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Journal articles on the topic 'Hastelloy X'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Çakır, Fatih Hayati, Mehmet Alper Sofuoğlu, and Selim Gürgen. "Machining of Hastelloy-X Based on Finite Element Modelling." Advanced Engineering Forum 30 (November 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.30.1.

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Nickel-based alloys provide high corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength but these alloys possess poor machinability. Hastelloy-X is a nickel based alloy that has been used for high temperature use. There are many studies about finite element modeling of aerospace alloys but studies in literature with Hastelloy-X are limited. In the present work, machining characteristics of Hastelloy-X were investigated and a numerical model was developed for the turning operation of Hastelloy-X. Two input parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) were variated in the operations and the results were evaluated considering process outputs such as cutting forces, cutting temperature, effective stresses and chip morphology. Based on the verification of the numerical model using experimental results, presented material model is appropriate for the turning operation of Hastelloy-X at low and medium cutting speed machining conditions.

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2

Xie, Jilin, Yingche Ma, Meiqiong Ou, Weiwei Xing, Long Zhang, and Kui Liu. "Evaluating the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Joints Between a New Cast Superalloy K4750 and Hastelloy X Alloy by Using Different Filler Materials." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102065.

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Two kinds of filler materials were used to join dissimilar alloys between a new cast superalloy K4750 and Hastelloy X by tungsten gas arc welding (GTAW). The segregation behavior, interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints were evaluated. The results show that both filler materials can be used to obtain sound dissimilar joints successfully. Microstructural observation show that no obvious cracking is observed in the joints achieved by both filler materials. The segregation extent of various elements in Hastelloy X weld metal is more severe than that in the K4750 weld metal. No unmixed zones were observed at the interfaces. Transition areas with the chemical compositions various between the K4750 alloy and the Hastelloy X alloy were found at the joint interfaces. The maximum width of the transition area between the K4750 weld metal and Hastelloy X base metal is smaller than that between the Hastelloy X weld metal and K4750 base metal. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the joints with Hastelloy X filler material are slightly higher than those with K4750 filler material, however, the K4750 filler material results in a higher total elongation and fusion zone microhardness than those with Hastelloy X filler material. Both dissimilar joints fractured with a ductile feature which exhibits tearing edges and dimples. Hastelloy X filler material is suggested to be more suitable for joining of K4750 superalloy and Hastelloy X dissimilar metals in terms of obtaining superior comprehensive mechanical properties.

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3

Hussain, Zain, Zuhair Khan, Asghar Ali, Nisar Ahmad, Wajahat Qasim, and Altamash Shabbir. "Corrosion Behavior of MoSi<sub>2</sub> Coated Hastelloy X Utilized in Iodine -Sulfur Cycle for Hydrogen Production Application." Solid State Phenomena 336 (August 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-g30x7e.

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Molybdenum di silicide (MoSi2) has lower mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with Hastelloy X as compare to silicon carbide. So, MoSi2 coatings can be a potential candidate to protect Hastelloy X against high temperature sulfuric acid. Herein, MoSi2 thin films were deposited via electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) method. Corrosion behavior of MoSi2 coated HX and bare HX was analyzed. Corrosion tests of bare Hastelloy X and coated samples was performed at different temperatures (60°C and 120°C) in 98% sulfuric acid using the weight-loss method. The morphology of pre and post corrosion test was also analyzed by using optical microscopy. Bare Hastelloy X showed a slight weight gain at 60°C and a weight loss at 120°C. The MoSi2 coated Hastelloy X showed slight weight gain at 60°C and a weight loss at 120 °C. The weight gain is the result of oxides formation whereas, weight loss may be attributed to corrosion due to H+ ions. These findings were also accompanied by optical microscopy as corroded and very rough patches were evident for bare HX, whereas, for MoSi2 coated samples, the coating was still intact.

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4

Wu, Horng Yu, Hsu Cheng Liu, Feng Jun Zhu, and Chui Hung Chiu. "Constitutive Analysis of Ni-Base Superalloy Hastelloy X under Hot Compression Based on Thermodynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.73.

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Hot deformation characteristics of Hastelloy X Ni-base superalloy were investigated at elevated temperatures. Hot compressive tests were carried out in the temperature and strain rate ranges from 900 to 1150 °C and 0.001 to 1 s–1, respectively. The constitutive equation relating flow stress, temperature, and strain rate was obtained based on the peak stresses. The flow behavior showed that the softening mechanisms were related to the dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The flow stress of Hastelloy X was fitted well by the constitutive equation of the hyperbolic sine function. The constitutive analysis suggested that the hot deformation mechanism of the Hastelloy X was dislocation creep.

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5

Zhang, Shuzhe, Yunpei Lei, Zhen Chen, Pei Wei, Wenjie Liu, Sen Yao, and Bingheng Lu. "Effect of Laser Energy Density on the Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Hastelloy-X Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 4305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154305.

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It is of great importance to study the microstructure and textural evolution of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) formed Hastelloy-X alloys, in order to establish a close relationship between the process, microstructure, and properties through the regulation of the Hastelloy-X formation process parameters. In this paper, components of a Hastelloy-X alloy were formed with different laser energy densities (also known as the volume energy density VED). The densification mechanism of Hastelloy-X was studied, and the causes of defects, such as pores and cracks, were analyzed. The influence of different energy densities on grain size, texture, and orientation was investigated using an electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results show that the average grain size, primary dendrite arm spacing, and number of low angle grain boundaries increased with the increase of energy density. At the same time, the VED can strengthen the texture. The textural intensity increases with the increase of energy density. The best mechanical properties were obtained at the VED of 96 J·mm−3.

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6

Banoth, Santhosh, Thaviti Naidu Palleda, Sota Shimazu, and Koji Kakehi. "Yttrium’s Effect on the Hot Cracking and Creep Properties of a Ni-Based Superalloy Built Up by Additive Manufacturing." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051143.

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We studied the effects of the rare earth element yttrium (Y) on the hot cracking and creep properties of Hastelloy-X processed by selective laser melting. We used two different alloys to study hot cracking in Hastelloy-X: one with 0.12 mass% yttrium added and one with no yttrium. Y-free Hastelloy-X exhibited less cracks, mainly due to the segregation of Si, W, and C resulting in SiC- and W6C-type carbides at the grain boundary and interdendritic regions. On the other hand, more cracks formed in the Y-added Hastelloy-X specimen because of segregation of Y, resulting in the formation of yttrium-rich carbide (YC). Post-heat treatment was conducted at 1177 °C for 2 h, followed by air cooling, to obtain good creep properties. We carried out a creep test along the vertical and horizontal directions. Despite having more cracks, the Y-added as-built Hastelloy-X specimen showed longer creep life and ductility than the Hastelloy-X specimen. This was mainly because of the formation of Y2O3 and SiO2 inside the grains. After solution treatment, the Y-added specimen’s creep life was eight times longer than that of the Y-free solution-treated specimen. This was mainly because of the maintenance of the columnar grain morphology even after solution treatment. In addition, the formation of M6C carbides, Y2O3, and SiO2 improved creep life. To summarize the effect of Y, Y addition promoted the formation of cracks, which brought about creep anisotropy; however, it improved creep properties through the stabilization of oxygen and the promotion of discrete carbide precipitation, which prohibited the migration and sliding of grain boundary.

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7

Kiessler, Gonde, and Gerhard Elssner. "Gemeinschaftsversuch an einer beschichteten Hastelloy-X-Probe / Group Trials on a Specimen of Coated Hastelloy-X." Practical Metallography 37, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2000-370303.

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8

Cho, Hyun, and Byeong-Woo Lee. "High temperature properties of surface-modified Hastelloy X alloy." Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology 22, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.6111/jkcgct.2012.22.4.183.

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9

Xuewen, Zong, Zhang Jian, and Fu Hanguang. "Effect of laser inclination angle on mechanical properties of Hastelloy X processed by selective laser melting." Materials Testing 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0001.

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Abstract Selective laser melting at various laser inclination angles was used to prepare Hastelloy X alloy specimens. The morphology, fracture, tensile strength, stress, and strain of Hastelloy X alloy specimens were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a tensile tester. The temperature field of the manufacturing process was analyzed based on finite element analysis, and the internal relationship between the temperature field and the process was constructed in terms of cooling speed. The results show that the temperature field is a dynamic process with a high cooling rate; the average cooling rate reaches 3.23 × 106 °C × s−1. The greater the inclination angle, the greater the thermal gradient, resulting in higher cooling rates. Due to the cross-influence of grain refinement at high cooling rates and residual stress, the tensile strength and yield strength of Hastelloy X alloy showed first increasing and then decreasing trends with respect to inclination angle. However, at an inclination angle of 30°, the voids and crack defects of Hastelloy X alloy fractures were reduced, and the tensile strength and yield strength reached 881.38 and 701.60 MPa, respectively. At this angle, the mechanical properties were excellent and met the requirements of the aviation industry.

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10

Sandhi, Ketan Kumar, and Jerzy Szpunar. "Analysis of Corrosion of Hastelloy-N, Alloy X750, SS316 and SS304 in Molten Salt High-Temperature Environment." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030543.

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Nickel superalloy Hastelloy-N, alloy X-750, stainless steel 316 (SS316), and stainless steel 304 (SS304) are among the alloys used in the construction of molten salt reactor (MSR). These alloys were analyzed for their corrosion resistance behavior in molten fluoride salt, a coolant used in MSR reactors with 46.5% LiF+ 11.5% NaF+ 42% KF. The corrosion tests were run at 700 °C for 100 h under the Ar cover gas. After corrosion, significant weight loss was observed in the alloy X750. Weight loss registered in SS316 and SS304 was also high. However, Hastelloy-N gained weight after exposure to molten salt corrosion. This could be attributed to electrochemical plating of corrosion products from other alloys on Hastelloy-N surface. SEM–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) scans of cross-section of alloys revealed maximum corrosion damage to the depth of 250 µm in X750, in contrast to only 20 µm on Hastelloy-N. XPS wide survey scans revealed the presence of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements on the surface of all corroded alloys. In addition, Cr clusters were formed at the triple junctions of grains, as confirmed by SEM–EBSD (Electron Back Scattered Diffraction) analysis. The order of corrosion resistance in FLiNaK environment was X750 < SS316 < SS304 < Hastelloy-N.

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11

Gao, M., J. B. Boodey, R. P. Wei, and W. Wei. "Hydrogen solubility and microstructure of hastelloy X." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90370-t.

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12

Liu, Yuan, Qingqing Ding, Xiao Wei, Yuefei Zhang, Ze Zhang, and Hongbin Bei. "The Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Welded Ni-Based Hastelloy X Superalloy." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101336.

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The Hastelloy X superalloy is a widely used solid-solution Ni-based sheet alloy for gas turbines, aero-engine combustion chambers, and other hot-end components. To investigate the effect of microstructure, especially grain size, on its weldability, Hastelloy X alloy bars are homogenized, cold-rolled to thin sheets, and recrystallized under different conditions to obtain equiaxed grain microstructures with average grain sizes of ~5 μm, ~12 μm, and ~90 μm. The laser welding process is used for joining the alloy sheets, and then the alloy’s weldability is investigated through microstructural and mechanical property characterizations. The microstructures in weld consist of coarse columnar grains with dendrite, and grain sizes of these columnar grains are almost the same when grain size of Hastelloy X base metal increases from ~5 μm to ~90 μm. Moreover, although all welds exhibit lower yield strengths (YS), ultimate tensile strengths (UTS), and elongations to fracture (EF) than the base metal, the degrees of reduction in them become slight when the grain size of base metal increases from ~5 μm to ~90 μm.

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13

Wu, Horng Yu, Hsu Cheng Liu, Feng Jun Zhu, and Chui Hung Chiu. "Strain-Dependent Flow Stress Modeling of Hastelloy X Superalloy under Hot Compression." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.471.

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The compression deformation behavior and constitutive relation of Hastelloy X superalloy were investigated in the temperature range of 950 °C to 1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.001 s-1 to 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine. The obtained experimental stress-strain data were used to establish strain-dependent constitutive equations. The correlation between the strain-dependent constitutive parameters and flow behavior was analyzed. Comparisons between the experimental and predicted results showed that the developed constitutive equation could be used to simulate numerically the flow stresses of Hastelloy X superalloy at any strains under hot deformation.

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14

Yang, Ming, and Yu Jing Nie. "Study on Non-Equilibrium Grain-Boundary Segregation of Sulfur among Hastelloy X." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.861.

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Sulfur is the main element which caused Nickel-based alloy embrittlement. In this study, the sulfur in Hastelloy X superalloy was determinated with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) for samples quenched from 1180 °C and aged at 500 °C for different time. Experiments results confirmed the non-equilibrium segregation characteristics of sulfur. The results showed that a segregation peak of sulfur is at about 20 min during ageing. This peak was satisfactorily elucidated by the theory of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation. By theoretical calculation, the critical time constant of impurities sulfur atom in the Hastelloy X δs= 357. At the same time, the result provides a theoretical basis for sulfur segregation mechanism.

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15

Muhammad, Waqas, Daniel Wei, and Étienne Martin. "Grain Boundary Engineering of Strain-Annealed Hastelloy-X." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.852.

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The present study investigates the occurrence and effectiveness of the dissociation mechanism of Σ3 CSL boundaries into its variants such as Σ9 and Σ27a-b during strain-annealed grain boundary engineering (GBE) of Hastelloy-X. Multiple cold-rolling strain levels and annealing conditions are studied and it is observed that the density of ∑3 boundaries decreases proportionally to the amount of strain induced boundary migration (SIBM) during the GBE process. The dissociation mechanism of Σ3 annealing twins is activated at the onset of SIBM, causing an increase in the density of the Σ3n variants. It is shown that at high annealing times or temperatures, the rate of generation of CSL boundaries through dissociation mechanism is lower than their annihilation rate. It is further suggested that the dissociation mechanism of ∑3 boundaries during GB migration is more efficient when the amount of applied strain prior to annealing is kept low, thus promoting disruption of the random GB network.

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16

Marchand, N. J., R. M. Pelloux, and B. Ilschner. "NON-ISOTHERMAL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN HASTELLOY-X." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 10, no. 1 (January 1987): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1987.tb01149.x.

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17

Jinoop, A. N., C. P. Paul, and K. S. Bindra. "Laser assisted direct energy deposition of Hastelloy-X." Optics & Laser Technology 109 (January 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.07.037.

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18

Jordan, Eric H., Shixiang Shi, and Kevin P. Walker. "The viscoplastic behavior of hastelloy-X single crystal." International Journal of Plasticity 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-6419(93)90016-j.

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19

Aghaie-Khafri, M., and N. Golarzi. "Dynamic and metadynamic recrystallization of Hastelloy X superalloy." Journal of Materials Science 43, no. 10 (May 2008): 3717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2604-3.

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20

Krystek, Kamil, Irena Dul, and Maciej Motyka. "Influence of vacuum brazing temperature on the microstructure of an Inconel 783 superalloy joint with a honeycomb sealing made of Hastelloy X superalloy." Welding Technology Review 91, no. 9 (November 2, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26628/wtr.v91i9.1061.

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The purpose of this work was to assess the influence ofbrazing temperature on microstructure of the cobalt-based Inconel 783 superalloy joint with nickel-based Hastelloy X superalloy ‒ seal shaped in honeycomb structure. Brazing process was combined with solution heat treatment of Inconel 783 in one operation. Nickel based brazing filler metal from BNi-2 group was used. Tests were conducted in 1121 °C (solutionizing temperature), 1075 °C and 1030 °C in 1 hour. Subsequently, metallographic investigations were made using optical and scanning electron microscopes, mainly focused on changes in a seal made of Hastelloy X, where joint erosion in higher temperature was observed.

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21

Narita, Toshio, Shigenari Hayashi, Feng Qun Lang, and Kemas Zaini Thosin. "The Role of Bond Coat in Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.99.

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A novel diffusion barrier bond coat with a duplex layer structure, a sigma phase Re-Cr-Ni barrier and Ni aluminides as an aluminum reservoir was formed on a Ni based superalloy (TMS 82+) and Hastelloy X. The oxidation behavior of both alloys with and without the sigma- Re-Cr-Ni -phase as a diffusion barrier was investigated at temperatures of 1373K (Hastelloy X) and 1423K (TMS-82+) for up to 360ks. It was found that the Re-Cr-Ni acts as a diffusion barrier for both inward diffusion of Al and outward diffusion of alloying elements in the alloy substrate.

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22

Srigiofun, Pajaree, Panyawat Wangyao, Gobboon Lothongkum, and Ekasit Nisaratanaporn. "Effect of Al and Ti Additions in Cast Nickel Base Alloy, Grade Hastelloy X by Arc Melting Process on Microstructures and Oxidation Behavior at 900°C and 1000°C." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.274.

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The nickel base alloy, grade Hastelloy X was modified by Aluminum and Titanium additions by means of vacuum arc melting process in order to improve microstructural characteristics and oxidation resistance. The arc melted Hastelloy X was added Aluminum and Titanium each for 2%, 4% and 6% by weight. Then all specimens were performed with heat treatment, which consists of solutioning treatment at 1125°C for 24 hours and precipitation aging at temperatures of 760°C, 800°C and 845°C for 24 hours. Both aluminum and titanium additions resulted in network intermetalic phase formation, namely, σ-phase, throughout the matrix. Furthermore, the addition of both elements provided the better oxidation resistance for the alloys.

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23

Graneix, Jeremie, Jean Denis Beguin, Joël Alexis, and Talal Masri. "Weldability of Superalloys Hastelloy X by Yb: YAG Laser." Advanced Materials Research 1099 (April 2015): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1099.61.

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Hastelloy X is a commercially available nickel-chromium-molybdenum superalloy with a good oxidation resistance, a good mechanical properties at high temperature and a significant formability; sine qua criteria for the choice of materials for the production of chambers turbojet combustion which is part of this study [1]. Arc welding technique is commonly used for the manufacturing of parts but the aeronautical requirements becoming increasingly severe especially in terms of reproducibility of geometry and metallurgical grade fillet weld. Laser welding is a viable method of assembly to meet these new demands by its automation to replace longer term the manual TIG welding. The high power CO2laser is extensively used for practical applications such as cutting and welding laser welding. The CO2laser is very used in the industry with regard to Yb:YAG laser which until now was not rather powerful but this changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Yb:YAG laser beam parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser beam welded superalloys Hastelloy X to define a field of weldability. The implementation of an experimental design approach is required due to the multitude of input parameters and the complexity of the phenomena involved [2-3].

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24

YOSHIOKA, Yomei, Daizo SAITO, Kazunari FUJIYAMA, and Nagatoshi OKABE. "Effect of Microstructure on Creep Resistance of Hastelloy X." Tetsu-to-Hagane 80, no. 10 (1994): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.10_789.

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25

TOYODA, Tetsuro, Tomoaki HYODO, and Takao ENDO. "TLP Bonding of Hastelloy X with Ion Plating Filler." Tetsu-to-Hagane 82, no. 6 (1996): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.82.6_509.

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26

Saarimäki, Jonas, Mattias Lundberg, Håkan Brodin, and Johan J. Moverare. "Dwell-fatigue crack propagation in additive manufactured Hastelloy X." Materials Science and Engineering: A 722 (April 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.091.

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27

Rosenthal, Stephan, Sebastian Platt, Ramona Hölker-Jäger, Soeren Gies, Stefan Kleszczynski, A. Erman Tekkaya, and Gerd Witt. "Forming properties of additively manufactured monolithic Hastelloy X sheets." Materials Science and Engineering: A 753 (April 2019): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.035.

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28

Reddy, G. V. Prasad, P. Harini, R. Sandhya, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, and R. K. Paretkar. "On dual-slope linear cyclic hardening of Hastelloy X." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 16-17 (June 2010): 3848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.02.062.

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29

Hayashi, Shigenari, Chihiro Matsukawa, Hiroshi Yakuwa, and Tadahiko Kishikawa. "Cyclic carburization-oxidation behavior of Hastelloy-X at 1000°C." Corrosion Reviews 36, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0067.

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AbstractCyclic corrosion, consisting of carburization in Ar+4% CH4+3% H2 for 1 h and oxidation in air for 1 h, of Ni-base in a wrought alloy, Hastelloy-X, was investigated at 1000°C to understand the significant metal loss occurring in fuel injection nozzles of gas turbine combustor operated using natural gas. The mass gain of cyclic corrosion was relatively low up to about eight cycles of corrosion by formation of a Cr2O3 scale in each oxidation stage, but it increased rapidly due to formation of a Fe- and Ni-rich oxide scale as the number of corrosion cycles increases. The Cr content in the subsurface region rapidly decreased under the cyclic corrosion condition compared with a continuous single oxidation or carburization, which resulted in the formation of non-protective Fe- and Ni-rich oxide scale in a small number of corrosion cycles. The formation of a Cr3C2 scale from the protective Cr2O3 scale in the carburization stage was detrimental for the oxidation resistance of Hastelloy-X and was considered to have a similar effect to spallation of a Cr2O3 scale; therefore, it accelerated Cr consumption from the alloy subsurface region.

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30

Zheng, Wei, Qin Hao Wang, Xue Dong He, Hua Qiang Yin, Hao Xiang Li, and Tao Ma. "Effect of Carburizing Helium Environment on Corrosion Behavior of the High-Temperature Alloys for High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." Key Engineering Materials 923 (June 28, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-30149m.

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The primary coolant of High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) is expected to contain impurities that can make corrosion to structural metallic materials at elevated temperatures. According to the chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, the carbon activity of helium can be calculated, and it is indicated that a high “CH4/H2O” ratio may lead to severe carburizing of the alloys. On this basis, corrosion tests were conducted on the three heat-resistance alloys Inconel 617, Hastelloy X, and Incoloy 800H at 950°C using helium environment with impurities, and mainly the effect of carburization was investigated. The corrosion samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), and Carbon-sulfur Analyzer. These all alloys showed the oxidation and carburizing behavior, in which the carburized depth of Hastelloy X was shallow due to the dense oxide scale.

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31

Zhonggang, Sun, Ji Shuwei, Guo Yanhua, Lu Yichen, Chang Lili, and Xing Fei. "Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0032.

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AbstractSelective laser melting (SLM) is considered as an important additive manufacturing (AM) technology which can fabricate parts with complex geometry. However, it is difficult to predict the optimal SLM-parameters of metallic materials. In this study, orthogonal experiments were designed to study the influence of SLM-process parameters on the density and fabricated quality of Hastelloy X superalloy. Moreover, the relationship between microstructure evolution and performance of deposited microstructure was studied after heat treatment. The laser power, scanning speed and energy density have a significant effect on the density of the fabricated parts. The optimal parameters for determining Hastelloy X are 250 W laser power, 500 mm/s scanning speed, 100 μm hatch space, and 30 μmlayer thickness. The deposited microstructure is a lamellar microstructure in the horizontal direction and a columnar crystal in the longitudinal direction, and the microstructure is mainly martensite. After solid-solution and aging treatment, grain grows up. Martensite decomposes and the carbide M6C was precipitated during the aging process. The strength of the microstructure decreases slightly due to the growth of grain size.

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32

Kim, Gil-Su, Tae-Sun Jo, Young-Ik Seo, Woo-Seog Ryu, and Young-Do Kim. "Microstructural Analysis and High Temperature Compression Behavior of High Temperature Degradation on Hastelloy X." Korean Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2006): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2006.16.5.318.

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Ghiaasiaan, Reza, Muztahid Muhammad, Paul R. Gradl, Shuai Shao, and Nima Shamsaei. "Superior tensile properties of Hastelloy X enabled by additive manufacturing." Materials Research Letters 9, no. 7 (April 15, 2021): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2021.1911870.

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34

SIHOTANG, Restu, Sang-Kyu CHOI, Sung-Sang PARK, and Eung-Ryul BAEK. "Fatigue Life of the Repair TIG Welded Hastelloy X Superalloy." Journal of Welding and Joining 33, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2015.33.5.26.

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35

Canistraro, Howard A., Eric H. Jordan, Shi Shixiang, Leroy H. Favrow, and Francis A. Reed. "Elastic Constants of Single Crystal Hastelloy X at Elevated Temperatures." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812350.

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An acoustic time of flight technique is described in detail for measuring the elastic constants of cubic single crystals that allows for the constants to be determined at elevated temperature. Although the overall technique is not new, various aspects of the present work may prove extremely useful to othersinterested in finding these values, especially for aerospace materials applications. Elastic constants were determined for the nickel based alloy, Hastelloy X from room temperature to 1000°C. Accurate elastic constants were needed as part of an effort to predict both polycrystal mechanical properties and the nature of grain induced heterogeneous mechanical response. The increased accuracy of the acoustically determined constants resulted in up to a 15 percent change in the predicted stresses in individual grains. These results indicate that the use of elastic single crystal constants of pure nickel as an approximation for the constants of gas turbine single crystal alloys, which is often done today, is inaccurate.

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Zhao, J. C., M. Larsen, and V. Ravikumar. "Phase precipitation and time–temperature-transformation diagram of Hastelloy X." Materials Science and Engineering: A 293, no. 1-2 (November 2000): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01049-2.

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37

Martin, Étienne, Waqas Muhammad, Andrew J. Detor, Ian Spinelli, Andrew Wessman, and Daniel Wei. "“Strain-annealed” grain boundary engineering process investigated in Hastelloy-X." Materialia 9 (March 2020): 100544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100544.

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38

Shixiang, Shi, Eric H. Jordan, and Kevin P. Walker. "Self-consistent constitutive modeling and testing of polycrystalline hastelloy-X." International Journal of Solids and Structures 29, no. 21 (1992): 2623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(92)90226-j.

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39

Abuzaid, W., A. Oral, H. Sehitoglu, J. Lambros, and H. J. Maier. "Fatigue crack initiation in Hastelloy X - the role of boundaries." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 36, no. 8 (April 8, 2013): 809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12048.

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40

Abotula, Sandeep, Arun Shukla, and Ravi Chona. "Dynamic constitutive behavior of Hastelloy X under thermo-mechanical loads." Journal of Materials Science 46, no. 14 (March 11, 2011): 4971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5414-y.

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41

Matsukawa, Chihiro, Shigenari Hayashi, Hiroshi Yakuwa, Tadahiko Kishikawa, Toshio Narita, and Shigeharu Ukai. "High-temperature carburization behaviour of HASTELLOY X in CH4 gas." Corrosion Science 53, no. 10 (October 2011): 3131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.056.

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42

Parmar, Santosh, S. Narendranath, V. Balaji, IV Manoj, and Keshav H. Jatakar. "Prediction of Machining Characteristics of Wire Electrical Discharge Machined Hastelloy-X using Artificial Neural Network." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012049.

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Abstract Due to extensive mechanical load bearing capability under high temperature and pressure, Nickel based super alloys are widely incorporated in aerospace and aviation industries in various sections like chemical, fuselage, engine, combustor components, etc. Hastelloy-X is a Ni-based super alloy consisting mainly Ni, Cr, Fe, Mo and Co, which has good corrosion and heat resistance capacity. Since Hastelloy-X is a difficult-to-machine material, a non-conventional Wire Electric Discharge Machining is used. This work aims at machining characteristics study of WEDM of Hastelloy-X and prediction of major machining performances using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). At first, full factorial design of experiments was set using Minitab which includes four input machining parameters namely pulse-on time (T-on), pulse-off time (T-off), wire feed (WF) and servo voltage (SV); kept at three levels; high, medium and low. Total 81 experimental runs were performed. After machining on WEDM, machining performances MRR (material removal rate) and SR (surface roughness) were measured. There after the neural network is trained in nntool in MATLAB to predict the MRR and SR. The predicted model has mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.371% for MRR prediction and 5.92% for SR prediction while the MSE (Mean Square Error) was found to be 0.389 and 0.129 for MRR and SR respectively. The trained network has training, validation and testing regression coefficient (R) values of 0.9756, 0.9916 and 0.9662 respectively. And the overall R value was 0.97746. After prediction, the samples with extreme values of actual and predicted outputs were studied for other machining responses like recast layer, surface cracks and kerf width. Out-turn of this research can be utilized for machining hard to machine materials in a high precision WEDM for different applications.

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Zhang, Zong. "Study on Impacts of the Power Spinning Process on the Properties of Hastelloy C-276." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.3.

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After a Hastelloy C-276 cylindrical part goes through the power spinning process, X-ray detection, and tensile and corrosion tests, the directivity of grains in the cylindrical part is enhanced, and the weld zone strength and post-annealing corrosion resistance greatly promoted.

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44

Song, Kee-nam, and Sung-deok Hong. "Thermostructural Analysis of Plate-Type Heat Exchanger Prototypes Considering Weld Properties." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/726489.

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The mechanical properties in a weld zone are different from those in the parent material owing to their different microstructures and residual weld stresses. Welded plate-type heat exchanger prototypes made of Hastelloy-X alloy were manufactured, and performance tests on the prototypes were performed in a small-scale nitrogen gas loop at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Owing to a lack of mechanical properties in the weld zone, previous research on the strength analyses of the prototypes was performed using the parent material properties. In this study, based on the mechanical properties of Hastelloy-X alloy obtained using an instrumented indentation technique, strength analyses considering the mechanical properties in the weld zone were performed, and the analysis results were compared with previous research. As a result of the comparison, a thermostructural analysis considering the weld material properties is needed to understand the structural behavior and evaluate the structural integrity of the prototype more reliably.

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Sathishkumar, M., M. Manikandan, and N. Arivazhagan. "Prospects of pulsed current arc welding on aerospace grade Hastelloy X." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 235, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 1059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920988430.

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The conventional constant current arc welding of Hastelloy X (Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo) leads to the solidification and liquation cracks in the weldment. The higher heat supplied in constant current weldment develops the secondary carbide precipitates. It promotes the development of hot cracks in the weldment. In this study, joining of Hastelloy X plates was carried out by constant current gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) with C263 filler wire. The result discovered that no hot cracks were formed in the weldment. In constant current mode, Cr-rich and Mo-rich Cr23C6 (M23C6), Fe2MoC, Fe3Mo3C (M6C), and Cr2Ti precipitates were observed. Whereas, in pulsed current mode, Ni3(Al, Ti), Ni3Ti, Co3Ti, Cr2Ti precipitates are found due to the segregation of Co, Al, and Ti. No Cr-rich and Mo-rich carbide phases identified in pulsed current weldment due to rapid cooling rate and higher thermal gradient observed during solidification. The tensile results revealed that 8.23% increase in the ultimate tensile strength and a 29.62% increase in elongation of pulsed current mode welding compared to constant current welding. Further, the microhardness and impact toughness of PCGTAW is 3.32% and 5.45% higher than GTAW, respectively. In pulsed current welding, better mechanical properties were identified compared to constant current welding. The nonappearance of Cr and Mo-rich phases and refined microstructure in the weldment are the main reason for better strength.

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46

Hibino, Shinya, Tsubasa Todo, Takuya Ishimoto, Ozkan Gokcekaya, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenichiroh Igashira, and Takayoshi Nakano. "Control of Crystallographic Texture and Mechanical Properties of Hastelloy-X via Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091064.

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The influence of various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters on the crystallographic textures and mechanical properties of a typical Ni-based solid-solution strengthened alloy, Hastelloy-X, was examined. Samples were classified into four groups based on the type of crystallographic texture: single crystalline-like microstructure with <100>//build direction (BD) (<100>-SCM), single crystalline-like microstructure with <110>//BD (<110>-SCM), crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM), or polycrystalline microstructure (PCM). These four crystallographic textures were realized in Hastelloy-X for the first time here to the best of our knowledge. The mechanical properties of the samples varied depending on their texture. The tensile properties were affected not only by the Schmid factor but also by the grain size and the presence of lamellar boundaries (grain boundaries). The lamellar boundaries at the interface between the <110>//BD oriented main layers and the <100>//BD-oriented sub-layers of CLM contributed to the resistance to slip transmission and the increased proof stress. It was possible to control a wide range of crystallographic microstructures via the LPBF process parameters, which determines the melt pool morphology and solidification behavior.

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47

Wang, Xiaoyan, Kentaro Kurosawa, Ming Huang, Xianke Lu, Dao Zhang, Hiroyuki Kokawa, Yinbiao Yan, and Sen Yang. "Control of precipitation behaviour of Hastelloy-X through grain boundary engineering." Materials Science and Technology 33, no. 17 (July 5, 2017): 2078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2017.1345823.

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48

Graneix, Jérémie, Jean-Denis Beguin, François Pardheillan, Joël Alexis, and Talal Masri. "Weldability of the superalloys Haynes 188 and Hastelloy X by Nd:YAG." MATEC Web of Conferences 14 (2014): 13006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141413006.

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49

Li, Zhang, S. L. Gobbi, and K. H. Richter. "Autogenous welding of Hastelloy X to Mar-M 247 by laser." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 70, no. 1-3 (October 1997): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)02939-7.

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50

Abuzaid, Wael, Huseyin Sehitoglu, and John Lambros. "Plastic strain localization and fatigue micro-crack formation in Hastelloy X." Materials Science and Engineering: A 561 (January 2013): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.072.

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