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1
Whelan, Andrew, Seth Bigelow, Mary Nieminen, and Steven Jack. "Fire Season, Overstory Density and Groundcover Composition Affect Understory Hardwood Sprout Demography in Longleaf Pine Woodlands." Forests 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9070423.
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Seasonal timing of prescribed fire and alterations to the structure and composition of fuels in savannas and woodlands can release understory hardwoods, potentially resulting in a global increase of closed-canopy forest and a loss of biodiversity. We hypothesized that growing-season fire, high overstory density, and wiregrass presence in longleaf pine woodlands would reduce the number and stature of understory hardwoods, and that because evergreen hardwoods retain live leaves, dormant-season fire would reduce performance and survival of evergreen more than deciduous hardwoods. Understory hardwood survival and height were monitored over seven years in longleaf pine woodlands in southwest Georgia with a range of overstory density, groundcover composition, and season of application of prescribed fire. Hardwood stem survival decreased with increasing overstory density, and deciduous hardwoods were more abundant in the absence of wiregrass. Contrary to expectations, evergreen hardwood growth increased following dormant-season fire. Differences in hardwood stem survival and height suggest that low fire intensity in areas with low overstory density increase the risk that hardwoods will grow out of the understory. These results indicate a need for focused research into the effects of groundcover composition on hardwood stem dynamics and emphasize that adequate overstory density is important in longleaf ecosystem management.
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Shelton, Michael G., and Paul A. Murphy. "Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.4.168.
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Abstract Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.
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Hassler, Curt, Joseph F. McNeel, Levente Denes, Jonathan Norris, and Balasz Bencsik. "Challenges Facing the Development and Market Introduction of Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048.
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Abstract The interest in softwood-based cross-laminated timber (CLT) production has in turn generated a great deal of interest in producing CLT from hardwood species. This prospect of a new market for hardwood lumber is a significant driver behind efforts to gain certification of hardwoods within American Panel Association (APA) PRG 320, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. However, a number of challenges present significant hurdles for gaining acceptance of hardwoods in CLT manufacturing. These include differences in how softwoods and hardwoods are produced and marketed (e.g., structural lumber markets [softwoods] vs. appearance-grade markets [hardwoods]), lumber grading differences, available sizes of hardwood lumber, drying differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and gluing particularities with hardwoods. This paper identifies the various issues involved with introducing hardwoods into a softwood-dominated market and what it will take to be competitive within the overall CLT market.
4
Borchers, Susan L., and David A. Perry. "Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-094.
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A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.
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MRAČKOVÁ, AGNESA, MILAN ŠIMEK, EVA HAVIAROVÁ, and ZOLTÁN PÁSZTORY. "HARDWOOD TRADE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." WOOD RESEARCH 66(6) 2021 66, no. 6 (December 20, 2021): 1064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.6.10641075.
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This study focuses on trade of hardwood products in selected countries of Eastern Europe, specifically the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. It was supported by a survey conducted with companies producing products made of hardwoods. It monitors trade trends in the wood products industry, specifically focusing on lumber, wooden veneers, furniture production, musical instruments, and wooden accessories. It also addresses the current and potential import and use of the US hardwood lumber in these countries. The study is also pointing out the shortcomings of the monitored markets. The online questionnaire and follow-up phone calls were used to obtain information from companies in countries of interest. Results showed that 83.3% of Czech respondents already use imported hardwoods in their production, followed by Hungary (69.2%) and Slovakia (54.6%). Despite the relatively high values of imported hardwood products, the overall results show that there is only a small potential for an increase in import of the US hardwoods in the wood products industry in chosen countries. The utilization of tropical hardwood species will continue because of their superior properties for specialized products such as musical instruments. Results also point out the grooving importance of certified hardwoods, their utilization, and trade.
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Knowe, Steven A. "Basal Area and Diameter Distribution Models for Loblolly Pine Plantations with Hardwood Competition in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.2.93.
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Abstract Prediction equations were developed for basal area and percentiles of diameter distributions to account for the hardwood component in site-prepared, Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Unlike existing stand-level simulation models that incorporate hardwood competition, the new equations resulted in constant total basal area regardless of the amount of hardwood competition and permitted the variance of the diameter distribution to increase with increasing proportion of hardwoods. The equations presented can be used with existing dominant height, survival, and volume equations as a tool for assessing the impact of hardwoods on loblolly pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):93-98.
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Hofer, Peter. "Possibilités, initiatives et calendrier de la mise en valeur des bois feuillus en Suisse au cours des décennies à venir | Possibilities, Initiatives and Timing for an Economic Development of Hardwood Timber in Switzerland for the Coming Decades." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0262.
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Despite the fact that NFI 2 clearly attests that 35% of Swiss forests' increments are produced by hardwoods, only 28% of that volume are harvested yearly. A mere eight percent of the working capacity of Swiss sawmills is used on indigenous hardwoods;imported logs take up an additional 4%. More than 50% of the hardwood sawlogs exploited in Swiss forests is thus exported without any processing. Studies realised by «Forum for wood» have shown that an important potential market exists for local timber and especially for hardwood products. This is due not only to its aesthetic qualities, but also to the mechanical properties which allow uses in construction. The decisive factors for better marketing opportunities for hardwood are mainly found in the wood processing industries. Only a voluntary marketing promotion conducted by the whole woodworking chain can bring about a significant breakthrough for hardwoods.
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Su, Qiong, Ted D. Needham, and David A. MacLean. "The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-182.
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Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.
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González-Guillén, Adrián, David Berschauer, Roberto Pérez-Rivero, and Abelardo Méndez-Hernández. "The Never Spoken Poignant Connection Between Cuban Tree Snails and Carpentry/Crafts/Art: the case of Polymita and Liguus." Festivus 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f532128.
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The extinction of endemic Cuban tree snail colonies are shown to be directly caused by habitat fragmentation due to deforestation. Hardwood extraction and exploitation started in the 16 th century and has steadily increased throughout the Cuban archipelago. This article is the first investigation into the connection between overexploitation of natural resources by local communities and the extinction of Cuban tree snail colonies. The authors have compiled a list of 345 hardwood trees species, many of which have been clear cut and over used by Cuban farmers, carpenters, artists and crafts people. Of those hardwood tree species, 84 species are known to be host plants for endemic Cuban Liguus and Polymita tree snails. Since the late 1960s, there has been an accelerated demand for hardwood for traditional craftworks. That demand became more aggressive after the opening of the country to international tourism in the 1990s. This desire for exotic hardwoods has endangered both the precious hardwood tree species and the endemic tree snail species that inhabit them. It is our hope that with the development of field guides on endemic Cuban hardwood tree species that educators can raise awareness of this issue while discouraging unmanaged or uncontrolled harvesting of these hardwoods in Cuba. Encouraging artists and crafts people to create miniature wood sculptures could be an alternative sustainable solution.
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Clason, Terry R. "Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.1.22.
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Abstract A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.
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Henneb, Mohammed, Gaetan Pelletier, Mathieu Fortin, Nelson Thiffault, and Marie-Andrée Giroux. "Modeling tolerant hardwood sapling density and occurrence probability in the Acadian forests of New Brunswick, Canada: Results 14 years after harvesting." Forestry Chronicle 97, no. 02 (June 2021): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2021-021.
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Natural forest regeneration after natural or anthropogenic disturbance is difficult to predict given its high variability. The process is poorly documented for commercial northern hardwood species in the Acadian forest of eastern Canada. Our objective was to identify the silvicultural, environmental, and ecological factors that best explain the variability in sapling density and occurrence of two commercial tolerant hardwood species in New Brunswick: American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Forty-three permanent sample plots were established in 2002 and measured before harvesting in 2004. Sapling density and occurrence were measured 14 years after harvesting. The results showed that the interactions between the species and the residual merchantable basal area and between the species and the percent of hardwoods in the original stand best explained the sapling density and occurrence variation of tolerant hardwoods. The sapling density of sugar maple increased with increasing merchantable residual basal area. However, the effect of this variable was not significant for the density of American beech saplings. The density and occurrence of tolerant hardwood saplings both increased along with the percent of hardwoods in the original stand. These results provide an improved understanding about tolerant hardwood regeneration dynamics in New Brunswick forests.
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Minogue, Patrick J., Bruce R. Zutter, and Dean H. Gjerstad. "Soil Factors and Efficacy of Hexazinone Formulations for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Release." Weed Science 36, no. 3 (May 1988): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075081.
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Broadcast applications of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] pellets and foliar sprays were tested at four rates for hardwood control and safety to loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) at each of eight study locations differing in soil characteristics. Reduction in the number of hardwoods in the stand (hardwood density reduction) was greater with the pellet on soils with more than 60% sand, while the liquid formulation was most efficacious for finely textured soils. Hardwood density reduction with the pellet was negatively correlated with percent silt, clay, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity, and positively correlated with percent sand. With foliar sprays, hardwood density reduction was positively correlated with hexazinone rate and negatively correlated with soil pH. Pine mortality was positively correlated to percent sand with the pellet and negatively correlated to soil pH with broadcast sprays. Regression models incorporating pine height, herbicide rate, soil texture, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, and acidity could explain up to 78% of the variation in hardwood density change and 77% of the variation in pine mortality. Selective control of hardwoods in young loblolly pine stands is a function of hexazinone rate, formulation, and various soil factors.
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McCord, Millen, Matthew J. Reilly, Ramona J. Butz, and Erik S. Jules. "Early seral pathways of vegetation change following repeated short-interval, high-severity wildfire in a low-elevation, mixed conifer – hardwood forest landscape of the Klamath Mountains, California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0161.
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We compared early seral development between stands subject to single and repeated high-severity wildfire in low-elevation, mixed conifer – hardwood forests in the Klamath Mountains, California, USA. We used a before–after, control–impact (BACI) approach to assess changes in the density of conifer regeneration and the cover of multiple components of vegetation structure (conifers, hardwoods, shrubs, forbs, and graminoids) and compare pathways of seral development between plots that burned once and plots that burned twice. Fifty-three field plots were established 6 years following a high-severity fire in 2004. Nineteen of these plots experienced a second high-severity wildfire 11 years later (2015), and all plots were remeasured in 2016–2017. Conifer regeneration was abundant following the first fire but was greatly reduced by the second fire. Plots that did not reburn increased in conifer, hardwood, and shrub cover, whereas plots that reburned increased in forb cover and decreased in shrub, hardwood, and conifer cover. Despite conifer loss, we found little evidence of shifts to nonforested states following repeated fire due to resilience of resprouting hardwoods. Our results indicate that repeated high-severity fire has the potential to protract early seral development and catalyze transitions from mixed conifer – hardwood forest to hardwood-dominated early seral conditions.
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Glover, Glenn R., and Bruce R. Zutter. "Loblolly pine and mixed hardwood stand dynamics for 27 years following chemical, mechanical, and manual site preparation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-265.
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A site-preparation study installed in 1959 in Fayette County, Alabama, U.S.A., provides data to evaluate long-term effects of varying densities of hardwood on loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantation growth, yield, and stand structure. Six treatments (hand girdle; bulldoze scarification; herbicide applied to axe frill, chain frill, and with an injector; and an untreated check) were installed as a randomized complete block with five replications. Periodic measurements of pine and hardwood size and density show that higher hardwood densities existing early in the pine plantation had a substantial negative effect on loblolly pine survival and basal area yield, with the bulldoze and herbicide treatments having less hardwood and higher survival and stand basal area. Pine total height and diameter at breast height were reduced by increasing hardwood density early in the life of the plantation, but size of surviving trees differed little among treatments at later ages, except on plots where most pine trees were suppressed by hardwoods. Strong relationships between pine basal area per hectare at age 27 and both number of hardwood stems at age 3 and percentage of stand basal area in hardwood at age 6 were noted. These relationships indicate promise for predicting long-term growth and yield of loblolly pine plantations from early measures of hardwood interference.
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Vickers, Lance A., Benjamin O. Knapp, John M. Kabrick, Laura S. Kenefic, Anthony W. D’Amato, Christel C. Kern, David A. MacLean, et al. "Contemporary status, distribution, and trends of mixedwoods in the northern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 7 (July 2021): 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0467.
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As interest in managing and maintaining mixedwood forests in the northern United States (US) grows, so does the importance of understanding their abundance and distribution. We analyzed Forest Inventory and Analysis data for insights into mixedwood forests spanning 24 northern US states from Maine south to Maryland and westward to Kansas and North Dakota. Mixedwoods, i.e., forests with both hardwoods and softwoods present but neither exceeding 75%–80% of composition, comprise more than 19 million hectares and more than one-quarter of the northern US forest. They are most common in the Adirondack – New England, Laurentian, and Northeast ecological provinces but also occur elsewhere in hardwood-dominated ecological provinces. These mixtures are common even within forest types nominally categorized as either hardwood or softwood. The most common hardwoods within those mixtures were species of Quercus and Acer, and the most common softwoods were species of Pinus, Tsuga, and Juniperus. Although mixedwoods exhibited stability in total area during our analysis period, hardwood saplings were prominent, suggesting widespread potential for eventual shifts to hardwood dominance in the absence of disturbances that favor regeneration of the softwood component. Our analyses suggest that while most mixedwood plots remained mixedwoods, harvesting commonly shifts mixedwoods to either hardwood- or softwood-dominated cover types, but more specific information is needed to understand the causes of these shifts.
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Armstrong, James P., Thomas G. Ponzurick, and William G. Luppold. "A New Look at the Canadian Market for U.S. Hardwood Lumber." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.3.128.
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Abstract Producers of U.S. hardwoods have aggressively expanded into international markets. This expansion has increased the requirements for information on specific international markets. One such export market is Canada. The authors conducted an extensive survey of Canadian hardwood lumber buyers in order to augment existing information on this market. The results indicate that Canadians purchase a wide variety of U.S. hardwood lumber species; the primary species are red oak, hard maple, and white oak, in declining order. All grades of U.S. hardwood lumber are purchased; approximately half of the lumber was graded FAS & IF, and one-third was graded No. 2 Common or below. The U.S. accounted for 98% of the hardwood lumber imported by Canada in 1990; South American countries were the next largest source. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3): 128-131.
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Brändli, Urs-Beat. "Etat et évolution de la ressource forestière feuillue en Suisse. Résultats du deuxième inventaire forestier national (IFN 2) | State and Development of Hardwood Resources in Swiss Forests – Results of the Second National Forest Inventory (NFI 2)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0247.
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The results of the second national forest inventory (NFI 2) allow a reliable and comprehensive assessment of the Swiss forests'development for the first time. One of the most obvious changes is the important increase in hardwoos. The most significant facts of NFI for hardwood-resources are presented as the basis for discussions and measures for an increased hardwood utilisation. The whole stock in Swiss forests amounts to 418 Mio m3. About 60% of the hardwood stock of 118 Mio m3 is beech. The share of hardwood has increased by 2% both in surface and growing stock. These developments will remain constant in the future. The increase in stock amounts to 5% in softwood,whereas the one of hardwood amounts to 12%, maple and ash are dominating. The most important increase in standing volume is evident in trees of 36 to 52 cm DBH. With an unchanged utilisation, the share in large timber will further increase. The increase was harvested to 80% in softwood, to 59% in hardwood, less so, however, in the French part than in the rest of Switzerland. But in the distinct cantons, not more than 40 to 80% of the increment of hardwood has been harvested. In hardwood, the non-exploited increment amounts to 1.4 Mio m3per year, of which 58% is beech, almost as the growing stock. For silvicultural reasons, it would be possible to double the volume of exploited hardwood – which would make sense, too,for ecological and socio-economic reasons. However, the calculated harvest expenditure for such an increased utilisation is in most of the cases high above the present average proceeds for hardwood.
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Nielsen, Cathy, Olesia Van Dyke, and John Pedlar. "Effects of past management on ice storm damage in hardwood stands in eastern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79070-1.
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The 1998 ice storm caused damage to forests across much of eastern North America. One of the information needs expressed by landowners and the broader forest community in eastern Ontario was an assessment of the effect of past management on degree of damage in hardwood stands. Ice storm damage was assessed in managed and unmanaged permanent sample plots established prior to the ice storm. In addition, 1587 temporary sample plots established after the 1998 ice storm were used to examine the effect of basal area, stand composition, stand location and tree size on degree of ice damage. Permanent sample plot results showed no significant difference in degree of damage between managed and unmanaged hardwood stands that experienced light to moderate damage in eastern Ontario. Chi-square analysis of temporary sample plots showed that the damage varied with location (township). There was some association with stand type (intolerant hardwood, tolerant hardwood, mixed hardwood/conifer and conifer), stand basal area and tree size. Implications for management are discussed. Key words: ice storm damage, past management effects, hardwoods
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Pedlar, John H., Saul Fraleigh, and Daniel W. McKenney. "Revisiting the work of Fred von Althen – an update on the growth and yield of a mixed hardwood plantation in Southern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83175-2.
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Dr. Fred W. von Althen, formerly of the Canadian Forest Service, established hundreds of research plantations with a focus on identifying tree species and silvicultural techniques conducive to successful hardwood afforestation in southern Ontario, Canada. Here we provide an update, using 30-year remeasurement data, on the growth and yield of one of his most productive, and compositionally unique, mixed hardwood plantations. At age 30, the plantation exhibited the following characteristics on average: 1) density of 790 stems/ha—reduced from 2222 stems/ha at time of planting through natural mortality; 2) height of 14.4 meters; 3) quadratic mean diameter of 20.1 cm; and 4) gross stand volume of 181 m3/ha. With a mean annual increment (MAI) of 6.1 m3/ha/year, this plantation exhibits one of the highest published growth rates for mixed hardwoods in temperate North America. There was considerable variation in growth and yield between the 10 hardwood species making up the stand—silver maple, white ash, and black walnut had the highest growth rates, and red and white oak the lowest. Several Carolinian species, such as catalpa and sycamore, showed good growth rates, despite the study site being located north of their published range limits. This data set provides rare information on the growth and yield of mixed hardwood plantations in Canada. Key words: growth and yield, southern Ontario, afforestation, mixed hardwoods, Carolinian species
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Harrington, Timothy B. "Overstory and understory relationships in longleaf pine plantations 14 years after thinning and woody control." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 12 (December 2011): 2301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-140.
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To develop silvicultural strategies for restoring longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) savannas, mortality and growth of overstory pines and midstory hardwoods and abundance and species richness of herbs were studied for 14 years after pine thinning and nonpine woody control. Pine cover in thinned stands was about half of that in nonthinned stands through year 5, but it lagged by only 8% and 3% in years 9 and 14, respectively, because of vigorous crown responses. Despite a cumulative mortality of 64% of hardwood stems from prescribed fires in years 0, 4, and 9, hardwood basal area in thinned stands (2.1 m2·ha–1) was three times that in nonthinned stands (0.7 m2·ha–1) in year 14. Thinning was associated with 13%–22% more cover and six to eight more species of herbs in years 3–8 but only 6% more cover and two more species in year 14 because of accelerated growth of pine cover and hardwood basal area. However, similar increases in cover and richness of herb species in the woody control treatment were retained through year 14 because it had sustained reductions in hardwood and shrub abundance. Silvicultural strategies that substantially delay encroachment by pines, hardwoods, and shrubs will be those most effective at retaining herb species in longleaf pine savannas, including planting pines at wide spacing, periodic thinning and woody control, and frequent burning.
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GUSTAFSON, RICHARD, GAURAV RAYAL, MING QIAO, and JINGLIANG MAO. "The Nature of Single Fiber Kappa Distributions." March 2009 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2009): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.3.26.
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We examined the uniformity of a variety of kraft pulps with the University of Washington’s single fiber kappa analyzer (FKA). Some consistent patterns and trends with regard to pulp uniformity have emerged. This paper provides a synthesis of the significant observations we made in examining the kappa uniformity of kraft pulps. Hardwood pulps are generally more uniform than pulps from softwoods, but all the single fiber kappa distributions are broad. Virtually all softwood pulps have high kappa tails, whereas hardwood pulps have a high kappa tail only if the pulping is extremely non-uniform. Hardwood pulp kappa distributions appear to be Gaussian. Softwood pulps from commercial digesters are generally much less uniform than those made in the laboratory. The differences in uniformity in hardwood pulps from laboratory and commercial digesters are less dramatic than for softwood pulps. Hardwoods that we have examined appear to be much easier to pulp with uniformity than softwoods.
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Newton, Michael, Elizabeth C. Cole, Maxwell L. McCormack, and Diane E. White. "Young Spruce-Fir Forests Released by Herbicides II. Conifer Response to Residual Hardwoods and Overstocking." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.4.130.
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Abstract Responses of conifers and other vegetation to 9 aerial herbicide treatments were evaluated in a replicated conifer-release experiment in a 7-year-old spruce-fir clearcut in central Maine. Development of the naturally regenerated conifers was inversely related to residual hardwood cover and conifer stocking during the 9 years after treatment. All herbicides and rates of application initially reduced hardwood cover by 50% or more. Cover more than 1.5 m tall was nearly eliminated by several treatments, and release from overtopping provided long-term increase in conifer growth. Untreated hardwoods severely reduced dominance and stocking of conifers by age 16. Spruce heights and diameters were less affected by hardwood competition than were those of fir; current growth in released fir was greater than that in released spruce; but unreleased spruce, where present, grew faster than unreleased fir. Conifer growth was affected both by residual hardwood overtopping and by number of conifers within 0.91 m. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):130-135.
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Martin, Stacey W., and Graham H. Brister. "A Growth and Yield Model Incorporating Hardwood Competition for Natural Loblolly Pine Stands in the Georgia Piedmont." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/23.3.179.
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Abstract Using 5 yr remeasurement data from even-aged natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands in the Georgia Piedmont, a system of growth equations was developed to project pine yield over time that accounts for hardwood competition. In this system, the increase in the proportion of hardwood basal area over time is estimated, then the projected pine basal area and trees per acre are adjusted inversely to account for this increase. The parameter estimates for this system ensure compatibility between volume prediction and projection equations and the proportion of hardwood basal area, pine basal area, dominant height, and trees per acre projection equations. The whole-stand growth and yield system developed here coupled with published merchantable yield equations allow for the evaluation of the impact of hardwoods on future stand yield and product distributions. The results indicate that the impact of hardwood competition on pine yield is substantial and occurs mainly as a reduction in sawtimber volume. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):179-185.
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HART, PETER W., and DALE E. NUTTER. "Use of cold tolerant eucalyptus species as a partial replacement for southern mixed hardwoods." July 2012 11, no. 7 (August 1, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.7.29.
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During the last several years, the increasing cost and decreasing availability of mixed southern hardwoods have resulted in financial and production difficulties for southern U.S. mills that use a significant percentage of hardwood kraft pulp. Traditionally, in the United States, hardwoods are not plantation grown because of the growth time required to produce a quality tree suitable for pulping. One potential method of mitigating the cost and supply issues associated with the use of native hardwoods is to grow eucalyptus in plantations for the sole purpose of producing hardwood pulp. However, most of the eucalyptus species used in pulping elsewhere in the world are not capable of surviving in the southern U.S. climate. This study examines the potential of seven different cold-tolerant eucalyptus species to be used as replacements for, or supplements to, mixed southern hardwoods. The laboratory pulping and bleaching aspects of these seven species are discussed, along with pertinent mill operational data. Selected mill trial data also are reviewed.
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Acuña, Luis, Fernando Sepliarsky, Eleana Spavento, Roberto D. Martínez, and José-Antonio Balmori. "Modelling of Impact Falling Ball Test Response on Solid and Engineered Wood Flooring of Two Eucalyptus Species." Forests 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090933.
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In this study, dynamic hardness tests on solid and engineered wood flooring specimens of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden hardwoods were performed because nowadays, these fast-growing hardwoods are still scarcely employed for this use. Furthermore, another two examples of hardwood commonly applied on wood flooring, Quercus robur L. and Hymenaea courbaril L., were also tested. To compare their properties, a dynamic impact hardness test based on the impact of steel balls, with several diameters, and drop heights was developed. Accordingly, 120 solid wood flooring specimens and 120 engineering wood flooring specimens were producing with these four hardwood species. Dynamic impact tests were made with three steel balls of different diameters (30–40–50 mm), and they were carried out from five different drop heights (0.60–0.75–0.90–1.05–1.20 m). The impact of the steel ball drew the size of the footprint on the surface and this mark was measured with a digital caliper for both dimensions, diameter and depth, as footprint diameter (FD) and indentation depth (ID). Data from 3000 samples, corresponding to 120 different individual groups (4 species × 3 ball diameters × 5 drop height × 2 floor type) were analyzed. Results indicated that the variability of ID (CV between 19.25–25.61%) is much greater than the values achieved for FD (CV between 6.72–7.91%). Regarding the fast-growing hardwood species tested, E. globulus showed a similar behavior to traditional hardwood applied on wood flooring in Europe, Q. robur, and it could be a promising growth in the flooring industry. However, E. grandis showed the worst values compared to traditional hardwood in all test configurations.
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Bialkowski, R., and J. M. Buttle. "Soil water recharge for grassed and forested land covers on the Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada." Hydrology Research 47, no. 2 (August 22, 2015): 390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.031.
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Soil water recharge (R) below 1 m depth was estimated via a 1-d water balance for grasslands, hardwood stands and red pine plantations on the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) in southern Ontario, Canada. Annual R values (431–696 mm) were in the order of previous estimates for outcropping sands and gravels on the ORM (∼400 mm); however, they only partially supported hypothesized differences in R between land covers. Annual R was similar for grasslands and hardwood stands and exceeded that for red pine plantations. However, there were no consistent differences in R between land covers for growing or dormant seasons, due to relatively large uncertainties for R estimates as well as inter-site differences in the soil's ability to store and transmit inputs below 1 m. Nevertheless, shifts in annual R appear to have accompanied historical land cover changes from hardwood-conifer stands → agricultural fields → red pine plantations → regenerating hardwoods. Growing season R in hardwoods makes a larger contribution to total R than for other land covers, partly due to spatially focused throughfall and stemflow contributions to R. Results highlight the role of land cover differences when assessing spatial variations in R along the ORM.
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Haight, Robert G. "Optimal management of loblolly pine plantations with stochastic price trends." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-007.
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An economic analysis of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantation management options with stochastic sawtimber and pulpwood stumpage price trends is conducted using the North Carolina State University Plantation Management Simulator, a widely used model in the southeastern United States. Results for stands with a range of site indices suggest that regimes with high planting densities combined with commercial thinning options have higher expected present values than do regimes without thinning options, especially in plantations with hardwood competition. Such regimes are superior because high planting densities increase the returns from pulpwood thinnings without compromising sawtimber volume at rotation age. Further, high planting densities maintain the option to produce either sawtimber or pulpwood depending on the stumpage prices at midrotation. Optimal regimes are conditional on the sawtimber and pulpwood prices at the time of planting. A comparison of results for plantations with and without hardwood competition suggests that when the hardwood stumpage price is likely to increase over time, removing hardwoods with commercial thinning is superior to removing hardwoods immediately after planting. Finally, planting and thinning regimes that are optimal for deterministic price trends provide near-optimal expected returns when employed in an environment where price trends are stochastic.
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Quicke, Harold E., Glenn R. Glover, and Dwight K. Lauer. "Herbicide Release of 3-Year-Old Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in Arkansas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.3.121.
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Abstract Objectives were to identify effective late-summer and spring herbicide treatments for the release of 3-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods and to quantify longer term pine growth response to varying levels of hardwood control. Effective late-summer treatments included imazapyr at 1.0 and 0.5 lb ae/ac, imazapyr at 0.5 lb ae/ac in combination with glyphosate at 1.125 lb ae/ac, and imazapyr at 0.25 lb ae/ac with surfactant. The best spring treatment was hexazinone at 2.0 lb ai/ac. Although spring imazapyr treatments stunted pine height growth 2 growing seasons after treatment, height growth had recovered by age 10. Late-summer imazapyr treatments provided better hardwood control than spring treatments. Although check plot hardwood basal area averaged 9 ft2/ac, and winged elm (a species known to be tolerant to imazapyr) was the predominant hardwood species at treatment, pine basal area response to treatment ranged from 6 to 27 ft2/ac at age 10. Pine response increased with imazapyr rate for late-summer treatments. Adding hexazinone to imazapyr did not improve hardwood control, and no benefits were observed from adding metsulfuron to either glyphosate or hexazinone. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3): 121-126.
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Sainte-Marie, Guillaume B., Daniel D. Kneeshaw, David A. MacLean, and Chris R. Hennigar. "Estimating forest vulnerability to the next spruce budworm outbreak: will past silvicultural efforts pay dividends?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 3 (March 2015): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0344.
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Silvicultural treatments recommended to reduce damage by spruce budworm (SBW; Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) include reducing balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) abundance and age and increasing spruce (Picea spp.) and hardwood content. To evaluate the effect of these measures on forest timber supply, we assessed stand characteristics, disturbance history, and timber supply for an intensively managed eastern Quebec forest from 1985 to 2004, encompassing a major SBW outbreak. During this time, mean stand age declined from 55 to 51 years, and proportions of areas in balsam fir stands declined (42% to 27%), spruce–fir stabilized (12% to 11%), and mixedwoods increased (32% to 52%). We estimated forest vulnerability using softwood volume reductions following simulated outbreak scenarios of different severity (low, moderate, and high) and different effects of hardwood content in reducing spruce–fir defoliation. Volume reductions for outbreaks simulated to begin in either 1985 or 2004 were similar, ranging from 15%–46% (no hardwood effect in reducing defoliation) to 13%–39% (given a maximum hardwood content effect) for light and severe outbreaks, respectively. Considering the net detrimental effect of increased hardwood content on softwood timber supply, we question the dividends of promoting hardwoods and recommend increasing the combined use of plantations and weeding treatments to increase spruce content.
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Peitz, David G., Philip A. Tappe, Michael G. Shelton, and Michael G. Sams. "Deer Browse Response to Pine-Hardwood Thinning Regimes in Southeastern Arkansas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/23.1.16.
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Abstract Understanding relationships between stand thinning and browse production allows land managers to encourage both white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browse production and timber production. In our study, browse biomass was determined before thinning and two and four growing seasons after thinning a 35 yr old natural loblolly pine-hardwood stand (initially 27 m2/ha of pine and 8 m2/ha of hardwood basal area). Combinations of 3 loblolly pine (15, 18, and 21 m2/ha) and 3 hardwood (0, 3.5, and 7 m2/ha) basal areas were replicated 3 times, resulting in a total of 27 0.08 ha plots. Understory biomass was determined for 14 browse species on 25 understory plots systematically located within each plot. Browse production following thinning was dominated by grape (Vitis spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and greenbrier (Smilax spp.). Most deer browse species responded negatively to retained pine and/or hardwood basal areas, with hardwoods having the greater impact. Thinning improved overall browse biomass availability for deer, but responses varied by individual species. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):16-20.
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Fredericksen, Todd S., Shepard M. Zedaker, David W. Smith, John R. Seiler, and Richard E. Kreh. "Interference interactions in experimental pine–hardwood stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2032–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-254.
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A replacement series field experiment was established in 1989 in the Piedmont physiographic province of Virginia with loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) to quantify the effects of interference and elucidate its mechanisms. Stands were planted with and without herbaceous vegetation. After three growing seasons, interference among pine, hardwood species, and herbaceous vegetation significantly affected growth and yield. While herbaceous vegetation significantly affected all stands, it reduced the yield of hardwood species more than of loblolly pine. Loblolly pine appeared to ameliorate the effect of herbaceous vegetation on hardwoods in some stands. Based on relative yield totals, interference relationships between pine and hardwood species were neutral in all replacement series except for the loblolly pine–black locust series with herbaceous vegetation, where a mutualistic relationship was evident on poorer sites of the study. Pine appeared to compete effectively with hardwoods through efficient use of soil moisture and nitrogen, although pines had lower root/shoot ratios. Pine also had the greatest amount of leaf area of all species. Black locust reduced light availability to pine in some stands, but may have provided some nutritional benefits. Black locust and red maple appeared to increase allocation to roots in herbaceous vegetation, especially in pure stands. Root/shoot ratio, water-use efficiency, and leaf area were the measured variables most closely correlated with tree yield.
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Luppold, William, John Baumgras, and George Barrett. "Utilization of the Eastern Hardwood Resource by the Hardwood Sawmilling Industry." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/18.2.37.
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Abstract The eastern hardwood resource contains numerous species that differ in grain, color, texture, and workability. Because the value of hardwoods is derived from appearance, these variations in physical attributes can cause the price for identical grades of hardwood lumber to vary by as much as 600% between species. As a result, there is incentive for primary processors to harvest certain species more intensively than others, which could affect long-term forest composition. This article introduces the concept of relative utilization to augment the infrequently published annualized growth-to-drain ratio and examines the relative utilization of 13 eastern hardwood species on a national and regional basis. An analysis of relative utilization coefficients developed from primary and secondary data showed that black cherry, red oak, hard maple, and yellow-poplar were relatively overutilized, while the gums, hickory, and beech were underutilized. Relative utilization has varied by species over time due to changes in furniture styling and the ability of industry to substitute species. Shade-tolerant species such as hard and soft maple are regenerating faster than shade- intolerant species, resulting in increased long-term supply even if current sawtimber volumes are relatively overutilized. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):37–41.
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Herron, Gabe. "Hardwood." Prairie Schooner 89, no. 2 (2015): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2015.0097.
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Li, Peng, Jean Bousquet, and John MacKay. "Genetic diversity in Canadian Hardwoods: Implications for conservation." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68709-6.
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Hardwoods are diverse, and they are important components in several forest regions of Canada. Yet low demand from the pulp and paper sector, abundant natural regeneration for several species, and high costs associated with seedling production and plantation establishment have restrained industries and governments from investing intensively into basic biological and genetic research of hardwoods. Recently, new interests have emerged for the utilization and conservation of hardwood species. To devise efficient gene conservation and breeding strategies for hardwoods, knowledge is needed about their genetic structure, genecology, and mating systems. Here we review information on the organization of genetic diversity in the few Canadian hardwood species that have been studied. Results derived from analyses of quantitative characters showed extensive genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations in all species. Genetic variation among populations was found to be associated with environmental factors, especially for adaptive traits. Levels of genetic diversity were also found high in allozyme genetic markers. The application of molecular genetic markers at the DNA level in monitoring genetic diversity of hardwoods is also discussed. Information available regarding genetic diversity of Canadian hardwoods is insufficient to design efficient gene conservation strategies. Several programs investigating genetic diversity of hardwoods have been initiated in Canada, and should yield urgently needed data.
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Clabo, David, and Wayne Clatterbuck. "Restoration of Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata)-Hardwood Mixtures in Low Quality Mixed Upland Hardwood Stands Using Cluster Planting and Natural Regeneration." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040457.
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Cluster planting of shortleaf pine, along with various site preparation and release treatments, were tested to restore mixed shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)–hardwood stands in areas where the shortleaf pine has diminished in recent years. Shortleaf pine–hardwood mixtures were once a common forest type throughout the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau physiographic regions of the southeastern United States. Knowledge of how to restore shortleaf pine–hardwood mixtures is limited throughout shortleaf pine’s large native range. The objectives of this study were to compare planted shortleaf pine and natural hardwood regeneration survival, growth, and composition following various site preparation and early release treatments. Cluster planting and partial timber harvesting were used to reintroduce shortleaf pine and create two-aged stands in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee, USA. Results indicated that shortleaf pine survival, basal diameter, and height growth did not differ following four growing seasons among treatments. Natural regeneration stem densities and heights within shortleaf pine clusters did not differ significantly by treatment. Natural regeneration stem densities differed by species group and height class across the site, while the treatment × species interaction term was also significant. At this early stage of stand development, the brown-and-burn treatment appears poised for greater shortleaf pine growth rates than the other treatments. The herbicide treatment had the fewest regenerating hardwoods per hectare and the most desirable hardwood species composition.
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Pędzik, Marta, Tomasz Rogoziński, Jerzy Majka, Kinga Stuper-Szablewska, Petar Antov, Lubos Kristak, Richard Kminiak, and Martin Kučerka. "Fine Dust Creation during Hardwood Machine Sanding." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 6602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146602.
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Wood dust generated during woodworking—particularly from hardwood species during sanding—poses a health and safety hazard to workers in the wood industry. This study aimed to determine the particle-size distribution of selected hardwood species and the content of fine particles in dust created during machine sanding, which pose the highest health and safety hazards in the woodworking industry. Six hardwood species were studied: black alder, European ash, common walnut, pedunculate oak, hornbeam, and European beech. The sieve analysis method was used to determine the particle-size distribution and article mean arithmetic particle diameter, and laser diffraction analysis was used to determine the finest particle content. Two size ranges were assumed: <2.5 μm and <10 μm. Beech dust had the smallest mean particle diameter. Dust from wood species used in the test had similar contents of fine fractions of particles. The average content of particles smaller than 2.5 µm in wood dust from the tested hardwood species did not exceed 1.9%. In terms of occupational exposure to wood dust, machine sanding conditions of hardwoods should be properly adjusted to limit the formation of large amounts of dust.
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Waldrop, Thomas A. "Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.116.
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Abstract Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.
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Kahler, Harry A., and James T. Anderson. "Tree Cavity Resources for Dependent Cavity-Using Wildlife in West Virginia Forests." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.114.
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Abstract We assessed and compared tree cavity resources for dependent wildlife among various forest cover types of West Virginia. The study was conducted in the Greenbrier and Potomac Ranger Districts of the Monongahela National Forest (MNF). From the fall of 1999 through the spring of 2001, 25 50-m radius study plots were established in each of a Society of American Foresters (SAF) central hardwood, northern hardwood, and subalpine forest cover type. Cavity tree abundance significantly differed among the three forest cover types (P < 0.0001), with the highest cavity tree abundance in the central hardwood type (x¯ = 16.4; SE = 5.3), followed by the northern hardwood type (x¯ = 12.7; SE = 6.8), and lastly the subalpine type (x¯ = 7.2; SE = 3.6). Relative cavity likelihood was highest for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), followed by American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). American beech cavity numbers currently may be influenced by increased mortality from recent outbreaks of beech bark disease, initiated by the beech scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga). Management of red spruce (Picea rubens) forests should consider numbers of nearby large hardwoods to provide cavity resources for dependent wildlife.
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Kelty, Matthew J. "Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-158.
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Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.
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McTague, John Paul, David O'Loughlin, Joseph P. Roise, Daniel J. Robison, and Robert C. Kellison. "The SOHARC Model System for Growth and Yield of Southern Hardwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.4.173.
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Abstract A system of stand level and individual tree growth-and-yield models are presented for southern hardwoods. These models were developed from numerous permanent growth-and-yield plots established across 13 states in the US South on 9 site types, in even-aged (age classes from 20 to 60 years), fully stocked, naturally regenerated mixed hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine stands. Nested plots (⅕ and ac) were remeasured at 5-year intervals. The system of permanent plots was established and maintained by private and public members in the North Carolina State University Hardwood Research Cooperative. Stand level models are presented for dominant height, survival, basal area prediction and projection, and the ingrowth component. Individual tree diameter growth and tree height models were constructed for the most common species: sweetgum, tupelo, yellow-poplar, blackgum, and red maple. All other species were grouped according to growth dynamics into four species groups using cluster analysis. A ranking variable was incorporated into the individual tree growth models to account for competition.
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Holmes, Thomas P., William R. Bentley, Stephen H. Broderick, and Todd Hobson. "Hardwood Stumpage Price Trends and Characteristics in Connecticut." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.1.13.
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Abstract During the 1960s, hardwood stumpage in Connecticut was valued well below the regional average. Beginning in 1973, the hardwood stumpage market in the state began a long period of value growth due to the increasing size and quality of standing timber and the improving market for oak. Between 1960 and 1987, real stumpage prices for lots of mostly oak timber in Connecticut increased at an average annual rate of 4.6%. During the 1980s, real prices for oak increased at an average annual rate of 7.3%, while the value increase for mixed hardwoods was 2 0%. In comparison, the value of softwoods fell at an average annual rate of 2 4% during this recent period. The inflation of hardwood stumpage prices was caused by outward shifts in the demand curve and decreasing supply elasticity. If these trends continue, good financial opportunities will exist for oak management. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):13-16, March 1990.
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Willis, Gordon, Tanger, Blazier, Self, and Brodbeck. "Managing Mixed Stands: Reassessing a Forgotten Stand Type in the Southeastern United States." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090751.
Full textAbstract:
Forestry in the Southeastern United States has long focused on converting natural stands into pine plantations or managing exclusively for hardwoods. Little consideration has been given to managing stands containing pine and hardwood mixtures, as these stands were considered inferior in terms of productivity and/or quality. Recent declines in small-diameter softwood markets and logging workforce have, however, begun to stress the traditional pine production model in some locations, raising interest in management alternatives. Here, we provide biological, economic, and sociocultural rationale for pine-hardwood mixtures as an alternative strategy for landowners with multiple management objectives. To support this idea, an illustration compares a mixed-species plantation to pine and hardwood monocultures under a variety of simulated scenarios to demonstrate growth potential and economic and biological resilience. Moreover, to identify scenarios where managing pine-hardwood mixtures would be most appropriate, and to help conceptualize landowner interest in mixed stands, we present a guide combining biological, economic, and sociocultural factors that we anticipate influencing the adoption of mixed-stand management. The aim of this conceptual paper is not to suggest that mixed-species stand management should become the dominant management paradigm; rather, we seek to encourage researchers and land managers to consider it as part of the broader silvicultural toolbox.
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Kelty, Matthew J., and Petya K. Entcheva. "Response of Suppressed White Pine Saplings to Release During Shelterwood Cutting." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.4.166.
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Abstract The need for herbicide control of hardwood understories is widely recognized for successful regeneration of white pine, because of the slow height growth of pine seedlings; however, it is often not carried out in the low-investment silviculture frequently practiced in New England. This study examined the ability of suppressed white pine saplings to respond to release following a shelterwood establishment cut where no hardwood control was done. Measurements of regeneration were made 11 yr after cutting in a mature pine-oak stand on a till soil in central Massachusetts. Pine seedlings established after the cut were surpassed in height by hardwood seedling and sprout growth. Older suppressed pine saplings which predated the establishment cut (10 to 38 yr old at the time of the cut, with mean heights of 0.4 to 2.0 m) quickly responded to release and grew to mean heights of 3.8 to 5.1 m 11 yr after cutting; these were within 1.5 m of the height of the tallest hardwoods. Retention of older pine saplings during shelterwood establishment cutting may provide a way of maintaining a white pine component in newly regenerated stands, particularly where herbicide control of hardwood competition is not planned. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):166-169.
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Campbell, Gene E., and David C. White. "Interpretations of Illinois Stumpage Price Trends." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/6.3.115.
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Abstract To provide insight into the timber market accessible to owners of non-industrial private forestland in the central hardwoods region, we examine Illinois statewide average stumpage prices for 16 hardwood species and 2 species composites. Over the study period, upland hardwood stumpage prices have risen faster than inflation. Swings in stumpage prices during this same period have been frequent and significant, e.g., woods-run stumpage prices for upland hardwoods have changed as much as 41% within 1 year and 75% within 2 years. The frequency of price changes suggests a predominantly buyer controlled market. Illinois forest land-owners can increase their return on investment from forestland through judicious market timing when making timber sales, and by requiring competitive bids. When Illinois timber supply data are considered with the general price trends, a picture emerges of an ongoing market advantage for the production of high-value intolerant species, such as the oaks. North. J. Appl. For. 68:115-120, September 1989.
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Burch, Patrick L., and Shepard M. Zedaker. "Timing of Disturbance after Herbicide Applications for Chemical Site Preparation." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.2.124.
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Abstract Four herbicide combinations were screened for efficacy on selected hardwoods relative to four timings of postapplication disturbance. Garlon 4®, Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99®, Garlon 4 plus Tordon 101®, and Garlon 4 plus Tordon K® were applied in the spring to Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites in a replicated experiment. The best hardwood control was achieved when the disturbance occurred at least six to eight weeks after application. Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) control was successfully predicted on the basis of leaf tissue moisture content and environmental data. Only Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99 failed to give good overall control of hardwood brush. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):124-127.
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Blatner, Keith A., Sang-Min Lee, Roger C. Chapman, and Bruce Hansen. "The Korean Market for Temperate Hardwoods: A Comparison of Trade Statistics." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/13.2.59.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Republic of Korea (Korea) is the second largest Asian market for temperate hardwood log and lumber exports from the United States and the subject of intense interest by exporters. The following paper summarizes recent trends in the Korean temperate hardwood market and explores the major problems encountered in attempting to reconcile Korean and U.S. trade statistics for these products. Major problems identified include: known reporting errors, apparent recording errors, shipping time, misclassification and aggregation errors, and the possible resale of log and lumber products on the high seas. Discrepancies in Korean/Canadian trade statistics for temperate hardwoods are also presented and discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):59-67.
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Stout, Susan Laurane. "22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.2.69.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.
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Rauscher, H. Michael, Michael J. Young, Charles D. Webb, and Daniel J. Robison. "Testing the Accuracy of Growth and Yield Models for Southern Hardwood Forests." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.3.176.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The accuracy of ten growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian upland hardwood forests and southern bottomland forests was evaluated. In technical applications, accuracy is the composite of both bias (average error) and precision. Results indicate that GHAT, NATPIS, and a locally calibrated version of NETWIGS may be regarded as being operationally valid growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and mixed oak (Quercus spp.) forests that fall within the range of characteristics of the test data set. No publicly available growth and yield models specifically developed for southern bottomland hardwood forests exist. Four general models that contain most of the applicable species to predict growth of these forests were tested. SETWIGS was found to be the most accurate of the four models tested and is recommended for use if the reported level of accuracy is acceptable and the target stand characteristics fall within the range of our test data set. Results indicate that the growth and density dynamics of dense, young stands of both upland and bottomland hardwoods were poorly predicted by the models. Models predicted basal area and density changes in yellow-poplar stands more accurately than mixed hardwoods. Predictions for upland hardwoods were more accurate than those for bottomland hardwoods. Model accuracy uniformly decreases with increasing length of the projection period. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):176-185.
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Juste Gomes, Valeria, Hasan Jameel, Hou-Min Chang, Robert Narron, Jorge Colodette, and Peter Hart. "Effects of lignin chemistry on oxygen delignification performance." July 2018 17, no. 07 (August 1, 2018): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.07.373.
Full textAbstract:
The present work focused on characterizing the chemical and structural properties of isolated lignin from six hardwoods and their kraft pulps in an attempt to better understand the relationship between lignin’s chemical properties and resultant oxygen delignification performance. Several hardwood samples were cooked under the same conditions with varying alkali charges to obtain unbleached pulps with kappa numbers between 19 and 20. These pulps were then subjected to an oxygen delignification stage. Both processes were evaluated for pulp quality, residual lignin, and O-stage delignification efficiency. The oxygen delignification stage was carried out under fixed conditions and evaluated with regards to kappa number, which was corrected for hexenuronic acid (HexA) contributions.Results revealed that different hardwood species exhibited differing oxygen delignification efficiencies. A high correlation was found between the O-stage delignification efficiency and the content of phenolic groups in the unbleached lignin, which confirmed that free phenolic groups are the reactive site for molecular oxygen attack. When different hardwood species were compared, the HexA contents were not found to affect O-stage delignification efficiencies.
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Miller, James H. "Soil Spot Herbicides for Single-Stem Hardwood Control." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.199.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Soil spot treatments of undiluted Velpar® L and a concentrated mixture of Spike® 80W were applied around test trees of five hardwood species. The test rates were 2, 4, and 6 ml of herbicide/in. of dbh applied to the soil within 3 ft of each tree Hardwood topkill was assessed after two growing seasons. The 4-ml rate of Velpar L was required to achieve 80% or greater average topkill of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and water oak (Quercus nigra) on loamy soils, while a 6-ml rate was needed to exceed 80% topkill of dogwood (Cornus florida). Spike 80W gave about 80% topkill of both water oak and dogwood at the 2-ml rate but was ineffective on sweetgum. Only Spike 80W at the 6-ml rate yielded greater than 70% average topkill of boxelder (Acer negundo) and hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Nearby hardwoods of susceptible species within 3 ft of treated trees were also killed, extending the cost-effectiveness of these hardwood control treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):199-203.