Journal articles: 'Hay-based diets'

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Oliveira, Euclides Reuter de, Flávio Pinto Monção, Andréa Maria de Araújo Gabriel, Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes Fernandes, Lais Valenzuela Moura, and Felipe De Almeida Nascimento. "Performance and digestibility in feedlot lambs fed hay based diets." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 38, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.30462.

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This study aimed to evaluate the performance of feedlot lambs fed diets formulated with hay of different genotypes of Cynodon spp. and to compare the dry matter digestibility of diets using different evaluation methods (total fecal collection and chromium oxide). Suffolk crossbred neutered male lambs (n=30), with an average age of 90 days and average body weight of 21.5 kg ± 1.6. Diets were formulated using a standard concentrate and hay of the following genotypes of Cynodon dactylon: Jiggs, Vaquero, Tifton 68, Coast-Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell, in a 60:40 forage concentrate ratio, composing the treatments distributed in a randomized block design in a factorial 5 x 2 arrangement of 5 diets and 2 digestibility evaluation methods. Animals receiving Vaquero hay showed dry matter intake of 18.3; 16.9; 25.6; 20.7 and 24.2% higher than those fed hay of Jiggs, Tifton 68, Coast Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell, respectively. There was no difference between diets for digestibility using total fecal collection, chromium oxide and final weight of animals. Jiggs hay based diets allowed greater daily weight gain and better feed conversion.

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Oddy, VH, CL Ewoldt, AW Jones, and HM Warren. "Metabolisable energy content of diets based on oats grain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (1990): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900503.

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The metabolisable energy (ME) content of a range of oats-based diets, encompassing a wide range in dry matter digestibility of oat grain, was measured at maintenance in sheep. Dry matter digestibility was 66-82% and ME content was 11.4-15.9 MJ/kg DM for the range of oats-based diets studied. Chaffed lucerne hay, used as a control diet, had a dry matter digestibility of 61% and ME content of 9.7 MJ/kg DM. The ratio of ME to digestible energy content of oats diets was 0.88, compared with 0.81 for chaffed lucerne hay. The difference between the diets based on oats grain and chaffed lucerne hay was accounted for by increased urine energy and nitrogen loss on the lucerne diet and not by reduced methane output on oats-based diets. Cell wall organic matter and lignin content of the oats-based diets were strongly correlated with diet digestibility (r2 = 0.79-0.90).

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Oliveira, Euclides Reuter de, Flávio Pinto Monção, Andréa Maria de Araújo Gabriel, Felipe De Souza Santos Abreu, Lais Valenzuela Moura, Felipe De Almeida Nascimento, Vadim Milani de Souza Carbonari, and Thais Assad Galharte Figueiredo. "Performance and economic analysis of finished lambs in feedlot." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n1p293.

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This study aimed to evaluate animal performance and economic performance of feedlot crossbred lambs (½ Santa Inês+ ½ Suffolk) fed different diets based on hay from Cynodon dactylon genotypes, through the use of financial measures considering only the period of confinement, without relating it to the complete management cycle. A total of 30 intact crossbred Suffolk lambs, identified with earrings, with an average age of 90 days and an average body weight of 21.5 kg were used in this study. Diets were formulated using as treatments a standard concentrate and hay of the Cynodon dactylon genotypes Jiggs, Vaquero, Tifton 68, Coast-Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell in a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. The treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. There were significant differences between diets in terms of total expenditure on food, and the highest values were obtained for the Jiggs genotype (BRL 48.96/animal). The animals fed diets based on Tifton 68 hay had a higher rate of return (2.16%) and profitability (34.63%) compared to the other diets. The use of diets based on Tifton 68 hay for feedlot lambs in the finishing phase brings higher economic returns compared to the remaining diets.

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Bailey, E. A., D. W. Brake, David E. Anderson, M. L. Jones, Evan C. Titgemeyer, and K. C. Olson. "Urea recycling in beef cattle fed prairie hay- based diets." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2894.

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Vieira, Diego de S., Juliana S. de Oliveira, Edson M. Santos, Betina Raquel C. dos Santos, Luís Fernando B. Pinto, Anderson de M. Zanine, Diego Francisco O. Coelho, et al. "Microbiological Composition of Diets of Cactus Pear-Based with Increasing Levels of Buffel Grass Hay and Relationship to Nutritional Disorders in Sheep." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040500.

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This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological composition of cactus pear-based diets with increasing levels of buffel grass hay, and its effect on the blood and physiological parameters and occurrence of diarrhea in feedlot sheep. Four diets containing different percentages of buffel grass hay were tested. Diets were composed of forage cactus, buffel grass hay and concentrate, and the treatments were represented by different levels of hay in the dry matter of the feed: 7.5% buffel grass hay; 15% buffel grass hay; 30% buffel grass hay; and 45% buffel grass hay on a dry matter basis. There was a significant effect (p = 0.0034) of inclusion levels of buffel grass hay on fecal score. Only at the 45% inclusion level diarrhea was not observed, showing that the level of buffel grass affected more the animals than the collection period, although the collection period has affected the microbial counts. Probably there was a physiological adaptation of animals over time. There were significant changes (p < 0.0001) in the blood parameters of sheep. The reduction of the proportion of cactus and the inclusion of greater than 15% buffel grass hay, on a dry matter basis, provides less contamination of the diet and animal feces by enterobacteria, such as E. coli.

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Mullins, C. R., K. N. Grigsby, and Barry J. Bradford. "Alfalfa hay inclusion rate in wet corn gluten feed based diets." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.3130.

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Jacobs, JL, and J. Zorrilla-Rios. "Silage or hay based diets supplemented with different levels of grain for fattening cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 8 (1994): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941093.

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Beef steers of liveweight (LW) 277kg were offered a basal ration of hay, untreated silage, or enzyme-treated silage supplemented with a barley + lupin + mineral (67:30: 3) concentrate at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of LW for a maximum of 120 days. The quality of silage was significantly (P<0.001) higher than hay (in vitro DMD: 673.0 v. 609.2 g/kg DM), primarily due to a shorter ungrazed growing period before harvest. The enzyme additive did not improve the quality of the silage compared with untreated silage, as indicated by pH, lactic acid, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Intake of silage was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that of hay (4.10 v. 3.68 kg DM/day). Final LW and LW gain of cattle fed silage were significantly (P<0.001) higher than of those fed hay (370 v. 345 kg; 1.03 v. 0.61 kg/day). As the level of grain increased there was a significant (P<0.001) increase in daily LW gain across all diets (0.63, 0.94, and 1.10 kg/day at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%). At slaughter, carcass weight was significantly (P<0.001) higher for cattle fed silage-based diets (207 v. 194 kg). When cattle were fed a higher quality conserved forage (silage), less grain (1.5 v. 4.5 kg/day) was required to achieve similar LW than with more traditional, forage (hay) based diets.

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Pearson, R. A., and P. R. Lawrence. "Intake, digestion, gastro-intestinal transit time and nitrogen balance in working oxen: studies in Costa Rica and Nepal." Animal Science 55, no. 3 (December 1992): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100021048.

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AbstractExperiments were carried out in Nepal and Costa Rica to compare voluntary dry-matter intake (DMI) by oxen of diets based on poor quality hay (Costa Rica) and rice straw (Nepal) supplemented with different levels of concentrate foods when the animals were working and not working. Values for the apparent digestibility of the diets, rates of passage of solid and liquid phases ofdigesta and nitrogen balance are also reported.Amounts of work calculated to raise daily energy expenditure to 1·3 to 1·6 × maintenance were associated with the following effects. (1) A depression of proportionately 0·11 and 0·14 in the DMI of oxen given a diet based on rice straw plus 18 and 27 g/kg live weight of concentrate respectively during work. No depression of DMI was seen with the hay diets which had slightly higher metabolizable energy but less nitrogen than the rice straw diets. (2) An increase in intake in the weeks following work on both the hay and rice straw diets. (3) Variable effects on apparent digestibility of food probably related more to the changes in DMI. (4) A tendency for gastro-intestinal mean retention time to be increased in working weeks particularly on the more fibrous diets.

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Wiseman, Aksel, Andrea K. Watson, Rick Stock, and Terry J. Klopfenstein. "77 Evaluation of Models Used to Predict Dry Matter Intake in Forage-Based Diets." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.194.

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Abstract Data from experiments conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln were pooled to compare predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) of growing cattle consuming foraged-based diets (corn silage, grass, alfalfa, or sorghum-hay) to determine the accuracy of current modeling systems. Experiments (n = 22) were a minimum of 84 days and included individually fed calves using the Calan gate system with 8 to 12 calves per treatment mean or pen-fed calves with 8 to 12 head per pen. Average body weight (BW) of calves ranged from 235 to 397 kg with average daily gain (ADG) between 0.16 and 1.65 kg. Cattle were fed ad libitum and mid-point BW and ADG were entered into the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (2016) to determine predicted DMI. Simple regression was used to compare predicted and observed DMI to determine the accuracy of the prediction model. Ninety-three treatment means were evaluated and were separated into three categories: hay-based diets (n = 24), hay-based diets with distillers grains (n = 31), and corn silage-based diets (n =38). The model for observed versus predicted DMI was significant (P < 0.05; R2 = 0.09) when comparing all means but had a poor R2. The model was the best at predicting DMI for forage-based diets (P < 0.08; R2 = 0.22). Observed and predicted DMI were regressed along TDN values, calculated using book values and digestion studies. As TDN increased, observed DMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) and predicted DMI had a quadratic response (P < 0.01), increasing up to 63% and then decreasing with increasing TDN. The model over predicted DMI intake for TDN < 63% and under predicted DMI in forage-based diets greater than 63% TDN. Further development of the current modeling system through addition of intake data from forage fed growing cattle is needed

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Aguilera, J. F., and C. Prieto. "Methane Production in Goats Given Diets Based on Lucerne hay and Barley." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 41, no. 1 (January 1991): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450399109424734.

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SANTOS, FRANCICLEIDE MARIA DE SOUZA CHARLL, DORGIVAL MORAIS DE LIMA JÚNIOR, DANIEL BARROS CARDOSO, MICHEL DO VALE MACIEL, and FRANCISCO FERNANDO RAMOS DE CARVALHO. "REPLACEMENT OF TIFTON 85 HAY WITH MANIÇOBA HAY IN THE SPINELESS CACTUS DIET OF SHEEP1 2." Revista Caatinga 34, no. 1 (January 2021): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252021v34n122rc.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay in diets based on spineless cactus on the nutrient intake and digestibility, ingestive behaviour and ruminal parameters of confined sheep. In order to do this, eight male sheep with ruminal cannulae were used, distributed across four levels (0, 333, 666 and 1.000 g kg-1 of dry matter) of replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay in a double Latin square experimental design. The animals were confined for 60 days divided into four periods of 15 days. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay did not influence the dry matter intake or digestibility. However, it influenced in a positive linear fashion the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates and in a linear negative fashion the digestibility of insoluble fibre in neutral detergent and crude protein. The ruminal ammonia-nitrogen and the crude protein ruminal content decreased linearly with the replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay. There was no effect of hay replacement on the production of volatile fatty acids or the microbial biofilm. The total replacement Tifton 85 by maniçoba hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep did not influence total digestible nutrient intake, volatile fatty acid production or biofilm, but did affect crude protein digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen and crude protein content in the rumen. Therefore, maniçoba hay can replace 300 g kg-1 grass hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep without compromising intake and ruminal parameters.

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Susmel, P., M. Spanghero, B. Stefanon, C. R. Mills, and C. Cargnelutti. "Effect of NDF concentration and physical form of fescue hay on rumen degradability, intake and rumen turn-over of cows." Animal Science 53, no. 3 (December 1991): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020304.

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AbstractDuring two experimental periods, eight non-lactating, rumen fistulated Simmental cows were given 2 kg/day of a cereal based concentrate and fescue hay ad libitum. The hay differed in neutral-detergent fibre concentration (LNDF: low; HNDF: high) and physical form (L: long; C: coarsely chopped). The rumen degradability of the dietary ingredients and of an extracted soya-bean meal was studied using the polyester-bag method.The estimated effective rumen degradability <DG) of dry matter (DM) was significantly higher for LNDF than for HNDF hay (0·490 v. 0·401; P < 0·01). The DM DG of the extracted soya-bean meal and the dietary concentrate were higher when incubated with LNDF than with HNDF diets (0·630 v. 0·581, P < 0·05, and 0·541 v. 0·514, respectively).Chopping the hay significantly increased the daily DM intake for HNDF diets (from 9·9 to 11·6 kg; P < 0·05), while no statistical differences were found between the other diets (10·2 and 9·6 kg, respectively for L-LNDF and C-LNDF diets). Cows given HNDF hay drank less water (42·4 v. 51·7 I/day) and total water consumption, expressed per unit of DM intake, was lower for the HNDF diets (4·1 v. 5·3 I/kg DM; P < 0·01).Dietary treatments did not affect the estimated rumen turn-over rate of hay (0·027 per h on average, k1), hay post-rumen turn-over rate (0·069 per h on average, k2) or the estimated rumen liquid turn-over rate (0·100 per h on average, kj. The calculated outflow from the rumen was lower for the HNDF diets (159·4 v. 198·7 I/day). The daily amount of estimated saliva secreted did not differ between treatments, although saliva expressed per kg DM intake was significantly lower for the HNDF diets (10·8 v. 14·8 I/kg DM; P < 0·05).The HNDF diets gave a lower post-feeding rumen pH (6·29 v. 6·58; P < 0·01), a higher concentration of n-butyrate (9·58 v. 8·32 mmol/l; P < 0·05) and a lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (80·5 v. 128·5 mg/l; P < 0·05). Of the C4 and C5 iso-acids, the rumen liquid from cows given HNDF diets had significantly lower concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and n-valerate (P < 0·01). Hay physical form did not affect rumen pH, NH3-N and volatile fatty acid concentrations.

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Czurgiel, Sylwia, Zofia Antoszkiewicz, Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek, and Marek Bogdaszewski. "The Effect of the Inclusion of Different Concentrates in Feed Rations on the Contents of Tocopherols, β-Carotene and Retinol in the Livers and Longissimus dorsi Muscles of Farm-Raised Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233311.

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This study analyzed the chemical composition and contents of β-carotene, tocopherols and retinol in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles and livers of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) fed diets based on hay containing different concentrates (hay and oats—HO; hay, oats and protein concentrate—HOP; hay and pellets—HP). The provitamin and lipophilic vitamin contents in the samples of feed and animal tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of retinol were nearly two-fold higher (p < 0.002) in the livers and many-fold higher in the LD muscles of fallow deer fed the HOP and HP diets. β-carotene was not identified in the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and total tocopherols were higher in the livers and LD muscles of the animals that received the HO and HP diets, but the noted differences were not significant. The inclusion of various concentrates in the feed rations had no influence on the proximate chemical compositions of the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer.

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FISHER, L. J., and W. T. BUCKLEY. "EFFECT OF FEEDING A CONCENTRATED WHEY-CANOLA MEAL MIXTURE AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF STARTER RATIONS FOR CALVES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-081.

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Thirty-two male Holstein calves were subdivided into four groups at 35 days of age and used to evaluate the feeding of an evaporated whey-canola meal feedstuff (EWC) fed in combination with either a grain-based starter ration or chopped hay. Over a feeding period of 7 wk, dry matter intake of EWC increased to 84 and 90% of total dry matter intake for the grain-based and hay-based starter rations, respectively. Rumen fluid butyrate and valerate levels increased to 40% and 15%, respectively, of total volatile fatty acids produced. Plasma urea levels were lower and phosphorus, potassium and copper levels were higher when EWC was fed. The digestibility of EWC-based diets was higher than either grain or hay diets without EWC. Nitrogen, calcium, sodium and potassium balances were substantially increased by the EWC-based diet. Bloat was a problem when the EWC was fed in conjunction with a grain-based starter ration. This problem was prevented by feeding small amounts of chopped hay. It was concluded from the results of this study that EWC could be fed in combination with chopped hay at up to 90% of the total dry matter intake of young calves without causing acidosis or digestive upsets. Key words: Whey, canola meal, starter rations, calves

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BAILEY, C. B. "RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN, BODY COMPOSITION, NITROGEN METABOLISM, AND BLOOD COMPOSITION OF GROWING HOLSTEIN STEERS GIVEN DEITS OF ROUGHAGE OR CONCENTRATE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-084.

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To assess the effects of diet (roughage vs. concentrate) on energy utilization and protein metabolism, growing Holstein steers were given equal daily intakes of digestible energy from one of three diets: hay alone (diet 1; 12% protein), 85% concentrate and 15% hay (diet 2; 16% protein), and 85% concentrate and 15% hay (diet 3; 12% protein). The ratio of protein to digestible energy was the same in diets 1 and 2. At 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg liveweight, estimates were obtained of digestibility and metabolizability of the diets, of weight of gastrointestinal digesta, of body composition based on the volume of distribution of tritiated water, of the concentration of a number of constituents in blood and of VFA in rumen fluid, of fractional degradation rate of skeletal muscle protein based on the urinary excretion of NT-methyl histidine, of the concentration of ammonia in rumen fluid and bacterial urease associated with the reticulo-rumenal epithelium, and of the concentration of total protein, and of the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions, in skeletal muscle. As a proportion of the weight of the empty body, water and protein were higher and fat was lower in steers on diet 1 than in those on diets 2 and 3. Empty liveweight gain in the steers on the concentrate diets (diets 2 and 3) was 35% greater than in steers on the hay diet (diet 1), and steers on concentrate required only 73% as much metabolizable energy per unit empty liveweight gain and 57% as much energy per unit energy gain as steers on hay. Daily gains of fat and energy were greater in the steers on concentrate than in those on hay and most of the extra gain of the steers on concentrate was attributable to gain of fat. Steers on concentrate had lower levels of triglyceride and higher levels of insulin and glucose in blood, and higher levels of propionate and lower levels of acetate in rumen fluid, than did steers on hay. There were no diet effects on the composition of skeletal muscle nor on the fractional degradation rate of muscle protein. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen, and associated effects on blood urea and urinary nitrogen excretion, were the same in steers on diets 1 and 2 but different for steers on diet 3. However, fecal nitrogen output was the same for steers on diets 2 and 3 but much higher in steers on diet 1. These results are consistent with the view that the higher rate of gain of fat in steers on concentrate, as compared with those on hay, was not due to effects on the availability of protein for productive purposes or on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, but was more likely to have been due either to lower rates of protein turnover in other tissues, such as those of the gastrointestinal tract, thus sparing energy for fat synthesis, or to a less efficient utilization of the energy available for fat synthesis. The latter possibility appears to be compatible with the finding of higher levels of circulating insulin in steers on the concentrate diets. Key words: Growth, efficiency, body composition, cattle

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ALOKAN, J. A. "A NOTE ON CORN COBS IN SHEEP DIET." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 15 (January 5, 2021): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v15i.1247.

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Twelve West African dwarf lambs 11 to 15 months of age and weighing 7.0 to 10.0 kg were randomized into three groups. Each group was fed diets containing zero, twenty-five and fifty percent corn cobs as replacer for hay (Cynodon nlemfuensis) in maize and groundnut cake-based media. Two mates from each treatment group were later placed in individual metabolic cages for digestibility experiments. Results showed that dry matter (DM) intake, weight gain, efficiency of fed utilization and nutrient digestibility values were similar for animals on rations A (zero corn cobs, 50% hay) and B (25% corn cobs, 25% hay) which were higher than values obtained for animals on ration C (50% corn cobs, zero hay). Results obtained also suggested that 25% ground corn cobs could be successfully incorporated into the diets of West African dwarf sheep for optimal utilization.

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Steen, R. W. J., and Charlotte A. Moore. "A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle." Animal Science 47, no. 1 (August 1988): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037016.

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AbstractTwo experiments have been carried out to compare silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle, and to examine the effect of supplementing the silage-based diet with additional protein. The three diets used in experiment 1 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with a low-protein, cereal-based concentrate (98 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)) (2) grass silage supplemented with a high-protein, cereal/soya-bean meal concentrate (208 g CP per kg DM) and (3) grass hay supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate (130 g CP per kg DM). The two diets used in experiment 2 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with barley and (2) a mixture of grass hay and artificially dried grass supplemented with barley. All the diets contained approximately 700 g forage and 300 g concentrates per kg DM except diet 3 in experiment 1 which contained 240 g hay and 760 g concentrates per kg. The silages were of high digestibility (digestible organic matter in dry matter 0·72) and were well preserved (ammonia N 36 g/kg total N). The diets were offered to castrated male cattle which were initially 384 kg in experiment 1 and 515 kg in experiment 2. For diets 1 to 3 in experiment 1 and diets 1 and 2 in experiment 2 respectively metabolizable energy intakes were, 92, 94, 94, 124 and 120 MJ/day; live-weight gains were 1·21, 1·16 and 1·21 (s.e. 0·044) and 1·25 and 1·22 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day; carcass gains were 0·76, 0·76 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·034) and 0·80 and 0·74 (s.e. 0·036) kg/day; carcass fat classifications (five-point scale; 1 = leanest, 5 = fattest) were 2·4, 2·9 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·09) and 3·6 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·18); mean subcutaneous fat depths were 6·8, 8·1 and 6·6 (s.e. 0·74) and 7·8 and 7·4 (s.e. 0·48) mm; areas of m. longissimus dorsi at the 10th rib were 66·4, 69·4 and 71·3 (s.e. 3·16) and 77·6 and 72·3 (s.e. 1·52) cm2 and marbling scores (eight-point scale; 1 = leanest, 8 = fattest) for m. longissimus were 1·7, 2·5 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·24) and 3·2 and 2·8 (s.e. 0·16). It is concluded that performance, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass fatness were similar for silage-based and dried forage-based diets, and that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance but tended to increase carcass fatness.

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Ortêncio, Marluci Olício, Saulo Alberto do Carmo Araújo, Norberto Silva Rocha, Diego Azevedo Mota, Severino Delmar Villela, Cláudia Braga Pereira Bento, Amanda Melo Sant'Anna Araújo, and Felipe Nogueira Domingues. "Ingestive behavior of calves fed diets based on corn grain and supplementary hay." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 6 (2020): 38562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n6-412.

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Obitsu, Taketo, Hiroshi Hata, and Kohzo Taniguchi. "Nitrogen digestion and urea recycling in Hokkaido native horses fed hay-based diets." Animal Science Journal 86, no. 2 (July 12, 2014): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12256.

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Sutton, J. D., J. E. Cook, and F. I. Ogundola. "Amount of concentrates and protein source for dairy goats on hay-based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021140.

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The efficient use of forages for milk production by dairy goats requires reliable estimates of the responses in intake and milk production to concentrate supplementation. Based on the results of experiments with dairy cows, two factors of particular importance are likely to be amount of concentrates and quality of the protein.

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Klevenhusen, F., S. M. Bernasconi, M. Kreuzer, and C. R. Soliva. "The methanogenic potential and C-isotope fractionation of different diet types represented by either C3 or C4 plants as evaluated in vitro and in dairy cows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07240.

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The methanogenic potential of two major feed production systems, grassland and arable land, was tested in vitro and in vivo. Diets were differentiated into C3 (grass, cereals) and C4 plants (maize) to determine whether C-isotope fractionation during methane formation differed between the C3 and C4 plant based diets. In the in vitro experiment, four diets consisting of hay, maize, wheat (the latter two straw and grain) and a 1 : 1 mixture of the maize and wheat diet were investigated using the Rusitec system (n = 4 per diet). In the in vivo experiment with 12 lactating cows, diets were basically similar, but barley was used instead of wheat and no maize–cereal mixture was tested (n = 4 per diet). Diets were always iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous. Methane was either measured by gas chromatography from complete daily collections (in vitro) or by putting cows into respiratory chambers. In vitro, the methanogenic potential of the diets was similar. Methane related to apparently degraded neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 50% lower in the hay than in the wheat diet, while the other diets ranged in between. The largest C-isotope fractionation between fermentation gases (αCO2 – CH4) was found in the wheat diet. In vivo, methane formation was highest with the barley diet followed by the hay and the maize diet (580, 461 and 453 L/day). Relating methane emission to dry matter intake reduced differences among diets (average 34 L/kg). On average, 118 L of methane were produced per kg digested NDF. Methane conversion rate was higher than the IPCC default value of 6.5% given for diets with less than 90% concentrate. No differences in the C-isotope fractionation were found in vivo. It was shown that forage-only diets, containing higher levels of fermentable fibre, do not necessarily have a higher methanogenic potential than mixed forage-concentrate diets.

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Agbossamey, Y. R., H. V. Petit, J. R. Seoane, and G. J. St-Laurent. "Performance of lambs fed either hay or silage supplemented with canola or fish meals." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-017.

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Forty-eight lambs (29.0 ± 4.7 kg BW) were used to study the effects of protein supplementation of forages on performance and diet digestibility. Lambs were fed grass hay or silage ad libitum plus a daily supplement of either: C, a control supplement supplying 1.2 g kg−1 BW of dry molasses and 0.6 g kg−1 BW of minerals, vitamins and lasalocid; CM, control supplement + 5.48 g kg−1 BW of canola meal; or FM, control supplement + 3 g kg−1 BW of fish meal. Apparent digestibility of all dietary components was higher in lambs fed silage than in those fed hay (P < 0.04). Addition of CM or FM improved apparent digestibility of energy and crude protein (CP) of lambs fed hay (P < 0.02) and CP digestibility of lambs fed silage (P < 0.01). Apparent digestibility of CP was higher in lambs fed FM than in those fed CM with either hay or silage (P < 0.03). Addition of CM or FM tended to decrease ADF digestibility of silage-based diets (P < 0.06). Apparent ADF digestibility of hay-based diets was lower in lambs fed CM than in those fed FM (P < 0.02). Forage DM intake was similar for all treatments. Addition of CM or FM to the diets improved average daily gains by 24% (P < 0.03), an effect that was higher with hay (35.1%, P < 0.02). Feed efficiency was 23.6% better in lambs fed protein-supplemented hay than in those receiving C (P < 0.04). Neither dressing percentage nor carcass lean yield was affected by protein supplementation. Digestible DM and TDN intakes were higher in lambs fed silage (P < 0.03) as a result of higher apparent digestibility for silage than hay. Furthermore, CM increased TDN intake by 7.6 and 8.2% in lambs fed hay and silage, respectively, compared with lambs fed FM. Addition of canola and fish meals improved forage nutritive value for lambs. Key words: Canola meal, fish meal, forages, digestibility, lambs, growth

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Klevenhusen, Fenja, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Thomas B. Hofstetter, Jakov Bolotin, Carmen Kunz, and Carla R. Soliva. "Efficiency of monolaurin in mitigating ruminal methanogenesis and modifying C-isotope fractionation when incubating diets composed of either C3or C4plants in a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) system." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 9 (June 9, 2009): 1308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509990262.

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Mitigation of methanogenesis in ruminants has been an important goal for several decades. Free lauric acid, known to suppress ruminal methanogenesis, has a low palatability; therefore, in the present study the aim was to evaluate the mitigation efficacy of its esterified form (monolaurin). Further,13C-isotope abundance (δ13C) and13C–12C fractionation during methanogenesis and fermentation were determined to evaluate possible microbial C-isotope preferences. Using the rumen simulation technique, four basal diets, characterised either by the C3plants grass (hay) and wheat (straw and grain), or the C4plant (13C excess compared with C3plants) maize (straw and grain), and a mixture of the latter two, were incubated with and without monolaurin (50 g/kg dietary DM). Added to hay, monolaurin did not significantly affect methanogenesis. When added to the other diets (P < 0·05 for the wheat-based diet) methane formation was lowered. Monolaurin decreased fibre disappearance (least effect with the hay diet), acetate:propionate ratio, and protozoal counts. Feed residues and SCFA showed the same δ13C as the diets. Methane was depleted in13C while CO2was enriched in13C compared with the diets. Monolaurin addition resulted in13C depletion of CO2and enrichment in CH4(the latter only in the hay diet). In conclusion, monolaurin proved to effectively decrease methanogenesis in the straw–grain diets although this effect might partly be explained by the concomitantly reduced fibre disappearance. The influence on13C-isotope abundance and fractionation supports the hypothesis that ruminal microbes seem to differentiate to some extent between C-isotopes during methanogenesis and fermentation.

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Lees, J. A., J. D. Oldham, W. Haresign, and P. C. Garnsworthy. "The effect of patterns of rumen fermentation on the response by dairy cows to dietary protein concentration." British Journal of Nutrition 63, no. 2 (March 1990): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900105.

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Four groups of seven dairy cows were given hay plus high-fibre concentrates based on sugar-beet feed (hay-concentrate, 40:60 w/w) or high-starch concentrates based on flaked maize (hay-concentrate, 20:80 w/w), with a crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) content of either 160 or 220 g/kg dry matter, over weeks 4–18 of lactation. Performance during week 3 of lactation, when all cows were fed on a standard ration, was used as a covariate. For diets with a high-fibre content, higher protein concentrations led to increases in yields of milk and milk fat, with no effect on live-weight loss. For diets with a high-starch content, higher protein concentrations did not affect milk yield or composition but resulted in an increase in live weight rather than a decrease. Diets with a high-starch content led to increased proportions of propionic acid in the rumen and increased concentrations of insulin in the blood. It is concluded that the source of carbohydrate needs to be taken into account when predicting the response to protein supply by dairy cows.

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Qamar, Z. A., M. A. Rashid, T. N. Pasha, M. I. Malik, A. Saleem, M. Raza, H. U. Rehman, and M. S. Yousaf. "Carryover effects of varying hay concentration on the transition to silage-based feeding of weaned dairy calves." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.7.

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Objectives of the experiment were to determine effects of dietary hay concentration in a dry total mixed ration and its carryover effects on intake, growth performance, faecal score, and feed efficiency of weaned dairy calves. Eighteen Friesian × Jersey weaned calves (n = 6 calves/treatment) were randomly assigned to three rhodes grass hay treatments (RG13, RG26, and RG39). The experimental diets were rhodes grass hay-based total mixed rations containing 13%, 26%, and 39% chopped hay on a DM basis. The experiment had two phases of four weeks each. In phase 1 (weeks 1–4), weaned calves were fed RG13, RG26, or RG39. Then, in phase 2 (weeks 5–8), all calves were shifted to a maize silage-based diet. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were fed ad libitum. Calves were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and feed. Average daily gain and daily dry matter intake were analysed as repeated measures, whereas bodyweight and feed efficiency were analysed using one-way ANOVA. In phases 1 and 2 dry matter intakes were similar. Growth rate decreased linearly with increasing concentration of hay in phase 1. Overall, daily dry matter intake, average daily gain, change in body condition score and structural measurements were not affected by dietary treatments. However, overall feed efficiency was improved for calves fed RG26 compared with RG13 and RG39. Thus, feeding a moderate level of hay had positive impacts on the transition to a silage-based TMR. Keywords: dietary transition, total mixed ration, intake, growth, feed efficiency, body condition score, faecal score

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McKinnon, J. J., A. F. Mustafa, and R. D. H. Cohen. "Nutritional evaluation and processing of canola hulls for ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-034.

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This study examined the nutritional value of canola hulls for ruminants and the effects of processing on in situ ruminal nutrient disappearance. VI and apparent DMD, CPD, ADFD and NDFD (%) and DE content (MJ kg−1 DM) of canola hull supplemented diets were determined in a total tract digestibility trial using 12 ram lambs. The dietary treatments were 100% alfalfa hay; 75% alfalfa hay: 25% canola hulls; 50% alfalfa hay: 50% canola hulls; 25% alfalfa hay: 75% canola hulls. In situ disappearance of treated and untreated canola hulls was determined using two fistulated cows. Processing treatments included: untreated hulls; ammoniation; solvent extraction; and ammoniation and solvent extraction. As canola hull inclusion rate increased, DM intake, DMD, CPD, ADFD and NDFD decreased (P < 0.05) linearly. Digestible energy values did not differ between diets, suggesting that canola hulls have a DE value (9.3 MJ DE kg−1 DM) similar to the alfalfa hay used in the trial. Ruminal nutrient disappearance and kinetic parameters were not improved by ammoniation or solvent extraction. It is concluded that supplementation of canola hulls to alfalfa based diets will reduce nutrient digestibility and DM intake when fed to growing ram lambs. Ammoniation is not an effective treatment for improving in situ nutrient disappearance from canola hulls. Key words: Canola hulls, nutrient utilization, ammoniation, solvent extraction, ruminants

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Kong, Yunhong, Maolong He, Tim McAlister, Robert Seviour, and Robert Forster. "Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Microbial Communities in the Rumens of Cattle Fed Different Diets." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 20 (August 27, 2010): 6933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00217-10.

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ABSTRACT At present there is little quantitative information on the identity and composition of bacterial populations in the rumen microbial community. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using newly designed oligonucleotide probes was applied to identify the microbial populations in liquid and solid fractions of rumen digesta from cows fed barley silage or grass hay diets with or without flaxseed. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were abundant in both fractions, constituting 31.8 to 87.3% of the total cell numbers. They belong mainly to the order Bacteroidales (0.1 to 19.2%), hybridizing with probe BAC1080; the families Lachnospiraceae (9.3 to 25.5%) and Ruminococcaceae (5.5 to 23.8%), hybridizing with LAC435 and RUM831, respectively; and the classes Deltaproteobacteria (5.8 to 28.3%) and Gammaproteobacteria (1.2 to 8.2%). All were more abundant in the rumen communities of cows fed diets containing silage (75.2 to 87.3%) than in those of cows fed diets containing hay (31.8 to 49.5%). The addition of flaxseed reduced their abundance in the rumens of cows fed silage-based diets (to 45.2 to 58.7%) but did not change markedly their abundance in the rumens of cows fed hay-based diets (31.8 to 49.5%). Fibrolytic species, including Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus spp., and archaeal methanogens accounted for only a small proportion (0.4 to 2.1% and 0.2 to 0.6%, respectively) of total cell numbers. Depending on diet, between 37.0 and 91.6% of microbial cells specifically hybridized with the probes used in this study, allowing them to be identified in situ. The identities of other microbial populations (8.4 to 63.0%) remain unknown.

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Silva, T. G. P., L. A. Lopes, F. F. R. de Carvalho, P. C. Soares, A. Guim, V. A. Silva Júnior, and Â. M. V. Batista. "Blood biochemical parameters of lambs fed diets containing cactus cladodes." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 1 (2023): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12833.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial replacement (750g/kg) of Tifton hay by two cactus cladodes (Nopalea or Opuntia) on the metabolic profile of lambs. Thirty-six uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs (22.0 ± 2.9kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and 12 repetitions. The animals were fed a control diet (Tifton hay as exclusive roughage), Miúda cactus cladodes-based diet or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (O.E.M.) cactus cladodes-based diet. Blood samples were collected one day before (baseline) and 45 days after the introduction of the tested diets. The Miúda cactus cladodes caused an increase (P=0.055) in the serum activity of the gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme (53.66U/L) and in the blood content of glucose and fructosamine. The O.E.M. cactus cladodes caused lower (P=0.038) serum cholesterol content (41.33mg/dL). Regardless of the variety, there was a decrease (P=0.001) in the serum content of indirect bilirubin, urea, and sodium, and increase in the serum magnesium concentration. The partial replacement of the Tifton hay by Miúda or O.E.M. cactus cladodes in lamb feeding increases the enzyme activity, indicating liver and/or kidney changes, but does not cause relevant damage to energy, protein, and mineral metabolism.

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Bayat, A. R., R. Valizadeh, and A. A. Nasserian. "Effects of lucerne hay and barley grain particle sizes on chewing activity, rumen pH and milk composition of Holstein dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020330.

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NRC (2001) recommended 250 g/kg dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) with a minimum of 190 g/kg dietary forage NDF to prevent milk fat depression. This recommendation does not account for the differences in forage particle size. The forage particle size requirements of dairy cows fed barley grain-based diets can differ from those fed maize grain-based diets (Yang and Beauchemin, 2006). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of lucerne hay and barley grain particle sizes on chewing activity, rumen pH, milk yield and milk composition using barley grain-based diets.

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ATWAL, A. S., and J. D. ERFLE. "COMPARISON OF WILTED-ALFALFA SILAGE AND ALFALFA HAY PRESERVED WITH PROPIONIC ACID IN CORN-SILAGE-BASED DIETS FOR MILKING COWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-089.

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Thirty cows (9 uniparous and 21 multiparous) were fed three diets during weeks 5–16 of lactation. The dietary ingredients were adjusted weekly to reflect their oven dry matter (DM). The control diet was a low-fiber diet containing urea-treated corn silage (UCS), well-dried alfalfa hay and buffered concentrate (525:125:350 DM basis). The two test diets contained corn silage and either wilted-alfalfa silage (WAS) or alfalfa hay treated with propionic acid (PAH) and concentrate (300:300:400 DM basis). For the three blended diets, acid detergent fiber (169, 195 and 212 g kg−1 DM) and digestible energy (12.73, 12.50 and 12.25 MJ kg−1 DM) were different (P < 0.05). The crude protein content of the WAS diet was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the PAH diet (164 vs. 154 g kg−1 DM). Average DM intakes (21.8, 22.5 and 21.2 kg d−1) and solids-corrected milk yields (26.9, 27.9 and 26.6 kg d−1) were similar for the three treatments. Also there was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on milk composition and acetate/propionate ratios of rumen fluid. Thus WAS and PAH diets supported similar production and equalled the low fiber control diet. Key words: Lactation, urea, corn silage, alfalfa, wilted silage, propionic acid treatment.

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Pinho, A. C. A., R. A. S. Pessoa, A. M. V. Batista, A. S. C. Véras, D. B. Cardoso, K. C. Santos, D. M. De Lima Júnior, and F. F. R. De Carvalho. "Spineless cactus-based diets associated with various nitrogen sources in sheep diets." South African Journal of Animal Science 51, no. 6 (May 9, 2022): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.8.

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This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen (N) sources augmenting spineless cactus-based diets on intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics and N balance in sheep. Eight rumen-fistulated sheep with an average initial bodyweight of 62 ± 6.83 kg were allotted to one of two 4 x 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), Tifton hay, corn grain, vegetable oil and a mineral mixture augmented with either soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), whole cottonseed (WCS) or urea (U) to provide additional nitrogen. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes were similar (P >0.05) for sheep fed the diets with SBM, CSM, and WCS. The digestibility coefficients of DM and CP were similar (P >0.05) for SM, CM, and U diets. The rate of DM disappearance from the rumen did not differ (P >0.05) between treatments. However, the rumen ammonia, pH and N balance was higher (P <0.05) for sheep fed the WCS and U diets. The N absorbed and N retained did not differ (P >0.05) between the diets. Soybean meal and CSM are similar in their effects and can be used for sheep in diets based on spineless cactus. Whole cottonseed and U are interesting sources of N but should be used with caution owing to their effects on digestibility and nutrient intake in sheep.

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Paengkoum, Pramote. "Protein Requirements for Maintenance of Thai Native Male Cattle Fed Pangola Hay Based Diets." Research Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjbsci.2010.33.35.

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Chantaprasarn, N., and M. Wanapat. "Effects of Sunflower Oil Supplementation in Cassava Hay Based-diets for Lactating Dairy Cows." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 4, 2008): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.60421.

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Minter, C. M., R. G. Wilkinson, and T. J. Hough. "Evaluation of regulated release supplements for ewes in late pregnancy fed hay based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002829.

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Urea is a cheap source of non-protein nitrogen that can be included in ewe diets to meet their increasing demand for protein during late pregnancy. However, its rapid rate of ammonia release results in inefficient utilisation of the nitrogen by rumen microbes. New technology which binds urea with sugar has been developed to reduce the rate of ammonia release (regulated release) in the rumen and increase the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation. The objectives of this work was to evaluate the effects of including a regulated urea release product in the diet of ewes during late pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance.

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Murray, PJ, JB Rowe, and EM Aitchison. "The influence of protein quality on the effect of flavomycin on wool growth, liveweight change and rumen fermentation in sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900987.

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The feed additive flavomycin, a glycolipid antibiotic, was evaluated for its potential to improve wool growth in sheep fed two pelleted diets: one based on lucerne chaff and lupin grain and the other on wheat chaff and fishmeal. Seventy-eight weaner ewes, approximately 20 months of age and mean weight of 32 kg (s.e. � 0.3), were placed in individual pens and fed the pelleted diets at a level equivalent to 3.5% of the mean liveweight of the group. The experiment consisted of an initial period (8 weeks) during which all animals received their respective diets with no flavomycin, followed by an experimental period (9 weeks) during which the animals received their diets with flavomycin. Flavomycin was included at three different rates (l0, 20 and 40 ppm) in both diets (nine sheep/level) during the experimental period and twelve sheep were fed each of the unmedicated diets (no flavomycin). Feed intakes were measured daily and animals weighed weekly. Wool growth was measured for the initial and experimental periods by clipping a mid-side patch of about 100 cm2. In sheep fed the lucernellupin based diet, flavomycin increased liveweight gain ( P < 0.05) at 20 ppm but had no effect on wool production, whereas in those fed the hay/fishmeal diet, there was a linear decrease in liveweight gain (P < 0.001) (161, 151, 142, 130 g day-1) and a dose related increase in clean wool production (P<0.01) (12.9, 14.5, 15.2, 15.3 g m-2 day-1) with increasing rates of flavomycin (0, 10, 20, 40 ppm respectively). There was no significant effect of flavomycin on fibre diameter in the sheep fed either diet. The inclusion of flavomycin in both diets significantly increased the molar proportions of propionate in the rumen fluid and in sheep on the hay/fishmeal pellet it reduced the concentration of rumen ammonia. The time animals took to eat their ration was increased with the inclusion of flavomycin in the hay/fishmeal diet.

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Sutton, J. D., S. V. Morant, J. A. Bines, D. J. Napper, and D. I. Givens. "Effect of altering the starch: fibre ratio in the concentrates on hay intake and milk production by Friesian cows." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 3 (June 1993): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076541.

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SUMMARYSixty-four multiparous Friesian cows were given one of eight diets from weeks 4–20 of lactation at the former National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading in 1983–84. The diets consisted of 13·5 kg/day of experimental concentrates plus hay at 4·5 kg/day (fixed) or ad libitum. Concentrates were high-starch (S) based on cereal grains and cassava, high-fibre (F) based on highquality by-products, and two intermediate types containing 2:1 (SF) and 1:2 (FS) starch:fibre, all with a crude protein concentration of c. 180 g/kg DM. The diets were designed to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein at fixed hay intakes.With ad libitum feeding, hay intake was lowest on S concentrates. With increasing fibre in the concentrates, the yields of milk, protein and lactose fell but fat concentration and yield were increased. These changes were linear and were unaffected by hay intake. Increasing hay intake to ad libitum had no effect on milk yield but increased the concentrations and yields of fat and protein. It also changed a net liveweight loss on fixed intakes to a gain on ad libitum intakes.Diet digestibility was measured using sheep at about maintenance and cows at production intakes. Digestibility was higher in the sheep, probably because of the difference in level of intake. In the cows, increasing fibre in the concentrates reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, energy and nitrogen but increased the digestibility of fibre fractions and ether extract. Level of hay intake had variable effects on mean digestibility and on the relationship with concentrate type.Increasing the fibre in the concentrates increased the molar proportions of acetate and n-butyrate in the rumen and reduced the proportions of propionate, n-valerate and n-caproate.It is concluded that, with mixed diets of hay and relatively high proportions of concentrates, changes in the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates by substitution of high quality by-products for starchy ingredients can induce linear changes in the yields of milk and the principal solids constituents and in milk fat concentration. Since changes in yields of fat and protein went in opposite directions, the optimal concentrate composition depends on the milk composition required by the market. These conclusions may not apply if poorer quality by-products are used.

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SEOANE, J. R., A. M. CHRISTEN, and S. DION. "INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN STEERS FED GRASS HAY SUPPLEMENTED WITH CORN OR BARLEY AND FISH MEAL OR SOYBEAN MEAL." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-110.

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Twenty crossbred steers (493 ± 6 kg) were used to study the effects of two types of cereal (cracked corn or rolled barley) and two protein supplements (fish meal or soybean meal) on voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of grass hay based diets for beef steers. Diets contained 65% concentrate and 35% roughage as fed. Daily digestible energy intake, expressed as MJ kg−0.75 body weight, was 15% higher in steers fed barley (P < 0.01) and 10% higher when fish meal was fed instead of soybean meal (P < 0.04). Apparent digestion coefficients of DM and acid detergent fiber were similar for the four diets. Apparent protein digestibility was 30.5% higher in steers receiving barley (P < 0.01). Energy digestibility was slightly higher (6.5%, P < 0.14) for animals receiving barley compared with those receiving corn, probably because digestibility of barley starch was 7.3% higher (P < 0.01). Thus, digestible energy values of barley diets were 6.3% higher than those of corn diets. The results suggest that rolled barley was superior to cracked corn and fish meal superior to soybean meal when fed with grass hay to steers. Key words: Cattle, fish meal, soybean meal, corn, barley

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Kegley, E. B., and J. W. Spears. "Effect of zinc supplementation on performance and zinc metabolism of lambs fed forage-based diets." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 2 (October 1994): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960006857x.

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SummaryExperiments were conducted to determine the effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on the performance and mineral metabolism of lambs fed forage-based diets containing 15–23 mg Zn/kg. In Expt 1, 20 lambs were fed a good-quality orchardgrass (21·4 mg Zn/kg) or a low-quality tall fescue (14·7 mg Zn/kg) hay and supplemental Zn (as ZnO) at 0 or 30 mg/day in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Forage was fed ad libitum and all lambs received 92 g dry matter/day of a corn-based supplement which served as the carrier of the supplemental Zn. Lambs fed orchardgrass hay had a greater (P < 0·01) dry matter intake and average daily gain for the 42-day study. Zinc supplementation did not affect performance of lambs fed tall fescue but tended to improve performance in those fed orchardgrass hay. At the end of the 42-day growth phase, lambs were placed in metabolism crates for a 7-day total collection of urine and faeces. Supplemental Zn increased intake (P <0·01) and faecal excretion (P <0·01) of Zn. Absorbed Zn was greater (P < 0·05) for lambs fed supplemental Zn. There was a tendency for a forage × Zn interaction (P < 0·10) for urinary Zn excretion and retention. Urinary Zn excretion was highest in lambs fed tall fescue hay supplemented with Zn. In Expt 2, 24 lambs were fed diets consisting of ad libitum chopped tall fescue hay (23 mg Zn/kg) and 176 g/day of a corn and mineral supplement which served as the carrier of the Zn treatments. Treatments were no supplemental Zn or 30 mg/day supplemental Zn as ZnO, ZnSO4 or Zn methionine. Zinc oxide and ZnSO4 supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0·10) and decreased feed/gain (P < 0·10) for the 56-day study when compared to control and Zn methionine-supplemented lambs.

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Martin, B., I. Verdier-Metz, S. Buchin, C. Hurtaud, and J. B. Coulon. "How do the nature of forages and pasture diversity influence the sensory quality of dairy livestock products?" Animal Science 81, no. 2 (October 2005): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50800205.

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AbstractAbstract This review summarizes the recent developments in understanding of the relationships between the diet of animals and the sensory quality of dairy products. Feeding dairy cattle with maize silage by comparison with hay or grass silage leads to whiter and firmer cheeses and butter and sometimes to differences in flavour. Major differences in sensory characteristics were observed between cheeses made with milk produced by cows on winter diets (based on hay and grass silage) or turned out to pasture in the spring. Conversely, preserving grass as silage, by comparison with hay, has no major effect on cheese sensory characteristics, except on colour, the cheese being yellower with grass silage. Several recent experiments have shown a significant effect of grass botanical composition on cheese texture and flavour. These effects are due to the presence in milk of specific molecules directly introduced by feeding (carotenes, terpenes) or produced by the animals (plasmin, fatty acids) under the effect of specific diets.

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Kłosowski, B., K. Bidwell-Porěbska, D. Kłosowska, and J. Piotrowski. "Microstructure of skeletal muscles of growing calves fed silage-based vs hay-based diets. I. Fibre diameters." Reproduction Nutrition Development 32, no. 1 (1992): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19920101.

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Kabré, P., M. Doreau, and B. Michalet-Doreau. "Effects of underfeeding and of fish meal supplementation on forage digestion in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 1 (February 1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007132x.

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SUMMARYThe effects of severe food restriction and of protein supplementation on the apparent digestibility of a forage were studied on 12 wethers in 1992 at INRA, Theix. Ruminal digestion of the forage cell walls was studied in a second experiment carried out on four ewes fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas, receiving the same diets as the wethers. The animals were fed on two different hay-based diets: hay only (58 or 25 g/kg BW0·75 per day) or hay supplemented with fish meal (48 or 20 g hay with 6·5 and 3·0 g fish meal respectively per kg BW0·75). The effects of fish meal supplementation on apparent digestibility of the hay cell walls were small, + 1·8 and + 2·3 units for neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) respectively. In contrast, NDF and ADF digestibility was respectively 4·0 and 4·7 units higher at low than at high intake. Rumen fluid volume decreased by 2·4 1 with decreasing intake, while water concentration in rumen content increased slightly from 89·8 to 91·8%. The mean retention time of the hay particles in the foreguts increased concomitantly from 39·5 to 55·1 h. This was achieved by a higher retention time to a similar extent in both slow and fast compartments. The calculated in situ degradability of NDF and ADF increased respectively by 12·1 and 13·1 units with decreasing intake. This reflected the lower fractional outflow rate recorded at low intake. If a fractional outflow rate value of 4·1%/h (as measured in high intake diets) was applied to all dietary treatments, NDF and ADF in situ degradability would be greater at low than at high intake (31·7 v. 26·6% for NDF; 27·9 v. 22·1 % for ADF), indicating a higher microbial activity in restricted diets. Interactions between intake and fish meal supply were detected for in situ degradation parameters, indicating principally a reduction of the cell wall undegraded fraction in supplemented diets when intake declined. Ruminal fermentation was modified by the dietary treatments, the acetate: propionate ratio being higher at low intake. Fish meal increased concentrations of ammonia and of isoacids in rumen liquid. The relationship between apparent digestibility and in situ degradability of plant particles is discussed.

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Mekuriaw, Shigdaf, Atsushi Tsunekawa, Toshiyoshi Ichinohe, Firew Tegegne, Nigussie Haregeweyn, Nobuyuki Kobayashi, Asaminew Tassew, et al. "Effect of Feeding Improved Grass Hays and Eragrostis tef Straw Silage on Milk Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Methane Emission of Lactating Fogera Dairy Cows in Ethiopia." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061021.

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The nutritionally imbalanced poor-quality diet feeding is the major constraint of dairy production in tropical regions. Hence, alternative high-quality roughage-based diets are required to improve milk yield and reduce methane emission (CH4). Thus, we tested the effects of feeding natural pasture hay, improved forage grass hays (Napier and Brachiaria Hybrid), and treated crop residues (Eragrostis tef straw) on nutrient digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen balance, and methane emission. The eight lactating Fogera cows selected for the experiment were assigned randomly to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were housed in well-ventilated individual pens and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. The four roughage-based basal dietary treatments supplemented with formulated concentrate were: Control (natural pasture hay (NPH)); treated teff straw silage (TTS); Napier grass hay (NGH); and Brachiaria hybrid grass hay (BhH). Compared with the control diet, the daily milk yield increased (p < 0.01) by 31.9%, 52.9%, and 71.6% with TTS, NGH, and BhH diets, respectively. Cows fed BhH had the highest dry matter intake (8.84 kg/d), followed by NGH (8.10 kg/d) and TTS (7.71 kg/d); all of these intakes were greater (p = 0.01) than that of NPH (6.21 kg/d). Nitrogen digestibility increased (p < 0.01) from the NPH diet to TTS (by 27.7%), NGH (21.7%), and BhH (39.5%). The concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen was higher for cows fed NGH than other diets (p = 0.01) and positively correlated with plasma urea nitrogen concentration (R² = 0.45). Feeding TTS, NGH, and BhH hay as a basal diet changed the nitrogen excretion pathway from urine to feces, which can help protect against environmental pollution. Estimated methane yields per dry matter intake and milk yield were decreased in dairy cows fed BhH, NGH, and TTS diets when compared to cows fed an NPH diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding of TTS, NGH, and BhH roughages as a basal diet to lactating dairy cows in tropical regions improved nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and reduced enteric methane emission.

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Moore-Colyer, Meriel, and Annette C Longland. "Intake and apparent digestibility of hay, haylage, big bale and clamp silage by ponies." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001010.

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Grass hay is the traditional conserved fodder fed to horses in the UK, yet good quality hay is often scarce and expensive. Working or breeding equines often require a higher plane of nutrition than that provided by hay, yet feeding high levels of concentrates can lead to a number of metabolic disorders such as colic and laminitis. Furthermore, the high dust content of hay can elicit the onset of the debilitating disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, there is increasing interest in feeding horses forage-based diets which are both low in dust and have enhanced nutritive values. The aim of this experiment was to determine the intakes and digestibility of four types of conserved forage by ponies.

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Asadi Alamouti, A., G. R. Ghorbani, M. Alikhani, H. R. Rahmani, A. Teimouri Yansari, and K. H. Südekum. "Effects of lucerne particle size and source of dietary carbohydrates on in situ degradation and ruminal variables in sheep." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 6 (June 22, 2009): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1729-cjas.

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The effects of altering forage particle size and source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates on in situ degradation and ruminal variables were studied in four Iranian male sheep. The study was designed as a Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including two carbohydrate sources (pelleted beet pulp vs. maize- and barley-based concentrate) and two lucerne particle sizes (2.38 vs. 0.94 mm). Kinetics of disappearance of lucerne, concentrates and mixed samples was studied in situ. Among feed samples, the degradation rate constant of lucerne dry matter was higher (P < 0.02) and disappearance of lucerne neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in 4 h of incubation was lower (P = 0.06) in diets with reduced particle size. The rapidly degradable fraction of lucerne samples was also affected by treatments. Other degradability components were not affected. The mean ruminal pH was lower in diets containing short hay than in those containing long hay (5.76 vs. 5.86, P < 0.006) and pH values were consistently lower immediately after feeding diets with short lucerne hay. The form of carbohydrates did not affect ruminal pH, however, altering the source of carbohydrates changed the pattern of pH over time. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and proportions of individual VFA were similar but numerical differences indicated a lower acetate to propionate ratio in diets with short hay. Most of the affected variables were influenced by the particle size of forage to a larger extent than by the source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates or the interaction between them. So, when sheep diets contain no more than 250 g/kg starch, the source of dietary carbohydrates may not interact with forage particle size to affect DM degradability and ruminal fermentation.

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Mader, T. L., D. E. Pankaskie, T. J. Klopfenstein, R. A. Britton, and V. W. Krause. "Utilization of Alfalfa Hay and Alfalfa Silage. 1. Protein Sources in Corn Silage-Based Diets." Journal of Dairy Science 69, no. 9 (September 1986): 2334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80672-5.

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Canale, C. J., and M. R. Stokes. "Sodium Bicarbonate for Early Lactation Cows Fed Corn Silage or Hay Crop Silage-Based Diets." Journal of Dairy Science 71, no. 2 (February 1988): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79566-1.

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Trater, A. M., E. C. Titgemeyer, C. A. Löest, and B. D. Lambert. "Effects of supplemental alfalfa hay on the digestion of soybean hull-based diets by cattle." Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 5 (2001): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2001.7951346x.

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Cifuni, Giulia Francesca, Michela Contò, Andrea Amici, and Sebastiana Failla. "Physical and nutritional properties of buffalo meat finished on hay or maize silage-based diets." Animal Science Journal 85, no. 4 (November 21, 2013): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12152.

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Jensen, R. B., D. Blache, K. E. Bach Knudsen, D. Austbø, and A. H. Tauson. "The effect of diet and exercise on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations in horses measured before and after exercise." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170004.

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Exercise influences different endocrine and metabolic parameters, and information in the literature is sparse for some of these hormones and metabolites in the exercising horse. The aim of the present experiment was to study the metabolic response to exercise when feeding diets with varying carbohydrate composition (fibre and starch) under experimental conditions where diet and exercise were standardised and controlled. The response was investigated in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment using four Norwegian Coldblooded trotter horses. The dietary treatments were two fibre based diets, hay only and hay (85% of dry matter intake (DMI)) supplemented with molassed sugar beet pulp (mSBP) (15% of DMI), or two starch based diets of hay (68% of DMI) and barley (32% of DMI), and hay (68% of DMI), barley (26% of DMI) and mSBP (6% of DMI). Each diet was fed for 28 days; 16 days of adaptation followed by 12 days of data collection. 4 h after the morning feeding at 06:00 the horses performed a standardised exercise test (SET) lasting 45 min. Blood samples were taken before feeding the morning meal at 06:00, before the SET (10:00), after the SET (10:45) and after recovery from exercise (15:00), and plasma samples were analysed for relevant metabolites and hormones. Plasma leptin concentrations increased after exercise but were not affected by diet, whereas diet and exercise had no effect on the plasma concentrations of ghrelin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Furthermore, diet influenced the plasma concentrations of short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) more than exercise. The results provide important comparative information that can be useful in studies where diet and exercise cannot be controlled, e.g. in field studies.

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Manzocchi, Elisa, Werner Hengartner, Michael Kreuzer, and Katrin Giller. "Effect of feeding hay vs. silages of various types to dairy cows on feed intake, milk composition and coagulation properties." Journal of Dairy Research 87, no. 3 (August 2020): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029920000801.

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AbstractThis research paper addresses the hypotheses (1) that milk produced from hay-fed cows differs from that of silage-fed cows and (2) that silage type has an important impact, too. Four diets differing in forage type but with equal estimated milk production potential and a forage:concentrate ratio of 0.85 : 0.15 were compared regarding their effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk properties. The forages tested were hay, grass silage, conventional short-chopped and long-chopped maize silage subjected to a novel processing technology (Shredlage®). Twenty-four dairy cows were fed two of the four diets in two consecutive runs in an incomplete (4 × 2) Latin-square design (n = 12 per diet). Each experimental period lasted 22 d, with 12 d of adaptation and 10 d of sampling. During sampling, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily, milk composition and coagulation properties were determined four times. The composition of the diet ingredients was analysed weekly. Data were analysed with a mixed model considering feed, period and their interaction as fixed effects. Stage of lactation, milk yield and milk composition from the pre-experimental period were used as covariates in the model. Dry matter intake was lower with the long-chopped processed maize silage compared to the other three groups. There were some diet differences in intakes of net energy for lactation and absorbable protein in the duodenum, but this did not result in changes in milk yield. The milk fat content was higher with the grassland-based diets compared to the maize silage diets. No treatment effect on milk acidity and rennet coagulation properties was observed. In conclusion, there were no indications for specific physico-chemical properties of milk from a hay-based diet, and maize processing technology was not of large effect either. Future investigations should focus on sensory differentiation of the milk produced with different forages.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hay-based diets'

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