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Jaeger, Alexa. "Methane and carbon dioxide cycling in soils of the Harvard Forest." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117912.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 18).
Soil is Earth's largest terrestrial carbon pool (Oertel et al., 2016) and can act as a net source of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, if organic material accumulates in soils faster than it is converted to CO2 by cellular respiration, soil becomes a smaller GHG source and even has the potential to become a GHG sink. Not much is known about factors that drive soil to be a source or a sink of GHG. Soil temperature and moisture have both been shown to correlate with CH4 emissions and temperature has been shown to correlate with CO 2 emissions (Jacinthe et al., 2015). Currently these relationships are not well constrained, particularly in upland soils, which are soils found at elevations between 100 and 500 m (Carating et al., 2014). Soil from the Harvard Forest was collected and used in two in-lab flux experiments to constrain the effect that soil moisture has on i.) the rate of CH4 and CO2 production/consumption and ii.) the fraction of injected CH4 that is oxidized to CO2 by soil microbes. The first experiment involved injecting vials containing soil samples with CH4 , taking an initial measurement with a residual gas analyzer (RGA), incubating for three days, and taking final measurements using the RGA. The results of this experiment indicated that cellular respiration is an important carbon source in these soils, with more CO2 coming from cellular respiration than from the oxidation of CH4. The second experiment involved injecting vials containing soil samples with CH4 and 14CH4 as a tracer, incubating for six days, and analyzing CO2 from each sample using a scintillation counter. This experiment showed a weak trend indicating that increased soil moisture may result in decreased CH4 oxidation. Results showed that decays per minute from the samples were lower than in a control. These results indicated that not all CO 2 from each sample was successfully captured and analyzed using the methods here. So while the trend may hold true, it should be supported by reconducting the experiment using a more reliable means of CO2 capture. The unexpected results from both experiments indicated that there is still much to be learned about the reactions that occur in these soils and how to perfect laboratory methods to study them.
by Alexa Jaeger.
S.B.
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Thomas, Zachariah. "Seeing a Tree for the Forest." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1554911121221355.
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Boström, Björn. "Achieving carbon isotope mass balance in Northern forest soils, soil respiration and fungi /." Örebro : Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-2101.
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Lingner, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Dry mass estimation at linear forest objects via structure from motion / Stefan Lingner." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177798018/34.
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Clement, Robert J. "Mass and energy exchange of a plantation forest in Scotland using micrometeorological methods." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14588.
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This thesis presents the energy, water, and carbon budgets of Sitka spruce plantation forest in Scotland over the period 1997 to 2001. The site microclimate is observed to be strongly influenced by the site’s oceanic climate, and canopy development. Atmospheric structure is observed to affect temporal patterns of microclimatological variables while topography is observed to affect microclimatological and flux measurements. Eddy covariance flux measurement theory and methods are examined and specific inadequacies are addressed. Theoretical aspects of eddy covariance that were examined include signal despiking, coordinate rotation, low frequency contributions, as well as correlations for density fluctuations, angle of attack errors, and sonic temperature determination. An analysis of frequency response correction methods was used to determined if superior methods could be identified. Fluxes of momentum were used to verify existing measures of atmospheric turbulence and analysed to identify canopy structure and growth. Sensible heat fluxes were found to have an unexpected negative bias, only a portion of which can be attributed to instrument error. This bias is found to depend upon topography and wind speed but is apparently unrelated to katabatic flow. Large errors in latent heat flux were caused by enhanced tube attenuation and were corrected using improved frequency response corrections. Interannual variability of momentum and sensible heat flux were closely associated with wind speed variability, while interannual variability of NEE was attributable primarily to radiation. The source of variability of latent heat flux was not clearly identifiable. Missing values of latent heat flux were modelled using a canopy conductance model, which incorporated effects of canopy evaporation.
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Camargo, Maíra Sanchez Cezaretto [UNESP]. "Fred Forest: o poder da mídia espontânea como elemento de criação artística." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86955.
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camargo_msc_me_ia.pdf: 482562 bytes, checksum: 15c962686a1c3928d03ca9f587edf825 (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este estudo tem o objetivo de discutir o poder da mídia utilizado para criação artística, mais especificamente a mídia espontânea. A relação entre arte e comunicação é analisada com o apoio na obra denominada Wanted Julia Margareth Cameron, de Fred Forest. São avaliados os aspectos que levam o artista a idealizar e colocar em prática suas estratégias. As ferramentas utilizadas por Forest em suas obras e a articulação delas também são contempladas neste estudo. Além disso, o potencial publicitário nas criações de Fred Forest foi igualmente objeto de consideração
This study aims to discuss the power of the media used for artistic creation, specifically the spontaneous media. The relationship between art and communication is analyzed with the support of the work called Julia Margaret Cameron Wanted by Fred Forest, evaluating the issues that lead the artist to create their actions. The tools used by Forest in their work and the articulation of them are also addressed in this study. In addition to evaluating the advertising potential in the creations of Fred Forest
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McKain, Kathryn. "Carbon accumulation at the Harvard Forest : a comparison of methods for measuring tree biomass for regional extrapolation of the eddy-flux tower footprint /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/100.pdf.
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Camargo, Maíra Sanchez Cezaretto. "Fred Forest : o poder da mídia espontânea como elemento de criação artística /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86955.
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Orientador: Milton SogabeBanca: Hermes Renato Hildebrand
Banca: Fábio Oliveira Nunes
Resumo: Este estudo tem o objetivo de discutir o poder da mídia utilizado para criação artística, mais especificamente a mídia espontânea. A relação entre arte e comunicação é analisada com o apoio na obra denominada Wanted Julia Margareth Cameron, de Fred Forest. São avaliados os aspectos que levam o artista a idealizar e colocar em prática suas estratégias. As ferramentas utilizadas por Forest em suas obras e a articulação delas também são contempladas neste estudo. Além disso, o potencial publicitário nas criações de Fred Forest foi igualmente objeto de consideração
Abstract: This study aims to discuss the power of the media used for artistic creation, specifically the spontaneous media. The relationship between art and communication is analyzed with the support of the work called Julia Margaret Cameron Wanted by Fred Forest, evaluating the issues that lead the artist to create their actions. The tools used by Forest in their work and the articulation of them are also addressed in this study. In addition to evaluating the advertising potential in the creations of Fred Forest
Mestre
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Higgins, Alasdair. "Using the Lyman-α forest to determine the power spectrum of mass density perturbations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28234.
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I present an analysis of techniques used to determine the mass power spectrum from observations of the intergalactic medium. Simple Monte Carlo simulations are presented which clarify some the problems which must be overcome when attempting any inversion process. The 1 dimensional flux power spectrum is dependent on both the clustering of the absorption features and on the scaling relations existing between the dark matter and baryon distributions. More realistic simulated spectra are used to illustrate differnces in the mean flux power spectrum for a range of cosmologies and the ratio of the 1 dimensional linear mass and flux power spectra. The mass distribution is much more dependent on cosmological parameters than the flux power spectrum, highlighting the very accurate measurements of the latter quantity required for an accurate recovery of the mass density power spectrum. These spectra are further analysed by deconvolution into Voigt profiles. This techniques is shown to be an excellent approximation, in spite of the current cosmic web paradigm of the Ly-α forest. However the power spectrum of the positions of these fitted lines is shown to be a very poor indicator of the underlying mass density field. Inferring the 3 dimensional forms of power spectra from 1 dimensional data is shown to be problematic. This, coupled with analysis of the covariance matrix of the flux power spectrum, casts doubts on the reliability of the error analysis presented in the literature.
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Bolinius, Damien Johann. "Methods to measure mass transfer kinetics, partition ratios and atmospheric fluxes of organic chemicals in forest systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-136008.
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Vegetation plays an important role in the partitioning, transport and fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the environment. This thesis aimed at addressing two key knowledge gaps in our understanding of how plants exchange HOCs with the atmosphere: (1) To improve our understanding of the uptake of HOCs into, and transfer through, leaves of different plant species which can significantly influence the transport and fate of HOCs in the environment; and (2) To evaluate an experimental approach to measure fluxes of HOCs in the field. The methods presented in papers I, II and III contribute to increasing our understanding of the fate and transport of HOCs in leaves by offering straightforward ways of measuring mass transfer coefficients through leaves and partition ratios of HOCs between leaves, leaf lipids and lipid standards and reference materials like water, air and olive oil. The passive dosing study in paper III in particular investigated the role of the composition of the organic matter extracted from leaves in determining the capacity of the leaves to hold chemicals and found no large differences between 7 different plant species, even though literature data on leaf/air partition ratios (Kleaf/air) varies over 1-3 orders of magnitude. In paper IV we demonstrated that the modified Bowen ratio method can be extended to measure fluxes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) if the fluxes do not change direction over the course of the sampling period and are large enough to be measured. This approach thus makes it possible to measure fluxes of POPs that usually require sampling times of days to weeks to exceed method detection limits. The experimental methods described in this thesis have the potential to support improved parameterization of multimedia models, which can then be evaluated against fluxes measured in the field using the modified Bowen ratio approach.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Dahlgren, Johan Petter. "Linking plant population dynamics to the local environment and forest succession." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Botaniska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8291.
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Linking environmental variation to population dynamics is necessary to understand and predict how the environment influences species abundances and distributions. I used demographic, environmental and trait data of forest herbs to study effects of spatial variation in environmental factors on populations as well as environmental change in terms of effects of forest succession on field layer plants. The results show that abundances of field layer species during forest succession are correlated with their functional traits; species with high specific leaf area increased more in abundance. I also found that soil nutrients affect vegetative and flowering phenology of the forest herb Actaea spicata. The effect of nutrients shows that a wider range of environmental factors than usually assumed can influence plant phenology. Moreover, local environmental factors affected also the demography of A. spicata through effects on vital rates. An abiotic factor, soil potassium affecting individual growth rate, was more important for population growth rate than seed predation, the most conspicuous biotic interaction in this system. Density independent changes in soil potassium during forest succession, and to a lesser extent plant population size dependent seed predation, were predicted to alter population growth rate, and thereby the abundance, of A. spicata over time. Because these environmental factors had effects on population projections, they can potentially influence the occupancy pattern of this species along successional gradients. I conclude that including deterministic, as opposed to stochastic, environmental change in demographic models enables assessments of the effects of processes such as succession, altered land-use, and climate change on population dynamics. Models explicitly incorporating environmental factors are useful for studying population dynamics in a realistic context, and to guide management of threatened species in changing environments.
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Rao, Deepa S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Exploring the microbe-mediated soil H² sink : a lab-based study of the physiology and related H² consumption of isolates from the Harvard Forest LTER." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114352.
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Thesis: Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-92).
Atmospheric hydrogen (H²) is a secondary greenhouse gas that attenuates the removal of methane (CH⁴) from the atmosphere. The largest and least understood term in the H² biogeochemical cycle, microbe-mediated soil uptake, is responsible for about 80% of Earth's tropospheric H² sink. A recent discovery of the first H²-oxidizing soil microorganism (Streptomyces sp. PCB7) containing a low-threshold, high-affinity NiFe-hydrogenase functional at ambient H² levels (approx. 530 ppb) made it possible to identify a model organism to characterize microbial H²-uptake behavior. In the present research, several strains of Streptomyces containing the high-affinity NiFe-hydrogenase were isolated from the Harvard Forest LTER and used to characterize H² uptake alongside analysis of their life cycles. It was found that containing the gene encoding for the specific hydrogenase predicted H² uptake behavior in the wild Streptomyces strains and also in more distantly related organisms that contained the gene. The H² uptake rates were correlated with the microorganisms' life cycles, reaching a maximal uptake corresponding with spore formation. Understanding how environmental conditions, organismal life cycle, and H² uptake are connected can help reduce the uncertainty in atmospheric models. With the rise of H²-based energy sources and a potential change in the tropospheric concentration of H² , understanding the sources and sinks of this trace gas is important for the future.
by Deepa Rao.
S.B.
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Gärtner, Isabell. "Variable Specific Discharge and Its Influence on Mass Export of Carbon, Sulphur, Calcium and Magnesium in a Boreal Forest Catchment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302765.
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Considerable research efforts are made in order to understand the global carbon cycle and how it will affect future climate change and vice versa. To be able to calculate the export of carbon from a certain area, discharge is one of the most important variables together with stream concentrations. Measuring discharge in every catchment would be impossible, as it is both time consuming and expensive. To come around these obstacles, the majority of studies on element export use known discharge data from gauging stations at a single catchment outlet and assumes the same discharge per unit area from nearby catchments, known as the assumption of uniform specific discharge. A few studies in recent years, have come to the conclusion that this questionable assumption can lead to large errors in estimated discharge volumes and it should therefore be reconsidered.This study aims to analyse how the export of elements changes if actual measured variable discharge is applied in comparison to uniform specific discharge. The results of this study shows that the assumption of uniform discharge leads to an overestimation of the export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphur, calcium and magnesium from forest-dominated catchments by up to 30%. At the same time this assumption leads to an underestimation of export from wetland-dominated catchments by up to 26% over a five year period.Mycket av forskningen de senaste åren har handlat om framtida klimatförändringar och det globala kolkretsloppet och hur de båda påverkar varandra. För att göra tillförlitliga beräkningar av hur mycket kol ett område, i det här fallet ett barrskogsområde i norra Sverige, tillför vattendragen i närheten under en viss tid skulle det behöva göras vattenståndsmätningar och vattenanalyser vid varje vattendrag, men det skulle vara omöjligt eftersom det är för kostsamt och tidskrävande. För att ändå kunna göra uppskattningar av hur mycket kol, spårämnen och metaller som kommer från ett område, använder de flesta studier information om vattenstånd och ämneskoncentrationen i vattnet från mätningsstationer vid avrinningsområdets utlopp. Samma uppgifter används för att göra beräkningar för det stora området, som för mindre delområden i det. Under de senaste åren har ett antal studier kommit fram till att användandet av data som inte har tagits i direkt anslutning till ett avrinningsområde kan leda till stora fel och kanske borde undvikas.Den här uppsatsen har som syfte att analysera vilka skillnader som uppstår när avrinningsdata från olika delområden används istället för samma data för alla områden. Resultatet av denna studie visar att om man använder samma data för alla områden leder det till att exporten av kol, svavel, kalcium och magnesium från huvudsakligen skogsklädda områden överskattas med upp till 30% och underskattas från områden med mycket våtmarker med upp till 26%.
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Dria, Karl Jay. "Carbon and nitrogen distribution and processes in forest and agricultural ecosystems a study involving solid- and liquid-state NMR and pyrolysis GC/MS /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1085700625.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 214 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 194-206). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Tuswa, Nangamso. "Using coupled atmospheric-unsaturated zone model to quantify groundwater recharge to the Table Mountain Group Aquifer system, George, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7059.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe current study aimed at providing groundwater recharge estimates in a fractured rock aquifer environment that is occupied by pine plantation and indigenous forests in order to improve the understanding of the effect of pine plantation forests on recharge. This was based on the argument that for the trees to affect recharge, they do not necessarily need to tap directly from the saturated zone, as vegetation may indirectly affect groundwater recharge by interception and abstracting the infiltrating water in the vadose zone before reaching the water table. The study was conducted along the Southern Cape coastline of Western Cape Province in South Africa. This area is 7 km east of George in an area characterized by the occurrence of the Table Mountain Group aquifer. The research presented in this thesis formed part of a Water Research Commission (WRC) project titled “The Impacts of Commercial Plantation Forests on Groundwater Recharge and Streamflow”. To achieve the aim of the current study, three objectives were formulated: i) to characterize the dominantly occurring recharge mechanism ii) to determine long-term groundwater recharge estimates, and iii) to assess the effect of plantation forests on groundwater recharge. As part of characterizing the dominant recharge mechanism in the area, a conceptual groundwater recharge model of the area was developed to explain the recharge mechanism and facilitate an improved understanding of recharge estimates. The model was based on a theoretical understanding and previous investigations conducted in the study area. Methods such as environmental stable isotopes and hydrochemistry were used to refine the conceptual model by identifying the source of recharge and the dominant recharge mechanism. The occurrence and density of lineaments were used as a proxy to delineate potential recharge zones in the area. Recharge was estimated using the Rainfall Infiltration Breakthrough (RIB) and the Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) methods. Additionally, the effect of plantation forests on recharge was assessed using the HYDRUS-2D numerical model. The recharge estimates derived from the RIB and CMB techniques were verified using the published maps by Vegter (1995).
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Olofsson, Madelen. "On the investigation of chemical parameters reflecting microbial activity linked to nutrient availability in forest soil." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25994.
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As agrarian society developed, the most fertile soils able to sustain the nutritional requirements needed for high crop yield were assigned to farming, while the more penurious soils were left to uphold the forest ecosystems. Some temperate forests are developed on acidic soils considered to be nutrient poor, as much of the inorganic nutrients are entrapped in poorly weatherable soil minerals and not easily accessed by plant roots. In an undisturbed ecosystem, the largest contribution of available nutrients comes from the recycling of organically bound nutrients via the decomposition of dead plant material. If biomass is removed, for instance with a more intensified exploitation of the forest ecosystems including whole tree harvesting, this source of nutrients is consequently decreased. The importance of soil mineral weathering as a source of nutrients, and especially that promoted by soil biota, is thereby emphasized. This thesis addresses biotic parameters associated with mineral weathering. Different aspects of soil solution sampling strategies and analysis of different organic ligands as well as biomarkers for the estimation of fungal biomass were investigated. These chemical parameters were also evaluated as indicators of microbial activity in relation to mineral nutrient availability in soil. With the assumption that the current nutrient status of a soil will affect the microbial interest of certain minerals as sources of inorganic nutrients, a mineral amendment trial was performed in a Swedish boreal forest soil. Overall, the amended soil presented good nutrient status, but with a possible shortage of iron. Due to this, it was hypothesized that the amended mineral with the highest iron content i.e. biotite would cause an elevation of microbial activity in its vicinity when compared to the bulk soil. The level of microbial activity in the vicinity of the amended minerals was evaluated via quantification of organic acids and siderophores, as well as estimation of fungal biomass and enzymatic activity. The highest microbial activity was measured for the O horizon of the investigated podzol, although nothing indicated an elevated association with the amended minerals. In the E horizon, however, elevation in microbial activity was observed in the vicinity of the biotite mineral when compared with bulk soil, although only a few of the investigated parameters differed significantly when evaluated separately. To enable this study, a highly sensitive analytical method employing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed to quantify a number of hydroxamate siderophores. On-line pre-concentration enabled detection of these organic ligands in the pico-molar range – a necessity when analyzing natural samples. Furthermore, an analytical method was developed for the estimation of fungal biomass via quantification of chitin-derived glucosamine, which also employed liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Unlike currently available methods, the one presented in this thesis did not involve analyte derivatization, which resulted in high sample throughput while simultaneously avoiding complications involved with the additional derivatization procedure. The distribution of a group of organic ligands known as aromatic low molecular mass organic acids was also studied in a boreal forest podzol soil. Different sampling and samples preparation techniques, namely tension-lysimeters, soil centrifugation and liquid-soil extraction, were compared when analyzing soil solution components. Significant differences in analyte amount and species type were found between these sampling techniques. Some of the differences could be accounted for by variation in soil composition at different depths of the investigated podzol, but others could be attributed to structural differences within the studied analyte group. This clearly illustrated the intricacy of sampling and analysis when working with a sample matrix as complex and diverse as soil. As previously, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to quantify the analytes of interest. A highly sensitive analytical method was developed that was able to detect eleven aromatic low molecular mass organic acids in the nano-molar range. High selectivity was ensured by applying multiple reaction monitoring enabled by collision induced fragmentation of the analytes.FORE
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Dutton, Anona L. "Process-based simulations of near-surface hydrologic response for a forested upland catchment: the impact of a road /." May be available electronically:, 2000. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Grüning, Maren Marine [Verfasser], Michaela [Akademischer Betreuer] Dippold, Michaela [Gutachter] Dippold, and Hermann [Gutachter] Jungkunst. "Effects of insect mass outbreaks on the C and N balance in forest ecosystems / Maren Marine Grüning ; Gutachter: Michaela Dippold, Hermann Jungkunst ; Betreuer: Michaela Dippold." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189419637/34.
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Grüning, Maren Marine [Verfasser], Michaela A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Dippold, Michaela [Gutachter] Dippold, and Hermann [Gutachter] Jungkunst. "Effects of insect mass outbreaks on the C and N balance in forest ecosystems / Maren Marine Grüning ; Gutachter: Michaela Dippold, Hermann Jungkunst ; Betreuer: Michaela Dippold." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189419637/34.
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Joiner, David Wayne. "Energy and mass fluxes over a boreal forest in northern Manitoba, net ecosystem exchange and energy balances for the boreas nsa young jack pine and fen sites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ38310.pdf.
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Braun, Moritz. "Simply Wood : Design of All-Wood Furniture Joints." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100435.
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The need for sustainability, increasingly requires developing products according to a cradle to cradle approach. For furniture, wood, being potentially renewable, is a suitable material in this regard. However, most wooden furniture today utilizes steels and synthetic polymers in the joints, which can partially be recycled, but are far from being circular materials. All-wood joints have been used in traditional furniture and construction, but they are not adapted to modern manufacturing techniques and do not fulfill the need for easy assembly. The aim of this thesis is to explore existing solutions for all-wood joints, as well as relevant manufacturing techniques to create an approach for the development of new joints by practitioners. The research questions are: What are the principles used in existing technical solutions and how can they be used to develop new all-wood furniture joints? What are the most important manufacturing techniques for wood today and how can they be considered in the early-stage development? The general approach in this thesis is to abstract the researched existing technical solutions and manufacturing techniques, ideate on this abstract level, and then detail the concepts on a more concrete level. As results, fourteen different principles and six different patterns of transformation were extracted from existing solutions and documented in an accessible form. Similarly, seven manufacturing techniques were collected and documented. These were then used in an ideation workshop with practitioners from IKEA, which resulted in six abstract concepts. One of the concepts was further developed into a pre-design and tested with a simulations according to strength and stability requirements from applicable standards. The testing of the pre-design proved its practicality and a team at IKEA is continuing the development of the concept and planning to manufacture a prototype. This is a good indicator for the usefulness of the approach. Even though it worked well, further exploration of the "toolbox" is recommended, as well as the use of different ideation methods. The full environmental benefits of furniture with all-wood joints are not clear, because only resource depletion was considered and the potential effect is small compared to other industries. Despite this, the thesis shows the potential in circular furniture and encourages IKEA and other furniture companies to delve into the topic of circular furniture more deeply.
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Gomes, Fernanda Melo. "GerminaÃÃo e crescimento de plÃntulas de Libidibia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul. em funÃÃo do peso de semente e condiÃÃes de temperatura e luz." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12699.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorO objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinaÃÃo de sementes e o estabelecimento de plÃntulas de Libidibia ferrea em funÃÃo do peso de semente, temperatura e luz. As sementes de L. ferrea foram separadas em trÃs classes de peso (leves, mÃdias e pesadas) e foram realizados em laboratÃrio os bioensaios de temperatura e luz, alÃm do experimento de sombreamento em casa de vegetaÃÃo. Para o experimento em laboratÃrio, o crescimento da parte aÃrea de plÃntulas apresentou melhor desempenho sob a ausÃncia de luz e se desenvolveu melhor à temperatura de 25 e 30ÂC, enquanto a raiz se desenvolveu melhor apenas sob 30ÂC. Para o sombreamento, sementes mÃdias e sementes pesadas apresentaram plÃntulas mais vigorosas sob sombreamento de 50% e 70%. Conclui-se que as sementes pesadas (> 0,12 g) apresentam melhor desempenho germinativo e produzem plÃntulas mais vigorosas.
The aim of this work was to study the seed germination and seedling establishment of Libidibia ferrea depending on the seed weight, temperature and light. Seeds of L. ferrea were classified into three weight classes (light, medium and heavy) and were carried out temperature and light bioassay in laboratory, beyond the shading experiment in greenhouse. For the laboratory experiment, the shoot growth of seedlings showed better performance in the absence of light and it is best developed at 25 and 30ÂC, while the root has just developed better under 30ÂC. Medium and heavy seeds showed more vigorous seedlings under 50% and 70% shade. It was concluded that the heavy seeds (> 0.12 g) have better germination performance and produced more vigorous seedlings.
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Cicco, Valdir de. "Determinação da evapotranspiração pelos métodos dos balanços hídrico e de cloreto e a quantificação da interceptação das chuvas na Mata Atlântica: São Paulo, SP e Cunha, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-23112009-150138/.
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O estudo teve como objetivos a quantificação da interceptação das chuvas pelas copas das árvores e a estimativa da evapotranspiração real pelos métodos dos balanços hídrico e de cloreto. Para isso, estabeleceu-se o monitoramento de duas microbacias hidrográficas experimentais localizadas na Floresta Ombrófila Densa (Mata Atlântica), uma no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI) e a outra no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - Núcleo Cunha, ambas no Estado de São Paulo. As interceptações estimadas para o IAG-PEFI e para a microbacia B-Cunha foram de 21,6% e 24,0%, respectivamente. Os resultados das análises de regressão linear simples, entre a precipitação e a transprecipitação apresentaram coeficientes de determinação elevados para o IAG-PEFI (92,0%) e Cunha (88,6%), indicando que a variável independente explica maior proporção da variação da variável dependente. Para a interceptação foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Spearman (rs), sendo de 0,5449 para o IAG-PEFI e de 0,5243 para Cunha, indicando uma moderada correlação positiva, significativa para o nível de 5%. A pequena diferença encontrada na interceptação das chuvas pelas florestas para as duas localidades pode ser explicada pelas aberturas dos dosséis, no IAG-PEFI de 34,2% e Cunha de 31,1%. No ano hídrico de 2000 na microbacia do IAG-PEFI, a precipitação e o deflúvio totais foram de 1.279,6 mm e 273,4 mm. A evapotranspiração real alcançou 1.006,2 mm, representando 78,6% da precipitação total, indicando uma baixa produção hídrica (21,4%). Para os anos hídricos de 2001, 2002 e 2003 na microbacia B-Cunha, as evapotranspirações reais alcançaram 696,4 mm (42,8%), 769,5 mm (47,7%) e 748,4 mm (44,0%), com média de 738,1 mm (44,8%), indicando uma boa produção hídrica média (55,2%). Os fluxos totais de cloreto via deposição úmida nas microbacias do IAG-PEFI e B-Cunha foram de 7,26 e 7,57 kg.ha-1.ano-1, enquanto os fluxos totais através do rio alcançou 7,15 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e 7,96 kg.ha- 1.ano-1. Os resultados mostraram que os fluxos de entrada do íon foram muito próximos, indicando que o processo de urbanização que o entorno do PEFI sofreu não está influenciando nas precipitações. Na microbacia do IAG-PEFI a evapotranspiração real foi de 1.000,1 mm, correspondendo a 78,2% da precipitação total, valor este muito próximo ao método do balanço hídrico. Na microbacia BCunha a evapotranspiração real para os anos hídricos de 2001, 2002 e 2003 foi de 898,6 mm (55,2%), 696,7 mm (43,2%) e 693,7 mm (40,8%), e a média para os três anos de 763,0 mm (46,3%), valor ligeiramente superior ao obtido pelo balanço hídrico. Para as duas microbacias, os fluxos das entradas e das saídas do cloreto foram praticamente iguais. Então, podemos inferir que o íon não é um produto do intemperismo, e que seu envolvimento em troca iônica ou processos biológicos atingiu o equilíbrio. Portanto, esse íon pode ser considerado conservativo. A estimativa da evapotranspiração real pelo escoamento de base do mês de junho de 2000 na microbacia do IAG-PEFI, através do método do cloreto apresentou valor de 989,0 mm (77,3%). Já, na microbacia B-Cunha para agosto do ano hídrico de 2001, a evapotranspiração real foi de 450,5 mm (27,7%), valor muito abaixo do obtido pelos outros métodos, possivelmente pelo pequeno número de amostras realizadas. Para os meses de agosto e julho dos anos de 2002 e 2003 os resultados foram satisfatórios, alcançando 707,8 mm (43,9%) e 719,4 mm (42,3%).The present study aims the quantification of the interception of the rains by the trees canopy and the determination of the real evapotranspiration by the methods of the water and the chloride balances. For that, it was established the monitory of two experimental catchments situated at Dense Ombrófila Forest (Atlantic Forest) one of them, in Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI) and the other in Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar- Cunha Nucleus both in São Paulo State. The interceptions estimated for the IAG-PEFI and for the B-Cunha catchments were of 21.6% and 24.0%, at the same time. According to the D`Agostino-Pearson test for the transformed values, of the precipitation and the transprecipitation it was verified normal distribution at the level of significance 5%. The analysis results of simple linear regression presented coefficient of elevated determination for the IAG-PEFI (92.0%) and Cunha (88.6%). The analysis through the test of D`Agostino-Pearson for the absolute values and transformed from interception do not followed normal distribution. Thus, it was applied the test of correlation of Spearman, being of 0.545 for the IAG-PEFI and the 0.524 for Cunha showing a positive moderate correlation for the level of 5% significant. The small difference found in the interception of the rains through the forests for the two locations might be explained by the canopy openings in IAG-PEFI of 34.2% and Cunha of 31.1%. During the water year of 2000 in the catchment of IAG-PEFI, the precipitation and the total streamflow were of 1,279.6 mm and 273.4 mm. The real evapotranspiration reached 1,006.2 mm, representing 78.6% from total precipitation, indicating a low water production (21.4%) For the water years of 2001, 2002 and 2003 in the B-Cunha catchments, the real evapotranspiration reached 696.4 mm (42.8%), 769.5 mm (47.7%) and 748.4 mm (44.0%), with average of 738.1 mm (44.8%), indicating a good water production (55.2%). The chloride by wet deposition total flux in the IAG-PEFI and B-Cunha catchments were of 7.26 kg.ha-¹.year-1 and 7.57 kg.ha-¹.year-¹ and while the total flux through the streamflow were 7.15 kg.ha ¹.year-¹ and 7.96 kg.ha-¹.year-¹. The results showed that the ion enter flux were much closed, indicating that the urbanization process suffered by PEFI spilled is not influencing in the precipitations. In the IAGPEFI catchment, the estimated real evapotranspiration was of 1,000.1 mm, that correspond the 78.2% of the total precipitation a much closed value to the water balance. In the B-Cunha catchment the estimated real evapotranspiration for the water years of 2001, 2002 and 2003 was of 898.6 mm (55.2%), 693.7 mm (43.2%) and 693.7 mm (40.8%), and the medium for the three years of 763.0 mm (46.3%), value a little superior to that obtained in the water balance. For the two catchments, the input and output chloride flux were basically the same. Then, we could infer that the ion is not a product of intemperism, and that its involvement in ionic change, or biologic process reach the balance, however, this ion may be consider conservative. The estimative of real evapotranspiration by the base flow for June 2000 in the IAG-PEFI catchment, through the chloride method presented the value of 989.0 mm (77.3%). But in the B-Cunha catchment for August of the water year of 2001, the real evapotranspiration was of 450.5 mm (27.7%), value much lower obtained by the other methods, possible by the small number of sample realized. For the months of August and July of the 2002 and 2003 water years, the results were satisfactory, reaching 707.8 mm (43.9%) and 719.4 mm (43.3%).
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Кичигіна, Анастасія Юріївна. "Прогнозування ІМТ за допомогою методів машинного навчання." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/37413.
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Дипломна робота містить : 100 с., 17 табл., 16 рис., 2 дод. та 24 джерела.
Об’єктом дослідження є індекс маси тіла людини.
Предметом дослідження є методи машинного навчання – регресійні моделі, ансамблева модель випадковий ліс та нейронна мережа.
В даній роботі проведено дослідження залежності індексу маси тіла людини та наявності надмірної маси тіла від харчових та побутових звичок. Для побудови дослідження були використані методи машинного навчання та аналізу даних, проведено роботу для визначення можливостей по покращенню роботи стандартних моделей та визначено кращу модель для реалізації прогнозування та класифікації на основі наведених даних. Напрямок роботи є в понижені розмірності простору ознак, відбору кращих спостережень з валідними даним для кращої роботи моделей, а також у комбінуванні різних методів навчання та отриманні більш ефективних ансамблевих моделей.Thesis: 100 p., 17 tabl., 16 fig., 2 add. and 24 references. The object of the study is the human body mass index. The subject of research is machine learning methods - regression models, ensemble model random forest and neural network. In this paper, a study of the dependence of the human body mass index and the presence of excess body weight on eating and living habits. To build the study, the methods of machine learning and data analysis were used, work was done to identify opportunities to improve the performance of standard models and identified the best model for the implementation of predicting and classification based on the data. The direction of work is in the reduced dimensions of the feature space, selection of the best observations with valid data for better performance of models, as well as in combining different teaching methods and obtaining more effective ensemble models.
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Chavy, Agathe Corinne. "Influence de l'environnement sur le cycle de transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée en Guyane, à multi-échelle spatiale Ecological niche modelling for predicting the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Neotropical moist forest biome Identification of French Guiana sand flies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a new mass spectra library « Regional scale ecological drivers of sandfly communities in French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0013.
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Les cycles de transmission des maladies zoonotiques et les facteurs qui les influencent sont difficiles à déterminer, particulièrement lorsqu’ils sont dus à des agents pathogènes généralistes dépendant de plusieurs espèces hôtes et vectrices pour être transmis. De plus, perturbations anthropiques et changements climatiques exercent de fortes pressions sur les systèmes hôtes-pathogène-vecteurs pouvant modifier les cycles de transmission. Une approche globale à différentes échelles spatiales est alors nécessaire pour caractériser et quantifier l’importance relative de ses facteurs. Cette approche a été utilisée pour étudier l’écologie du cycle de transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée (LC) en Guyane, une maladie vectorielle sylvatique avec de multiples hôtes et vecteurs. Ce cycle, soumis à des pressions anthropiques grandissantes, a vu sa dynamique se modifier, ce qui a entrainé une augmentation du risque de transmission aux populations humaines. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’influence des facteurs environnementaux, climatiques et anthropiques, à l’échelle globale du biome amazonien et régionale de la Guyane sur la distribution des cas humains de LC, en utilisant des modèles de niches écologiques. Puis, grâce à l’utilisation du séquençage à haut débit et d’outils probabilistes, nous avons observé la réponse des communautés de vecteurs à une échelle régionale dans des sites forestiers soumis à différents degrés de perturbation. Enfin, nous avons contribué à l’amélioration de la gamme d’outils disponibles pour l’identification des phlébotomes en utilisant le MALDI-TOF MS. Cette thèse a permis d’améliorer les connaissances générales du cycle de la LC en GuyaneFor many zoonotic diseases, transmission cycles remain difficult to determine, especially when they are due to generalist pathogens that can rely on several host and vector species to be transmitted. In addition, anthropogenic disturbances and climate change have strong impacts on ecosystems and can alter pathogen transmission cycles. Characterization and quantification of the relative importance of factors influencing host-pathogen-vector systems is then central for a global approach aiming to understand pathogen dynamics at different spatial scales. This approach has been used to study the ecology of the transmission cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in French Guiana. This vector-born disease, mainly sylvatic and including multiple hosts and vectors, is influenced by strong anthropic pressures that modified the dynamics of the cycle and led to an increase in the risk of transmission to human populations. In this work, we first explored the influence of environmental, climatic and anthropic factors on the distribution of human cases of CL at the global scale of the Amazonian biome and at the regional scale of French Guiana, using ecological niche modelling, allowing building risk maps. Then we observed the responses of communities of sandflies and known vectors at the regional scale in forest sites facing different disturbance levels. This work was made possible using a metabarcoding approach with high throughput sequencing. Last, we contributed to the improvement of the range of tools available for the identification of sandflies using the MALDI-TOF MS. This thesis contributed to the improvement of the general knowledge of the CL cycle in French Guiana
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Bonazza, Marcelo. "Quantificação dendrométrica não-destrutiva e relações entre unidades de volume sólido e massa de madeira em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1948.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-19Evaluation of erros from non-destructive volumetric estimates takes fundamental importance, as well the establishment of trusted relations between solid volume and mass units, whereas the wood quantification is directly linked to eficiente planning in forestry companies. This way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of volumetric estimates by the non-destructive method comprinsing diferente ages and horizontal distance measurement (HD) and, establish relations between solid volume and mass units considering diferente ages, assortments and storage time in stands of Pinus taeda l.. the experiments were conducted in themunicipality of Ponte Alta do Norte SC. The non-destructive measurements were performed using dendrometer Criterion RD1000, and they were compared to the destrucrtive and xylometer methods. The method used both volumetric estimates was Hohenadl with 10 sections, in stands of 13 and21 years old, considereing three HD s (10; 14 and 18 m). the results were assessed at the level of mean absolute and relative erros, taking as reference the xylometer values. In the study of relations between solid volume and mass units were considered stands of nine and 21 years old, where in the first age had assortments in fine point of 8 18 cm (S1) and 18 24 cm (S2), while in the second, in addition of these, there were two more assortments, 25 35 cm (S3) andaboce 35 cm (S4). Theexperiment was conducted in a randomized block expedrimental design, considering the a factorial scheme with three replications, each of these being composed of five logs. The logs had their estimated volume (Smalian method) and heavy, at 0; 7; 14; 21; 28; 60 and 90 days of storage in the open. Statistical diferences were evaluated according to analysis of variance followed of Scott-Knott test for factors age and assortment and regression analysis to storage time. The volumetric estimates through non-destructive volumetric estimates demonstrate satisfactoey results in all HD s studied at age 21 years. While in the age of 13 years it s observed that only the HD 0f 18 m showed similar results with destructive volumetric estimate, demonstrating overestimation mean erros of 1.32% aboce the same. Relations between solid volume and mass presented statistical diferences when considering assortments and ages, and there is, intersction between these factors. For the storage time, there were diferences in the case of S1 and S2 at both ages, whereas for S3 and S4 at the age of 21 years significant changes weren t observed. Thus, it can be concluded that the non-destructive estimates proved promising, reaching acceptable erros, especially in the HD 0f 18 m at both ages and, the adoption of mean conversion s factors of solid volume and mass units by the forestry companies, can lead to large erros in estimates, when they showed diferences in age, assortment and storage time
A avaliação de erros oriundos de cubagens não-destrutivas assume fundamental importância, assim como o estabelecimento de relações confiáveis entre unidades de volume sólido e massa, considerando que a quantificação de madeira tem ligação direta a planejamentos eficientes nas empresas florestais. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a exatidão de estimativas volumétricas pelo método não-destrutivo englobando diferentes idades e distâncias horizontais de medição (DH) e, estabelecer relações entre unidades de volume sólido e massa analisando diferentes idades, sortimentos e tempos de estocagem em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L.. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no município de Ponte Alta do Norte SC. As cubagens não-destrutivas foram realizadas utilizando o dendrômetro Criterion RD1000, sendo que as mesmas foram comparadas ao método destrutivo e xilometria dos fustes. O método empregado em ambas às cubagens foi o de Hohenadl 10 seções, em povoamentos de 13 e 21 anos de idade, considerando três DH s (10; 14 e 18 m). Os resultados foram avaliados ao nível de erros absolutos e relativos médios, tomando-se como referência os valores da xilometria. No estudo das relações entre unidades de volume sólido e massa foram considerados povoamentos de nove e 21 anos de idade, sendo que na primeira idade tinham-se sortimentos na ponta fina de 8 18 cm (S1) e 18 24 cm (S2), já na segunda, além desses, existiam mais dois sortimentos, 24 35 cm (S3) e acima de 35 cm (S4). O experimento foi analisado no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, considerando o esquema fatorial, com três repetições, sendo cada uma dessas, composta por cinco toras. As mesmas foram cubadas (método de Smalian) e pesadas, aos 0; 7; 14; 21; 28; 60 e 90 dias de estocagem a céu aberto. As diferenças estatísticas foram avaliadas segundo análise de variância seguidas do teste de Scott-Knott para idade e sortimento e, análise de regressão para tempo de estocagem. As estimativas volumétricas por meio das cubagens não-destrutivas demonstram resultados satisfatórios em todas as DH s estudadas na idade 21 anos. Enquanto na idade de 13 anos observa-se que apenas a DH de 18 m apresentou resultados similares à cubagem destrutiva, demonstrando erros médios de superestimativa de 1,32% superior à mesma. As relações entre volume sólido e massa apresentaram-se diferentes estatisticamente quando se consideraram sortimentos e idades, existindo ainda, interação entre esses fatores. Para o tempo de estocagem, observaram-se diferenças nos caso dos S1 e S2 em ambas as idades, enquanto para S3 e S4 na idade de 21 anos não foram observadas variações significativas. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que as estimativas não-destrutivas se mostraram promissoras, atingindo erros aceitáveis, principalmente na DH de 18 m em ambas as idades e, a adoção de fatores de conversão médios entre unidades de volume sólido e massa por parte das empresas florestais, pode acarretar em erros nas estimativas, sendo que os mesmos apresentaram diferenças a nível de idade, sortimento e tempo de estocagem
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Mohebby, Behbood. "Biological attack of acetylated wood." Doctoral thesis, Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010518063&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Coudour, Bruno. "Influence de la végétation et du relief dans les feux de forêt extrêmes : étude de l'accumulation, de la dégradation et des propriétés de combustion des composés organiques volatiles issus des feux de forêt." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2290/document.
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Les pompiers méditerranéens sont confrontés à des embrasements soudains de la végétation (AFF) dont les mécanismes ne sont pas encore bien compris. La végétation étant l'unique combustible, nous nous sommes penchés sur les gaz qui en proviennent. Nous avons d’abord étudié la dégradation thermique de quatre Composés Organiques Volatils biogéniques (COVb) à l'aide d'une pyrolyse flash et d'un four tubulaire. À partir de cette étude et de la littérature, nous avons choisi un mélange d'étude afin expérimenter ses propriétés de combustion. Nous avons ainsi déterminé l'Énergie Minimale d’Inflammation (EMI) et la vitesse fondamentale de flamme de mélanges d'α-pinène/benzène qui sont respectivement les principaux COV détectés dans les plantes et dans les fumées de feux de forêt. Le dernier chapitre concerne l'étude stationnaire de l'accumulation de gaz dans des vallées à partir d'une maquette de forêt 1/400ème disposée dans une soufflerieMediterranean firefighters cope with powerful accelerations of forest fires (AFF) whose mechanisms are not very well understood. Vegetation is the only fuel of forest fire, then we studied the gases coming from them. First, we studied the thermal degradation of four Biogenic Volatil Organic Compounds (BVOCs) thanks to a flash pyrolysis and a tubular oven. From this study and literature, we chose a representative VOC mixture to study its combustion properties. We determined Minimal Ignition Energy (MIE) and its laminar burning speed of mixtures of α-pinene/benzene that are respectively the main VOC detected in vegetation and forest fire smoke. The last chapter experiment the steady-state gas accumulation above a 1/400 V-shaped forest model
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Frischbier, Nico. "Untersuchungen zur einzelbaumverursachten kleinräumigen Variabilität und regenhöhenbasierten Dynamik des Bestandesniederschlages am Beispiel zweier Buchen-Fichten-Mischbestände." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-94870.
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Trifft herabfallender Regen auf Waldflächen, so wird dieser Niederschlag umverteilt zu Interzeption, Stammabfluss, durchfallenden und abtropfenden Niederschlag. Besonders hohe Stammablaufmengen im Kronenzentrum und markante Abtropfstellen am Kronenrand einzelner Baumarten lassen sich zudem nur erklären, wenn am jeweiligen Messplatz unter Baumkronen eine weitere Niederschlagskomponente zugelassen wird, mit der laterale Wasserbewegungen innerhalb der expliziten Einzelbaumkrone beschrieben und bilanziert werden (lateraler [Zu- oder Ab-]Fluss). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, der niederschlagsabhängigen und kleinräumigen Dynamik dieser Umverteilung im Wald am Beispiel der Baumarten Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) durch Aufnahmen und Auswertungen in zwei Mischbeständen beider Baumarten nachzugehen. Wiederholende Niederschlagsaufzeichnungen einzelner Regenereignisse wurden hierzu in Relation zur jeweiligen Freilandniederschlagsmenge, zur Art der Messplatzüberschirmung im Kronendach und zur Distanz des Messplatzes zum ihn dominierenden Baum varianz- und regressionsanalytisch untersucht und um Ergebnisse aus Stammablaufanalysen und Streumodellen ergänzt. Auf dieser Basis konnten Kausalmodelle zur Schätzung des Unterkronenniederschlages mit hoher Güte hergeleitet werden, die im Detail ein baumartspezifisches räumliches Verhalten der einzelnen Niederschlagskomponenten beim Passieren der Baumkrone belegen. Neben den Besonderheiten, die sich bei Messungen in Bestandeslücken einstellen, ergeben sich so z.B. in der Vegetationsperiode je nach Messplatzposition und Freilandniederschlagsmenge Unterschiede im Niederschlag unter beiden Baumartenkronen von bis zu 35 % des Freilandniederschlages je Einzelereignis und zwar stets zugunsten der Buchenüberschirmung. Am Stammfuss von Buchen kann darüber hinaus zusätzliches Wasser durch den Stammabfluss eingetragen werden. Hierfür notwenige Wassermengen können plausibel aus dem nachgewiesenen lateralen Wasserabfluss im inneren Kronendrittel von Buchen gedeckt werden. Über ein räumlich konkretes Interzeptionsmodell, kombiniert mit Blattflächenschätzungen für Einzelbäume konkreter Dimension, konnte ein räumliches LAI-Modell für Buchen abgeleitet werden, dass höchste LAI-Werte im Kronenzentrum annimmt. Da der Bestandesniederschlag hinsichtlich Niederschlagsmenge, Bestockung, Belaubungszustand und zum räumlich konkreten Messplatz unter der einzelnen Baumkrone veränderlich ist, wird die gewissenhaftere Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussvariablen angeregt und der bisher häufig praktizierten pauschalen Aufteilung des Niederschlages in einzelne Niederschlagskomponenten auf Basis von Flächen- und Messphasendurchschnittswerten widersprochenForests redistribute the precipitation falling on their canopy into interception, stemflow, drip or direct throughfall. Extremely high amounts of stemflow in the centre of the crown and distinct drip points along the crown edge of certain tree species can only be explained by admitting an additional precipitation component at these measurement locations that describes and captures the lateral movement of water within the individual tree crown (lateral in- or outflow). The aim of this study was therefore to analyse these precipitation-dependent, small-scale dynamics of precipitation redistribution in forests using field-measurements from two mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Periodic measurements of individual precipitation events were examined in relation to the respective gross precipitation, the type of canopy above a plot and the distance of a plot to its dominant sheltering canopy tree using variance and regression analysis, and complemented with stemflow analyses and litterfall models. Using this dataset, causal models for the high-precision estimation of throughfall were derived, showing tree species-specific pathways of the individual precipitation components through the tree crown. Apart from the particularities of measurements in canopy gaps, differences in throughfall between spruce and beech during the vegetation period amount to up to 35 % of gross precipitation per event, in favour of the beech canopy and depending on plot location. At the stem base of beech trees additional water can reach the forest floor via stemflow. The amount of water required to generate this stemflow can plausibly be explained by means of the verified lateral water flow in the inner third of beech crowns. Using a spatially explicit interception model combined with LAI estimates for specific individual trees, a spatial LAI model was developed for beech, showing maximal LAI values in the crown centre. As the net forest precipitation is sensitive with respect to precipitation amount, stand type, foliage status and the spatially explicit plot location below an individual tree crown, this study recommends the consideration of these influential factors and contradicts the commonly practiced blanket partitioning of precipitation into individual components based on spatial and temporal averages
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Grüning, Maren Marine. "Effects of insect mass outbreaks on the C and N balance in forest ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0003-C143-7.
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Berry, Melissa. "Effects of climate change across seasons on litterfall mass and chemistry in a northern hardwood forest." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42229.
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Northern hardwood forests are expected to experience an increase in mean annual air temperatures, and a decrease in winter snowpack and greater frequency of soil freeze/thaw cycles (FTCs) by the end of the century. As a result of these anticipated changes, northern hardwood forests in the northeastern U.S. will also have warmer soil temperatures in the growing season and colder soils in winter. Prior studies show that warmer soils in the growing season increase net primary productivity (NPP) and C storage as a result of increased soil net N mineralization, while increases in soil freezing in winter reduces plant uptake of N and C as a result of root damage. However, the combined effects of warmer soils in the growing season and increased soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter on tree litter mass and chemistry are unknown. We report here results from the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA to characterize the response of leaf litter mass and chemistry to growing season warming combined with soil freeze–thaw cycles in winter. Across the years 2014-2017, litterfall mass and chemistry (%C, %N, C:N) were not significantly affected by changes in soil temperature; however, there was a trend of higher total litterfall mass and litter N mass from plots where soils were warmed in the growing season, but this increase disappeared with the addition of FTCs in winter. These results indicate that while rates of NPP and the total mass of N could be increased with rising soil temperatures over the next century in northern hardwood forests, the combination of warmer soils in the growing season and colder soils in winter may ultimate have little to no impact on litter mass or chemistry. We conclude that considering the combined effects of climate changes in the growing season and in winter is vital for the accurate determination of the response of litterfall mass and chemistry in northern hardwood forests.
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Kim, JiHyun. "Carbon and water cycles in mixed-forest catchments: ecohydrological modeling of the influence of climate variability and invasive insect infestation." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14042.
Full textAbstract:
Temperate mixed forests are complex ecosystems composed of multiple vegetation types with very different physiological characteristics which are distributed over the landscape. This dissertation investigates the influence of these mixed plant landscapes on eddy-covariance flux data, and in particular, uses an ecohydrological model to study the influence of climate variability and insect infestation on a mixed forest at the Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research site in Massachusetts.
There are significant seasonal and interannual variabilities in the extent and the orientation of the footprints of a flux tower (EMS-tower) as the Harvard Forest. The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) flux was found to be largely dependent on the vegetation density during the green-up and senescence periods, but not during the mature period. Half of the interannual anomalies in the mature period GPP flux can be explained by the variation in the proportion of coniferous evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) in the footprint. Every 1% decrease of ENF resulted in the increase of the GPP flux by 20 gC m-2.
The spatially-distributed process-based Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model was implemented in two headwater catchments at the Harvard Forest to simulate water and carbon cycles from 1992 to 2008. Results were evaluated using field measurements such as streamflow and the GPP and evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes at two flux towers. The simulated annual GPP flux of the deciduous forest showed strong and significant long-term increases, six times higher than the GPP flux of the coniferous forest, while the increase in ET flux of both forests was small yet significant.
The Harvard Forest was infested by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) between 2004 and 2008, and although there has not yet been a significant increase in the total annual mortality, the small stature stands have started to die off by 5.7%. The HWA infestation has already resulted in an increased streamflow in the catchment dominated by hemlock stands (44% in area). In 2014, the increased annual streamflow was estimated as 81 mm using the RHESSys model with an embedded representation of the HWA-induced loss of water conductivity (calibrated using the Hemlock tower ET flux).
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Otis, Kirsten Verity. "LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION IN VERNAL POOLS OF A CENTRAL ONTARIO MIXEDWOOD FOREST." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3977.
Full textAbstract:
Vernal pools are small, seasonally filling wetlands found throughout forests of north eastern North America. Vernal pools have been proposed as potential 'hot spots' of carbon cycling. A key component of the carbon cycle within vernal pools is the decomposition of leaf litter. I tested the hypothesis that leaf litter decomposition is more rapid within vernal pools than the adjacent upland. Leaf litter mass losses from litterbags incubated in situ within vernal pools and adjacent upland habitat were measured periodically over one year and then again after two years. The experiment was carried out at 24 separate vernal pools, over two replicate years. This is a novel degree of replication in studies of decomposition in temporary wetlands. Factors influencing decomposition, such as duration of flooding, water depth, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured. Mass loss was greater within pools than adjacent upland after 6 months, equal after 12 months, and lower within pools than adjacent upland after 24 months. This evidence suggests that vernal pools of Central Ontario are 'hot spots' of decomposition up to 6 months, but not after 12 and 24 months. In the long term, vernal pools may reduce decomposition rates, compared to adjacent uplands.
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Real, Alejandra. "Discourses and Distortions: Dimensions of Global and National Science Communication." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F176-C.
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Tumajer, Jan. "Kvantitativní parametry cév listnáčů jako nástroj pro rekonstrukci fyzickogeografických procesů." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-389621.
Full textAbstract:
Trees adjust wood anatomical structure to environmental conditions, predisposing time series of quantitative wood anatomical parameters to be valuable source of palaeoenvironmental information. In this doctoral project we analysed the response of vessel parameters of i) floodplain Quercus robur to groundwater level fluctuation, hydroclimate variability and extreme events (droughts and floods), and of ii) Betula pendula to mechanical damage caused by various disturbances. Although climatic signal as well as pointer years stored in tree-ring width chronologies of Quercus robur largely differ between sites, quantitative vessel parameters contain spatially- homogenous positive signal of previous year summer temperature and current year winter/early spring temperature. The only between-site difference in wood anatomical chronologies is negative effect of moisture on vessel size in floodplain, which does not occur in not-flooded lowland sites. We suggest that while tree productivity benefits from high water availability, the wood anatomical structure of Quercus robur is constrained by high soil water saturation in floodplain zone. In addition, the response of tree-ring widths to moisture availability is not uniform inside single stand, but subgroups of trees with completely opposite response coexist...
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VOKÁČ, Otakar. "Vliv těžebních technologií na lesní ekosystémy v Národním parku Šumava." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-53775.
Full textAbstract:
The consequence of the differentiation of a care of forest ecosystems in NP Šumava is the existence of localities where timber harvesting causes damage to forest ecosystem. One of the most affected ecosystems is the soil ecosystem. The surface is usually disrupted by numbers of passing over the same path the machines. Forwarders are the harvesting machineries that execute the largest number of passes in the forest. The aim of the diploma work is to gain and analyse data dealing with harvesting technologies, and to evaluate their impact on soil ecosystems. The impact was determinate from measuring of the recessing of the track in the surface, of the soil compaction and of the soil sampling for determination of an amount of the water in the soil. The data were measured in different selected localities in NP Šumava. The negative influences of the harvesting technologies were defined for both {--} water and air regime of soil. Recommendation for reduction of negative consequences of the harvesting on soil are parts of diploma work as well.
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Frischbier, Nico. "Untersuchungen zur einzelbaumverursachten kleinräumigen Variabilität und regenhöhenbasierten Dynamik des Bestandesniederschlages am Beispiel zweier Buchen-Fichten-Mischbestände." Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26122.
Full textAbstract:
Trifft herabfallender Regen auf Waldflächen, so wird dieser Niederschlag umverteilt zu Interzeption, Stammabfluss, durchfallenden und abtropfenden Niederschlag. Besonders hohe Stammablaufmengen im Kronenzentrum und markante Abtropfstellen am Kronenrand einzelner Baumarten lassen sich zudem nur erklären, wenn am jeweiligen Messplatz unter Baumkronen eine weitere Niederschlagskomponente zugelassen wird, mit der laterale Wasserbewegungen innerhalb der expliziten Einzelbaumkrone beschrieben und bilanziert werden (lateraler [Zu- oder Ab-]Fluss).
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, der niederschlagsabhängigen und kleinräumigen Dynamik dieser Umverteilung im Wald am Beispiel der Baumarten Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) durch Aufnahmen und Auswertungen in zwei Mischbeständen beider Baumarten nachzugehen. Wiederholende Niederschlagsaufzeichnungen einzelner Regenereignisse wurden hierzu in Relation zur jeweiligen Freilandniederschlagsmenge, zur Art der Messplatzüberschirmung im Kronendach und zur Distanz des Messplatzes zum ihn dominierenden Baum varianz- und regressionsanalytisch untersucht und um Ergebnisse aus Stammablaufanalysen und Streumodellen ergänzt.
Auf dieser Basis konnten Kausalmodelle zur Schätzung des Unterkronenniederschlages mit hoher Güte hergeleitet werden, die im Detail ein baumartspezifisches räumliches Verhalten der einzelnen Niederschlagskomponenten beim Passieren der Baumkrone belegen. Neben den Besonderheiten, die sich bei Messungen in Bestandeslücken einstellen, ergeben sich so z.B. in der Vegetationsperiode je nach Messplatzposition und Freilandniederschlagsmenge Unterschiede im Niederschlag unter beiden Baumartenkronen von bis zu 35 % des Freilandniederschlages je Einzelereignis und zwar stets zugunsten der Buchenüberschirmung. Am Stammfuss von Buchen kann darüber hinaus zusätzliches Wasser durch den Stammabfluss eingetragen werden. Hierfür notwenige Wassermengen können plausibel aus dem nachgewiesenen lateralen Wasserabfluss im inneren Kronendrittel von Buchen gedeckt werden. Über ein räumlich konkretes Interzeptionsmodell, kombiniert mit Blattflächenschätzungen für Einzelbäume konkreter Dimension, konnte ein räumliches LAI-Modell für Buchen abgeleitet werden, dass höchste LAI-Werte im Kronenzentrum annimmt.
Da der Bestandesniederschlag hinsichtlich Niederschlagsmenge, Bestockung, Belaubungszustand und zum räumlich konkreten Messplatz unter der einzelnen Baumkrone veränderlich ist, wird die gewissenhaftere Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussvariablen angeregt und der bisher häufig praktizierten pauschalen Aufteilung des Niederschlages in einzelne Niederschlagskomponenten auf Basis von Flächen- und Messphasendurchschnittswerten widersprochen.Forests redistribute the precipitation falling on their canopy into interception, stemflow, drip or direct throughfall. Extremely high amounts of stemflow in the centre of the crown and distinct drip points along the crown edge of certain tree species can only be explained by admitting an additional precipitation component at these measurement locations that describes and captures the lateral movement of water within the individual tree crown (lateral in- or outflow). The aim of this study was therefore to analyse these precipitation-dependent, small-scale dynamics of precipitation redistribution in forests using field-measurements from two mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Periodic measurements of individual precipitation events were examined in relation to the respective gross precipitation, the type of canopy above a plot and the distance of a plot to its dominant sheltering canopy tree using variance and regression analysis, and complemented with stemflow analyses and litterfall models. Using this dataset, causal models for the high-precision estimation of throughfall were derived, showing tree species-specific pathways of the individual precipitation components through the tree crown. Apart from the particularities of measurements in canopy gaps, differences in throughfall between spruce and beech during the vegetation period amount to up to 35 % of gross precipitation per event, in favour of the beech canopy and depending on plot location. At the stem base of beech trees additional water can reach the forest floor via stemflow. The amount of water required to generate this stemflow can plausibly be explained by means of the verified lateral water flow in the inner third of beech crowns. Using a spatially explicit interception model combined with LAI estimates for specific individual trees, a spatial LAI model was developed for beech, showing maximal LAI values in the crown centre. As the net forest precipitation is sensitive with respect to precipitation amount, stand type, foliage status and the spatially explicit plot location below an individual tree crown, this study recommends the consideration of these influential factors and contradicts the commonly practiced blanket partitioning of precipitation into individual components based on spatial and temporal averages.
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Augustin, Fougère. "L’altération des minéraux dans les sols forestiers du Bouclier Canadien : quels facteurs environnementaux affectent la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la mise en solution des cations basiques?" Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20450.
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Roba, Tesema Fote. "Media and environmental awareness : a geographical study in Kembata Tembaro Zone, southern Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9236.
Full textAbstract:
In Ethiopia people are highly dependent on natural resources which often lead to
environmental degradation. The perception is that environmental degradation is
partly due to lack of environmental awareness. The level of environmental
awareness and the role of the media in creating awareness in Kembata
Tembaro Administrative zone were investigated. Quantitative and qualitative
methodologies were used to identify sources of environmental knowledge,
content, spatial extent, volume and priority of media coverage, impact of media,
and expectation of audiences and producers. Experience, rather than outside
sources, such as provided by the media, is the main source of environmental
information, but awareness is key to reduce further environmental degradation.
Environmental media programs should be transmitted at suitable times and the
experiences of successful farmers in natural resources conservation and
development should be shared. Attention should also be given to identification of
awareness obstacles and training and sensitizing of journalists on environment issues
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Cherdchim, Banyat. "Actions of lignocellulolytic enzymes on Abies grandis(grand fir) wood for application in biofuel production." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B138-4.
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