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1
Chaves, Ricardo, Carlos Senna, Miguel Luís, et al. "EmuCD: An Emulator for Content Dissemination Protocols in Vehicular Networks." Future Internet 12, no. 12 (2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12120234.
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The development of protocols for mobile networks, especially for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), presents great challenges in terms of testing in real conditions. Using a production network for testing communication protocols may not be feasible, and the use of small networks does not meet the requirements for mobility and scale found in real networks. The alternative is to use simulators and emulators, but vehicular network simulators do not meet all the requirements for effective testing. Aspects closely linked to the behaviour of the network nodes (mobility, radio communication capabilities, etc.) are particularly important in mobile networks, where a delay tolerance capability is desired. This paper proposes a distributed emulator, EmuCD, where each network node is built in a container that consumes a data trace that defines the node’s mobility and connectivity in a real network (but also allowing the use of data from simulated networks). The emulated nodes interact directly with the container’s operating system, updating the network conditions at each step of the emulation. In this way, our emulator allows the development and testing of protocols, without any relation to the emulator, whose code is directly portable to any hardware without requiring changes or customizations. Using the facilities of our emulator, we tested InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), Sprinkler and BitTorrent content dissemination protocols with real mobility and connectivity data from a real vehicular network. The tests with a real VANET and with the emulator have shown that, under similar conditions, EmuCD performs closely to the real VANET, only lacking in the finer details that are extremely hard to emulate, such as varying loads in the hardware.
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Kirei, Botond Sandor, Calin-Adrian Farcas, Cosmin Chira, Ionut-Alin Ilie, and Marius Neag. "Hardware Emulation of Step-Down Converter Power Stages for Digital Control Design." Electronics 12, no. 6 (2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061328.
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This paper proposes a methodology of delivering the emulation hardware of several step-down converter power stages. The generalized emulator design methodology follows these steps: first, the power stage is described using an ordinary differential equation system; second, the ordinary differential equation system is solved using Euler’s method, and thus an accurate time-domain model is obtained; next, this time-domain model can be described using either general-purpose programming language (MATLAB, C, etc.) or hardware description language (VHDL, Verilog, etc.). As a result, the emulator has been created; validation of the emulator may be carried out by comparing it to SPICE transient simulations. Finally, the validated emulator can be implemented on the preferred target technology, either in a general-purpose processor or a field programmable gate array. As the emulator relies on the ordinary differential equation system of the power stage, it has better behavioral accuracy than the emulators based on average state space models. Moreover, this paper also presents the design methodology of a manually tuned proportional–integrative–derivative controller deployed on a field programmable gate array.
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Ganapathy, Apoorva, and Taposh Kumar Neogy. "Artificial Intelligence Price Emulator: A Study on Cryptocurrency." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 6, no. 2 (2017): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v6i2.558.
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The cryptocurrency Artificial intelligence price emulator is a software programmed to collect cryptocurrency market data, analyze the data and predict the market price using the collected data. Computer emulators are programmed to mimic and copy behaviors or other software/hardware. The reason for emulation is to get to a particular result as quickly as possible. Machine learning is the ability of computers to read and process data while learning from the data with human interference or influence. This work focused majorly on how cryptocurrency market prices can be emulated using Artificial Intelligence with machine learning abilities. It also looked into the advantages of using the software for crypto investors. Some of which is the reduced time of research, reduction of risk, among others.
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Ozawa, Felipe, Marco Rocha, Guilherme Lucas, Wallace Souza, and Andre Andreoli. "Application of Torque Transducer and Rotary Encoder in a Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Emulation." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06633.
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Wind energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. For the constant evolution of power generation technology, the use of sensors is fundamental to the development of wind turbine emulators. A wind turbine emulator allows tests and evaluations of a wind power system, regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, to further improve this technology, this work focuses on the application of a torque transducer and a rotary encoder for the implementation of a closed-loop wind turbine emulator. The sensors provide the torque and speed feedback signals to the computational model so that the model could plot the power curves and produce the set point voltage used by a variable-frequency drive (VFD) to control a three-phase induction motor (TIM). The emulator was implemented using a control algorithm designed on LabVIEW, with an NI 6211 for the data acquisition. Finally, the system emulates the behaviour of a wind turbine, considering the variations in wind speed, aerodynamic phenomena, load effects, and pitch angle. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the TIM-VFD assembly for emulating a wind turbine since the wind turbine emulator behaved like a wind turbine in real-time.
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Ye, Zhijing, Fei Hu, Lin Zhang, Zhe Chu, and Zheng O'Neill. "A Low-Cost Experimental Testbed for Energy-Saving HVAC Control Based on Human Behavior Monitoring." International Journal of Cyber-Physical Systems 2, no. 1 (2020): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcps.2020010103.
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Heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. Occupancy sensors' data can be used for HVAC control since they indicate the number of people in the building. HVAC/sensor interactions show the essential features of a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). However, there are communication protocol incompatibility issues in the CPS interface between the sensors and the building HVAC server. Through either wired or wireless communication links, the server always needs to understand the communication schedule to receive occupant values from sensors. This paper proposes two hardware-based emulators to investigate the use of wired/wireless communication interfaces for occupancy sensor-based building CPS control. The interaction scheme between sensors and HVAC server will be discussed. The authors have built two hardware/software emulation platforms to investigate the sensor/HVAC integration strategies. The first emulator demonstrates the residential building's energy control by using sensors and Raspberry pi boards to emulate the functions/responses of a static thermostat. In this case, room HVAC temperature settings could be changed in real-time with a high resolution based on the collected sensor data. The second emulator is built to show the energy control in commercial building by transmitting the sensor data and control signals via BACnet in HVAC system. Both emulators discussed above are portable (i.e., all hardware units can be easily taken to a new place) and have extremely low cost. This research tests the whole system with YABE (Yet Another BACnet Explorer) and WebCTRL.
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Díaz, Edel, Raúl Mateos, Emilio J. Bueno, and Rubén Nieto. "Enabling Parallelized-QEMU for Hardware/Software Co-Simulation Virtual Platforms." Electronics 10, no. 6 (2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060759.
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Presently, the trend is to increase the number of cores per chip. This growth is appreciated in Multi-Processor System-On-Chips (MPSoC), composed of more cores in heterogeneous and homogeneous architectures in recent years. Thus, the difficulty of verification of this type of system has been great. The hardware/software co-simulation Virtual Platforms (VP) are presented as a perfect solution to address this complexity, allowing verification by simulation/emulation of software and hardware in the same environment. Some works parallelized the software emulator to reduce the verification times. An example of this parallelization is the QEMU (Quick EMUlator) tool. However, there is no solution to synchronize QEMU with the hardware simulator in this new parallel mode. This work analyzes the current software emulators and presents a new method to allow an external synchronization of QEMU in its parallelized mode. Timing details of the cores are taken into account. In addition, performance analysis of the software emulator with the new synchronization mechanism is presented, using: (1) a boot Linux for MPSoC Zynq-7000 (dual-core ARM Cortex-A9) (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA); (2) an FPGA-Linux co-simulation of a power grid monitoring system that is subsequently implemented in an industrial application. The results show that the novel synchronization mechanism does not add any appreciable computational load and enables parallelized-QEMU in hardware/software co-simulation virtual platforms.
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Guo, Yifeng, Limin Huang, Min Zhang, Min He, Bin Zhong, and Dakun Fan. "A versatilely high fidelity electric machines emulator for rapid testing of motor controller." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0299371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299371.
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Electric machines emulators (EMEs) based on hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), which effectively act as emulators to mimic the actual motor behavior of Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machines. EME is frequently used to evaluate motor controller and motor control methodologies prior to development. The inverse magnetization motor model, which is used as the basis for real-time simulation in this paper’s proposal for an electric machine emulator system based on HIL, uses FEA to create the motor model data. The nonlinear features of the motor may be successfully replicated with this motor model, and the accuracy of the electric machine emulator can be enhanced by using a straightforward and trustworthy motor controller. The real-time simulation tool typhoon HIL is used in the study to develop a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for an IPM electric machines emulator.
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Fatah, Amir, Tarek Boutabba, Idriss Benlaloui, et al. "Design, and dynamic evaluation of a novel photovoltaic pumping system emulation with DS1104 hardware setup: Towards innovative in green energy systems." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0308212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308212.
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Diesel engines (DEs) commonly power pumps used in agricultural and grassland irrigation. However, relying on unpredictable and costly fuel sources for DEs pose’s challenges related to availability, reliability, maintenance, and lifespan. Addressing these environmental concerns, this study introduces an emulation approach for photovoltaic (PV) water pumping (WP) systems. Emulation offers a promising alternative due to financial constraints, spatial limitations, and climate dependency in full-scale systems. The proposed setup includes three key elements: a PV system emulator employing back converter control to replicate PV panel characteristics, a boost converter with an MPPT algorithm for efficient power tracking across diverse conditions, and a motor pump (MP) emulator integrating an induction motor connected to a DC generator to simulate water pump behaviors. Precise induction motor control is achieved through a controlled inverter. This work innovatively combines PV and WP emulation while optimizing system dynamics, aiming to develop a comprehensive emulator and evaluate an enhanced control algorithm. An optimized scalar control strategy regulates the water MP, demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations that highlight superior performance and responsiveness to solar irradiation variations compared to conventional MPPT techniques. Experimental validation using the dSPACE control desk DS1104 confirms the emulator’s ability to faithfully reproduce genuine solar panel characteristics.
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Modares, Jalil, Nicholas Mastronarde, and Karthik Dantu. "Simulating unmanned aerial vehicle swarms with the UB-ANC Emulator." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (January 2019): 175682931983766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319837668.
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Recent advances in multi-rotor vehicle control and miniaturization of hardware, sensing, and battery technologies have enabled cheap, practical design of micro air vehicles for civilian and hobby applications. In parallel, several applications are being envisioned that bring together a swarm of multiple networked micro air vehicles to accomplish large tasks in coordination. However, it is still very challenging to deploy multiple micro air vehicles concurrently. To address this challenge, we have developed an open software/hardware platform called the University at Buffalo’s Airborne Networking and Communications Testbed (UB-ANC), and an associated emulation framework called the UB-ANC Emulator. In this paper, we present the UB-ANC Emulator, which combines multi-micro air vehicle planning and control with high-fidelity network simulation, enables practitioners to design micro air vehicle swarm applications in software and provides seamless transition to deployment on actual hardware. We demonstrate the UB-ANC Emulator’s accuracy against experimental data collected in two mission scenarios: a simple mission with three networked micro air vehicles and a sophisticated coverage path planning mission with a single micro air vehicle. To accurately reflect the performance of a micro air vehicle swarm where communication links are subject to interference and packet losses, and protocols at the data link, network, and transport layers affect network throughput, latency, and reliability, we integrate the open-source discrete-event network simulator ns-3 into the UB-ANC Emulator. We demonstrate through node-to-node and end-to-end measurements how the UB-ANC Emulator can be used to simulate multiple networked micro air vehicles with accurate modeling of mobility, control, wireless channel characteristics, and network protocols defined in ns-3.
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Samosir, Ahmad Saudi, Herri Gusmedi, and Alfin Fitrohul Huda. "Design and implementation of PV emulator based on synchronous buck converter using Arduino Nano microcontroller." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 16, no. 1 (2025): 448. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp448-456.
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This paper discusses the comprehensive design and implementation of a photovoltaic (PV) emulator hardware using a synchronous buck converter. The primary objective is to simulate the electrical characteristics of a real PV module under varying environmental conditions. The process involves detailed simulations carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software to evaluate the performance and accuracy of the emulator model. Various load values were tested to account for the impact of fluctuations in radiation and temperature. The accuracy of the emulator's output characteristics was validated by comparing them with the actual attributes of the SolarWorld Sun-module SW50 PV module. The final step involves constructing the hardware of the PV emulator using electronic components, with an Arduino Nano employed as the controller.
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Samosir, Ahmad Saudi, Herri Gusmedi, and Alfin Fitrohul Huda. "Design and implementation of PV emulator based on synchronous buck converter using Arduino Nano microcontroller." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 16, no. 1 (2025): 448–56. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp448-456.
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This paper discusses the comprehensive design and implementation of a photovoltaic (PV) emulator hardware using a synchronous buck converter. The primary objective is to simulate the electrical characteristics of a real PV module under varying environmental conditions. The process involves detailed simulations carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software to evaluate the performance and accuracy of the emulator model. Various load values were tested to account for the impact of fluctuations in radiation and temperature. The accuracy of the emulator's output characteristics was validated by comparing them with the actual attributes of the SolarWorld Sun-module SW50 PV module. The final step involves constructing the hardware of the PV emulator using electronic components, with an Arduino Nano employed as the controller.
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Ma, Chao-Tsung, Zhen-Yu Tsai, Hung-Hsien Ku, and Chin-Lung Hsieh. "Design and Implementation of a Flexible Photovoltaic Emulator Using a GaN-Based Synchronous Buck Converter." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121587.
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In order to efficiently facilitate various research works related to power converter design and testing for solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, it is a great merit to use advanced power-converter-based and digitally controlled PV emulators in place of actual PV modules to reduce the space, cost, and time to obtain the required scenarios of solar irradiances for various functional tests. This paper presents a flexible PV emulator based on gallium nitride (GaN), a wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor, and a based synchronous buck converter and controlled with a digital signal processor (DSP). With the help of GaN-based switching devices, the proposed emulator can accurately mimic the dynamic voltage-current characteristics of any PV module under normal irradiance and partial shading conditions. With the proposed PV emulator, it is possible to closely emulate any PV module characteristic both theoretically, based on manufacturer’s datasheets, and experimentally, based on measured data from practical PV modules. A curve fitting algorithm is used to handle the real-time generation of control signals for the digital controller. Both simulation with computer software and implementation on 1 kW GaN-based experimental hardware using Texas Instruments DSP as the controller have been carried out. Results show that the proposed emulator achieves efficiency as high as 99.05% and exhibits multifaceted application features in tracking various PV voltage and current parameters, demonstrating the feasibility and excellent performance of the proposed PV emulator.
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Peskar, Jarrett, Kerry Sado, Austin Downey, Kristen Booth, and Jamil Khan. "Battery Emulator for Coupled Electro-Thermo Powertrain Testing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 7 (2023): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-027969mtgabs.
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Approved, DCN# 543-443-23 Battery emulation systems are useful for testing and evaluating powertrain systems; but typically,only consider the electrical characteristics of a battery. Powertrains with shared cooling components/systems between batteries and power electronics would benefit from hardware-in-the-loop testing facilities that consider both the electrical and thermal aspects of energy storage. In this work a battery emulator that physically emulates both the electrical and thermal characteristics with a coupled electro-thermal powertrain testbed is demonstrated. The coupled electro-thermo model links the electrical and thermal outputs together and calculates them in real-time. The electrical model is an equivalent circuit representation of a battery making use of experimental data from tested cells. The electrical model is coupled to the thermal model through temperature-dependent parameters of the cell resistance and open circuit voltages. The thermal model is a lumped isothermal reduced order heat generation model. This model will calculate the net heat generated from the ohmic losses, entropic losses, and losses to cooling (liquid and ambient). The thermal model is coupled to the electrical model by being dependent on the cell’s state of charge and using the cell’s current and voltage outputs for its governing equations. Models are parameterized on experimental data acquired through pulsed hybrid testing. In this work, a 3.5 kWh battery pack with a discharge of 40 amps at 48 volts generating 38.4 Watts of heat is emulated in an electro-thermo powertrain testbed configured to represent an electric naval platform such as a small autonomous boat subjected to both baseline and pulsed loading. The electrical emulation is performed through a bidirectional power supply and thermal emulation through a resistive heater. The electro-thermo powertrain testbed then dissipates the emulated electrical energy through power convertors and electronic loads while the thermal energy is dissipated through a heat exchanger that also cools the power convertors. Numerical and experimental validation demonstrate that the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator is capable of accurately representing the electrical and thermal aspects of a 3.5 kWh battery. Limitations in terms of emulating batteries at higher temperatures and current draws are discussed. Effects of scaling the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator are also presented. Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under contract NO. N00014-22-C-1003 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited
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Zhu, Qiuming, Wei Huang, Kai Mao, et al. "A Flexible FPGA-Based Channel Emulator for Non-Stationary MIMO Fading Channels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124161.
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In this paper, a discrete non-stationary multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model suitable for the fixed-point realization on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform is proposed. On this basis, we develop a flexible hardware architecture with configurable channel parameters and implement it on a non-stationary MIMO channel emulator in a single FPGA chip. In addition, an improved non-stationary channel emulation method is employed to guarantee accurate channel fading and phase, and the schemes of other key modules are also illustrated and implemented in a single FPGA chip. Hardware tests demonstrate that the output statistical properties of proposed channel emulator, i.e., the probability density function (PDF), cross-correlation function (CCF), Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), and the power delay profile (PDP) agree well with the corresponding theoretical ones.
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Verani, Alessandro, Roberto Di Rienzo, Niccolò Nicodemo, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Modular Battery Emulator for Development and Functional Testing of Battery Management Systems: Hardware Design and Characterization." Electronics 12, no. 5 (2023): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051232.
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Battery Management Systems are essential for safe and effective use of Lithium-Ion batteries. The increasing complexity of the control and estimation algorithms requires deeper functional testing and validation phases of BMSs. However, the use of real batteries in such phases leads to hazards and safety risks. Battery emulators and the Hardware-in-the-Loop approach can instead speed-up and increase the safety of the functional testing and algorithm validation phases. This work describes the design and the characterization of a low-cost modular multi-cell battery emulator which provides a complete emulation of cell voltage, temperature, and current. This platform can be used to carry out Hardware-in-the-Loop tests on custom and commercial Battery Management Systems. The paper describes the platform design constraints derived from the most diffused Battery Management System architectures, the main design and implementation choices, and the platform characterization results. The proposed emulation platform is compared with literature and commercial ones showing a very good trade-off between performance and cost. This characteristic makes it appealing for small-size laboratories that develop and test Battery Management Systems. The project has therefore been made available to the scientific community as a freely downloadable open hardware platform.
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Calcaterra, Claudio, Alessio Carmenini, Andrea Marotta, Ubaldo Bucci, and Dajana Cassioli. "MaxHadoop: An Efficient Scalable Emulation Tool to Test SDN Protocols in Emulated Hadoop Environments." Journal of Network and Systems Management 28, no. 4 (2020): 1610–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10922-020-09552-x.
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Abstract This paper presents MaxHadoop, a flexible and scalable emulation tool, which allows the efficient and accurate emulation of Hadoop environments over Software Defined Networks (SDNs). Hadoop has been designed to manage endless data-streams over networks, making it a tailored candidate to support the new class of network services belonging to Big Data. The development of Hadoop is contemporary with the evolution of networks towards the new architectures “Software Defined.” To create our emulation environment, tailored to SDNs, we employ MaxiNet, given its capability of emulating large-scale SDNs. We make it possible to emulate realistic Hadoop scenarios on large-scale SDNs using low-cost commodity hardware, by resolving a few key limitations of MaxiNet through appropriate configuration settings. We validate the MaxHadoop emulator by executing two benchmarks, namely WordCount and TeraSort, to evaluate a set of Key Performance Indicators. The tests’ outcomes evidence that MaxHadoop outperforms other existing emulation tools running over commodity hardware. Finally, we show the potentiality of MaxHadoop by utilizing it to perform a comparison of SDN-based network protocols.
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Anggraini, Silvi, and Krismadinata. "Prototipe Emulator Panel Surya Menggunakan Buck Converter Berbasis Arduino dan Graphical User Interface Matlab." MSI Transaction on Education 4, no. 2 (2023): 107–22. https://doi.org/10.46574/mted.v4i2.115.
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Tulisan ini membahas perancangan perangkat keras emulator sel surya, memonitoring keluaran emulator menggunakan MATLAB GUI, dan membandingkan karakteristik hasil pengukuran langsung dengan karakteristik hasil simulasi untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja sistem panel surya. Emulator panel surya ini akan dimodelkan dengan persamaan matematis di Arduino Uno dengan menginputkan nilai iradiasi, suhu, arus dan tegangan keluaran buck converter yang diberikan sebagai umpan balik dan menghasilkan arus referensi yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan arus keluaran buck converter dimana kesalahan perbandingan akan di kontrol oleh kendali PID. Hasil uji coba dengan hardware emulator sel surya menunjukkan karakteristik yang mirip dengan modul Solkar 36, dengan tingkat kesalahan rerata sekitar 5,16% untuk daya maksimum, 2,08% untuk arus short circuit, dan 0,28% untuk tegangan open circuit. Penurunan nilai iradiasi mengakibatkan penurunan rata-rata pada arus short circuit, tegangan open circuit, dan daya maksimum sekitar 0,761 A, 0,558 V, dan 17,034 W. Selain itu, rata-rata penurunan Voc dan daya maksimum akibat kenaikan suhu 10 ºC yaitu 0,26 V dan 1,11182 W, sedangkan Isc mengalami peningkatan sekitar 0,015 A. This study discusses the hardware design of a solar cell emulator, monitoring the emulator's output using a MATLAB GUI, and comparing the characteristics of direct measurements with the characteristics of simulation results to determine the solar panel system's performance. This solar panel emulator will be modeled with mathematical equations on an Arduino Uno by inputting values such as irradiance, temperature, current, and output voltage of the buck converter as feedback and generating a reference current, which is then compared with the buck converter's output current. The comparison error will be controlled by a PID controller. Experimental results with the solar cell emulator hardware show characteristics similar to the Solkar 36 module, with an average error rate of about 5.16% for maximum power, 2.08% for short-circuit current, and 0.28% for open-circuit voltage. A decrease in irradiance results in an average decrease in short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and maximum power by about 0.761 A, 0.558 V, and 17.034 W, respectively. In addition, the average decrease in Voc and maximum power due to a 10 ºC temperature increase is 0.26 V and 1.11182 W, while Isc increases by approximately 0.015 A.
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Ahmed, Mostafa, Ibrahim Harbi, Ralph Kennel, and Mohamed Abdelrahem. "Maximum Power Point Tracking Implementation under Partial Shading Conditions Using Low-Cost Photovoltaic Emulator." Eng 3, no. 4 (2022): 424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng3040031.
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Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a pivotal objective for photovoltaic (PV) systems. To test various MPPT techniques, a reliable and effective PV emulator is required. Therefore, this article proposes a low-cost PV emulator for partial shading conditions, in which a cascaded structure of a DC power source with a resistor is constructed to generate the multiple peaks of the power-voltage (P-V) curve. The proposed structure is simple and modular. Consequently, it can be extended to obtain several peaks in the P-V characteristics to emulate more complex partial shading conditions. The partial shading occurrence over the PV source (PV array) causes a significant power loss production from the PV system. To increase the PV system’s efficiency, optimization techniques are employed to harness the global power. Accordingly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to track the global peak. Furthermore, the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method is applied for comparison and investigation. The proposed PV emulation system is validated under different operating conditions using simulation and experimental hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results.
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Rink, Robert, Robert Małkowski, Bartłomiej Gawin, and Klara Janiga. "Concept and Implementation of Innovative Scalable Wind Turbine Emulator with Doubly Fed Asynchronous Machine." Energies 18, no. 4 (2025): 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040808.
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This paper presents the design of an innovative scalable wind turbine emulator. The system’s hardware and software components are described in detail including test results, demonstrating the research potential of the proposed design. The uniqueness of the proposed solution lies in its scalability, achieved despite the use of physical devices with fixed parameters. This scalability allows for the flexible shaping of the system’s structure and parameters, allowing it to emulate both individual wind turbines with a capacity ranging from kilowatts to megawatts as well as aggregated models of entire wind farms. The emulator was developed using the hardware-in-the loop (HIL) concept and consists of a digital part including aerodynamic and mechanical models (wind, rotor, shaft models, disturbances, etc.) and control systems for mechanical and electrical devices within the wind turbine. The digital component has a modular structure, which allows for the replacement of any module of the native control system with the user’s custom designed one and testing its properties over a broad range of parameters. The test results presented in the article demonstrate a satisfactory level of accuracy of the developed emulator.
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Babu, Vignesh, and David Nicol. "Mechanisms for Precise Virtual Time Advancement in Network Emulation." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 32, no. 2 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478867.
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Network emulators enable rapid prototyping and testing of applications. In a typical emulation, the execution order and process execution burst lengths are managed by the host platform’s operating system, largely independent of the emulator. Timerbased mechanisms are typically used, but the imprecision of timer firings introduces imprecision in the advancement of time. This leads to statistical variation in behavior that is not due to the model. This article describes an open-source tool called Kronos, which provides a set of mechanisms for precise instruction-level tracking of process execution and control over execution order of containers, thus improving the mapping of executed behavior to advancement in time. This, and control of execution and placement of emulated processes in virtual time make the behavior of the emulation independent of the CPU resources of the platform that hosts the emulation. Under Kronos each process has its own virtual clock that is advanced based on a count of the number of \( \times \) 86 assembly instructions executed by its children. Two types of instruction counting techniques are discussed: (1) hardware-assisted mechanisms that are transparent to the executing application and (2) binary instrumentation-assisted mechanisms that modify the executing binary. We analyze the overheads associated with each approach and experimentally demonstrate the impact of Kronos’ time advancement precision by comparing it against emulations that, like Kronos, are embedded in virtual time, but unlike Kronos rely on Linux timers to control virtual machines and measure their progress in virtual time. We present two useful applications where Kronos aids in generating high-fidelity emulation results at low hardware costs: (1) analyzing protocol performance and (2) enabling analysis of cyber physical control systems. We also discuss limitations associated with simple linear conversions between instruction counts and ascribed virtual time and develop and evaluate more accurate virtual time conversion models.
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Samano-Ortega, Víctor, Alfredo Padilla-Medina, Micael Bravo-Sanchez, Elías Rodriguez-Segura, Alonso Jimenez-Garibay, and Juan Martinez-Nolasco. "Hardware in the Loop Platform for Testing Photovoltaic System Control." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (2020): 8690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238690.
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The hardware in the loop (HIL) technique allows you to reproduce the behavior of a dynamic system or part of it in real time. This quality makes HIL a useful tool in the controller validation process and is widely used in multiple areas including photovoltaic systems (PVSs). This study presents the development of an HIL system to emulate the behavior of a PVS that includes a photovoltaic panel (PVP) and a DC-DC boost converter connected in series. The emulator was embedded into an NI-myRIO development board that operates with an integration time of 10 µs and reproduces the behavior of the real system with a mean percent error of 2.0478%, compared to simulation results. The implemented emulator is proposed as a platform for the validation of control systems. With it, the experimental stage is carried out on two controllers connected to the PVS without having the real system and allowing to emulate different operating conditions. The first controller is based on the Hill Climbing algorithm for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the second is a proportional integral (PI) controller for voltage control. Both controllers generate settling times of less than 3 s; the MPPT controller generates variations in the output in steady state inherent to the algorithm used. For both cases, the comparison of the experimental results with those obtained through software simulation show that the platform fulfills its usefulness when evaluating control systems.
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Choi, Seonghyun, and Woojoo Lee. "Developing a Grover's quantum algorithm emulator on standalone FPGAs: optimization and implementation." AIMS Mathematics 9, no. 11 (2024): 30939–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.20241493.
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<p>Quantum computing (QC) leverages superposition, entanglement, and parallelism to solve complex problems that are challenging for classical computing methods. The immense potential of QC has spurred explosive interest and research in both academia and industry. However, the practicality of QC based on large-scale quantum computers remains limited by issues of scalability and error correction. To bridge this gap, QC emulators utilizing classical computing resources have emerged, with modern implementations employing FPGAs for efficiency. Nevertheless, FPGA-based QC emulators face significant limitations, particularly in standalone implementations required for low-power, low-performance devices like IoT end nodes, embedded systems, and wearable devices, due to their substantial resource demands. This paper proposes optimization techniques to reduce resource requirements and enable standalone FPGA implementations of QC emulators. We specifically focused on Grover's algorithm, known for its excellent performance in searching unstructured databases. The proposed resource-saving optimization techniques allow for the emulation of the largest possible Grover's algorithm within the constrained resources of FPGAs. Using these optimization techniques, we developed a hardware accelerator for Grover's algorithm and integrated it with a RISC-V processor architecture. We completed a standalone Grover's algorithm-specific emulator operating on FPGAs, demonstrating significant performance enhancements and resource savings afforded by the proposed techniques.</p>
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Narang, Sanjoli, and Siddharth Tallur. "Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based programmable digital emulator of vibratory microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (2022): 035003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0065642.
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This paper presents a hardware emulator of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes that can be used for characterization and verification of control/interface electronics by means of hardware-in-the-loop testing, thus speeding up design cycles by decoupling these tasks from the often longer MEMS design and fabrication cycles. The easily re-configurable hardware emulator is completely synthesized on a field-programmable gate array board. The emulator is shown to successfully model the Coriolis effect along with the prominent error sources present in typical MEMS gyroscopes, namely, quadrature error, spring nonlinearity, and thermo-mechanical, electronic, and environmental noise. Preliminary experimental results characterizing the noise and nonlinearity models based on a prototype with user-controllable device parameters synthesized on the Xilinx Zynq®-7020 SoC (Digilent ZYBO Z7 board) are presented.
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Zhang, Shi Tong, Liang Chu, Liang Yao, Yi Yang, and Hua Zhang. "The Design of Regenerative Braking System with a Pedal Emulator." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1602.
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According to the regenerative braking system(RBS) with a pedal emulator as well as the control strategy. Design a hardware test platform of power regenerative system and the scheme of software experiment. Aim at the control strategy, braking safety and braking feeling of RBS with a braking pedal emulator is confirmed via hardware in loop (HIL) test. A high regenerative rate is obtained. From the result of simulation, the pedal force line from RBS with a pedal emulator is between the envelope curve of the pedal force from conventional vehicle. Actual wheel cylinder pressure can follow the change of target pressure very well. The regenerative braking rate reaches 53%.
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FORTUNA, LUIGI, MATTIA FRASCA, ANGELO SARRA FIORE, and LEON O. CHUA. "THE WOLFRAM MACHINE." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 12 (2010): 3863–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410028100.
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A new stand-alone complex system hardware emulator, called the Wolfram Machine, is introduced in this paper. The system is a programmable hardware cellular automaton able to emulate and show the outcome of all elementary cellular automata, allowing for their experimental analysis. The system consists of an LED matrix and a board equipped with a microcontroller. This simple low-cost system can be programmed to reproduce the complex behavior of Wolfram's cellular automata, ranging from periodic patterns to Turing machines and Isles of Eden. A complete gallery of experiments is included.
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Ye, Zhijing, Zheng O’Neill, and Fei Hu. "Hardware-Based Emulator with Deep Learning Model for Building Energy Control and Prediction Based on Occupancy Sensors’ Data." Information 12, no. 12 (2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12120499.
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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. Occupancy sensors’ data can be used for HVAC control since it indicates the number of people in the building. HVAC and sensors form a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, we aim to build a hardware-based emulation platform to study the occupancy data’s features, which can be further extracted by using machine learning models. In particular, we propose two hardware-based emulators to investigate the use of wired/wireless communication interfaces for occupancy sensor-based building CPS control, and the use of deep learning to predict the building energy consumption with the sensor data. We hypothesize is that the building energy consumption may be predicted by using the occupancy data collected by the sensors, and question what type of prediction model should be used to accurately predict the energy load. Another hypothesis is that an in-lab hardware/software platform could be built to emulate the occupancy sensing process. The machine learning algorithms can then be used to analyze the energy load based on the sensing data. To test the emulator, the occupancy data from the sensors is used to predict energy consumption. The synchronization scheme between sensors and the HVAC server will be discussed. We have built two hardware/software emulation platforms to investigate the sensor/HVAC integration strategies, and used an enhanced deep learning model—which has sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory (Seq2Seq LSTM)—with an attention model to predict the building energy consumption with the preservation of the intrinsic patterns. Because the long-range temporal dependencies are captured, the Seq2Seq models may provide a higher accuracy by using LSTM architectures with encoder and decoder. Meanwhile, LSTMs can capture the temporal and spatial patterns of time series data. The attention model can highlight the most relevant input information in the energy prediction by allocating the attention weights. The communication overhead between the sensors and the HVAC control server can also be alleviated via the attention mechanism, which can automatically ignore the irrelevant information and amplify the relevant information during CNN training. Our experiments and performance analysis show that, compared with the traditional LSTM neural network, the performance of the proposed method has a 30% higher prediction accuracy.
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Sánchez Vázquez, Marco Antonio, Ismael Araujo-Vargas, and Kevin Cano-Pulido. "Emulator Based on Switching Functions for a Dual Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (August 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5930548.
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Under the unavailability of some components of a complex system, the Hardware In the Loop (HIL) tool allows the emulation of other subsystems. When these devices are not available, a customized emulator can be developed based on the Piecewise Linear Model (PWLM) and a numerical method for solving the differential equations system. However, these implementations require the use of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with extensive hardware resources. In this article we propose the use of switching functions for the modeling of power converters of a Hybrid Power System (HPS), allowing the reduction of hardware resources of the FPGA, and the number of steps per switching cycle is increased. The results are compared with SABER simulations and a PWLM evaluated with the Euler method.
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Kellermüller, Sandro, Artjoms Obushevs, Miguel Ramirez Gonzalez, and Petr Korba. "Digital Twin Development of a Dynamic Hardware Emulator." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134547.
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The increasing deployment of new technologies to contribute to the decarbonization of power systems is imposing new challenges in terms of system dynamics and stability. To deal with different operating and control issues in this sense, and support actual needs, advanced tools and solutions are required. Therefore, this paper presents a digital twin of a dynamic hardware emulator that can be used for controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) testing and is based on a small-scale laboratory system. To build the simulation model, the parameters of involved synchronous machines, excitation systems, prime movers and transmission lines have been identified and then compared to laboratory measurements to assess the accuracy of the digital twin. Static and dynamic accuracy have been investigated and an overall good accuracy can be shown with the help of quantification of errors. Furthermore, a case study is presented where the digital twin was used to design a controller to damp inter-area oscillations with the help of wide area measurements. This controller was then implemented and tested within the dynamic hardware emulator in the laboratory.
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ARIK, SEDA, and RECAİ KILIÇ. "RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE PLATFORM FOR EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND VERIFYING OF MEMRISTOR-BASED CHAOTIC SYSTEMS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 10 (2014): 1450145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661450145x.
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Although the memristor is produced physically, it is not commercially available yet. For this reason the testing and verifying of memristor-based systems are performed only by using simulation tools and emulator circuits composed of generally discrete components. In this study, field programmable analog array (FPAA) as a reconfigurable hardware platform is introduced for the experimental testing and verifying of memristor-based chaotic systems. By using this platform, it is possible to implement several memristor-based chaotic systems characterized with different nonlinear functions on a unique hardware in a reconfigurable and programmable manner without the need for different emulators. For this purpose, three memristor-based chaotic systems were constructed on this platform and their behaviors were verified experimentally.
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Messo, Tuomas, Roni Luhtala, Tomi Roinila, et al. "Using High-Bandwidth Voltage Amplifier to Emulate Grid-Following Inverter for AC Microgrid Dynamics Studies." Energies 12, no. 3 (2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030379.
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AC microgrid is an attractive way to energize local loads due to remotely located renewable generation. The AC microgrid can conceptually comprise several grid-forming and grid-following power converters, renewable energy sources, energy storage and local loads. To study the microgrid dynamics, power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based test setups are commonly used since they provide high flexibility and enable testing the performance of real converters. In a standard PHIL setup, different components of the AC microgrid exist as real commercial devices or electrical emulators or, alternatively, can be simulated using real-time simulators. For accurate, reliable and repeatable results, the PHIL-setup should be able to capture the dynamics of the microgrid loads and sources as accurately as possible. Several studies have shown how electrical machines, dynamic RLC loads, battery storages and photovoltaic and wind generators can be emulated in a PHIL setup. However, there are no studies discussing how a three-phase grid-following power converter with its internal control functions should be emulated, regardless of the fact that grid-following converters (e.g., photovoltaic and battery storage inverters) are the basic building blocks of AC microgrids. One could naturally use a real converter to represent such dynamic load. However, practical implementation of a real three-phase converter is much more challenging and requires special knowledge. To simplify the practical implementation of microgrid PHIL-studies, this paper demonstrates the use of a commercial high-bandwidth voltage amplifier as a dynamic three-phase power converter emulator. The dynamic performance of the PHIL setup is evaluated by identifying the small-signal impedance of the emulator with various control parameters and by time-domain step tests. The emulator is shown to yield the same impedance behavior as real three-phase converters. Thus, dynamic phenomena such as harmonic resonance in the AC microgrid can be studied in the presence of grid-following converters.
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Barzola, Jhonny, Francisco Naranjo Francisco Naranjo, Julio Guerra, and Carlos Morán. "A Lead-Acid Battery Discharge Emulator with a Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Low-Power General Applications." Data and Metadata 4 (March 28, 2025): 765. https://doi.org/10.56294/dm2025765.
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This study addresses the critical need for efficient laboratory methods to test battery performance, identified through a bibliometric analysis of research trends in battery technologies, integration challenges, lifespan, and recovery. A key focus is the detailed evaluation of lead-acid batteries and battery emulators in electronic applications. The study highlights the significance of lead-acid battery discharge emulators as cost-effective and safe alternatives to actual batteries in laboratory testing, enabling controlled testing conditions. The system behavior was validated by employing a resistive load module and making comparisons with manufacturer data. Using this system and a resistive load module, its behavior was verified by comparing it with the data provided by the manufacturer. The next phase of this work involved selecting components to emulate the battery's behavior using a switched-mode power supply controlled by a current source and a mathematical model chosen from the Matlab-Simulink tool through a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system that interprets the battery's state of charge (SoC) to match the pre-configured model response to the lead-acid battery manufacturer's data. The emulator circuit was thoroughly evaluated against the model's expected responses to various charge levels, culminating in the implementation of an integrated prototype that simulates the discharge of lead-acid batteries in low-power applications and introduces a user-friendly interface, facilitating its application in general engineering studies. The work offers a valuable tool for battery research and development, promoting advancements in the study of lead-acid battery discharge in low-power applications.
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Di Rienzo, Roberto, Alessandro Verani, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Modular Battery Emulator for Development and Functional Testing of Battery Management Systems: The Cell Emulator." Electronics 11, no. 8 (2022): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081215.
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Battery Management Systems are fundamental components of the present battery generation. The development and characterization phases of a BMS often require an emulator of the battery cells with which the Battery Management System functions can be assessed with no safety risks as it would instead happen using a real battery. This work describes the design and characterization of a modular cell emulator circuit to be used as platform for the Hardware-in-the-loop test of a Battery Management System. The design constraints and choices are first described. Then, the experimental characterization of the cell emulator is shown and discussed. The proposed circuit shows a voltage resolution of 76 μV, an accuracy of 2.17 mV, and a setting time of 340 μs. Its cost is around 40 USD. The circuit results to be a very good trade-off between performance and cost. The Project is available to the scientific community as open hardware platform freely downloadable. It could be useful to small-size laboratories to self-produce a low-cost battery emulator with good performance for the development and the functional test of custom Battery Management Systems.
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Mayacela, Margarita, Leonardo Rentería, Luis Contreras, and Santiago Medina. "Comparative Analysis of Reconfigurable Platforms for Memristor Emulation." Materials 15, no. 13 (2022): 4487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134487.
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The memristor is the fourth fundamental element in the electronic circuit field, whose memory and resistance properties make it unique. Although there are no electronic solutions based on the memristor, interest in application development has increased significantly. Nevertheless, there are only numerical Matlab or Spice models that can be used for simulating memristor systems, and designing is limited to using memristor emulators only. A memristor emulator is an electronic circuit that mimics a memristor. In this way, a research approach is to build discrete-component emulators of memristors for its study without using the actual models. In this work, two reconfigurable hardware architectures have been proposed for use in the prototyping of a non-linearity memristor emulator: the FPAA (Field Programing Analog Arrays) and the FPGA (Field Programming Gate Array). The easy programming and reprogramming of the first architecture and the performance, high area density, and parallelism of the second one allow the implementation of this type of system. In addition, a detailed comparison is shown to underline the main differences between the two approaches. These platforms could be used in more complex analog and/or digital systems, such as neural networks, CNN, digital circuits, etc.
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Šipoš, Michal, and Slavomír Šimoňák. "Development of ATmega 328P micro-controller emulator for educational purposes." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Informatica 12, no. 2 (2020): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausi-2020-0010.
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Abstract The paper presents some of our recent results in the field of computer emulation for supporting and enhancing the educational processes. The ATmega 328P micro-controller emulator has been developed as a set of emuStudio emulation platform extension modules (plug-ins). The platform is used at the Department of Computers and Informatics as a studying and teaching support tool. Within the Assembler course, currently, the Intel 8080 architecture and language is briefly described as a preliminary preparation material for the study of Intel x86 architecture, and the Intel 8080 emuStudio emulator module is used here. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility to enrich the course by introducing a more up-to-date and relevant technology and the ATmega is the heart of Arduino – a popular hardware and software prototyping platform. We consider the options to make the process of studying the assembly language principles more attractive for students and using the ATmega AVR architecture, which is broadly deployed in embedded systems, seems to be one of them.
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Hernandez, Julio, Jose de Jesus Rangel-Magdaleno, and Roberto Morales-Caporal. "A High-Performance and Cost-Effective Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Motor Drive Emulator." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (2023): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101864.
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This work presents a hardware-based digital emulator capable of digitally driving a permanent magnet synchronous machine electronic setup. The aim of this work is to present a high-performance, cost-effective, and portable complementary solution when new paradigms of electronic drive design are generated, such as machine early failure detection, fault-tolerant drive, and high-performance control strategy implementations. In order to achieve the high performance required by the digital emulator, the electronic drive models (permanent-magnet synchronous machine, voltage-source inverter, motor-control strategy) are digitally described in Verilog hardware description language and implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) digital platform using two approaches: parallel and sequential methods. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the digital emulator design, and the resources used by the solution presented can be implemented on a low-cost digital platform that reveals a cost-effective operation of the solution presented.
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Fang, Sheng, Tongbao Mao, Boyu Hua, et al. "A Scalable Spatial–Temporal Correlated Non-Stationary Channel Fading Generation Method." Electronics 12, no. 19 (2023): 4132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194132.
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To address the challenges of complex implementation structures and high hardware resource consumption in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel emulators, this paper proposes a hardware generation method for spatial–temporal correlated non-stationary channel fading. Firstly, a hardware generation architecture is developed for field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms, which can also reduce the complexity of the channel emulator. Secondly, an improved CORDIC method is introduced to reduce algorithm latency and hardware consumption while expanding the function convergence domain, with a relative error maintained at the level of 10-4. Furthermore, based on the idea of time-division multiplexing, an efficient hardware operation of a lower triangular matrix is adopted to minimize the consumption of hardware resources. Finally, the measured results demonstrate that the statistical characteristics of the channel fading generated by the proposed method are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, with an average error of less than 2%. Additionally, under identical simulation conditions, hardware resource consumption is reduced by 6.87%. These findings provide compelling evidence of the enhanced efficiency and accuracy in simulating MIMO channels achieved through the proposed method.
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Jones, Tyson, and Simon Benjamin. "QuESTlink—Mathematica embiggened by a hardware-optimised quantum emulator." Quantum Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (2020): 034012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8506.
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Rat, C. L., O. Prostean, and I. Filip. "Hardware-in-the-Loop emulator for a hydrokinetic turbine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 294 (January 2018): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/294/1/012071.
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El Fatimi, Aziz, Adnane Addaim, and Zouhair Guennoun. "Development of a hardware emulator of a nanosatellite gyroscope." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002528.
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The gyroscope sensor has multiple applications in consumer electronics, aircraft navigation, and control systems. Significant errors that match the corresponding data are a typical disadvantage of this sensor. This needs to be done by making error models that can be used to get the right level of measurement accuracy. For high-precision space applications, the navigation design system should take into account the angle random walk (N), bias instability error (B), and rate random walk (K) of the BMG160 gyroscope. For this reason, this paper shows how to use Allan Variance (AVAR) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the experimental identification and modeling of the stochastic parameters of the Bosch BMG160 gyroscope embedded in a nanosatellite in order to get an accurate gyroscope model. This work also demonstrates the principle of operation of the equivalent electronic model intended to carry out advanced simulations without recourse to the real material in order to avoid the problem of bad manipulation and availability of the material in order to reduce the time and cost of development. The interpretation of the Allan curves and the PSD obtained from the measurements collected over a long period is presented, as well as a comparison between the real raw data of the BMG160 gyroscope and the designed hardware emulator in both the time and frequency domains. This is done to evaluate the accuracy of the gyroscope model emulating the real sensor in laboratory simulations. The experimental results show that the signals from the emulator and the BMG160 gyroscope are quite close. Therefore, the proposed prototype could be an optimal solution for laboratory calculations and simulations
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El, Fatimi Aziz, Adnane Addaim, and Zouhair Guennoun. "Development of a hardware emulator of a nanosatellite gyroscope." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 42–53. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002528.
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The gyroscope sensor has multiple applications in consumer electronics, aircraft navigation, and control systems. Significant errors that match the corresponding data are a typical disadvantage of this sensor. This needs to be done by making error models that can be used to get the right level of measurement accuracy. For high-precision space applications, the navigation design system should take into account the angle random walk (N), bias instability error (B), and rate random walk (K) of the BMG160 gyroscope. For this reason, this paper shows how to use Allan Variance (AVAR) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the experimental identification and modeling of the stochastic parameters of the Bosch BMG160 gyroscope embedded in a nanosatellite in order to get an accurate gyroscope model. This work also demonstrates the principle of operation of the equivalent electronic model intended to carry out advanced simulations without recourse to the real material in order to avoid the problem of bad manipulation and availability of the material in order to reduce the time and cost of development. The interpretation of the Allan curves and the PSD obtained from the measurements collected over a long period is presented, as well as a comparison between the real raw data of the BMG160 gyroscope and the designed hardware emulator in both the time and frequency domains. This is done to evaluate the accuracy of the gyroscope model emulating the real sensor in laboratory simulations. The experimental results show that the signals from the emulator and the BMG160 gyroscope are quite close. Therefore, the proposed prototype could be an optimal solution for laboratory calculations and simulations
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Carniani, Enrico, and Renzo Davoli. "The NetWire emulator." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 33, no. 3 (2001): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/507758.377671.
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Porobic, Vlado, Evgenije Adzic, and Milan Rapaic. "HIL evaluation of control unit in grid-tied coverters." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 2 (2016): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150928025p.
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Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) emulation is poised to become unsurpassed design tool for development, testing, and optimization of real-time control algorithms for grid connected power electronics converters for distributed generation, active filters and smart grid applications. It is strongly important to examine and test how grid connected converters perform under different operating conditions including grid disturbances and faults. In that sense, converter?s controller is a key component responsible for ensuring safe and high-performance operation. This paper demonstrates an example how ultra-low latency and high fidelity HIL emulator is used to easily, rapidly and exhaustively test and validate standard control strategy for grid connected power electronics converters, without need for expensive hardware prototyping and laboratory test equipment.
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M., Siva Kumar, Sanjeeva Rayudu T.C., Rafi Vempalle, and Rajesh M. "A HW/SW Co-Verification Method for ASK using FPGA Test." Journal of VLSI Design and its Advancement 6, no. 2 (2023): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8313916.
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<em>Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be used in a wide variety of settings. If weak points in an FPGA can be isolated, then the device's shortcomings may be endured with relative ease. The research provides a recommendation and unveils a hardware/software co-verification approach for testing FPGAs. Using the adaptability and visibility of software in combination with large-speed simulation of the hardware, this process can do comprehensive, automated testing of every input/output block (IOB) and custom configurable logic block (CLB) of an FPGA. The proposed technique may detect faulty cells in an FPGA mechanically. Therefore, test efficiency and reliability may be enhanced without the devoir of physical work. A hardware-software co-verification network consists of a software simulator and hardware emulation, with the PCI bus acting as the connection between the two. To speed up SOC verification, the hardware emulator maps certain target design modules while the software simulator mimics others. The standard FPGA test strategy's higher costs and requirement for individual PCBs for each FPGA may be avoided.</em>
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Suganthi, K., K. Sundararaman, and V. Venkatakrishnakumar. "A Low-Cost PV Emulator using Labview and Arduino." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 2 (2019): 523–28. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.B3009.129219.
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A solar panel emulator is a programmable power supply which mimics the characteristics of a solar panel and can be used under laboratory conditions. This paper proposes the design of an economical solar panel emulator using LabView software and its implementation using Arduino. The proposed emulator consists of a fly back converter with a MOSFET driver which brings out the characteristics of the desired PV panel. The characteristic curves are generated using LabView software and PWM signal is generated in hardware. This PWM signal drives the MOSFET which in turn operates the fly back converter. The proposed system is simulated using MATLAB software and a prototype of the proposed system is implemented using Arduino UNO R3.
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Wang, Ying, Zhi Gang Jin, and Yi Shan Su. "Simulator-to-Emulator: Analysis and Design of Experiment Platform for Underwater Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (December 2013): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.219.
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Researchers have proposed many protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSN) in recent years. How to test the designed protocols accurately and effectively in a lab controlled environment has become an important problem. The existing simulators and emulators for UWSN are analyzed and how to design an experimental platform from simulator to emulator in a laboratory environment is proposed. It can accurately simulate the complex environment in water just using a computer, and test the algorithms and protocols for UWSN; it can also do the test in a real environment by the combination of hardware and software. Finally, a set of evaluation indexes for physical layer, MAC layer and network layer of the experimental platform are presented.
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Nurvitadhi, E., Jumnit Hong, and Shih-Lien Lu. "Active Cache Emulator." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 16, no. 3 (2008): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2007.912177.
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Li, Fangyuan, Tianshi Wang, Mo Chen, and Huagan Wu. "A unified asymmetric memristive diode-bridge emulator and hardware confirmation." European Physical Journal Special Topics 230, no. 7-8 (2021): 1805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00180-3.
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Bender, Vitor C., Norton D. Barth, Fernanda B. Mendes, Rafael A. Pinto, J. Marcos Alonso, and Tiago B. Marchesan. "A Hardware Emulator for OLED Panels Applied to Lighting Systems." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 6, no. 3 (2018): 1252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2018.2842157.
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Huang, Pengda, Yongjiu Du, and Yamin Li. "Stability Analysis and Hardware Resource Optimization in Channel Emulator Design." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 63, no. 7 (2016): 1089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2016.2555058.
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Guerrieri, Lorenzo, Guido Masera, Igor S. Stievano, Paola Bisaglia, Williams Richard Garcia Valverde, and Mara Concolato. "Automotive Power-Line Communication Channels: Mathematical Characterization and Hardware Emulator." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63, no. 5 (2016): 3081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2516508.
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