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1
Gottlieb, Adam. The art and science of cooking with cannabis: The most effective methods of preparing food & drink with marijuana, hashish & hash oil. Berkeley, Calif: Ronin Pub., 1993.
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2
Fain, Annika M. V. A comparison of water quality monitoring using Hach, LaMotte, and bench top methods. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1997.
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3
Wenn du willst, was du noch nie gehabt hast, dann tu, was du noch nie getan hast: Geschichten und Lebensweisheiten. Freiburg, Br: Herder, 2007.
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4
Rahman, Mizanur. Impact evaluation of the Mayer Hashi Program of long-acting and permanent methods of contraception in Bangladesh. Chapel Hill: Measure Evaluation, Carolina Population Center, 2014.
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5
Voronin, Evgeniy, Aleksandr Chibunichev, and Yuriy Blohinov. Reliability of solving inverse problems of analytical photogrammetry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2010462.
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The monograph is devoted to computational aspects of photogrammetric reconstruction of narrow-angle bundles of projecting beams that existed during the survey. Methods of improving the conditionality of systems of linear equations, ensuring the convergence of iterative refinement of their roots, increasing the stability of calculations in finite precision machine arithmetic are considered. The main efforts are focused on solving the problem of establishing reliable measurement weights within the framework of the least squares method. The criteria for the reliability of the weights are determined. Algorithms have been developed for matching the initial values of the measurement weights, adjusting the weights during equalization, and identifying insignificant parameters of mathematical measurement models. A new method for evaluating the accuracy of the equalization results has been developed.
For specialists engaged in the processing of remote sensing data of the Earth and mathematical processing of the results of heterogeneous measurements using weighted methods of statistical estimation of the parameters of functional dependencies.
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Spirin, Yuriy, Sergey Zotov, Evgeniy Krasnov, and Nadezhda Cvetkova. Polder watercourses: research methods and geoecological assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1903343.
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The monograph describes research methods and geoecological assessment of polder lands.
The history of research and practical use of surface waters of the Kaliningrad region is characterized, modern problems of their geoecological state are revealed. The characteristic of polder lands as complex natural and economic systems is given, the necessity of geoecological studies of the catchments of small rivers located on them is substantiated. A methodological approach has been developed to assess the geoecological condition of the basins of small watercourses through the combined analysis of hydrological, hydrochemical and geoecological data. Hydrological calculations of the key characteristics of the river flow of small watercourses of polder lands were carried out, the dependencies between them were revealed. Field studies were carried out, hydrochemical data sets were obtained on the rivers of polder lands for four hydrological seasons of 2020-2021. Retrospective hydrochemical information has been processed. The prevailing pollutants, integral indicators of water quality and the main sources of pollution are calculated. Based on the results obtained, a scheme of spatial distribution of pollution of the river network of polder lands is constructed. The geoecological condition of the basins is assessed on the basis of a complex of natural and anthropogenic data; based on the result obtained, recommendations for its improvement are given.
It is of interest to specialists in the field of geoecology, hydrology, hydrochemistry, environmental management and environmental protection.
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Nakov, Svetlin. Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#: The Bulgarian C# Book. Sofia, Bulgaria: Svetlin Nakov, 2013.
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Kas'yanova, Svetlana, Viktoriya Saliy, Zinaida Sharudina, Oksana Madatova, and Lyudmila Kucegreeva. Methodological aspects of the evaluation of the internal control system of the organization. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1907644.
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The monograph systematizes methodological approaches to assessing the level of organization of the internal control system, its main components, examines the accounting system as the main instrument of internal control, provides various methods of risk assessment, preparation of working documentation of internal control procedures, tests. The integration of analytical procedures as a method of control when conducting internal control procedures in an organization to achieve appropriate results is shown.
A multilevel model for evaluating the system of internal control over the activities of commercial organizations and a methodology for conducting internal control procedures in the accounting system has been developed.
It is intended for specialists in the field of control, audit, researchers, doctoral students and postgraduates.
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Ksenofontov, Boris, and Aleksandr Lukanin. Flotation combines for wastewater treatment with several working fluids. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1938077.
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In the monograph, for the first time in world practice, the issues of intensification of flotation processes of wastewater treatment and compaction of excess activated sludge due to the use of several working fluids are considered. It is noted that flotation equipment is mainly used for wastewater treatment of pressure type. Although the flotation process has been known for a long time, there are relatively few fundamentally new technical solutions in this area. In this regard, the author describes in detail the method of flotation developed by the author with two and three working fluids, of which one is a working fluid with hardly soluble gas (air), and the others with easily soluble gases, such as carbon dioxide and biogas. At the same time, the interpretation of the new effect is based on a multi-stage flotation model developed by the author. This method was developed, tested and used by the author for the first time in domestic practice at biotechnological enterprises. Methods and flotation installations in the form of water flow combines using two and three working fluids saturated with gases with different solubility in water are described.
It is offered for a wide range of readers, including researchers, bachelors, masters, postgraduates, as well as for anyone interested in water purification issues.
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GREGORY, Lisa H. Essential Diy Cannabis Extracts : Beyond Cannabis Extracts: The Handbook to Diy Concentrates, Hash and Original Methods for Marijuana Extracts. Independently Published, 2020.
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11
Gottlieb, Adam. Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil Third Edition. Ronin Publishing, 1993.
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12
Duffy, Kathleen. Freud's Early Psychoanalysis, Witch Trials and the Inquisitorial Method: The Harsh Therapy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Duffy, Kathleen. Freud's Early Psychoanalysis, Witch Trials and the Inquisitorial Method: The Harsh Therapy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Duffy, Kathleen. Freud's Early Psychoanalysis, Witch Trials and the Inquisitorial Method: The Harsh Therapy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Duffy, Kathleen. Freud's Early Psychoanalysis, Witch Trials and the Inquisitorial Method: The Harsh Therapy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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16
Duncan, Dustin T., William C. Goedel, and Rumi Chunara. Quantitative Methods for Measuring Neighborhood Characteristics in Neighborhood Health Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0003.
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Research connecting neighborhoods and health has characterized neighborhood factors in multiple ways. This chapter discusses standard and emerging methods to measure and study neighborhood characteristics. In particular, this chapter provides an overview of neighborhood characteristic assessment methods, including self-report, systematic social observation, geographic information system (GIS) methods, Web-based geospatial methods, real-time geospatial methods, crowd-sourced geospatial methods, and information retrieval methods from online sources such as Instagram and Twitter. This chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations of each neighborhood characteristic assessment method (e.g., ease of administration, validity), and readers are provided with examples of each neighborhood assessment method applied in the epidemiology and population health literature.
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Henderson, Peter A. Southwood's Ecological Methods. 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862277.001.0001.
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Ecological Methods, by the late T. R. E. Southwood and revised over the years by P. A. Henderson, has developed into a classic reference work for the field biologist. It provides a handbook of ecological methods and analytical techniques pertinent to the study of animals, with an emphasis on non-microscopic animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It remains unique in the breadth of the methods presented and in the depth of the literature cited, stretching right back to the earliest days of ecological research. The universal availability of R as an open-source package has radically changed the way ecologists analyze their data. In response, Southwood’s classic text has been thoroughly revised to be more relevant and useful to a new generation of ecologists, making the vast resource of R packages more readily available to the wider ecological community. By focusing on the use of R for data analysis, supported by worked examples, the book is now more accessible than previous editions to students requiring support and ideas for their projects.
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McAllister, Graham, and Sebastian Long. A framework for player research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0008.
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This chapter describes each of the eight methods for player research we have used, and covers why the method is used in the context of player research, how it is executed, the time taken, and what is delivered as a result. Each of the methods has been refined over the years to reflect the balance between time and budget required, and accurate and actionable results delivered. The strengths of each of the methods with respect to player appeal, understanding, usability, experience, and successful monetization are presented.
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Gonyou, Bertram. Guidebook on Training a Dog : Practical Advice on Training Your Dog Without Using Harsh Methods: Tips for Dog Training with Love. Independently Published, 2021.
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20
Edwards, Jane. Methods and Techniques. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.48.
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Methods and techniques in music therapy are distinct from approaches and models which provide theoretical principles to guide action. Methods and techniques are music-based ways in which the service user or client is engaged musically. The techniques used are based on improvisational, compositional, and music listening opportunities that music therapists engage with clients. Music therapists can use music-based techniques with any combination of acoustic, electric, or electronic instrumentation, and the use of vocalization or singing is also offered. Anyone with musical skills can play music for another person; a person who is tired, in pain, or has a chronic illness or disability. Music therapy is distinguished from other ways of using music to support people in health care by both the training of the clinician, and the use of theoretical thinking to guide the use of techniques and principles in making helpful, effective, and evidence-based responses to needs.
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Gannon, Rachel, and Mireille Fauchon. Illustration Research Methods. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350051461.
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For years illustration has lacked a strong critical history in which to frame it, with academics and media alike assessing it as part of design rather than a discipline in its own right. Illustration Research Methods addresses this void and adds to a fast-emerging discipline, establishing a lexicon that is specific to discussing contemporary illustration practice and research. The chapters are broken down into the various roles that exist within the industry and which illustration research can draw from, such as ‘Reporting’ and ‘Education'. In doing so, users are able to explore a diverse range of disciplines that are rich in critical theory and can map these existing research methodologies to their own study and practice. Supported by a wealth of case studies from international educators, student projects sit alongside those of world-renowned illustrators. Thus allowing users the opportunity to put what they have learnt into context and offering insight into the thinking and techniques behind some of illustrations’ greats.
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Wagner-Havlicek, Carina, and Harald Wimmer, eds. Werbe- und Kommunikationsforschung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748902058.
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For decades, market, communication and advertising impact research has provided important insights for the economy as well as for advertising and media agencies. This book contains a compact overview of the different methods used in research into both communication and the effect of advertising. In the book’s individual chapters, these methods are described in detail, their respective advantages and disadvantages explained, concrete examples of their application in market, advertising impact and communication research are shown in practice and a conclusion is drawn about each respective method. This anthology focuses on qualitative methods, such as focus groups, the laddering technique, qualitative image interpretation and the Think Aloud method. This analysis is supplemented by a look at various apparatus and projective methods, activation measurement, Google Analytics, wearables, image measurement and conjoint analysis, while the conclusion provides an overview of Austrian media studies. With contributions by Sandra Bamberger, Jasmin Breslein, Sarah Deutschbauer, Johanna Erd, Laura Fischer, Markus Hofstätter, Clara Kaindel, Eva Lindtner, Marie-Jacqueline Mann, Flora Messerklinger, Carina Wagner-Havlicek, Jasmin Reegen, Anika Sauer, Carina Stölzle, Harald Wimmer, Magdalena Wöckinger, Jasmin Wolf-Veigel
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Watson, Kevin M. Old or New School Methodism? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844516.001.0001.
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This book argues that an initial moment of fragmentation occurred in American Methodism in the 1850s and 1860s. While a commitment to entire sanctification had been a core unifying doctrine within the broad American Methodist family up until the 1850s, the expulsion of Benjamin Titus (B.T.) Roberts from the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) and the subsequent formation of the Free Methodist Church (FMC) represent an initial fragmentation of what had been a coherent theological tradition. This detailed account of a crucial moment in American Methodist theology focuses on the ministries and theological emphases of Matthew Simpson, the influential MEC bishop best known for being a confidant of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, and B.T. Roberts, a pastor who was expelled from the MEC due to his harsh criticism of “New School Methodism.” Old or New School Methodism? is a detailed study that points to the need for a broader reevaluation of the history of American Methodism as a theological tradition. Previous historiography has often privileged big-tent visions of American Methodism in a way that has not taken with sufficient seriousness the disagreements such historical figures had with each other. By comparing and contrasting a key leader of the MEC with the founder of a holiness denomination, the book contributes to the history of American Methodism, and the broader study of religion in America, by widening the lens from what has often tended toward denominational history to a broader perspective that includes multiple denominations sharing a common heritage.
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autores, Varios. A practical guidance on estimation of european wild ungulate population density. Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/atenea_2022.41.00.
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Given the diversity of available methods and the geographical diversity of Europe, methodological harmonization is duly needed. The general aim of this guidance is to review the methods for estimating density in European wild ungula¬tes. This guidance is based in previous comprehensive reviews carried out by the ENETWILD Consortium, which propo¬sed general recommendations for practical implementation of methods to estimate wild ungulate density. We present 9 methods used in nineteen wild ruminant species and wild boar distributed across Europe, paying special attention to most practical methods for further implementation in the field to calculate reliable and accurate density estimates, allowing further comparable results over their distribution ranges. This guidance provides recommendations to select the methods to estimate the density and its implementations for ungulate populations with the aim of increasing the output quality (good accuracy and precision). The method should be used in a harmonized way: we provide detailed instructions for the design of most recommended methods, but specific protocols must be specifically adapted to local conditions. Every method on estimating reliable and comparable wild ungulate population density has some advanta¬ges and disadvantages depending on the habitat, the weather conditions and the benefit and do not discard their use if applied in a harmonized way. It arises from this guidance the need of developing a permanent network and a data platform to collect and share local density estimates, so as abundance in the EU.
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Arras, John. Methods in Bioethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665982.001.0001.
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This book provides an overview and critical discussion of the main philosophical methods that have dominated the field of bioethics. The first three chapters outline some influential theories that are important to understanding the methodological approaches that follow. Chapter 1 offers a survey of the theory of principlism as expounded by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress, chapter 2 examines Bernard Gert’s defense of common morality, and chapter 3 discusses the so-termed new casuistry. The next three chapters trace a historical dialectic. Chapter 4 explores the shift that has increasingly occurred in bioethics away from the pursuit of objectivity or truth and toward narrative ethics, while chapter 5 uncovers the “classical” roots of American pragmatism and explains their ongoing relevance for contemporary bioethics. This paves the way for chapter 6’s examination of “freestanding” pragmatists such as Susan Wolf who, in contrast, see their approach as untethered to the classical canon of American pragmatism. With this background firmly established, the next two chapters handle some influential contemporary approaches. Chapter 7 considers the “internal morality” approach to medicine; chapter 8 discusses the method of reflective equilibrium, and chapter 9 summarizes and reflects on the results of the preceding eight chapters. Rather than staking out and defending a final position, the book aspires to uncover the costs and benefits of the respective methodological approaches that are surveyed. In the words of Kierkegaard, it aims to make life “harder” rather than “easier” for bioethics by uncovering some outstanding challenges.
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Fradley, Michael. Methods in Medieval Archaeology. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.44.
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Key trends in methodological practice in later medieval archaeology in Britain largely follow those seen elsewhere in the discipline of archaeology. This chapter considers the key field techniques used in the study of later medieval archaeology. This includes traditional techniques such as archaeological excavation and survey, as well as more recent innovations such as the analysis of LiDAR data. Consideration is also given to how methodological practice has been influenced by changing theoretical viewpoints within the discipline, as well as pragmatic constraints and opportunities in undertaking archaeological research in Britain in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
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Todder, Doron, Keren Avirame, and Hagit Cohen. Neuromodulation Methods in PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0039.
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This chapter discusses the rationale and methodology for applying techniques of active and passive neuromodulation for treatment-refractory post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neuromodulation derives from the concept of neuroplasticity, which signifies long-term changes in the effectiveness of connections between distinct parts of the central nervous system. These changes are reflected across multiple levels of the nervous system, going from the cellular level to circuits and large-scale brain networks. It has been long suggested that altered neuroplasticity is a biomarker of neuropsychiatric diseases. With recent advances in neuroscience, research is emerging on evaluating the potential of modulating neural circuits by using innovative technologies, including noninvasive and invasive brain stimulation, EEG-neurofeedback, and fMRI neurofeedback.
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Kelleher, Richard. Old Money, New Methods. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.23.
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This chapter discusses the relationship between numismatics and archaeology in the later medieval period. It begins by tracing the beginning of the serious study of medieval coins in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses the estranged relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and numismatics into the modern period. It demonstrates the vital role that coin hoards have played in the study of the monetary economy of medieval England and Wales and the growth of numismatics as a discipline. However, the emergence of single find evidence (principally metal-detector finds recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme) provides us with a new dataset that has the potential to rewrite what we can say about monetization, especially in rural contexts. Imported coins and those used as jewellery or as votive objects are discussed.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part VI Bank Group Supervision, 25 Financial Conglomerates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0025.
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This chapter discusses the supervision of financial conglomerates. In 1999, the Joint Forum on Financial Conglomerates released a paper which sets out the basis of the supervision of conglomerates, and the basic principles set out in this paper remain the basis for conglomerate supervision. The paper classified the existing approaches to conglomerate regulation into the ‘building block prudential method’, the ‘risk based aggregation method’, and the ‘risk-based deduction method’. The EU Financial Groups Directive, although largely based on the work of the Joint Forum, has also set out three prescribed approaches to conglomerates which are similar but not identical to the Joint Forum categories. Those four methods are discussed.
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Schoenfeld, Devorah, and Jeanine Diller. Using Hevruta to Do and Teach Comparative Theology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677565.003.0012.
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The traditional method of study known as hevruta is the foundation of traditional Jewish methods of learning as practiced in the yeshiva. This method has been articulated as Scriptural Reasoning in a way that emphasizes the practice of engaged reflection on a text. In this chapter, the authors will attempt a different articulation based on the use of this method in their classrooms, an approach that emphasizes disagreement. When disagreement is placed at the center of the process, the hevruta method becomes a tool for encountering and learning from religious difference. The chapter provides an overview of and rationale for using hevruta, a treatment of learning objectives, suggested steps for classroom use, sample questions, and a discussion of hevruta and comparative theology.
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Druķis, Pēteris. Methodology for Reliability Assessment of Existing Buildings. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934228216.
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The Thesis has developed a methodology for evaluating the reliability level of buildings in use. The overall reliability of the building is characterized by the global reliability index which allows to quantify and compare the reliability levels of different buildings and, depending on the type of use of the building, determine the lowest permissible level. New methods have been developed in the work – the method of quantitative risk classification of buildings and the method for determining the reliability level of individual structural elements in operation. A large-scale study on the state of existing public buildings in Latvia has also been conducted and the practice of building inspection during operation in Europe has been analysed.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 7. Formal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0007.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter describes the formality requirements that must be complied with for the creation or transfer of legal estates and interests in land. The three stages of creating and transferring legal rights are contract, creation or transfer, and registration. The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 had increased the formality requirements for contracts and made more severe the consequences of non-compliance. Under s 2 of the 1989 Act, a contract may take the form of a single document signed by both parties or an exchange of documents, each of which has been signed by one of the parties. Non-compliance results in a document being void as a contract for sale of land, but a valid contract may be obtained through use of collateral contracts or rectification. The Law Commission had envisaged the use of estoppel in appropriate cases in which formality requirements for a contract for sale were not complied with. The fundamental objective of the Land Registration Act 2002 is directly associated to the introduction of e-conveyancing. The goal of attaining e-conveyancing has not been deserted, but its introduction appears almost as far away now as it did when the LRA 2002 passed into law.
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Hilgurt, S. Ya, and O. A. Chemerys. Reconfigurable signature-based information security tools of computer systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.458.297.
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The book is devoted to the research and development of methods for combining computational structures for reconfigurable signature-based information protection tools for computer systems and networks in order to increase their efficiency. Network security tools based, among others, on such AI-based approaches as deep neural networking, despite the great progress shown in recent years, still suffer from nonzero recognition error probability. Even a low probability of such an error in a critical infrastructure can be disastrous. Therefore, signature-based recognition methods with their theoretically exact matching feature are still relevant when creating information security systems such as network intrusion detection systems, antivirus, anti-spam, and wormcontainment systems. The real time multi-pattern string matching task has been a major performance bottleneck in such systems. To speed up the recognition process, developers use a reconfigurable hardware platform based on FPGA devices. Such platform provides almost software flexibility and near-ASIC performance. The most important component of a signature-based information security system in terms of efficiency is the recognition module, in which the multipattern matching task is directly solved. It must not only check each byte of input data at speeds of tens and hundreds of gigabits/sec against hundreds of thousand or even millions patterns of signature database, but also change its structure every time a new signature appears or the operating conditions of the protected system change. As a result of the analysis of numerous examples of the development of reconfigurable information security systems, three most promising approaches to the construction of hardware circuits of recognition modules were identified, namely, content-addressable memory based on digital comparators, Bloom filter and Aho–Corasick finite automata. A method for fast quantification of components of recognition module and the entire system was proposed. The method makes it possible to exclude resource-intensive procedures for synthesizing digital circuits on FPGAs when building complex reconfigurable information security systems and their components. To improve the efficiency of the systems under study, structural-level combinational methods are proposed, which allow combining into single recognition device several matching schemes built on different approaches and their modifications, in such a way that their advantages are enhanced and disadvantages are eliminated. In order to achieve the maximum efficiency of combining methods, optimization methods are used. The methods of: parallel combining, sequential cascading and vertical junction have been formulated and investigated. The principle of multi-level combining of combining methods is also considered and researched. Algorithms for the implementation of the proposed combining methods have been developed. Software has been created that allows to conduct experiments with the developed methods and tools. Quantitative estimates are obtained for increasing the efficiency of constructing recognition modules as a result of using combination methods. The issue of optimization of reconfigurable devices presented in hardware description languages is considered. A modification of the method of affine transformations, which allows parallelizing such cycles that cannot be optimized by other methods, was presented. In order to facilitate the practical application of the developed methods and tools, a web service using high-performance computer technologies of grid and cloud computing was considered. The proposed methods to increase efficiency of matching procedure can also be used to solve important problems in other fields of science as data mining, analysis of DNA molecules, etc. Keywords: information security, signature, multi-pattern matching, FPGA, structural combining, efficiency, optimization, hardware description language.
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Collinson, Simon C., and Andrew M. Pettigrew. Comparative International Business Research Methods. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0027.
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The comparative method lies at the heart of social science research. In the field of international business it is national and regional diversity, the differences between places that influence business activities and management behaviour, that matter. This diversity demands adaptability in individuals and organizations, in response to cultural, social, political, institutional, environmental, economic, industrial, and market variety. This article examines the problems of comparative international research (CIR) in business and management studies. The literature on CIR methods over the past thirty years, whilst stressing the importance of robust methodologies, has been particularly critical of the widespread failure of researchers to avoid the pitfalls of poorly constructed cross-national comparisons.
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Cho, Jeasik. Change, Challenges, and Mixed Methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199330010.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses three ongoing issues related to the evaluation of qualitative research. First, the chapter considers whether a set of evaluation criteria is either determinative or changeable. Due to the evolving nature of qualitative research, it is likely that the way in which qualitative research is evaluated can change—not all at once, but gradually. Second, qualitative research has been criticized by newly resurrected positivists whose definitions of scientific research and evaluation criteria are narrow. “Politics of evidence” and a recent big-tent evaluation strategy are examined. Last, this chapter analyzes how validity criteria of qualitative research are incorporated into the evaluation of mixed methods research. The elements of qualitative research seem to be fairly represented but are largely treated as trivial. A criterion, the fit of research questions to design, is identified as distinctive in the review guide of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research.
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Lindegaard, Marie Rosenkrantz, and Heith Copes. Observational Methods of Offender Decision Making. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.43.
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The strength of ethnography is that it combines the insights of what people say about crime with what they do when they make the decision to commit crime. Participant observation has played a key role in ethnographic research on crime, but it has become rare in criminology. This chapter argues that despite this development, new types of camera-based observations are emerging that can potentially bring new life into ethnographic research on crime. The chapter distinguishes between three types of observational methods (participant, researcher, and camera), and it discusses insights that have been gained from each method. Camera observations offer exciting possibilities of gaining insights into what offenders do as criminal events unfold. Although these types of observations may replace researcher observations because of higher detail and reliability, participant observations remain most suitable for the study of the socioeconomic circumstances of offenders and their experiences with committing crimes.
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Bengson, John, Terence Cuneo, and Russ Shafer-Landau. Philosophical Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192862464.001.0001.
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This book is an attempt to understand philosophical inquiry by means of answering five questions: What is the structure of theoretical inquiry? What are the goals of theoretical inquiry? What are philosophical data? What is a sound method for philosophical theorizing? Is there reason to think that philosophical progress can be or has been made? Chapter 1 tackles the first two questions: inquiry is organized around the collection of data and the application to data of a sound method, and is ultimately aimed at achieving understanding. Chapters 2 and 3 address the third question, canvassing various theories of philosophical data before landing on an epistemic theory according to which data are what inquirers, considered collectively, have good epistemic reason to believe. Chapters 4 and 5 tackle the fourth question, identifying three data about sound method, surveying and critically assessing prominent extant methods, and defending a novel philosophical method—the Tri-Level Method—by revealing the various ways in which it can handle the three data and facilitate understanding. Chapter 6 addresses the fifth question, arguing that the Tri-Level Method can explain how to make philosophical progress, that its constituent criteria can be used to assess whether such progress has been made, that there really has been substantial philosophical progress, and that philosophy’s progress is relevantly comparable to that made in other fields.
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Michel, Christoph M., and Bin He. EEG Mapping and Source Imaging. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0045.
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This chapter describes methods to analyze the scalp electric field recorded with multichannel electroencephalography (EEG). With advances in high-density EEG, systems now allow fast and easy recording from 64 to 256 channels simultaneously. Pattern-recognition algorithms can characterize the topography of scalp electric fields and detect changes in topography over time and between experimental or clinical conditions. Methods for estimating the sources underlying the recorded scalp potential maps have increased the spatial resolution of EEG. The use of anatomical information in EEG source reconstruction has increased the precision of EEG source localization. Algorithms of functional connectivity applied to the source space allow determination of communication between large-scale brain networks in certain frequencies and identification of the directionality of this information flow and detection of crucial drivers in these networks. These methods have boosted the use of EEG as a functional neuroimaging method in experimental and clinical applications.
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Stokoe, Elizabeth H., and Sally Wiggins. Discursive approaches. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0012.
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This chapter introduces a method of qualitative analysis that focuses on exploring and explicating language in use. The discourse analytic approach discussed has developed within psychology over the past fifteen years and is called ‘discursive psychology’ (DP). The chapter outlines its origins and foundations, its theory and approach to language, its questions and topics of investigation, its methods of data collection and analysis and, for the current purposes, its utility for clinical and health psychologists.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 8. Informal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0008.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter investigates in detail adverse possession. The acquisition of title by adverse possession consists of two distinct stages: firstly, the inception of adverse possession; and, secondly, the operation of limitation rules at the end of the requisite period of adverse possession. The operation of adverse possession reflects the ideas underlying unregistered titles. The operation of adverse possession is generally incompatible with the ideas underpinning registration of title, which led to significant reforms in the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The LRA 2002 provides a new scheme of adverse possession through which title is obtained by registration rather than by possession. The Act preserves the rights of adverse possessors who completed 12 years of adverse possession at the time that the Act came into force. A criminal offence of squatting in a residential building was introduced in 2012, but it has been held that the commission of the offence does not preclude a claim to title by adverse possession under the LRA 2002. Adverse possession rules have been held to be human rights compliant.
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Cheng, Russell. Infinite Likelihood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0008.
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This chapter examines methods that overcome a difficulty with infinite likelihoods. In shifted threshold distributions where the PDF has the form f(y) ∼ k(b,c)(y−a)c−1, if y tends to the threshold parameter a, then the log-likelihood tends to infinity if c < 1 and a also tends to y(1) the smallest observation. The maximum likelihood (ML) method fails in this case, yielding parameter estimates that are not consistent. A method is described overcoming this problem, called the maximum product of spacings method. This yields parameter estimates with the same consistency and asymptotic normality properties as ML estimators when these exist, and which yield, when c < 1 where ML fails, consistent estimates with that for a hyper-efficient. Confidence intervals for a are difficult to obtain theoretically when c < 2. A method is given using percentiles of the stable law distribution and this is numerically compared with bootstrap confidence intervals.
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Cummins, Chris, and Napoleon Katsos, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.001.0001.
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This handbook is the first to explore the growing field of experimental semantics and pragmatics. In the past twenty years, experimental data has become a major source of evidence for building theories of language meaning and use, encompassing a wide range of topics and methods. Following an introduction from the editors, the chapters in this volume offer an up-to-date account of research in the field spanning thirty-one different topics, including scalar implicatures, presuppositions, counterfactuals, quantification, metaphor, prosody, and politeness, as well as exploring how and why a particular experimental method is suitable for addressing a given theoretical debate. The volume’s forward-looking approach also seeks to actively identify questions and methods that could be fruitfully combined in future experimental research.
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Lee, P. J. Statistical Methods for Estimating Petroleum Resources. Edited by Jo Anne DeGraffenreid. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195331905.001.0001.
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This book describes procedures for determining the total hydrocarbon (petroleum) resource or resource potential in a region. Statistical concepts and methods employed in petroleum resource assessment are the subject of the manuscript, extensively illustrated by numerous real case studies. Prof. Lee's computer-aided Petroleum Information Management and Resource Evaluation System (PETRIMES) methodology has been adopted by governments around the world and by major multinational oil companies to perform resource assessment and to predict future oil and gas production. Though this methodology is so widely used, there is no "user's guide" to it, and this book will be the definitive resource for PETRIMES users.
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Mesinger, Fedor, Miodrag Rančić, and R. James Purser. Numerical Methods in Atmospheric Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.617.
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The astonishing development of computer technology since the mid-20th century has been accompanied by a corresponding proliferation in the numerical methods that have been developed to improve the simulation of atmospheric flows. This article reviews some of the numerical developments concern the ongoing improvements of weather forecasting and climate simulation models. Early computers were single-processor machines with severely limited memory capacity and computational speed, requiring simplified representations of the atmospheric equations and low resolution. As the hardware evolved and memory and speed increased, it became feasible to accommodate more complete representations of the dynamic and physical atmospheric processes. These more faithful representations of the so-called primitive equations included dynamic modes that are not necessarily of meteorological significance, which in turn led to additional computational challenges. Understanding which problems required attention and how they should be addressed was not a straightforward and unique process, and it resulted in the variety of approaches that are summarized in this article. At about the turn of the century, the most dramatic developments in hardware were the inauguration of the era of massively parallel computers, together with the vast increase in the amount of rapidly accessible memory that the new architectures provided. These advances and opportunities have demanded a thorough reassessment of the numerical methods that are most successfully adapted to this new computational environment. This article combines a survey of the important historical landmarks together with a somewhat speculative review of methods that, at the time of writing, seem to hold out the promise of further advancing the art and science of atmospheric numerical modeling.
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Monteggia, Lisa M., and Wei Xu. Methods for In Vivo Gene Manipulation. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0004.
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Recent advances in mouse genetics have opened many new avenues of research in which to explore gene function in the brain, and contributions to the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders. The use of the mouse to explore gene function has contributed a better understanding of the role of specific genes in the nervous system including their influence on neural circuits and complex behavior.This chapter explores current approaches to manipulate gene function in a mouse. Genetically modified mice allow for the investigation of a particular gene in vivo. The approaches discussed highlight recent advances to specifically overexpress or disrupt a specific gene of interest in the brain. We also highlight viral-mediated gene transfer approaches to allow for spatial and temporal control of gene function.
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O’Rourke, Michael. Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.23.
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The methods of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research (hereafter, “cross-disciplinary research” or CDR) are “fragmented”, that is, distributed in unconnected ways across the intellectual landscape. Fragmentation results in inefficiency, which motivates systematic organization of methods. Systematic organization has value for both cross-disciplinary practitioners and theorists since it structures thinking about the range of variables that shape CDR, enhancing efficiency and prospects for project success. “Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research” contributes a comparative, philosophical perspective to the systematic organization of CDR methods. After a brief historical review, the chapter analyzes and illustrates CDR methods. A comparative assessment of CDR methods is then presented that surveys a sample of prominent approaches to the organization of CDR methods before describing an alternate approach. The chapter closes with a discussion of outstanding challenges for those interested in comparing and organizing cross-disciplinary methods.
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Erkkilä, Jaakko. Mixed Methods Research in Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.12.
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Mixed Methods Research (MMR) combines different research methodologies in the same study with the goals of producing better and more profound knowledge of the phenomenon under investigation than use of a single method would achieve. Typically, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are employed in MMR. Music therapy is an example of a complex research area, where MMR can be considered a suitable way to capture and reflect the complexity of practice. There are many ways to understand and conduct MMR and the field is developing quickly. The chapter briefly describes MMR and its latest developments using examples of music therapy research in which MMR has been applied. Though MMR is a welcome addition to the research methodologies in music therapy, it is a challenging type of research as well. For instance, it can be difficult to published mixed method studies as some journals have low tolerance for innovative methodologies.
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Elwood, Mark. Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.001.0001.
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This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system shows how to describe a study, how to detect and assess selection biases, observation bias, confounding, and chance variation, and how to assess internal validity and external validity (generalisability). Statistical methods are presented assuming no previous knowledge, and showing applications to each study design. Positive features of causation including strength, dose-response, and consistency are discussed. The book shows how to do systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and discusses publication bias. Systems of assessing all evidence are shown, leading to a general method of critical appraisal based on 20 key questions in five groups, which can be applied to any type of study or any topic. Six chapters show the application of this method to randomised trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies. An appendix summarises key statistical methods, each with a worked example. Each main chapter has self-test questions, with answers provided.
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Law, David R. The Historical–Critical Method. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567701251.
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Historical Critical Analysis is the main way in which the Bible (both the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and the New Testament) has been examined and read by scholars in the last century. The term refers to a range of methodologies which examine the origins of biblical texts, in relation to other contemporaneous texts, to form critical approaches and to questions of authorship, audience and authenticty. The aim is to get as close to the ‘original text’ and its ‘original meaning’ as possible. For many years Historical Critical Method has been the cornerstone upon which biblical scholarship is built, even as modern studies examine other theoretical approaches to reading the text in history, tradition, and from different audience perspectives the Historical Critical Method still presents the crucial starting point for students and scholars.
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Stanghellini, Giovanni. The P.H.D. method. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792062.003.0033.
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This chapter reports the main principles of the P.H.D. method:Phenomenological unfolding (P): unfolding means to open up and lay bare the pleats of the patient’s experiences. Unfolding enriches understanding by providing further resources in addition to those that are immediately visible. The main aim is to rescue the logos of the phenomena in themselves, the implicit, automatic, forgotten sources that make phenomena appear as they appear to the patient.Hermeneutic analysis of the person’s position-taking towards her experience (H): rescuing from the implicit the active role that the patient has in shaping her symptoms, helping her to recalibrate her miscarried position-taking and, finally, to recover her sense of responsibility and agency.Dynamic analysis of the life-history in which experiences and position-taking are embedded (D): making sense of a given phenomenon is finally to posit it in a meaningful context, and this context includes the personal history of the patient.