Journal articles: 'Hardware Emulator'

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Chaves, Ricardo, Carlos Senna, Miguel Luís, Susana Sargento, André Moreira, Diogo Recharte, and Ricardo Matos. "EmuCD: An Emulator for Content Dissemination Protocols in Vehicular Networks." Future Internet 12, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12120234.

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The development of protocols for mobile networks, especially for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), presents great challenges in terms of testing in real conditions. Using a production network for testing communication protocols may not be feasible, and the use of small networks does not meet the requirements for mobility and scale found in real networks. The alternative is to use simulators and emulators, but vehicular network simulators do not meet all the requirements for effective testing. Aspects closely linked to the behaviour of the network nodes (mobility, radio communication capabilities, etc.) are particularly important in mobile networks, where a delay tolerance capability is desired. This paper proposes a distributed emulator, EmuCD, where each network node is built in a container that consumes a data trace that defines the node’s mobility and connectivity in a real network (but also allowing the use of data from simulated networks). The emulated nodes interact directly with the container’s operating system, updating the network conditions at each step of the emulation. In this way, our emulator allows the development and testing of protocols, without any relation to the emulator, whose code is directly portable to any hardware without requiring changes or customizations. Using the facilities of our emulator, we tested InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), Sprinkler and BitTorrent content dissemination protocols with real mobility and connectivity data from a real vehicular network. The tests with a real VANET and with the emulator have shown that, under similar conditions, EmuCD performs closely to the real VANET, only lacking in the finer details that are extremely hard to emulate, such as varying loads in the hardware.

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Kirei, Botond Sandor, Calin-Adrian Farcas, Cosmin Chira, Ionut-Alin Ilie, and Marius Neag. "Hardware Emulation of Step-Down Converter Power Stages for Digital Control Design." Electronics 12, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061328.

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This paper proposes a methodology of delivering the emulation hardware of several step-down converter power stages. The generalized emulator design methodology follows these steps: first, the power stage is described using an ordinary differential equation system; second, the ordinary differential equation system is solved using Euler’s method, and thus an accurate time-domain model is obtained; next, this time-domain model can be described using either general-purpose programming language (MATLAB, C, etc.) or hardware description language (VHDL, Verilog, etc.). As a result, the emulator has been created; validation of the emulator may be carried out by comparing it to SPICE transient simulations. Finally, the validated emulator can be implemented on the preferred target technology, either in a general-purpose processor or a field programmable gate array. As the emulator relies on the ordinary differential equation system of the power stage, it has better behavioral accuracy than the emulators based on average state space models. Moreover, this paper also presents the design methodology of a manually tuned proportional–integrative–derivative controller deployed on a field programmable gate array.

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Ganapathy, Apoorva, and Taposh Kumar Neogy. "Artificial Intelligence Price Emulator: A Study on Cryptocurrency." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v6i2.558.

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The cryptocurrency Artificial intelligence price emulator is a software programmed to collect cryptocurrency market data, analyze the data and predict the market price using the collected data. Computer emulators are programmed to mimic and copy behaviors or other software/hardware. The reason for emulation is to get to a particular result as quickly as possible. Machine learning is the ability of computers to read and process data while learning from the data with human interference or influence. This work focused majorly on how cryptocurrency market prices can be emulated using Artificial Intelligence with machine learning abilities. It also looked into the advantages of using the software for crypto investors. Some of which is the reduced time of research, reduction of risk, among others.

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Ozawa, Felipe, Marco Rocha, Guilherme Lucas, Wallace Souza, and Andre Andreoli. "Application of Torque Transducer and Rotary Encoder in a Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Emulation." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06633.

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Wind energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. For the constant evolution of power generation technology, the use of sensors is fundamental to the development of wind turbine emulators. A wind turbine emulator allows tests and evaluations of a wind power system, regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, to further improve this technology, this work focuses on the application of a torque transducer and a rotary encoder for the implementation of a closed-loop wind turbine emulator. The sensors provide the torque and speed feedback signals to the computational model so that the model could plot the power curves and produce the set point voltage used by a variable-frequency drive (VFD) to control a three-phase induction motor (TIM). The emulator was implemented using a control algorithm designed on LabVIEW, with an NI 6211 for the data acquisition. Finally, the system emulates the behaviour of a wind turbine, considering the variations in wind speed, aerodynamic phenomena, load effects, and pitch angle. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the TIM-VFD assembly for emulating a wind turbine since the wind turbine emulator behaved like a wind turbine in real-time.

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Ye, Zhijing, Fei Hu, Lin Zhang, Zhe Chu, and Zheng O'Neill. "A Low-Cost Experimental Testbed for Energy-Saving HVAC Control Based on Human Behavior Monitoring." International Journal of Cyber-Physical Systems 2, no. 1 (January 2020): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcps.2020010103.

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Heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. Occupancy sensors' data can be used for HVAC control since they indicate the number of people in the building. HVAC/sensor interactions show the essential features of a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). However, there are communication protocol incompatibility issues in the CPS interface between the sensors and the building HVAC server. Through either wired or wireless communication links, the server always needs to understand the communication schedule to receive occupant values from sensors. This paper proposes two hardware-based emulators to investigate the use of wired/wireless communication interfaces for occupancy sensor-based building CPS control. The interaction scheme between sensors and HVAC server will be discussed. The authors have built two hardware/software emulation platforms to investigate the sensor/HVAC integration strategies. The first emulator demonstrates the residential building's energy control by using sensors and Raspberry pi boards to emulate the functions/responses of a static thermostat. In this case, room HVAC temperature settings could be changed in real-time with a high resolution based on the collected sensor data. The second emulator is built to show the energy control in commercial building by transmitting the sensor data and control signals via BACnet in HVAC system. Both emulators discussed above are portable (i.e., all hardware units can be easily taken to a new place) and have extremely low cost. This research tests the whole system with YABE (Yet Another BACnet Explorer) and WebCTRL.

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Díaz, Edel, Raúl Mateos, Emilio J. Bueno, and Rubén Nieto. "Enabling Parallelized-QEMU for Hardware/Software Co-Simulation Virtual Platforms." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060759.

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Presently, the trend is to increase the number of cores per chip. This growth is appreciated in Multi-Processor System-On-Chips (MPSoC), composed of more cores in heterogeneous and homogeneous architectures in recent years. Thus, the difficulty of verification of this type of system has been great. The hardware/software co-simulation Virtual Platforms (VP) are presented as a perfect solution to address this complexity, allowing verification by simulation/emulation of software and hardware in the same environment. Some works parallelized the software emulator to reduce the verification times. An example of this parallelization is the QEMU (Quick EMUlator) tool. However, there is no solution to synchronize QEMU with the hardware simulator in this new parallel mode. This work analyzes the current software emulators and presents a new method to allow an external synchronization of QEMU in its parallelized mode. Timing details of the cores are taken into account. In addition, performance analysis of the software emulator with the new synchronization mechanism is presented, using: (1) a boot Linux for MPSoC Zynq-7000 (dual-core ARM Cortex-A9) (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA); (2) an FPGA-Linux co-simulation of a power grid monitoring system that is subsequently implemented in an industrial application. The results show that the novel synchronization mechanism does not add any appreciable computational load and enables parallelized-QEMU in hardware/software co-simulation virtual platforms.

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Modares, Jalil, Nicholas Mastronarde, and Karthik Dantu. "Simulating unmanned aerial vehicle swarms with the UB-ANC Emulator." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (January 2019): 175682931983766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319837668.

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Recent advances in multi-rotor vehicle control and miniaturization of hardware, sensing, and battery technologies have enabled cheap, practical design of micro air vehicles for civilian and hobby applications. In parallel, several applications are being envisioned that bring together a swarm of multiple networked micro air vehicles to accomplish large tasks in coordination. However, it is still very challenging to deploy multiple micro air vehicles concurrently. To address this challenge, we have developed an open software/hardware platform called the University at Buffalo’s Airborne Networking and Communications Testbed (UB-ANC), and an associated emulation framework called the UB-ANC Emulator. In this paper, we present the UB-ANC Emulator, which combines multi-micro air vehicle planning and control with high-fidelity network simulation, enables practitioners to design micro air vehicle swarm applications in software and provides seamless transition to deployment on actual hardware. We demonstrate the UB-ANC Emulator’s accuracy against experimental data collected in two mission scenarios: a simple mission with three networked micro air vehicles and a sophisticated coverage path planning mission with a single micro air vehicle. To accurately reflect the performance of a micro air vehicle swarm where communication links are subject to interference and packet losses, and protocols at the data link, network, and transport layers affect network throughput, latency, and reliability, we integrate the open-source discrete-event network simulator ns-3 into the UB-ANC Emulator. We demonstrate through node-to-node and end-to-end measurements how the UB-ANC Emulator can be used to simulate multiple networked micro air vehicles with accurate modeling of mobility, control, wireless channel characteristics, and network protocols defined in ns-3.

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Ma, Chao-Tsung, Zhen-Yu Tsai, Hung-Hsien Ku, and Chin-Lung Hsieh. "Design and Implementation of a Flexible Photovoltaic Emulator Using a GaN-Based Synchronous Buck Converter." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121587.

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In order to efficiently facilitate various research works related to power converter design and testing for solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, it is a great merit to use advanced power-converter-based and digitally controlled PV emulators in place of actual PV modules to reduce the space, cost, and time to obtain the required scenarios of solar irradiances for various functional tests. This paper presents a flexible PV emulator based on gallium nitride (GaN), a wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor, and a based synchronous buck converter and controlled with a digital signal processor (DSP). With the help of GaN-based switching devices, the proposed emulator can accurately mimic the dynamic voltage-current characteristics of any PV module under normal irradiance and partial shading conditions. With the proposed PV emulator, it is possible to closely emulate any PV module characteristic both theoretically, based on manufacturer’s datasheets, and experimentally, based on measured data from practical PV modules. A curve fitting algorithm is used to handle the real-time generation of control signals for the digital controller. Both simulation with computer software and implementation on 1 kW GaN-based experimental hardware using Texas Instruments DSP as the controller have been carried out. Results show that the proposed emulator achieves efficiency as high as 99.05% and exhibits multifaceted application features in tracking various PV voltage and current parameters, demonstrating the feasibility and excellent performance of the proposed PV emulator.

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Zhu, Qiuming, Wei Huang, Kai Mao, Weizhi Zhong, Boyu Hua, Xiaomin Chen, and Zikun Zhao. "A Flexible FPGA-Based Channel Emulator for Non-Stationary MIMO Fading Channels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124161.

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In this paper, a discrete non-stationary multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model suitable for the fixed-point realization on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform is proposed. On this basis, we develop a flexible hardware architecture with configurable channel parameters and implement it on a non-stationary MIMO channel emulator in a single FPGA chip. In addition, an improved non-stationary channel emulation method is employed to guarantee accurate channel fading and phase, and the schemes of other key modules are also illustrated and implemented in a single FPGA chip. Hardware tests demonstrate that the output statistical properties of proposed channel emulator, i.e., the probability density function (PDF), cross-correlation function (CCF), Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), and the power delay profile (PDP) agree well with the corresponding theoretical ones.

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Verani, Alessandro, Roberto Di Rienzo, Niccolò Nicodemo, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Modular Battery Emulator for Development and Functional Testing of Battery Management Systems: Hardware Design and Characterization." Electronics 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2023): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051232.

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Battery Management Systems are essential for safe and effective use of Lithium-Ion batteries. The increasing complexity of the control and estimation algorithms requires deeper functional testing and validation phases of BMSs. However, the use of real batteries in such phases leads to hazards and safety risks. Battery emulators and the Hardware-in-the-Loop approach can instead speed-up and increase the safety of the functional testing and algorithm validation phases. This work describes the design and the characterization of a low-cost modular multi-cell battery emulator which provides a complete emulation of cell voltage, temperature, and current. This platform can be used to carry out Hardware-in-the-Loop tests on custom and commercial Battery Management Systems. The paper describes the platform design constraints derived from the most diffused Battery Management System architectures, the main design and implementation choices, and the platform characterization results. The proposed emulation platform is compared with literature and commercial ones showing a very good trade-off between performance and cost. This characteristic makes it appealing for small-size laboratories that develop and test Battery Management Systems. The project has therefore been made available to the scientific community as a freely downloadable open hardware platform.

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Calcaterra, Claudio, Alessio Carmenini, Andrea Marotta, Ubaldo Bucci, and Dajana Cassioli. "MaxHadoop: An Efficient Scalable Emulation Tool to Test SDN Protocols in Emulated Hadoop Environments." Journal of Network and Systems Management 28, no. 4 (July 29, 2020): 1610–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10922-020-09552-x.

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Abstract This paper presents MaxHadoop, a flexible and scalable emulation tool, which allows the efficient and accurate emulation of Hadoop environments over Software Defined Networks (SDNs). Hadoop has been designed to manage endless data-streams over networks, making it a tailored candidate to support the new class of network services belonging to Big Data. The development of Hadoop is contemporary with the evolution of networks towards the new architectures “Software Defined.” To create our emulation environment, tailored to SDNs, we employ MaxiNet, given its capability of emulating large-scale SDNs. We make it possible to emulate realistic Hadoop scenarios on large-scale SDNs using low-cost commodity hardware, by resolving a few key limitations of MaxiNet through appropriate configuration settings. We validate the MaxHadoop emulator by executing two benchmarks, namely WordCount and TeraSort, to evaluate a set of Key Performance Indicators. The tests’ outcomes evidence that MaxHadoop outperforms other existing emulation tools running over commodity hardware. Finally, we show the potentiality of MaxHadoop by utilizing it to perform a comparison of SDN-based network protocols.

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Ahmed, Mostafa, Ibrahim Harbi, Ralph Kennel, and Mohamed Abdelrahem. "Maximum Power Point Tracking Implementation under Partial Shading Conditions Using Low-Cost Photovoltaic Emulator." Eng 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng3040031.

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Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a pivotal objective for photovoltaic (PV) systems. To test various MPPT techniques, a reliable and effective PV emulator is required. Therefore, this article proposes a low-cost PV emulator for partial shading conditions, in which a cascaded structure of a DC power source with a resistor is constructed to generate the multiple peaks of the power-voltage (P-V) curve. The proposed structure is simple and modular. Consequently, it can be extended to obtain several peaks in the P-V characteristics to emulate more complex partial shading conditions. The partial shading occurrence over the PV source (PV array) causes a significant power loss production from the PV system. To increase the PV system’s efficiency, optimization techniques are employed to harness the global power. Accordingly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to track the global peak. Furthermore, the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method is applied for comparison and investigation. The proposed PV emulation system is validated under different operating conditions using simulation and experimental hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results.

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Babu, Vignesh, and David Nicol. "Mechanisms for Precise Virtual Time Advancement in Network Emulation." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478867.

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Network emulators enable rapid prototyping and testing of applications. In a typical emulation, the execution order and process execution burst lengths are managed by the host platform’s operating system, largely independent of the emulator. Timerbased mechanisms are typically used, but the imprecision of timer firings introduces imprecision in the advancement of time. This leads to statistical variation in behavior that is not due to the model. This article describes an open-source tool called Kronos, which provides a set of mechanisms for precise instruction-level tracking of process execution and control over execution order of containers, thus improving the mapping of executed behavior to advancement in time. This, and control of execution and placement of emulated processes in virtual time make the behavior of the emulation independent of the CPU resources of the platform that hosts the emulation. Under Kronos each process has its own virtual clock that is advanced based on a count of the number of \( \times \) 86 assembly instructions executed by its children. Two types of instruction counting techniques are discussed: (1) hardware-assisted mechanisms that are transparent to the executing application and (2) binary instrumentation-assisted mechanisms that modify the executing binary. We analyze the overheads associated with each approach and experimentally demonstrate the impact of Kronos’ time advancement precision by comparing it against emulations that, like Kronos, are embedded in virtual time, but unlike Kronos rely on Linux timers to control virtual machines and measure their progress in virtual time. We present two useful applications where Kronos aids in generating high-fidelity emulation results at low hardware costs: (1) analyzing protocol performance and (2) enabling analysis of cyber physical control systems. We also discuss limitations associated with simple linear conversions between instruction counts and ascribed virtual time and develop and evaluate more accurate virtual time conversion models.

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Samano-Ortega, Víctor, Alfredo Padilla-Medina, Micael Bravo-Sanchez, Elías Rodriguez-Segura, Alonso Jimenez-Garibay, and Juan Martinez-Nolasco. "Hardware in the Loop Platform for Testing Photovoltaic System Control." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 8690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238690.

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The hardware in the loop (HIL) technique allows you to reproduce the behavior of a dynamic system or part of it in real time. This quality makes HIL a useful tool in the controller validation process and is widely used in multiple areas including photovoltaic systems (PVSs). This study presents the development of an HIL system to emulate the behavior of a PVS that includes a photovoltaic panel (PVP) and a DC-DC boost converter connected in series. The emulator was embedded into an NI-myRIO development board that operates with an integration time of 10 µs and reproduces the behavior of the real system with a mean percent error of 2.0478%, compared to simulation results. The implemented emulator is proposed as a platform for the validation of control systems. With it, the experimental stage is carried out on two controllers connected to the PVS without having the real system and allowing to emulate different operating conditions. The first controller is based on the Hill Climbing algorithm for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the second is a proportional integral (PI) controller for voltage control. Both controllers generate settling times of less than 3 s; the MPPT controller generates variations in the output in steady state inherent to the algorithm used. For both cases, the comparison of the experimental results with those obtained through software simulation show that the platform fulfills its usefulness when evaluating control systems.

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Ye, Zhijing, Zheng O’Neill, and Fei Hu. "Hardware-Based Emulator with Deep Learning Model for Building Energy Control and Prediction Based on Occupancy Sensors’ Data." Information 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12120499.

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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. Occupancy sensors’ data can be used for HVAC control since it indicates the number of people in the building. HVAC and sensors form a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, we aim to build a hardware-based emulation platform to study the occupancy data’s features, which can be further extracted by using machine learning models. In particular, we propose two hardware-based emulators to investigate the use of wired/wireless communication interfaces for occupancy sensor-based building CPS control, and the use of deep learning to predict the building energy consumption with the sensor data. We hypothesize is that the building energy consumption may be predicted by using the occupancy data collected by the sensors, and question what type of prediction model should be used to accurately predict the energy load. Another hypothesis is that an in-lab hardware/software platform could be built to emulate the occupancy sensing process. The machine learning algorithms can then be used to analyze the energy load based on the sensing data. To test the emulator, the occupancy data from the sensors is used to predict energy consumption. The synchronization scheme between sensors and the HVAC server will be discussed. We have built two hardware/software emulation platforms to investigate the sensor/HVAC integration strategies, and used an enhanced deep learning model—which has sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory (Seq2Seq LSTM)—with an attention model to predict the building energy consumption with the preservation of the intrinsic patterns. Because the long-range temporal dependencies are captured, the Seq2Seq models may provide a higher accuracy by using LSTM architectures with encoder and decoder. Meanwhile, LSTMs can capture the temporal and spatial patterns of time series data. The attention model can highlight the most relevant input information in the energy prediction by allocating the attention weights. The communication overhead between the sensors and the HVAC control server can also be alleviated via the attention mechanism, which can automatically ignore the irrelevant information and amplify the relevant information during CNN training. Our experiments and performance analysis show that, compared with the traditional LSTM neural network, the performance of the proposed method has a 30% higher prediction accuracy.

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Narang, Sanjoli, and Siddharth Tallur. "Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based programmable digital emulator of vibratory microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0065642.

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This paper presents a hardware emulator of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes that can be used for characterization and verification of control/interface electronics by means of hardware-in-the-loop testing, thus speeding up design cycles by decoupling these tasks from the often longer MEMS design and fabrication cycles. The easily re-configurable hardware emulator is completely synthesized on a field-programmable gate array board. The emulator is shown to successfully model the Coriolis effect along with the prominent error sources present in typical MEMS gyroscopes, namely, quadrature error, spring nonlinearity, and thermo-mechanical, electronic, and environmental noise. Preliminary experimental results characterizing the noise and nonlinearity models based on a prototype with user-controllable device parameters synthesized on the Xilinx Zynq®-7020 SoC (Digilent ZYBO Z7 board) are presented.

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Sánchez Vázquez, Marco Antonio, Ismael Araujo-Vargas, and Kevin Cano-Pulido. "Emulator Based on Switching Functions for a Dual Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (August 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5930548.

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Under the unavailability of some components of a complex system, the Hardware In the Loop (HIL) tool allows the emulation of other subsystems. When these devices are not available, a customized emulator can be developed based on the Piecewise Linear Model (PWLM) and a numerical method for solving the differential equations system. However, these implementations require the use of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with extensive hardware resources. In this article we propose the use of switching functions for the modeling of power converters of a Hybrid Power System (HPS), allowing the reduction of hardware resources of the FPGA, and the number of steps per switching cycle is increased. The results are compared with SABER simulations and a PWLM evaluated with the Euler method.

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Zhang, Shi Tong, Liang Chu, Liang Yao, Yi Yang, and Hua Zhang. "The Design of Regenerative Braking System with a Pedal Emulator." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1602.

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According to the regenerative braking system(RBS) with a pedal emulator as well as the control strategy. Design a hardware test platform of power regenerative system and the scheme of software experiment. Aim at the control strategy, braking safety and braking feeling of RBS with a braking pedal emulator is confirmed via hardware in loop (HIL) test. A high regenerative rate is obtained. From the result of simulation, the pedal force line from RBS with a pedal emulator is between the envelope curve of the pedal force from conventional vehicle. Actual wheel cylinder pressure can follow the change of target pressure very well. The regenerative braking rate reaches 53%.

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FORTUNA, LUIGI, MATTIA FRASCA, ANGELO SARRA FIORE, and LEON O. CHUA. "THE WOLFRAM MACHINE." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 12 (December 2010): 3863–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410028100.

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A new stand-alone complex system hardware emulator, called the Wolfram Machine, is introduced in this paper. The system is a programmable hardware cellular automaton able to emulate and show the outcome of all elementary cellular automata, allowing for their experimental analysis. The system consists of an LED matrix and a board equipped with a microcontroller. This simple low-cost system can be programmed to reproduce the complex behavior of Wolfram's cellular automata, ranging from periodic patterns to Turing machines and Isles of Eden. A complete gallery of experiments is included.

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Kellermüller, Sandro, Artjoms Obushevs, Miguel Ramirez Gonzalez, and Petr Korba. "Digital Twin Development of a Dynamic Hardware Emulator." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134547.

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The increasing deployment of new technologies to contribute to the decarbonization of power systems is imposing new challenges in terms of system dynamics and stability. To deal with different operating and control issues in this sense, and support actual needs, advanced tools and solutions are required. Therefore, this paper presents a digital twin of a dynamic hardware emulator that can be used for controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) testing and is based on a small-scale laboratory system. To build the simulation model, the parameters of involved synchronous machines, excitation systems, prime movers and transmission lines have been identified and then compared to laboratory measurements to assess the accuracy of the digital twin. Static and dynamic accuracy have been investigated and an overall good accuracy can be shown with the help of quantification of errors. Furthermore, a case study is presented where the digital twin was used to design a controller to damp inter-area oscillations with the help of wide area measurements. This controller was then implemented and tested within the dynamic hardware emulator in the laboratory.

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ARIK, SEDA, and RECAİ KILIÇ. "RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE PLATFORM FOR EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND VERIFYING OF MEMRISTOR-BASED CHAOTIC SYSTEMS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 10 (October 14, 2014): 1450145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661450145x.

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Although the memristor is produced physically, it is not commercially available yet. For this reason the testing and verifying of memristor-based systems are performed only by using simulation tools and emulator circuits composed of generally discrete components. In this study, field programmable analog array (FPAA) as a reconfigurable hardware platform is introduced for the experimental testing and verifying of memristor-based chaotic systems. By using this platform, it is possible to implement several memristor-based chaotic systems characterized with different nonlinear functions on a unique hardware in a reconfigurable and programmable manner without the need for different emulators. For this purpose, three memristor-based chaotic systems were constructed on this platform and their behaviors were verified experimentally.

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Messo, Tuomas, Roni Luhtala, Tomi Roinila, Erik de Jong, Rick Scharrenberg, Tommaso Caldognetto, Paolo Mattavelli, Yin Sun, and Alejandra Fabian. "Using High-Bandwidth Voltage Amplifier to Emulate Grid-Following Inverter for AC Microgrid Dynamics Studies." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030379.

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AC microgrid is an attractive way to energize local loads due to remotely located renewable generation. The AC microgrid can conceptually comprise several grid-forming and grid-following power converters, renewable energy sources, energy storage and local loads. To study the microgrid dynamics, power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based test setups are commonly used since they provide high flexibility and enable testing the performance of real converters. In a standard PHIL setup, different components of the AC microgrid exist as real commercial devices or electrical emulators or, alternatively, can be simulated using real-time simulators. For accurate, reliable and repeatable results, the PHIL-setup should be able to capture the dynamics of the microgrid loads and sources as accurately as possible. Several studies have shown how electrical machines, dynamic RLC loads, battery storages and photovoltaic and wind generators can be emulated in a PHIL setup. However, there are no studies discussing how a three-phase grid-following power converter with its internal control functions should be emulated, regardless of the fact that grid-following converters (e.g., photovoltaic and battery storage inverters) are the basic building blocks of AC microgrids. One could naturally use a real converter to represent such dynamic load. However, practical implementation of a real three-phase converter is much more challenging and requires special knowledge. To simplify the practical implementation of microgrid PHIL-studies, this paper demonstrates the use of a commercial high-bandwidth voltage amplifier as a dynamic three-phase power converter emulator. The dynamic performance of the PHIL setup is evaluated by identifying the small-signal impedance of the emulator with various control parameters and by time-domain step tests. The emulator is shown to yield the same impedance behavior as real three-phase converters. Thus, dynamic phenomena such as harmonic resonance in the AC microgrid can be studied in the presence of grid-following converters.

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Mayacela, Margarita, Leonardo Rentería, Luis Contreras, and Santiago Medina. "Comparative Analysis of Reconfigurable Platforms for Memristor Emulation." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134487.

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The memristor is the fourth fundamental element in the electronic circuit field, whose memory and resistance properties make it unique. Although there are no electronic solutions based on the memristor, interest in application development has increased significantly. Nevertheless, there are only numerical Matlab or Spice models that can be used for simulating memristor systems, and designing is limited to using memristor emulators only. A memristor emulator is an electronic circuit that mimics a memristor. In this way, a research approach is to build discrete-component emulators of memristors for its study without using the actual models. In this work, two reconfigurable hardware architectures have been proposed for use in the prototyping of a non-linearity memristor emulator: the FPAA (Field Programing Analog Arrays) and the FPGA (Field Programming Gate Array). The easy programming and reprogramming of the first architecture and the performance, high area density, and parallelism of the second one allow the implementation of this type of system. In addition, a detailed comparison is shown to underline the main differences between the two approaches. These platforms could be used in more complex analog and/or digital systems, such as neural networks, CNN, digital circuits, etc.

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Di Rienzo, Roberto, Alessandro Verani, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Modular Battery Emulator for Development and Functional Testing of Battery Management Systems: The Cell Emulator." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081215.

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Battery Management Systems are fundamental components of the present battery generation. The development and characterization phases of a BMS often require an emulator of the battery cells with which the Battery Management System functions can be assessed with no safety risks as it would instead happen using a real battery. This work describes the design and characterization of a modular cell emulator circuit to be used as platform for the Hardware-in-the-loop test of a Battery Management System. The design constraints and choices are first described. Then, the experimental characterization of the cell emulator is shown and discussed. The proposed circuit shows a voltage resolution of 76 μV, an accuracy of 2.17 mV, and a setting time of 340 μs. Its cost is around 40 USD. The circuit results to be a very good trade-off between performance and cost. The Project is available to the scientific community as open hardware platform freely downloadable. It could be useful to small-size laboratories to self-produce a low-cost battery emulator with good performance for the development and the functional test of custom Battery Management Systems.

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Šipoš, Michal, and Slavomír Šimoňák. "Development of ATmega 328P micro-controller emulator for educational purposes." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Informatica 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausi-2020-0010.

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Abstract The paper presents some of our recent results in the field of computer emulation for supporting and enhancing the educational processes. The ATmega 328P micro-controller emulator has been developed as a set of emuStudio emulation platform extension modules (plug-ins). The platform is used at the Department of Computers and Informatics as a studying and teaching support tool. Within the Assembler course, currently, the Intel 8080 architecture and language is briefly described as a preliminary preparation material for the study of Intel x86 architecture, and the Intel 8080 emuStudio emulator module is used here. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility to enrich the course by introducing a more up-to-date and relevant technology and the ATmega is the heart of Arduino – a popular hardware and software prototyping platform. We consider the options to make the process of studying the assembly language principles more attractive for students and using the ATmega AVR architecture, which is broadly deployed in embedded systems, seems to be one of them.

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Jones, Tyson, and Simon Benjamin. "QuESTlink—Mathematica embiggened by a hardware-optimised quantum emulator." Quantum Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 034012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8506.

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Rat, C. L., O. Prostean, and I. Filip. "Hardware-in-the-Loop emulator for a hydrokinetic turbine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 294 (January 2018): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/294/1/012071.

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El Fatimi, Aziz, Adnane Addaim, and Zouhair Guennoun. "Development of a hardware emulator of a nanosatellite gyroscope." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002528.

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The gyroscope sensor has multiple applications in consumer electronics, aircraft navigation, and control systems. Significant errors that match the corresponding data are a typical disadvantage of this sensor. This needs to be done by making error models that can be used to get the right level of measurement accuracy. For high-precision space applications, the navigation design system should take into account the angle random walk (N), bias instability error (B), and rate random walk (K) of the BMG160 gyroscope. For this reason, this paper shows how to use Allan Variance (AVAR) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the experimental identification and modeling of the stochastic parameters of the Bosch BMG160 gyroscope embedded in a nanosatellite in order to get an accurate gyroscope model. This work also demonstrates the principle of operation of the equivalent electronic model intended to carry out advanced simulations without recourse to the real material in order to avoid the problem of bad manipulation and availability of the material in order to reduce the time and cost of development. The interpretation of the Allan curves and the PSD obtained from the measurements collected over a long period is presented, as well as a comparison between the real raw data of the BMG160 gyroscope and the designed hardware emulator in both the time and frequency domains. This is done to evaluate the accuracy of the gyroscope model emulating the real sensor in laboratory simulations. The experimental results show that the signals from the emulator and the BMG160 gyroscope are quite close. Therefore, the proposed prototype could be an optimal solution for laboratory calculations and simulations

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Carniani, Enrico, and Renzo Davoli. "The NetWire emulator." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 33, no. 3 (September 2001): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/507758.377671.

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Porobic, Vlado, Evgenije Adzic, and Milan Rapaic. "HIL evaluation of control unit in grid-tied coverters." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 2 (2016): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150928025p.

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Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) emulation is poised to become unsurpassed design tool for development, testing, and optimization of real-time control algorithms for grid connected power electronics converters for distributed generation, active filters and smart grid applications. It is strongly important to examine and test how grid connected converters perform under different operating conditions including grid disturbances and faults. In that sense, converter?s controller is a key component responsible for ensuring safe and high-performance operation. This paper demonstrates an example how ultra-low latency and high fidelity HIL emulator is used to easily, rapidly and exhaustively test and validate standard control strategy for grid connected power electronics converters, without need for expensive hardware prototyping and laboratory test equipment.

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Nurvitadhi, E., Jumnit Hong, and Shih-Lien Lu. "Active Cache Emulator." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 16, no. 3 (March 2008): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2007.912177.

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Li, Fangyuan, Tianshi Wang, Mo Chen, and Huagan Wu. "A unified asymmetric memristive diode-bridge emulator and hardware confirmation." European Physical Journal Special Topics 230, no. 7-8 (June 17, 2021): 1805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00180-3.

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Bender, Vitor C., Norton D. Barth, Fernanda B. Mendes, Rafael A. Pinto, J. Marcos Alonso, and Tiago B. Marchesan. "A Hardware Emulator for OLED Panels Applied to Lighting Systems." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 6, no. 3 (September 2018): 1252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2018.2842157.

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Huang, Pengda, Yongjiu Du, and Yamin Li. "Stability Analysis and Hardware Resource Optimization in Channel Emulator Design." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 63, no. 7 (July 2016): 1089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2016.2555058.

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Guerrieri, Lorenzo, Guido Masera, Igor S. Stievano, Paola Bisaglia, Williams Richard Garcia Valverde, and Mara Concolato. "Automotive Power-Line Communication Channels: Mathematical Characterization and Hardware Emulator." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63, no. 5 (May 2016): 3081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2516508.

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Goldweber, Michael, Renzo Davoli, and Mauro Morsiani. "The Kaya OS project and the μ MPS hardware emulator." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 37, no. 3 (September 2005): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1151954.1067462.

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Luo, Tao, Xuan Wang, Chuping Qu, Matthew Kay Fei Lee, Wai Teng Tang, Weng-Fai Wong, and Rick Siow Mong Goh. "An FPGA-Based Hardware Emulator for Neuromorphic Chip With RRAM." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 39, no. 2 (February 2020): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670.

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Wang, Ying, Zhi Gang Jin, and Yi Shan Su. "Simulator-to-Emulator: Analysis and Design of Experiment Platform for Underwater Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (December 2013): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.219.

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Researchers have proposed many protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSN) in recent years. How to test the designed protocols accurately and effectively in a lab controlled environment has become an important problem. The existing simulators and emulators for UWSN are analyzed and how to design an experimental platform from simulator to emulator in a laboratory environment is proposed. It can accurately simulate the complex environment in water just using a computer, and test the algorithms and protocols for UWSN; it can also do the test in a real environment by the combination of hardware and software. Finally, a set of evaluation indexes for physical layer, MAC layer and network layer of the experimental platform are presented.

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Rajendran, Saravanakumar, Matias Diaz, V. S. Kirthika Devi, Debashisha Jena, Juan Carlos Travieso, and José Rodriguez. "Wind Turbine Emulators—A Review." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030747.

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Renewable energy sources have become a significant alternative energy source due to the continuing depletion of conventional energy sources and fluctuation in fuel costs. Currently, wind energy is the foremost among all other renewable energy sources. However, modeling and analyzing industrial wind turbines is complex as the wind turbine power ratio and size have steadily increased. Undoubtedly, industrial wind turbines are huge and challenging to keep in research labs; simultaneously, exploring the controller/power converter performance is practically impossible. Therefore, to overcome the above drawbacks, wind turbine emulators have been developed to achieve the static and dynamic characteristics of wind energy conversion systems. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the different wind turbine emulators available in the literature. In addition, the implementation of real-time emulators is classified according to the structure and approaches. Furthermore, an extensive analysis of the emulators was presented based on the significant parameters utilized for the real-time wind turbine emulators. Finally, this review analyzes the different emulator topologies according to cost, accuracy, complexity, and hardware implementation.

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Hua, Zhi Gang, Guang Yu Hu, Zhi Gong Wu, Yong Jie Zhai, and Yu Jia Huo. "A Simulation System of Wind Turbine Based on Labwindows." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.943.

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Wind energy is the worlds fastest growing renewable energy source in recent years, and it has drawn worldwide attention. Due to high efficiency, simple topology and stable operation, variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) direct-drive wind power generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is the development trend and one of the focuses of wind power generation system research. The paper introduces the trend of the development wind power generation and the recently research stage on the wind power generation. Based on the VSCF power fundamental principle, the dissertation analyzes the strategy of wind turbine simulation. In the development of wind power generating system, the wind turbine emulator becomes more and more important because it can provide controllable wind turbine characteristics. Simplified mathematical model based on the CT-λ curve is constructed, the system structure and emulation method are analyzing. Hardware and software are designed and implemented, and a laboratory set-up is building which based on DC motor. Experimental results show that the wind turbine emulator is as good as expected.

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Merenda, Massimo, Demetrio Iero, Riccardo Carotenuto, and Francesco G. Della Corte. "Simple and Low-Cost Photovoltaic Module Emulator." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121445.

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The design and testing phase of photovoltaic (PV) power systems requires time-consuming and expensive field-testing activities for the proper operational evaluation of maximum power point trackers (MPPT), battery chargers, DC/AC inverters. Instead, the use of a PV source emulator that accurately reproduces the electrical characteristic of a PV panel or array is highly desirable for in-lab testing and rapid prototyping. In this paper, we present the development of a low-cost microcontroller-based PV source emulator, which allows testing the static and dynamic performance of PV systems considering different PV module types and variable operating and environmental conditions. The novelty of the simple design adopted resides in using a low-cost current generator and a single MOSFET converter to reproduce, from a fixed current source, the exact amount of current predicted by the PV model for the actual load conditions. The I–V characteristic is calculated in real-time using a single diode exponential model under variable and user-selectable operating conditions. The proposed method has the advantage of reducing noise from high-frequency switching, reducing or eliminating ripple and the demand for output filters, and it does not require expensive DC Power source, providing high accuracy results. The fast response of the system allows the testing of very fast MPPTs algorithms, thus overcoming the main limitations of state-of-art PV source emulators that are unable to respond to the quick variation of the load. Experimental results carried on a hardware prototype of the proposed PV source emulator are reported to validate the concept. As a whole result, an average error of ±1% in the reproduction of PV module I–V characteristics have been obtained and reported.

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Nouri, Behnam, Ömer Göksu, Vahan Gevorgian, and Poul Ejnar Sørensen. "Generic characterization of electrical test benches for AC- and HVDC-connected wind power plants." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-561-2020.

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Abstract. The electrical test and assessment of wind turbines go hand in hand with standards and network connection requirements. In this paper, the generic structure of advanced electrical test benches, including grid emulator or controllable grid interface, wind torque emulator, and device under test, is proposed to harmonize state-of-the-art test sites. On the other hand, modern wind turbines are under development towards new features, concerning grid-forming, black-start, and frequency support capabilities as well as harmonic stability and control interaction considerations, to secure the robustness and stability of renewable-energy-based power systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new and revised test standards and methodologies to address the new features of wind turbines. This paper proposes a generic test structure within two main groups, including open-loop and closed-loop tests. The open-loop tests include the IEC 61400-21-1 standard tests as well as the additional proposed test options for the new capabilities of wind turbines, which replicate grid connection compliance tests using open-loop references for the grid emulator. In addition, the closed-loop tests evaluate the device under test as part of a virtual wind power plant and perform real-time simulations considering the grid dynamics. The closed-loop tests concern grid connection topologies consisting of AC and HVDC, as well as different electrical characteristics, including impedance, short-circuit ratio, inertia, and background harmonics. The proposed tests can be implemented using available advanced test benches by adjusting their control systems. The characteristics of a real power system can be emulated by a grid emulator coupled with real-time digital simulator systems through a high-bandwidth power-hardware-in-the-loop interface.

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Zhu, Qiuming, Zikun Zhao, Kai Mao, Xiaomin Chen, Weiqiang Liu, and Qihui Wu. "A Real-Time Hardware Emulator for 3D Non-Stationary U2V Channels." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 68, no. 9 (September 2021): 3951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087777.

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Himani, Himani, and Navneet Sharma. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulator of wind turbine emulator using labview." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp971-986.

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<p><span>This paper describes the design and implementation of Hardware in the Loop (HIL) system D.C. motor based wind turbine emulator for the condition monitoring of wind turbines. Operating the HIL system, it is feasible to replicate the actual operative conditions of wind turbines in a laboratory environment. This method simply and cost-effectively allows evaluating the software and hardware controlling the operation of the generator. This system has been implemented in the LabVIEW based programs by using Advantech- USB-4704-AE Data acquisition card. This paper describes all the components of the systems and their operations along with the control strategies of WTE such as Pitch control and MPPT. Experimental results of the developed simulator using the test rig are benchmarked with the previously verified WT test rigs developed at the Durham University and the University of Manchester in the UK by using the generated current spectra of the generator. Electric subassemblies are most vulnerable to damage in practice, generator-winding faults have been introduced and investigated using the terminal voltage. This wind turbine simulator can be analyzed or reconfigured for the condition monitoring without the requirement of actual WT’s.</span></p>

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Shehata, Mohamed Ghazy, Sumaia Atiwa, and Mokhtar Aboelaze. "A hardware in the loop emulator for a satellite control system." International Journal of Embedded Systems 10, no. 2 (2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijes.2018.10011714.

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Aboelaze, Mokhtar, Mohamed Ghazy Shehata, and Sumaia Atiwa. "A hardware in the loop emulator for a satellite control system." International Journal of Embedded Systems 10, no. 2 (2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijes.2018.090572.

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Gawthrop, P. J., D. W. Virden, S. A. Neild, and D. J. Wagg. "Emulator-based control for actuator-based hardware-in-the-loop testing." Control Engineering Practice 16, no. 8 (August 2008): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2007.10.009.

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Facchinetti, A., and M. Mauri. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Overhead Line Emulator for Active Pantograph Testing." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56, no. 10 (October 2009): 4071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2023632.

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Wang, Qing, Xue Zhe Wei, and Hai Feng Dai. "Hardware-in-Loop Test Platform for Electric Vehicle Cell Battery Management System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 2398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.2398.

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This article introduces a Hardware-In-Loop test platform for electric vehicle Cell Battery Management System (BMS). At first, system structure of test method is projected to make requests for a battery emulator which is the main work of test platform. Then hardware is designed to simulate the input and output signals of BMS. The model for Lithium-ion battery, hardware driver and relative algorithm are built in Matlab/Simulink. After the model is validated, automatic code generation is performed. The code is downloaded to hardware platform. This platform enables validation of BMS instead of using real batteries.

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Xie, Dao Cheng, Zhong Wei Wang, and Qing Hua Zeng. "Real-Time Attitude Simulation of Aerocraft Using dSPACE Emulator and Three-Axis Turn Table." Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (June 2012): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.15.

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To solve the problem of ground simulation of aerocraft attitude in hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS), recurrence of aerocraft attitude is realized using dSPACE emulator and three-axis turn table. The hardware configuration and key technologies of control system are introduced. Construction and downloading of the dynamic model is done in dSPACE monitor computer, the model is calculated in dSPACE emulator. The communication between dSPACE and turn table is settled with serial-port of DS4201s card. The rotate motion of the inner middle and outer axis correspond to the three-channel motion of the aerocraft body. Simulation results indicate that dSPACE finish calculating complicated dynamic model, sending and receiving velocity data through serial-port is proper, bandwidth of turn table satisfies the need of simulation. Real rotating velocity of turn table is displayed using Controldesk tools, and fits well with the digital simulation data in pitching yawing and rolling directions, and the need for real-time attitude simulation in HILS is satisfied.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hardware Emulator'

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