Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hardwood

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hardwood'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hardwood"

1

Whelan, Andrew, Seth Bigelow, Mary Nieminen, and Steven Jack. "Fire Season, Overstory Density and Groundcover Composition Affect Understory Hardwood Sprout Demography in Longleaf Pine Woodlands." Forests 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9070423.

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Seasonal timing of prescribed fire and alterations to the structure and composition of fuels in savannas and woodlands can release understory hardwoods, potentially resulting in a global increase of closed-canopy forest and a loss of biodiversity. We hypothesized that growing-season fire, high overstory density, and wiregrass presence in longleaf pine woodlands would reduce the number and stature of understory hardwoods, and that because evergreen hardwoods retain live leaves, dormant-season fire would reduce performance and survival of evergreen more than deciduous hardwoods. Understory hardwood survival and height were monitored over seven years in longleaf pine woodlands in southwest Georgia with a range of overstory density, groundcover composition, and season of application of prescribed fire. Hardwood stem survival decreased with increasing overstory density, and deciduous hardwoods were more abundant in the absence of wiregrass. Contrary to expectations, evergreen hardwood growth increased following dormant-season fire. Differences in hardwood stem survival and height suggest that low fire intensity in areas with low overstory density increase the risk that hardwoods will grow out of the understory. These results indicate a need for focused research into the effects of groundcover composition on hardwood stem dynamics and emphasize that adequate overstory density is important in longleaf ecosystem management.
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Shelton, Michael G., and Paul A. Murphy. "Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.4.168.

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Abstract Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.
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Hassler, Curt, Joseph F. McNeel, Levente Denes, Jonathan Norris, and Balasz Bencsik. "Challenges Facing the Development and Market Introduction of Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048.

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Abstract The interest in softwood-based cross-laminated timber (CLT) production has in turn generated a great deal of interest in producing CLT from hardwood species. This prospect of a new market for hardwood lumber is a significant driver behind efforts to gain certification of hardwoods within American Panel Association (APA) PRG 320, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. However, a number of challenges present significant hurdles for gaining acceptance of hardwoods in CLT manufacturing. These include differences in how softwoods and hardwoods are produced and marketed (e.g., structural lumber markets [softwoods] vs. appearance-grade markets [hardwoods]), lumber grading differences, available sizes of hardwood lumber, drying differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and gluing particularities with hardwoods. This paper identifies the various issues involved with introducing hardwoods into a softwood-dominated market and what it will take to be competitive within the overall CLT market.
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Borchers, Susan L., and David A. Perry. "Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-094.

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A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.
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MRAČKOVÁ, AGNESA, MILAN ŠIMEK, EVA HAVIAROVÁ, and ZOLTÁN PÁSZTORY. "HARDWOOD TRADE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." WOOD RESEARCH 66(6) 2021 66, no. 6 (December 20, 2021): 1064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.6.10641075.

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This study focuses on trade of hardwood products in selected countries of Eastern Europe, specifically the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. It was supported by a survey conducted with companies producing products made of hardwoods. It monitors trade trends in the wood products industry, specifically focusing on lumber, wooden veneers, furniture production, musical instruments, and wooden accessories. It also addresses the current and potential import and use of the US hardwood lumber in these countries. The study is also pointing out the shortcomings of the monitored markets. The online questionnaire and follow-up phone calls were used to obtain information from companies in countries of interest. Results showed that 83.3% of Czech respondents already use imported hardwoods in their production, followed by Hungary (69.2%) and Slovakia (54.6%). Despite the relatively high values of imported hardwood products, the overall results show that there is only a small potential for an increase in import of the US hardwoods in the wood products industry in chosen countries. The utilization of tropical hardwood species will continue because of their superior properties for specialized products such as musical instruments. Results also point out the grooving importance of certified hardwoods, their utilization, and trade.
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Knowe, Steven A. "Basal Area and Diameter Distribution Models for Loblolly Pine Plantations with Hardwood Competition in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.2.93.

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Abstract Prediction equations were developed for basal area and percentiles of diameter distributions to account for the hardwood component in site-prepared, Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Unlike existing stand-level simulation models that incorporate hardwood competition, the new equations resulted in constant total basal area regardless of the amount of hardwood competition and permitted the variance of the diameter distribution to increase with increasing proportion of hardwoods. The equations presented can be used with existing dominant height, survival, and volume equations as a tool for assessing the impact of hardwoods on loblolly pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):93-98.
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Hofer, Peter. "Possibilités, initiatives et calendrier de la mise en valeur des bois feuillus en Suisse au cours des décennies à venir | Possibilities, Initiatives and Timing for an Economic Development of Hardwood Timber in Switzerland for the Coming Decades." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0262.

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Despite the fact that NFI 2 clearly attests that 35% of Swiss forests' increments are produced by hardwoods, only 28% of that volume are harvested yearly. A mere eight percent of the working capacity of Swiss sawmills is used on indigenous hardwoods;imported logs take up an additional 4%. More than 50% of the hardwood sawlogs exploited in Swiss forests is thus exported without any processing. Studies realised by «Forum for wood» have shown that an important potential market exists for local timber and especially for hardwood products. This is due not only to its aesthetic qualities, but also to the mechanical properties which allow uses in construction. The decisive factors for better marketing opportunities for hardwood are mainly found in the wood processing industries. Only a voluntary marketing promotion conducted by the whole woodworking chain can bring about a significant breakthrough for hardwoods.
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Su, Qiong, Ted D. Needham, and David A. MacLean. "The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-182.

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Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.
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González-Guillén, Adrián, David Berschauer, Roberto Pérez-Rivero, and Abelardo Méndez-Hernández. "The Never Spoken Poignant Connection Between Cuban Tree Snails and Carpentry/Crafts/Art: the case of Polymita and Liguus." Festivus 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f532128.

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The extinction of endemic Cuban tree snail colonies are shown to be directly caused by habitat fragmentation due to deforestation. Hardwood extraction and exploitation started in the 16 th century and has steadily increased throughout the Cuban archipelago. This article is the first investigation into the connection between overexploitation of natural resources by local communities and the extinction of Cuban tree snail colonies. The authors have compiled a list of 345 hardwood trees species, many of which have been clear cut and over used by Cuban farmers, carpenters, artists and crafts people. Of those hardwood tree species, 84 species are known to be host plants for endemic Cuban Liguus and Polymita tree snails. Since the late 1960s, there has been an accelerated demand for hardwood for traditional craftworks. That demand became more aggressive after the opening of the country to international tourism in the 1990s. This desire for exotic hardwoods has endangered both the precious hardwood tree species and the endemic tree snail species that inhabit them. It is our hope that with the development of field guides on endemic Cuban hardwood tree species that educators can raise awareness of this issue while discouraging unmanaged or uncontrolled harvesting of these hardwoods in Cuba. Encouraging artists and crafts people to create miniature wood sculptures could be an alternative sustainable solution.
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Clason, Terry R. "Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.1.22.

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Abstract A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hardwood"

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Hrabovsky, Ellen E. "Global demand for certified hardwood products as determined from a survey of hardwood exporters." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3074.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 61 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30).
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Parsons, Brigitte A. "An Examination of Appalachian Forest Products Exports." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33521.

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The primary goal of this study was to identify value added export opportunities for the hardwood products manufacturing industry. By studying current industry practices and trends, we can better understand the opportunities hardwood lumber businesses have exploited in the past and could do so today. The study found that opportunities exist for businesses with the right initial mindset preparing them for exporting, the proper equipment, and the appropriate educational experience. Surveys of hardwood lumber manufacturers in 1989 and 2002 addressed similar objectives and helped better understand export participation of hardwood lumber manufacturers in the Appalachian Region. The objectives of this research project included determining current export experience, access and use of export development programs, key export markets, and mill production, marketing, equipment, personnel and other attributes of the region's hardwood lumber industry. Other objectives included determining if any significant changes in the region's hardwood industry had occurred, and in particular, what was mill export market experience in the past 15 years. The key was to identify key factors that lead to export marketing participation. This study showed that export market participation is growing as forest sector businesses consolidated during this period. Businesses were found to seek assistance from multiple government agencies, trade associations, and most importantly from their customers. While the largest export market continues to be Canada, little information is available on other businesses purchasing Appalachian hardwood lumber, indicating the need for more research on markets and their size. Important species for exporting are red oak, yellow-poplar, white oak, and maple, and higher grades of hardwood lumber continue to be the top three. Owning a kiln is essential to exporting, and having an above average size marketing staff was found to be helpful. The most important attribute of exporters is an open-minded management that sees the benefits of exporting.
Master of Science
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Mitchell, Jay. "Production of Ethanol from Hardwood." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MitchellJ2006.pdf.

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Chen, Xiaowen. "Hemicellulose Pre-extraction of Hardwood." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ChenX2009.pdf.

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Cisneros, Hector A. "Microscopical aspects of hardwood refiner pulps." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30988.

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In order to gain insights into ultrastructural changes taking place during the conversion of hardwoods into mechanical pulps, refiner pulp fibres were studied in detail using several microscopical techniques. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood chips were used to produce thermomechanical (TMP), chemithermomechanical (CTMP) and chemimechanical (CMP) pulps. Following the hypothesis that there are fundamental differences in the surface and state of the fibres due to species and processing conditions, four pulps for each species and process were analyzed. Trends in fibre characteristic development were obtained within each group, based on the detailed optical analysis of 300 fibre cross-sections for each pulp. Fibre surface quality was the most important aspect of this study. Retention of middle lamella and of the layer, as well as the extent of exposure of the S₂ layer were evaluated. It was found that TMP processing of wood chips produced fibres with more exposure of the S₂ layer. Chemical pretreatment did not improve the extent of S₂ layer exposure nor the extent of fibrillation. However, the TMP fibres remained stiff, producing pulp sheets of low density and strength. Birch fibres showed a marked tendency to produce separation at or near the S₁/S₂ boundary. This resulted in high exposure of S₂ layers in TMP fibres, but produced a sheath of S₁ and ML around fibres from chemically-treated chips. This sheath was sometimes rolled back, exposing the fibre S₂ layer. Aspen TMP pulps showed high proportions of fibres with partially exposed S₂ layer. The application of chemical pretreatments to aspen chips resulted in fibres of similar levels of S₂ exposure than those achieved by TMP processing of this species, but only after reaching freeness levels of about 100 mL CSF. Fibres that showed radial failure were frequent in TMP but not in CTMP nor CMP pulps. The breakdown pattern of tension wood fibres (G-fibres) was also studied. TMP processing showed preferential breakdown of G-fibres, from which the G-layers were freed. This was not the case in the G-fibres from chemically-treated chips, in which the G-layer generally remained inside the fibres. Other categories discussed in the analysis of fibre cross sections included fibres with delamination of the S₂ layer and proportion of fibres distorted due to chemical impregnation. The breakdown of vessel elements (VE) was studied by comparing VE size frequency distributions and the proportion of whole VE that survived refining. TMP reduced VE into small fragments showing virtually no whole VE, while wood softening due to chemical pretreatment was responsible for a high proportion of whole VE in CTMP and CMP pulps. The VE from birch tend to be destroyed more easily than those from aspen, due to the intervessel pitting arrangement of the former. It is concluded that despite superior bonding potential of TMP fibres due to: - large S₂ exposure in fibres on account of separation at or near the S₁/S₂ boundary, - increased fibrillation, - longer fibrils in fines, and - release and exposure of highly cellulosic G-layers from tension wood in the case of aspen, the lack of conformability of TMP fibres, which translates into low sheet density, negates the promising benefits that otherwise would be obtained.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Boucher, Britt A. "Development of a method for implementing group selection in Appalachian hardwoods." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44701.

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A method is described for implementing group selection regeneration in Appalachian hardwoods. The diverse set of definitions of the method, and the current forest demands are combined to form a flexible system of implementation that can accommodate public as well as private forests. Group selection is used where an unevenâ aged silvicultural system is required and multiple objectives demanded. Several types of information are collected in a sample of the forest and then used to make the selection decision of which groups of trees to remove, and which groups to leave.


Master of Science
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Liu, Jingang. "Optimal bucking hardwood species in central Appalachia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4918.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 59 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52).
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Fredericksen, Todd Simon. "Interference interactions in experimental pine-hardwood stands." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134718/.

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Stiess, Timothy Stephen. "Information Sharing in the Hardwood Supply Chain." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27922.

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The Hardwood Industry in United States has been challenged by low-cost competition from overseas. Although cost reduction strategies have had minimal success, the proximity of industry to the domestic market has large implications on a more customer-focused strategy. The problem arises that individual companies and supply chains evolved based on the principles of economies of size and not on the flexibility to adapt to customer needs and changing resource constraints. An increased rate at which material and information flows through the hardwood supply chains is the key to the industriesâ ability to be customer-focused. Information systems may offer benefits for the industry, but changes in material flow of a company or supply chain cannot necessarily be predicted when implementing information systems. It was hypothesized that by understanding the dynamics between information flow and material flow throughout the supply chain, performance improvement would be possible through more effective release and use of information. A case study analysis of a hardwood supply chain was utilized to identify the effect of increased information flow on the material flow of the supply chain. Value Stream Mapping was utilized to benchmark the current state of lead times of information flow and material flow. System Dynamics was utilized to understand the relationships between the information flow and the material flow. Finally, simulations were performed to identify the specific effects on material flow as increased information flow is released through different information strategies. The study showed that increased information flow between supply chain members increased material flow through the supply chain. For a case study supply chain, an increase in information flow, through advanced knowledge of customer demand by a supplier, was found to reduce the inventory buffers throughout the supply chain by up to 38 percent and increase the total material flow through the supply chain by 10 percent. In addition to the increased information flow caused by the advanced knowledge of demand (18 percent), information flow would increase (by an additional 7 percent) based on the reductions in buffer inventory within each company of the supply chain.
Ph. D.
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Mitchell, Hal Lee. "Predicting Pallet Part Yields From Hardwood Cants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41288.

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Pallet cant quality directly impacts pallet part processing and material costs. By knowing the quality of the cants being processed, pallet manufacturers can predict costs to attain better value from their raw materials and more accurately price their pallets. The study objectives were 1) to develop a procedure for accurately predicting hardwood pallet part yield as a function of raw material geometry and grade, processing equipment, and pallet part geometry, 2) to develop a model for accurately predicting raw material costs for hardwood pallet parts as a function of yield, 3) to examine current pallet industry methods of determining hardwood cant quality, and 4) to develop and evaluate hardwood cant grading rules for use in the pallet industry. Yield studies were necessary to accurately quantify the relationship between yield and cant quality. Thirty-one yield studies were conducted throughout the Eastern United States at pallet mills producing pallet parts from hardwood cants. 47, 258 board feet of hardwood cants were graded, and the usable pallet part yield and yield losses were determined for each grade. Yield losses were separated into three components: kerf loss, dimension loss, and defect loss. Kerf and dimension losses are a function of raw material and part geometry and were calculated without regard to cant quality. Defect loss is dependant on cant quality and was calculated for each cant grade as a function of total yield, kerf loss, and dimension loss. Mathematical models were developed from twenty-eight mill studies to predict each yield loss component as a function of cant dimensions, grade, and orientation, cutting bill parameters, pallet part dimensions, and kerf. Dimension and kerf losses were predicted geometrically. Regression analysis was used to predict defect loss. Results indicated that these models accurately predicted the total yield of usable pallet parts and pallet part material costs as a function of cant quality and price. Results also indicated that the pallet industry's current method of counting the number of "bad" ends per cant bundle to determine cant quality is not adequate. The effectiveness of the proposed cant grading rules was determined by grading cants and analyzing the cant grade distributions and corresponding pallet part yields. The grade rules produced statistically different quality divisions between grades. However, a more practical single cant grade based on the minimum quality for the proposed grade 2 rules is recommended.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Hardwood"

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 2004. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2005.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 1998. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1999.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 2002. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2003.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 1999. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2000.

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Akers, Melody S. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics: 2005. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2006.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics: 2000. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2001.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 1997. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1999.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 2001. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2002.

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Emanuel, David M. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 2003. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 2004.

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Nolley, Jean. Bulletin of hardwood market statistics, 1996. Radnor, PA]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hardwood"

1

Rose, Gerard, and Robert Zabransky. "Devolatilization of Maple Hardwood." In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 345–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_19.

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Corredoira, E., M. T. Martínez, M. C. Sanjosé, and A. Ballester. "Conservation of Hardwood Forest Species." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 421–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2_14.

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Conner, William H., and Julia A. Cherry. "Plant Productivity-Bottomland Hardwood Forests." In Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, 225–42. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser10.c13.

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Olorunnisola, Abel O. "Hardwood Timber Seasoning and Preservation." In Design of Structural Elements with Tropical Hardwoods, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65343-3_4.

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Garrett, H. E., M. S. Kerley, K. P. Ladyman, W. D. Walter, L. D. Godsey, J. W. Van Sambeek, and D. K. Brauer. "Hardwood silvopasture management in North America." In Advances in Agroforestry, 21–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_2.

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Zhenghua, Chen. "Induction of Androgenesis in Hardwood Trees." In Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, 247–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4484-8_13.

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McNab, William Henry. "Subregional Variation in Upland Hardwood Forest Composition and Disturbance Regimes of the Central Hardwood Region." In Sustaining Young Forest Communities, 11–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1620-9_2.

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Xiang, Qian, and Y. Y. Lee. "Production of Oxychemicals from Precipitated Hardwood Lignin." In Twenty-Second Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 71–80. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0217-2_6.

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Spetich, Martin A., Roger W. Perry, Craig A. Harper, and Stacy L. Clark. "Fire in Eastern Hardwood Forests Through 14,000 Years." In Sustaining Young Forest Communities, 41–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1620-9_4.

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Stipanovic, Arthur J., Jennifer S. Haghpanah, Thomas E. Amidon, Gary M. Scott, Vincent Barber, and Kunal Mishra. "Opportunities for Hardwood Hemicellulose in Biodegradable Polymer Blends." In ACS Symposium Series, 107–20. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2007-0954.ch007.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hardwood"

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Zhu, Dongping, Richard W. Conners, and Philip A. Araman. "CT image processing for hardwood log inspection." In San Diego, '91, San Diego, CA, edited by Andrew G. Tescher. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.50818.

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Saurabh Kumar, Kaushlendra Singh, John Zondlo, Wenjia Jin, Jingxin Wang, and Jagpinder Singh Brar. "Direct Co-liquefaction of Hardwood and Coal." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42186.

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Yadav, Arvind R., M. L. Dewal, R. S. Anand, and Sangeeta Gupta. "Classification of hardwood species using ANN classifier." In 2013 Fourth National Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Image Processing and Graphics (NCVPRIPG). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncvpripg.2013.6776231.

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Bader, Thomas K., and Karin de Borst. "Poroelastic Properties of Hardwood at Different Length Scales." In Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.217.

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John E. Parsons and Carl C. Trettin. "Simulation of Hydrology of Short Rotation Hardwood Plantations." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.7309.

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Lukash, A. A., N. P. Lukuttsova, K. P. Kolotvin, K. V. Razrezov, and A. Felluh. "SOFTWOOD COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_74-79.

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The article deals with the issues of secondary use of industrial waste from the processing of soft hardwood wood. It is shown that the disposal of man-made waste in landfills is undesirable, and the use of wood waste to generate heat for heating is limited to the autumn-winter period. It is proved that it is most expedient to make composites from the waste of processing soft hardwood wood, since the need for inexpensive building materials is constantly increasing. Wood- cement materials from soft-leaved wood are practically not produced due to the presence of water- soluble saccharides, which worsen the process of hydration of cement. It is proposed to use binders that harden quickly in the production of composites made of soft hardwood. To exclude the negative influence of the extracted substances, it is proposed to use urea-formaldehyde glue as a binder. The mathematical dependence of the compressive strength of a composite made of soft hardwood on the glue consumption, wood consumption and the duration of exposure after molding is obtained. The parameters of the composite manufacturing mode are set: wood consumption-190 ... 195 kg/m3, urea-formaldehyde glue consumption-262...270 kg/m3; the duration of exposure after molding – 6 days. Methods for reducing the release of free formaldehyde from composites have been identified. It was found that in the steam-air mixture after 12 days of exposure of the chip-and- glue composite, there are no previously detected micro-impurities of formaldehyde, and the chip- and-glue composite can be used in construction without restrictions.
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Bair, John H. "Limiting Riparian Hardwood Encroachment Along the Trinity River, California." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)146.

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Snegireva, Svetlana, and Anna Kurnikova. "CHANGE IN THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF PRESSED BIRCH WOOD DURING LOCAL CRUSHING." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_329-333.

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At present, due to the reduction of business wood stocks, the problem of using fast-growing soft hardwoods as industrial raw materials is of particular relevance. This wood has a number of disadvantages – low density, low strength indicators, which limit the scope of its application. It is possible to improve the quality of soft hardwood wood by pressing it (compacting). Compaction of wood has a great influence on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The wide application of pressed wood is possible in the production of railway sleepers. Pressing wood significantly increases the performance properties of the sleeper beam. One of the advantages of wooden railway sleepers is their high damping properties. The presence of damping properties in wooden sleepers ensures high speed performance and a long service life of the rolling stock. In this connection, research that ensures the rational use of wood raw materials is relevant. The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the change in the strength limit of pressed birch wood (Betula pendula) during local crumpling.
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Vorotnikov, D., Ilya Medvedev, and V. Kitaev. "SOFT WOODS – RAW MATERIALS FOR INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL." In Ecological and resource-saving technologies in science and technology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/erstst2021_43-47.

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Currently, there is a tendency in the world to increase the demand for new structural materials with high performance characteristics. Wood is considered a good and widespread structural material used in the construction of various structures and structures. However, the use of natural wood as a structural material in comparison with reinforced concrete and metal is limited by a number of significant drawbacks: wood is subject to rot, is not fire-resistant, does not meet modern operational requirements. The proposed technology to improve the physical and mechanical properties of soft hardwood wood will allow to obtain a structural material that meets modern requirements. When implementing the proposed technology, the problem of rational use of low-value soft hardwood is solved.
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Talcott, Sarah M., and Theodore J. Heindel. "Gas Holdup in Opaque Cellulose Fiber Slurries." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77043.

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Three different cellulose fiber types are used to study their effect on gas holdup and flow regime transition in a 10.2 cm semi-batch bubble column. The three natural fiber types include bleached softwood chemical pulp (softwood), bleached hardwood chemical pulp (hardwood), and bleached softwood chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP). Gas holdup is recorded over a range of fiber mass fractions (0 ≤ C ≤ 1.6%) and superficial gas velocities (Ug ≤ 23 cm/s). Experimental results show that gas holdup decreases with increasing fiber mass fraction. Homogeneous, transitional, and heterogeneous flow is observed for all three fiber types at low fiber mass fractions. All three fiber types produce similar results in the homogeneous flow regime while significant differences are recorded in the heterogeneous flow regime; those being low mass fraction hardwood (softwood) fiber slurries produce the highest (lowest) gas holdup. At higher fiber mass fractions, only pure heterogeneous flow is observed and softwood fiber slurries still produce the lowest gas holdup, although the differences in gas holdup between fiber types are small. The Zuber-Findlay drift flux model is used to describe the gas holdup results in cellulose fiber slurries when the flow conditions are heterogeneous. The Zuber-Findlay drift flux model is also used to identify the superficial gas velocity at which homogeneous flow is no longer observed with some success. Generally, the superficial gas velocity at which the flow deviates from homogeneous flow decreases with increasing fiber mass fraction.
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Reports on the topic "Hardwood"

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Sohngen, Brent L., and Richard W. Haynes. Hardwood price reporting. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-470.

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Denig, Joseph, Eugene M. Wengert, and William T. Simpson. Drying hardwood lumber. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-118.

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Luppold, William G., and William G. Luppold. Hardwood import trends. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-619.

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Luppold, William G., and William G. Luppold. Hardwood import trends. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-619.

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Huber, Dean W., and Philip M. McDonald. California's hardwood resource: history and reasons for lack of a sustained hardwood industry. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-135.

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Kingsley, Neal P., Paul S. DeBald, and Paul S. DeBald. Hardwood lumber and stumpage prices in two eastern hardwood markets: The real story. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-601.

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Kingsley, Neal P., Paul S. DeBald, and Paul S. DeBald. Hardwood lumber and stumpage prices in two eastern hardwood markets: The real story. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-601.

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Stringer, Jeffrey W., David L. Loftis, Michael Lacki, Thomas Barnes, and Robert A. Muller. 12th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-024.

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Stringer, Jeffrey W., David L. Loftis, Michael Lacki, Thomas Barnes, and Robert A. Muller. 12th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-24.

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Luppold, William G., Philip A. Araman, and Philip A. Araman. Hardwood trade trends: U.S. exports. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-611.

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