Fault system. We found that the Cascadia subduction scenario dominated the shaking hazard over much of the study region. Meanwhile, the in-slab and crustal scenarios have higher but more localized hazards in Vancouver and Victoria. In addition to the primary ground motion hazard, we also examined secondary seismic hazards: secondary amplification effects, landslides, liquefaction, surface ruptures, tsunami, flooding, fire, and aftershocks. Each of the secondary hazards had varying impacts depending on the scenario and locations within the region.
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Meredith, Austin Dean, and Jacob Bryan McCallum. Hazard Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1477637.

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3

Merilo, Shockey, and Simons. PR-418-123710-R01 Mitigating the Hazards Produced by Ruptured Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010995.

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Identifies concepts for mitigating the hazards that can result from a ruptured pipeline. SRI was asked specifically to evaluate blast hazards and identify ideas, materials, methods, and technologies that show promise for mitigating blast effects in high-consequence areas. This report presents indings, recommends concepts for hazard mitigation, and lays the groundwork for evaluating and further developing the envisioned concepts through computational modeling and small-scale testing.
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Torres, Marissa, and Norberto Nadal-Caraballo. Rapid tidal reconstruction with UTide and the ADCIRC tidal database. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41503.

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The quantification of storm surge is vital for flood hazard assessment in communities affected by coastal storms. The astronomical tide is an integral component of the total still water level needed for accurate storm surge estimates. Coastal hazard analysis methods, such as the Coastal Hazards System and the StormSim Coastal Hazards Rapid Prediction System, require thousands of hydrodynamic and wave simulations that are computationally expensive. In some regions, the inclusion of astronomical tides is neglected in the hydrodynamics and tides are instead incorporated within the probabilistic framework. There is a need for a rapid, reliable, and accurate tide prediction methodology to provide spatially dense reconstructed or predicted tidal time series for historical, synthetic, and forecasted hurricane scenarios. A methodology is proposed to combine the tidal harmonic information from the spatially dense Advanced Circulation hydrodynamic model tidal database with a rapid tidal reconstruction and prediction program. In this study, the Unified Tidal Analysis program was paired with results from the tidal database. This methodology will produce reconstructed (i.e., historical) and predicted tidal heights for coastal locations along the United States eastern seaboard and beyond and will contribute to the determination of accurate still water levels in coastal hazard analysis methods.
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Feinstein, D. I. Fragment Hazard Criteria. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265238.

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6

Brereton, S. J. Hazard classification methodology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/273808.

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Bange, Marilyn. Hazard Categorization Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734493.

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Bukowski, Richard W., and Richard D. Peacock. Example cases for the HAZARD I fire hazard assessment method. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.hb.146v3.

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9

Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, S. Safaie, and S. Johnstone. Hazard overview: a profile of natural hazard threat for BC. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330526.

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10

Mirel, Lisa. NHSR 155: Comparative Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Public-Use and Restricted-Use Linked Mortality Files - Production Schedule. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104774.

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This report describes a comparative analysis of the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative hazard ratios for a standard set of sociodemographic covariates for all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality, using the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs.
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