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Journal articles on the topic 'Hard-photon production'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ezio Maina, and Stefano Moretti. "Hard photon pair production at LEP." Physics Letters B 305, no. 3 (May 1993): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)90124-z.

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2

Russo, G. "Hard photon production in heavy ion collisions." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 18, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/18/5/021.

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3

Acciarri, M., O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, S. Ahlen, J. Alcaraz, G. Alemanni, J. Allaby, et al. "Hard-photon production at and 172 GeV at LEP." Physics Letters B 413, no. 1-2 (November 1997): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)01081-2.

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4

Acciarri, M., P. Achard, O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, J. Alcaraz, G. Alemanni, J. Allaby, et al. "Hard-photon production and tests of QED at LEP." Physics Letters B 475, no. 1-2 (February 2000): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00082-4.

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5

Steffen, Frank D., and Markus H. Thoma. "Hard thermal photon production in relativistic heavy ion collisions." Physics Letters B 510, no. 1-4 (June 2001): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(01)00525-1.

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6

Baier, Rudolf, Marcus Dirks, Krzysztof Redlich, and Dominique Schiff. "Dynamical Screening for Hard Photon Production Away from Equilibrium." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 129 (1997): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.129.119.

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7

Berger, C. F., and W. Schweiger. "Hard exclusive baryon-antibaryon production in two-photon collisions." European Physical Journal C 28, no. 2 (March 14, 2003): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s2003-01166-8.

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8

Randrup, J., and R. Vandenbosch. "Hard photon production in the nucleon-exchange transport model." Nuclear Physics A 490, no. 2 (December 1988): 418–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(88)90513-1.

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9

Glover, E. W. N., and W. J. Stirling. "Isolated hard photon radiation in multijet production at LEP." Physics Letters B 295, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92)90101-9.

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10

Shershan, I. A., and T. V. Shishkina. "Modern Technique for Real Photon Radiative Correction Calculations." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 24, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2021-24-2-184-191.

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The problem of the bremsstrahlung contribution calculation as a part of the radiative corrections in the case of single gauge boson production was discussed. It was shown that the hard photon bremsstrahlung contribution can be divided into the finite and divergent terms. The exact calculation of soft photon bremsstrahlung and infrared part of hard photon bremsstrahlung was presented in frame of the dimensional regularization scheme. Numerical analysis of radiative corrections to the cross sections of single gauge boson production was performed.
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11

Aphecetche, L., J. Bacelar, H. Delagrange, D. d'Enterria, M. Hoefman, H. Huisman, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, et al. "Hard photon and neutral pion production in cold nuclear matter." Physics Letters B 519, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(01)01084-x.

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12

Nakayama, K. "Hard photon production in proton-deuteron reactions at intermediate energies." Physical Review C 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 2039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.45.2039.

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13

Riabov, V. "Recent PHENIX results on hard probes and direct photon production." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 675, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 022011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/675/2/022011.

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14

Ichola, M. A., and J. Parisi. "Glueball plus pion production in hard exclusive two-photon processes." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 66, no. 4 (December 1995): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01579640.

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15

Bonasera, A., G. F. Burgio, F. Gulminelli, and H. H. Wolter. "Phase space model of hard-photon production in heavy-ion collisions." Il Nuovo Cimento A 103, no. 2 (February 1990): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02820604.

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16

Metag, V. "Hard photon and subthreshold neutral pion production in heavy ion collisions." Nuclear Physics A 488 (October 1988): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(88)90284-9.

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17

Dutta, D., S. V. S. Sastry, A. K. Mohanty, and K. Kumar. "Hard photon production from unsaturated quark–gluon plasma at two-loop level." Nuclear Physics A 710, no. 3-4 (November 2002): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(02)01166-1.

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18

Bonasera, A., M. Di Toro, and C. Grégoire. "Statistical pion and hard photon production in medium-energy heavy-ion collisions." Nuclear Physics A 483, no. 3-4 (June 1988): 738–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(88)90095-4.

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19

Providência, Constança, and David Brink. "Hard-photon production in heavy-ion collisions and the nuclear structure function." Nuclear Physics A 507, no. 2 (February 1990): 426–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(90)90302-3.

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20

Ortega, R. "Hard photon production in the reaction Xe+Sn at 50 A MeV." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 50, S4 (April 2000): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-000-0045-6.

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21

KIDONAKIS, NIKOLAOS. "RESUMMATION FOR HEAVY QUARK AND JET CROSS-SECTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 09 (April 10, 2000): 1245–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00000574.

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We review the resummation of threshold logarithms for heavy quark, dijet, direct photon, and W boson production cross-sections in hadronic collisions. Beyond leading logarithms the resummed cross-section is sensitive to the color exchange in the hard scattering. The resummation is formulated at next-to-leading logarithmic or higher accuracy in terms of anomalous dimension matrices which describe the factorization of soft gluons from the hard scattering. We give results for the soft anomalous dimension matrices at one loop for the full range of partonic subprocesses involved in heavy quark, dijet, direct photon, and W boson production. We discuss the general diagonalization procedure that can be implemented for the calculation of the resummed cross-sections, and we give numerical results for top quark production at the Fermilab Tevatron. We also present analytical results for the one- and two-loop expansions of the resummed cross-sections.
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22

Wong, Cheuk-Yin, and Hui Wang. "Effects of parton intrinsic transverse momentum on photon production in hard-scattering processes." Physical Review C 58, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.58.376.

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23

Arleo, François. "Hard pion and prompt photon at RHIC, from single to double inclusive production." Journal of High Energy Physics 2006, no. 09 (September 7, 2006): 015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/09/015.

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24

Martínez, G., J. Díaz, M. Franke, S. Hlavác˛, R. Holzmann, P. Lautridou, F. Lefèvre, et al. "Impact parameter dependence of hard photon production in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions." Physics Letters B 334, no. 1-2 (August 1994): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90586-x.

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25

Niita, K., W. Cassing, and U. Mosel. "Hard-photon production within a self-consistent transport approach to heavy-ion collisions." Nuclear Physics A 504, no. 2 (November 1989): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(89)90353-9.

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26

SZUBA, DOROTA. "VECTOR MESON PRODUCTION AT HERA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2005): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05021609.

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The diffractive production of vector mesons ep→eVMY, with VM=ρ0, ω, ϕ, J/ψ, ψ′ or ϒ and with Y being either the scattered proton or a low mass hadronic system, has been extensively investigated at HERA. HERA offers a unique opportunity to study the dependences of diffractive processes on different scales: the mass of the vector meson, mVM, the centre-of-mass energy of the γp system, W, the photon virtuality, Q2 and the four-momentum transfer squared at the proton vertex, |t|. Strong interactions can be investigated in the transition from the hard to the soft regime, where the confinement of quarks and gluons occurs.
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27

Younis, Taghreed A., and Hadi J. M. Al-Agealy. "Study and Investigation of Hard Photons Emission in Heavy Ion Collisions." NeuroQuantology 19, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.2.nq21018.

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This work involves hard photon rate production from quark -gluon plasma QGP interaction in heavy ion collision. Using a quantum chromodynamic model to investigate and calculation of photons rate in 𝑐𝑔 → 𝑠𝑔𝛾 system due to strength coupling, photons rate, temperature of system, flavor number and critical. The photons rate production computed using the perturbative strength models for QGP interactions. The strength coupling was function of temperature of system, flavor number and critical temperature. Its influenced by force with temperature of system, its increased with decreased the temperature and vice versa. The strength coupling has used to examine the confinement and deconfinement of quarks in QGP properties and influence on the photon rate production. In our approach, we calculate the photons rate depending on the strength coupling, photons rate and temperature of system with other factors. The results plotted as a function of the photons energy. The photons rate was decreased with increased temperature and increased with decreased with strength coupling.
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28

de VEGA, H. J. "REAL TIME NONEQUILIBRIUM DYNAMICS OF QUANTUM PLASMAS: QUANTUM KINETICS AND THE DYNAMICAL RENORMALIZATION GROUP." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01009478.

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We implement the dynamical renormalization group (DRG) using the hard thermal loop (HTL) approximation for the real-time nonequilibrium dynamics in hot plasmas. The focus is on the study of the relaxation of gauge and fermionic mean fields and on the quantum kinetics of the photon and fermion distribution functions. As a concrete physical prediction, we find that for a QGP of temperature T~200 MeV and lifetime 10≤t≤ 50 fm /c there is a new contribution to the hard (k~T) photon production form off-shell bremsstrahlung (q→qγ and [Formula: see text] at just O(α) that grows logarithmically in time and is comparable to the known on-shell Compton scattering and pair annihilation at O(ααs).
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29

Rentería-Estrada, David Francisco, Roger José Hernández-Pinto, and German Sborlini. "Analysis of the Internal Structure of Hadrons Using Direct Photon Production." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13060942.

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Achieving a precise description of the internal structure of hadrons is crucial for deciphering the hidden properties and symmetries of fundamental particles. It is a hard task since there are several bottlenecks in obtaining theoretical predictions starting from first principles. In order to complement highly accurate experiments, it is necessary to use ingenious strategies to impose constraints from the theory side. In this article, we describe how photons can be used to unveil the internal structure of hadrons. We explore how to describe NLO QCD plus LO QED corrections to hadron plus photon production at colliders and discuss the impact of these effects on the experimental measurements.
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30

Traxler, Christoph T., Hans Vija, and Markus H. Thoma. "Hard photon production rate of a quark-gluon plasma at finite quark chemical potential." Physics Letters B 346, no. 3-4 (March 1995): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00004-5.

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31

Ilyin, V., A. Pukhov, V. Savrin, A. Semenov, and W. von Schlippe. "Single leptoquark production associated with hard photon emission in ep collisions at high energies." Physics Letters B 351, no. 4 (June 1995): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00444-p.

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32

Migneco, E., C. Agodi, R. Alba, G. Bellia, R. Coniglione, A. Del Zoppo, P. Finocchiaro, et al. "Strong impact parameter dependence of hard photon production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions." Physics Letters B 298, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)91704-q.

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33

LIPPERT, THOMAS, JOACHIM THIEL, NORBERT GRÜN, and WERNER SCHEID. "COHERENCE AND INCOHERENCE IN THE PHOTON AND DILEPTON PRODUCTION BY BREMSSTRAHLUNG IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, no. 29 (December 10, 1991): 5249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9100246x.

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Due to the strong collective deceleration during the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, the nuclear matter irradiates real and virtual bremsstrahlung. We describe the process of bremsstrahlung emission in the framework of a semiclassical model in order to study coherence and incoherence effects in the production process. Guided by the intuitive notation of shock fronts being formed between the incident nuclei, we use a simple parametrization of the nuclear current density. The photon spectrum is studied up to photon energies of 300 MeV. In particular, a gradual transition from the coherent production process of low-energy photons to the incoherent one for hard photons is demonstrated. For heavy collision systems coherence effects in the photon spectra dominate, showing characteristic structures arising from shock fronts. The dilepton spectrum is described in first-order perturbation theory. Generally, dileptons are found to be produced incoherently. Only in the case of dielectron production with small invariant pair masses do moderate coherence effects survive.
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34

Shershan, I. A., and T. V. Shishkina. "Modern methods of calculations of bremsstrahlung in the interaction of elementary particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-4-436-448.

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. The problem of real bremsstrahlung calculation is considered using the modern methods of regularization of divergencies. In particular, we calculate soft photon bremsstrahlung in the most general form using the method of dimensional regularization of infrared divergences. The general calculation algorithm of hard photon bremsstrahlung is described. It is shown that the contribution of hard bremsstrahlung can be separated into the finite and divergent parts. The divergent part can be factorized with the contribution of the initial process in the Born approximation. It is shown that a good choice of kinematic variables makes an analytic covariant calculation of the divergent part of the hard bremsstrahlung possible. In a particular case, an algorithm for determining the kinematic constraints on the invariants is described. A numerical analysis of the radiative corrections for gauge bosons production processes in the case of electron-photon collisions is performed. It is discovered that the contribution of the finite part of bremsstrahlung at high collision energies reaches 20 per cent and must be taken into account in calculations of radiative corrections. The results obtained can be used in various calculations, including covariant ones, performed in the context of confirmation of the Standard Model theoretical predictions or searching for manifestations of alternative gauge models.
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35

Shershan, I. A., and T. V. Shishkina. "Modern methods of calculations of bremsstrahlung in the interaction of elementary particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-4-436-448.

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. The problem of real bremsstrahlung calculation is considered using the modern methods of regularization of divergencies. In particular, we calculate soft photon bremsstrahlung in the most general form using the method of dimensional regularization of infrared divergences. The general calculation algorithm of hard photon bremsstrahlung is described. It is shown that the contribution of hard bremsstrahlung can be separated into the finite and divergent parts. The divergent part can be factorized with the contribution of the initial process in the Born approximation. It is shown that a good choice of kinematic variables makes an analytic covariant calculation of the divergent part of the hard bremsstrahlung possible. In a particular case, an algorithm for determining the kinematic constraints on the invariants is described. A numerical analysis of the radiative corrections for gauge bosons production processes in the case of electron-photon collisions is performed. It is discovered that the contribution of the finite part of bremsstrahlung at high collision energies reaches 20 per cent and must be taken into account in calculations of radiative corrections. The results obtained can be used in various calculations, including covariant ones, performed in the context of confirmation of the Standard Model theoretical predictions or searching for manifestations of alternative gauge models.
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36

SAKAGUCHI, TAKAO. "SYSTEM SIZE AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF HIGH pT HADRON PRODUCTION MEASURED WITH PHENIX EXPERIMENT AT RHIC." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007635.

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PHENIX has measured high transverse momentum (pT) identified hadrons in different collision species and energies in the last five RHIC runs. The systematic study of the high PT hadron production provides an idea on interaction of hard scattered partons and the matter created in relativistic heavy ion collision. The η/π0 ratio is measured in Au + Au collisions, which gives a hint on the system thermalization and particle production. A future measurement of hadron and photon measurement is discussed.
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37

BERTHOLET, R., S. BJØRNHOLM, M. KWATO NJOCK, M. MAUREL, E. MONNAND, H. NIFENECKER, P. PERRIN, et al. "HARD PHOTON PRODUCTION IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS AT 30 MeV/u AND 44 MeV/u." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 47, no. C4 (August 1986): C4–201—C4–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986424.

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38

Bonasera, A., and C. Grégoire. "Ambiguities in the calculation of hard-photon production in different estimates of the collision integral." Il Nuovo Cimento A 102, no. 5 (November 1989): 1301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02800339.

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39

WARD, B. F. L., C. GLOSSER, S. JADACH, W. PLACZEK, M. SKRZYPEK, Z. WAS, and S. A. YOST. "NEW RESULTS ON PRECISION STUDIES OF HEAVY VECTOR BOSON PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 15 (June 20, 2005): 3258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026285.

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We present new results for two important heavy vector boson physics processes: (1), virtual corrections to hard bremsstrahlung which are relevant to precision predictions for the radiative return process in Z boson production at and beyond LEP2 energies; and, (2), electric charge screening effects in single W production with finite pT, multiple photon radiation in high energy collider physics processes. In both cases we show that we improve the respective precision tag significantly. Phenomenological implications are discussed.
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40

Shershan, I. A. Shershan, and T. V. Shishkina Shishkina. "The Triple Anomalous Gauge Couplings Investigation on Linear eγ-Collider." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 22, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2019-22-4-318-329.

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The differential and total cross sections of the single gauge boson production in quasielastic high energy electron-photon scattering are obtained within the Standard Model in leading order and next-to-leading order of the perturbative theory. The contribution of divergent part of hard photon bremsstrahlung was included. The anomalous gauge boson coupling in the effective Lagrangian approach were studied. It is shown the analysis of neutral gauge couplings can be fully performed for two constants with different types of symmetries. Numerical analysis has been done. The best conditions were determined for registration of generated effects beyond the Standard Model.
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41

Duan, Peng-Fei, Yu Zhang, Yong Wang, Mao Song, and Gang Li. "Electroweak corrections to top quark pair production in association with a hard photon at hadron colliders." Physics Letters B 766 (March 2017): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.12.061.

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42

Steffen, Frank D., and Markus H. Thoma. "Erratum to: “Hard thermal photon production in relativistic heavy ion collisions” [Phys. Lett. B 510 (2001) 98]." Physics Letters B 660, no. 5 (March 2008): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.11.020.

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43

Chluba, J. "Tests of the CMB temperature-redshift relation, CMB spectral distortions and why adiabatic photon production is hard." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 443, no. 3 (July 25, 2014): 1881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1260.

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44

Magnea, Lorenzo, and Ezio Maina. "QCD corrections to the production of a heavy quark pair plus a hard photon in e+e− annihilation." Physics Letters B 385, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)00888-x.

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45

Khan Malek, C., V. Saile, H. Manohara, and B. Craft. "Deep X-ray lithography with a tunable wavelength shifter at CAMD." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597019547.

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An additional X-ray lithography facility is under construction at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices. It will receive radiation from a 7.5 T superconducting three-pole wavelength shifter. The critical energy of the insertion device is tunable up to a maximum value of 11.2 keV, allowing for optimization of photon spectra to resist thickness. In particular, this hard X-ray source will allow investigation of X-ray lithography at very high energies for devices with thicknesses in excess of 1 mm, and study of low-cost mass-production concepts, using simultaneously exposed stacks of resist layers.
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46

Moretti, Stefano. "Standard model Higgs boson production and hard photon radiation in events at LEP II and the Next Linear Collider." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 22, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 959–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/22/7/005.

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47

Montagna, Guido, Oreste Nicrosini, and Fulvio Piccinini. "Hard photon next-to-leading corrections to two-fermion production in $e^+ e^-$ collisions above the $Z^0$ peak." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 76, no. 1 (September 1, 1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002880050525.

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48

Di Mitri, Simone. "One way only to synchrotron light sources upgrade?" Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 5 (August 14, 2018): 1323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751800810x.

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The last decade has seen a renaissance of machine-physics studies and technological advancements that aim to upgrade at least 15 synchrotron light sources worldwide to diffraction-limited storage rings. This is expected to improve the average spectral brightness and transversally coherent fraction of photons by several orders of magnitude in the soft- and hard-X-ray wavelength range, at the expense of pulse durations longer than ∼80 ps FWHM. This paper discusses the compatibility of schemes for the generation of sub-picosecond photon-pulse durations in synchrotron light sources with standard multi-bunch user operation and, in particular, diffraction-limited electron optics design. The question of this compatibility is answered taking into consideration the storage ring beam energy and the constraint of existing synchrotrons' infrastructure. An alternative scheme for the upgrade of medium-energy synchrotron light sources to diffraction-limited storage rings and the simultaneous production of picosecond-long photon pulses in a high-gain free-electron laser scheme are illustrated.
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49

KOPELIOVICH, B. Z., and A. H. REZAEIAN. "APPLIED HIGH ENERGY QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 08 (September 2009): 1629–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309013737.

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This review stresses the theoretical elements that underlie a wide range of phenomenological studies of high-energy QCD, which include both soft and hard processes. After a brief introduction to the basics of QCD, various aspects of QCD-based phenomenology are covered: color transparency, hadronization of color charges, Regge phenomenology, parton model, Bjorken scaling and its violation, DGLAP evolution equation, BFKL formalism, GLR-MQ evolution equation and saturation. In the last part of the review, we employ the light-cone dipole formalism to describe deep inelastic lepton scattering, Drell — Yan processes, direct photon production, diffraction, quark and gluon shadowing in nuclei, the Cronin effect and nuclear broadening.
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50

Galanti, Giorgio, Fabrizio Tavecchio, and Marco Landoni. "Fundamental physics with blazar spectra: a critical appraisal." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 5268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3411.

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Abstract:
ABSTRACT Very-high-energy (VHE) BL Lacertae (BL Lac) spectra extending above $10 \, \rm TeV$ provide a unique opportunity for testing physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle and alternative blazar emission models. We consider the hadron beam scenario, the conversion of photons to axion-like particles (ALPs) and the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) by analysing their consequences and induced modifications to BL Lac spectra. In particular, we consider how different processes can provide similar spectral features (e.g. hard tails) and we discuss the ways they can be disentangled. We use data from High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) of a high state of Markarian 501 and the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) spectrum of the extreme BL Lac (EHBL) 1ES 0229+200. In addition, we consider two hypothetical EHBLs similar to 1ES 0229+200 located at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.5. We observe that both the hadron beam and the photon–ALP oscillations predict a hard tail extending to energies larger than those possible in the standard scenario. Photon–ALP interaction predicts a peak in the spectra of distant BL Lacs at about $20\rm {-}30 \, \rm TeV$, while LIV produces a strong peak in all BL Lac spectra around $\sim 100 \, \rm TeV$. The peculiar feature of the photon–ALP conversion model is the production of oscillations in the spectral energy distribution, so that its detection/absence can be exploited to distinguish between the considered models. The above-mentioned features of the three models might be detected by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array. Thus, future observations of BL Lac spectra could eventually shed light on new physics and alternative blazar emission models, driving fundamental research towards a specific direction.
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