Academic literature on the topic 'Hard opt out-system'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Fan, Ruiping, and Mingxu Wang. "Family-Based Consent and Motivation for Cadaveric Organ Donation in China: An Ethical Exploration1." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 44, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 534–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhz022.
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Abstract This essay indicates that Confucian family-based ethics is by no means a stumbling block to organ donation in China. We contend that China should not change to an opt-out consent system in order to enhance donation because a “hard” opt-out system is unethical, and a “soft” opt-out system is unhelpful. We argue that the recently-introduced familist model of motivation for organ donation in mainland China can provide a proper incentive for donation. This model, and the family priority right that this model supports, is ethically justifiable in terms of Confucian family-based ethics.
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de la Flor, Carolina, Esmaeil Porsa, and Ank E. Nijhawan. "Opt-out HIV and Hepatitis C Testing at the Dallas County Jail: Uptake, Prevalence, and Demographic Characteristics of Testers." Public Health Reports 132, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917732755.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are common in the criminal justice system. We offered opt-out HIV/HCV testing at the Dallas County Jail during intake from June 2015 to November 2016, after which testing was integrated into routine phlebotomy processes. The uptake of testing increased from 12.9% (118/915) in June 2015 to 80.5% (269/334) in January 2016. HIV was confirmed in 1.0% (30/3155) of inmates; 6 were new diagnoses and all were linked to care. HCV antibody positivity was found in 16.4% (500/4042) of inmates. Sixty percent (155/258) of HCV-positive inmates born between 1945 and 1965 (ie, baby boomers) were non-Hispanic black, whereas 56.2% (136/242) born after 1965 were non-Hispanic white. Testing only baby boomers would have missed approximately half of HCV infections, predominantly among young, non-Hispanic white people. Future efforts should expand HIV and HCV testing in jails, as it is feasible, acceptable, and increases prevention and engagement in care for a high-prevalence, hard-to-reach population.
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Fabry, Adam. "Neoliberalism, crisis and authoritarian–ethnicist reaction: The ascendancy of the Orbán regime." Competition & Change 23, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418813834.
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This paper analyses the seemingly contradictory fusion between authoritarianism and neoliberalism in Hungary under the Orbán regime. Since coming into power in 2010 on a popular backlash against austerity, the hard-right Fidesz–KDNP government, led by Viktor Orbán, has carried out a root-and-branch transformation of Hungarian society. While officially proposing a break with neoliberalism at home and abroad, the paper argues that the Orbán regime has rather deepened it, producing a specific variety of ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’, which skilfully combines some of the central tenets of neoliberalism (maintenance of a balanced budget, introduction of a flat tax system and the pursuit of regressive social policies) with ‘ethnicist–populist’ measures that seek to co-opt, coerce or manufacture consensus among subaltern groups in society against alleged ‘enemies’ of the Hungarian nation. While Orbán’s ‘illiberal’ politics have been strongly criticized by neoliberal institutions, such as the IMF and the EU, they have taken little concrete action against the Hungarian government. We argue that the reason for this is pragmatic: the Orbán regime has not only been a model for neoliberal austerity in Europe since the 2008 crisis, but also its authoritarian and xenophobic policies are not that different from other EU states.
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Bramstedt, Katrina A. "Increasing Donation Opportunities for Vascularized Composite Allografts." Progress in Transplantation 26, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924816664080.
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There are 40 vascularized composite allotransplant programs across 5 continents served by 31 organ procurement organizations (or equivalent). The organizations’ websites inform about organ and tissue donation. This research explored worldwide educational efforts on vascularized composite allograft (VCAG) donation via their corporate websites as well as options within donor registries and donor card systems to indicate a VCAG donation preference. Of these, 13 (41.9%) of 31 had VCAG content and 7 (22.6%) of 31 offered a mechanism for individuals to voice a preference about VCAG donation through an opt in donor registry or card or an opt out registry. In North America, the only donor registration/card system that facilitated VCAG donation is in Mexico. The resistance to consent for VACG donation is likely due to poor public education and the personal nature of face, hand, uterus, and penile allografts. Efforts to reduce this resistance can begin with the assistance of website content, registries, and donor cards.
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Santana, Dariel, Marcelo Borsio, and Jefferson Carús Guedes. "LOS REQUISITOS PARA A CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHADOR RURAL COMO SEGURADO ESPECIAL À LUZ DOS JUÍZES JÚPITER, HÉRCULES E HERMES DE FRANÇOIS OST." E-REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA PROTECCION SOCIAL 5, no. 2 (2020): 264–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/e-rips.2020.i02.12.
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The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the requirements regarding the framing of rural workers as a special insured, confronting them with the reality of the Brazilian rural area. Therefore, as a methodology, the jurisprudence of the higher courts was researched, exploratory bibliographic research and qualitative analysis were used. In addition, empirical research was carried out, listening to the various actors in the social security processes. Here it will be demonstrated that judges Jupiter, Hercules and Hermes can live harmoniously within the scope of Social Security Law, with space for each one of them, depending on the complexity of the specific case set out. In less complex cases, where the legal text is able to offer the appropriate response to the conflict, it is time for the Jupiterian exegesis to be applied by the interpreter. In hard cases, however, the toga of the first must give way to the toga of the last two, since the literality of the text does not deliver the most appropriate solution to the social security dispute. In this sense, the open type for the characterization of the special insured has the considerable advantage of flexibility, allowing the operator of the law a topic-problematic interpretation, to find the best answer for the specific case, taking into account, therefore, the heterogeneities of this continental country, whose social, geographical, climatic, economic and cultural differences are colossal. The legal system has gradually moved away from Kelsen’s pyramidal metaphor and towards a more horizontal and intertwined normative system - much closer to the sphinx of the Memphis alabaster than to the Cheops pyramid - with interdisciplinarity as a vector of stabilization of the system and this will be demonstrated in this study.
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Boukayoua, Zakaria, Fatiha Kaddari, and Nezha Bennis. "Students’ interest in science learning and measurement practices. Questions for research in the Moroccan school context." SHS Web of Conferences 119 (2021): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111905006.
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Current reforms of education systems seek to improve the learning environment and opt for a more active role of students in the construction of learning to increase their academic performance. In Morocco, several reforms have been carried out over the last two decades to address the shortcomings of the education system. Still, the results of national and international assessments remain low, particularly for science. These discouraging results are linked on the one hand to the physical learning environment offered by the Moroccan school and, on the other hand, to less tangible aspects related to the students themselves, such as their interest in learning science. Often, reforms and teaching practices neglect these less tangible aspects. However, students’ interest in school science is widely studied worldwide. At the same time, further research in the Moroccan context is needed to provide more explanations for their low achievement in science. The objective of this work is to see how interest has been defined and the good practices to measure it in the context of science teaching. In addition, to ask several questions that deserve an examination in the Moroccan school context.
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Moekasan, TK. "Penerapan Ambang Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan pada Budidaya Bawang Merah dalam Upaya Mengurangi Penggunaan Pestisida." Jurnal Hortikultura 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v22n1.2012.p47-56.
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<p>Organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) merupakan satu faktor pembatas dalam budidaya bawang merah di dataranrendah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, petani bawang merah menggunakan pestisida secara intensif. Keadaan tersebutmenyebabkan biaya produksi meningkat dan usahatani bawang merah menjadi tidak efisien. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangipenggunaan pestisida ialah dengan penerapan ambang pengendalian OPT. Percobaan penerapan ambang pengendalian OPT padabudidaya bawang merah dilakukan di Kecamatan Kersana, Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Tengah (± 5 m dpl.) pada bulan April sampaidengan Juli 2009. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengetahui pengaruh penerapan ambang pengendalian terhadap pengurangan penggunaanpestisida. Dua macam perlakuan diaplikasikan pada penelitian ini, yaitu (A) penerapan ambang pengendalian OPT (Spodopteraexigua, Liriomyza sp., dan Alternaria porri) dibandingkan dengan (B) pengendalian OPT dengan sistem kalender aplikasi pestisidatiap 3 hari sekali. Percobaan dilakukan dengan metode petak berpasangan dan setiap perlakuan diulang enam kali. Bawang merahvarietas Bima Curut ditanam pada petak perlakuan seluas 37,5 m2. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan ambangpengendalian dapat mengurangi jumlah penyemprotan insektisida sebesar 43,75% dan fungisida sebesar 87,50%, volume semprotpestisida sebesar 52,83% dengan hasil panen tetap tinggi (36,40 t/ha). Teknologi ambang pengendalian tersebut secara ekonomilayak untuk diadopsi karena dapat meningkatkan pendapatan bersih dan mengurangi biaya penyemprotan dibandingkan denganteknologi pengendalian OPT sistem kalender.</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Pests and diseases are two of the limiting factors in shallotscultivation in the lowland areas. To overcome pest and disease problems, shallots farmers generally use pesticides intensively. Thesecircumstances led the increase of production costs and the inefficient on shallots cultivation. One effort to reduce using pesticide useis by applying the control threshold of pests and diseases. The experiment of the control threshold of pests and diseases on shallotscultivation was carried out in Kersana Subdistrict, Brebes District, Central Java (± 5 m asl.) in April until July 2009. This experimentaimed to determine the effect of control threshold on reduction of using pesticide. Two kind of treatments were applied, namely(A) the use of control threshold (Spodoptera exigua, Liriomyza sp., and Alternaria porri) compared with (B) with the calendarsystem via application of pesticides every 3 days. The study was conducted using paired comparison method and each treatment wasrepeated six times. Treatment plot size was 37.5 m2. The shallots variety planted was Bima Curut. The result showed that the controlthreshold could reduce insecticide and fungicide application by 43.75 and 87.50% respectively; spraying volume 52.83% with yieldremain high (36.40 t/ha). Implementation of the control threshold, was economically feasible to be adopted because it can increasenet revenues and reduce costs of pesticide compared with the calendar system of pests control, routinely applied every 3 days.</p>
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Setyaningrum, Nur. "Factors Affecting Student Views Of Afghanistan And Thailand About Islamic Education Curriculum Content In Pondok Pesantren Luhur Wahid Hasyim Semarang." Ri'ayah: Jurnal Sosial dan Keagamaan 3, no. 01 (August 5, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/riayah.v3i01.1183.
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This paper describes the analysis of the factors that led to their different views and Thailand Afghan students at the University of Wahid Hasyim about the content of curriculum in Pondok Pesantren Luhur Wahid Hasyim (PPLWH) Semarang. The background of this work, first, the students of Afghanistan to counter the unwillingness and the opt-out on non-formal education in PPLWH. One reason for the problem because the curriculum content presented too dense. Second, on the other hand there is uniqueness, students demonstrated Thailand. Namely, the existence of conditions of Thai students learning environment that is unstable and a variety of issues as well as negative fact, it strengthens their reaction to learning through pesantren education offered at the University of Wahid Hasyim. The second view of the type of student on Indonesian pesantren curriculum content is very important, one of them in Pondok Wahid Hasyim. This is because the University of Wahid Hasyim is the University of Nahdlatul 'Ulama in Indonesia which implemented a system of boarding schools. The other reason for the two types of these students have different cultural backgrounds (the Middle East and Southeast Asia) but still in one ideology, Islam.
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Pearce, S., and RJI Colville. "Nailbed repair and patient satisfaction in children." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 92, no. 6 (September 2010): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588410x12664192075891.
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INTRODUCTION We performed an audit to assess frequency of injury to the nail bed and outcomes after repair in a busy paedi-atric hand trauma clinic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This retrospective study examines 46 consecutive nail bed repairs over a 6-month period. All notes were reviewed for patient demographics, details of the injury including the operation and aftercare. Telephone interviews were used to assess patient/parent satisfaction and complications. RESULTS The commonest mechanism of injury was trapping a finger in a door. The accident usually occurred indoors and most frequently affected the middle finger. The majority of repairs were carried out under general anaesthetic, by registrars, using absorbable synthetic sutures, within 24 h of the injury as a day-case. Outcome data with a minimum of 15 months follow-up, showed a high satisfaction rate (8.9/10) and low complication rate (7%), none of which required further surgery. There was a high failure rate of attendance in the follow-up clinic whilst the outcomes of those attending were good. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes and patient satisfaction were good with a low complication rate resulting in a change of practice in our unit to an ‘opt-in’ system for follow-up.
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GARDAZI, SYED MUDASSER FIDA, MUHAMMAD ASIM IQBAL, and HAFIZ MUHAMMAD USMAN NAWAZ. "Price Reduction in Vienna Sales Convention and Compatibility Check in Sale of Goods Act of Pakistan." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-32.
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Price reduction is one of the civil law remedies incorporated in the Vienna sales convention. On the other hand, Pakistan is neither the signatory of the convention nor its national sales law posses this remedy. Therefore a research is highly required to fill this vacuum and find out a solution for international buyer who is involved in trade with parties in Pakistan. Thus the study aims to investigate the suitability of price reduction in compatibility with existing legal regime. The study reveals the raison d'être in contract making via relative analysis of the existence of price reduction as an assurance for performance and certainty. The results depict that adding price reduction as remedy will be a good legal cover to the buyer's claims and a better response to the business practices in Pakistan. Especially, where the buyer is facing difficulties to prove his loss he may simply opt to reduce the price. Hence, study recommends that introducing the 'price reduction' as a remedy in the local legal system will enhance the confidence of a commercial buyer from the international community. Keywords: Sale of Goods, CISG, Price Reduction, Remedy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Hertzman, Lovisa, and Linnea Nilsson. "Värdet av ett veto : En samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl för ett borttagande av närståendevetot vid organdonation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176938.
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Under tidig vår 2021 presenterade den svenska regeringen en proposition som skulle innebära ändringar i transplantationslagen. Eftersom det råder organbrist i Sverige är syftet med propositionen att fler donationer ska möjliggöras. Ett av förslagen är ett borttagande av närståendevetot vilket innebär att anhöriga inte längre har rätt att neka donation från en avliden närstående när donationsviljan är okänd, även kallat ett hard opt out-system. Sverige skulle då bli det tredje landet i världen att införa ett sådant donationssystem. Det finns få studier som undersöker effekten av ett borttagande av närståendevetot, framförallt ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med vår uppsats är att analysera en sådan systemförändring i Sverige genom en CBA. Som komplement till vår CBA genomför vi en enkätstudie för att analysera vissa icke-monetära effekter. Vi vill också undersöka om inställningen till organdonation har förändrats sedan den senaste undersökningen gjordes år 2015. Resultatet visar en mer positiv inställning till organdonation i vår studie jämfört med tidigare. I huvudkalkylen ger de monetärt värderade effekterna av ett borttagande av närståendevetot en nettobesparing på 427 miljoner kronor. Förutsatt att de icke-monetära effekterna inte uppgår till en kostnad på mer än 427 miljoner kronor är ett borttagande av närståendevetot en samhällsekonomiskt lönsam åtgärd. I känslighetsanalysen presenteras flera alternativa kalkyler där de monetära effekterna ger en positiv nettobesparing i samtliga vilket tyder på ett robust resultat i vår huvudkalkyl. Trots att våra beräkningar tyder på att ett borttagande av närståendevetot leder till en nettobesparing kan uppsatsen inte fastställa om det är den mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärden. Tidigare studier menar att det inte finns bevis för att borttagandet i sig leder till fler donerade organ och att strukturella förändringar kan vara minst lika betydelsefulla, om inte mer. Vi rekommenderar att fler jämförande studier görs med länder som har en hög andel donatorer för att kunna utvärdera vilka åtgärder som skulle vara mest kostnadseffektiva i Sverige.In early spring 2021, the Swedish government presented a bill that would entail amendments to the Transplantation Act. Since there is an organ shortage in Sweden, the purpose of the bill is to enable more donations. One of the proposals is the removal of the family consent which means that relatives will no longer have the right to refuse donation from a deceased relative when the willingness to donate is unknown, also known as a hard opt out system. This would make Sweden the third country in the world to implement such a donation system. There are few previous studies which examine the economic aspect of removing the family consent. The purpose of our thesis is to analyze such a systemic change in Sweden through a CBA. In addition to our CBA, we conduct a survey to analyze certain non-monetary effects. We also seek to analyze whether the attitude towards organ donation has changed since the most recent survey was conducted in 2015. The results show a more positive attitude towards organ donation in our study compared to earlier research. In the main calculation, the monetarily valued effects of a removal of the family consent presents net savings of SEK 427 million. Given that the non-monetary effects do not add up to a cost of more than SEK 427 million, a removal of the family consent is a profitable measure from a CBA perspective. The sensitivity analysis presents several alternative calculations where the monetary effects provide a net saving in all of them, which indicates a robust result in our main calculation. Even though our calculations indicate that a removal of the family consent leads to a net saving, we cannot determine if it is the most cost-effective measure. Previous studies suggest that there is no evidence that the removal itself leads to more donated organs and that structural changes can be at least as significant, if not more so. We recommend that additional comparative studies with countries that have a high proportion of donors should be conducted. This would help with the evaluation of which measures would be the most cost-effective in Sweden.
Books on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Magnaghi, Alberto, and Sara Giacomozzi, eds. Un fiume per il territorio. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-033-8.
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This book illustrates the study carried out to define the project guidelines for the river park of the Arno and its tributaries the Pesa and the Elsa in the Empoli area, and has been produced by liaison between the territorial Planning Department and the Municipalities of the Empoli district. The integrated analysis of local resources scheduled, on the one hand the identification of the criticalities of the territorial system, and on the other the conscious and distinctly interpretational representation of the local cultural bedrock. The definition of scenarios for the entire territory has made it possible to demonstrate the outcomes of complex dynamics in a synthetic manner, moving on to the individual integrated projects and specific sectorial policies. It is precisely this recourse to scenarios, seen as the embodiment of a phase of project sharing and definition, that is the innovative feature of the «River Contract» proposed as a tool for the management and implementation of the plan.
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Packevich, Alla. Architecture of Evolution. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079356.
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The monograph, on the one hand, examines the period of development of the descending cycle of evolution and the associated progressive changes that show the irreversibility of the processes of formation of the planetary system. The end of one cycle and the beginning of another leads to the transformation of the system of life and the expansion of consciousness at a new energy level. On the other hand, the questions of potential opportunities for the development of the ascending phase of evolution, which goes both along the path of complexity of the organization and along the path of diversity, are considered. In the ascending evolutionary stream, what has been differentiated into the corresponding levels in the descending cycle is brought together and thus prepared to enter into new, more perfect forms of unity. It is shown that the development of humanity along its entire path depends on the interaction of energies of various forms and potentials. Understanding the relationships between different types of energy and their use provides insight into many important issues in the evolution of society. The material introduces the modern features of the existence of the male and female sexes from the energy point of view. The idea of a way out of the current conflict situation that has arisen between the sexes at the present stage of evolution is proposed. It will be useful for those interested in the problems of scientific knowledge, architects, philosophers,historians, physicists and methodologists of science, students and students of secondary schools.
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Helfont, Samuel. A Transformed Religious Landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843311.003.0009.
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This chapter begins by re-evaluating state–society relations in Iraq during the 1990s and early 2000s. It argues, along with other archival-based works, that the regime was much more robust than the literature on Iraq had suggested during this period. Then the chapter discusses a similar dynamic with regard to the relationship between religion and state. The regime had much more control over the religious landscape in the 1990s than has been stated in previous works on Iraq, but creating the regime’s system was a long, arduous process, carried out by countless officials, to co-opt, coerce, and create a religious landscape that would be capable of contributing to the Ba‘thists’ political goals. When it politically instrumentalized its view on Islam during a Faith Campaign that Saddam launched in 1993, it did so from a position of strength rather than weakness.
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Wellman, Christopher Heath. State Punishment and International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274764.003.0003.
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Even if we agree that punishment is permissible just in case the person punished has forfeited her right against this hard treatment, it remains an open question as to who may mete out this punishment. If anyone has an exclusive right to punish the wrongdoer, it would presumably be the victim, so those of us who think that the state enjoys sole authority over the punitive process must explain how the state acquires its moral dominion over the criminal legal proceedings. This chapter provides this explanation by arguing that the state violates no rights in claiming a monopoly over the punitive process only because it is uniquely capable of adequately realizing the morally significant aims that a system of punishment can achieve.
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Zehfuss, Maja. Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807995.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Leadership Long Cycle Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0002.
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In this chapter, we lay out the leadership long cycle theory as our framework for assessing systemic leadership and then modify it. This revised framework is then applied to the political–economic evolution of the past one thousand years to identify the factors underlying the rise and fall of a sequence of system leaders and to examine the fairly strong evidence for the linkage of energy transitions and technological leadership. We find that it is difficult to imagine the ascent of the last three system leaders (the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States) in a situation with significantly different energy foundations. In other words, had there been no peat, coal, or petroleum/electricity, respectively, these episodes of systemic leadership would have been far less likely to have occurred.
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Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Formative Years and the Conflict in Politzer’s Clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0009.
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When Robert Bárány published his book on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular system in 1907, he did not mention his collaboration with Gustav Alexander or any of Alexander’s work. After writing the book in a few weeks apparently because of concerns that others might publish findings first, Bárány had Adam Politzer write the introduction but he did not show it to Alexander until after he had sent it to the publisher. Alexander reacted angrily, claiming that Bárány left out many important references in his book and had failed to give credit to Alexander for his contributions to the overall work. Gossip began to circulate within the Otology Clinic and the University Hospital suggesting that Bárány’s ideas were not original and that he had plagiarized others in his writings. Bárány’s aloof personality and his propensity for generating enemies with his caustic comments no doubt contributed to his problems.
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Smiley, Will. Those Left Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0009.
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As the Ottoman law of captivity expanded to include other sovereign states at the close of the eighteenth century, the rules also left out many of the Porte’s enemies. This chapter argues that rebels, pirates, and certain types of slaves trafficked into the Ottoman Empire remained unprotected by either the prisoner-of-war system, the Law of Release, or both. Ottoman subjects, or those who could claim no major empire’s subjecthood, had far fewer protections than those who were Russian, Austrian, Iranian, British, or French subjects. This distinction became systematic as the Ottoman state dealt with corsairs, and then rebellious Serbian and Greek populations. Throughout, slaves sold into the empire (such as Circassians and Africans) and some of those forcibly abducted (such as Georgians) also remained outside the prisoner-of-war system and the Law of Release.
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McSheffrey, Shannon. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798149.003.0008.
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Through the 1530s sanctuary remained an option for fleeing felons, but by about 1545 it had ceased. The conclusion to the book looks back on how various strands interwove to create conditions for sanctuary’s growth between 1400 and the late 1530s—mercy, mitigation, jurisdiction, aristocratic honour—and considers how that cloth rather suddenly unravelled between 1535 and 1545. A 1540 statute attempted to save the sanctuary system after the closure of the religious houses in whose precincts sanctuary seekers had sought refuge; although this legislation was not designed to fail, it was poorly thought-out and never became fully operational. An important means of mitigating harsh capital penalties died with it; for the elite, other paths around the hangman could be found, and for the poor, execution rates climbed.
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Schrijver, Karel. Aged Stars and Disrupted Exosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0008.
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Several chapters in this book illustrate the long, complex paths that the scientific community takes to uncover the workings of the Universe. This chapter focuses on the chemical analysis of stars by spectrographically unravelling their light into its constituent colors that, in retrospect, revealed the first evidence of planetary systems, although that remained unrecognized for a long time. A century ago astronomers discovered that many burned-out stars, no longer working as fusion reactors, had unexpected chemicals in their atmospheres. Now these are recognized as evaporated fragments of planetary-system bodies that came too close to the dead star and were eventually pulled into it. With aged stars first clearing their neighborhood by swelling into giants, how can it be that fragments of planetary-system bodies end up in a continuing stream of material crashing into the resulting white dwarfs, ongoing even as they are observed many millions of years after that occurred?
Book chapters on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Kriebel, Florian, Faiq Khalid, Bharath Srinivas Prabakaran, Semeen Rehman, and Muhammad Shafique. "Fault-Tolerant Computing with Heterogeneous Hardening Modes." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 161–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_7.
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AbstractFault-tolerance using (full-scale) redundancy-based techniques has been employed to detect and correct reliability errors (i.e., soft errors), but they pose significant area and power overhead. On the other hand, due to the masking and the error tolerance properties at different system layers and of different applications, respectively, reliable heterogeneous architectures have been emerged as an attractive design choice for power-efficient dependable computing platforms. This chapter discusses the building blocks of such computing systems, based on both embedded and superscalar processors, with different reliability (fault-tolerant) modes at the architecture layer to memories like caches, for heterogeneous in-order and out-of-order processors. We provide a comprehensive reliability, i.e., soft error, vulnerability analysis of different components in in-order and out-of-order processors, e.g., caches. We also discuss different methodologies to improve the performance and power of such a system by analyzing these vulnerabilities. Moreover, we show how such heterogeneous hardware-level hardening modes can further be complemented by software-level techniques that can be realized using a reliability-driven compiler (as introduced in Chapter “Dependable Software Generation and Execution on Embedded Systems”).
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Mohammed, Khemis. "What If the USSR Comes Back to Life Once Again?" In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 252–68. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3264-4.ch011.
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The Soviet Union played the role of a great power in the international system for many decades after World War II, and the main sources of Soviet power came from its hard components of power such as large territory, large populations, and solid industrial base. However, the Soviet Union dissolved at the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as an alternative body of former great power was established. However, the CIS still attempts to overtake the symbolic image of a post-Soviet region to rebuild a powerful multilateral organization in realms of security, trade, and finance. Thus, the question is, What if the Commonwealth of Independent States turns out to a unitary coherent actor able to compete in the international system as a great power? In order to answer this question, this chapter will try to measure the composite index of national capability (CINC) of the CIS combined and compare it with the CINC scores of the United States and China to figure out the main CIS potentials in terms of hard power components such as total population, urban population, steel production, energy consumption, military personnel, and military expenditure.
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Maass, Matthias. "The story of small state survival: past, present, and future." In Small States in World Politics. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719082733.003.0006.
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In the previous chapters, it has been demonstrated how over more than 3 ½ centuries, the fate of small states has depended first of all on the states system. This chapter concludes the investigation with the key finding, that small state survival and proliferation are largely system-dependent phenomena. It is pointed out that the small state’s dependency and its structural irrelevance in a world of power are critical to properly understanding the issue of small state survival. On the one hand, small states are units that don’t matter much to the system. On the other hand, small states’ survival is to a good degree predetermined by the particular system in which they exist, but which they cannot shape.
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Zhou, Chunfang. "How Does the Hierarchical Management System Influence the Climate of Creativity in Chinese University Laboratories?" In Knowledge Management for Competitive Advantage During Economic Crisis, 69–81. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6457-9.ch005.
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This chapter aims to investigate how the Chinese hierarchical management system influences the climate of creativity in university laboratories. A questionnaire (Creative Climate Questionnaire, CCQ) survey was carried out with 25 laboratories (126 participants) at 7 universities in Northeastern China. The comparative study reveals both the advantages and disadvantages of the hierarchical management system for creativity in university laboratories. To some extent, the hierarchical system stimulates different levels of laboratories to shape different collective objectives and goals, and it increases the synergy of the creative abilities of group members in laboratories. However, the uniform model of “hard resource distribution” regulated by the hierarchical system cannot meet the diverse needs for the development of creativity in university laboratories.
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Jadon, Shruti, and Rama Shankar Yadav. "Scheduling of Aperiodic Tasks on Multicore Systems." In Handling Priority Inversion in Time-Constrained Distributed Databases, 14–35. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2491-6.ch002.
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For a hard real-time multicore system, the two important issues that are required to be addressed are feasibility of a task set and balancing of load amongst the cores of the multicore systems. Most of the previous work done considers the scheduling of periodic tasks on a multicore system. This chapter deals with scheduling of aperiodic tasks on a multicore system in a hard real-time environment. In this regard, a multicore total bandwidth server (MTBS) is proposed which schedules the aperiodic tasks with already guaranteed periodic tasks amongst the cores of the multicore processor. The proposed MTBS algorithm works by computing a virtual deadline for every aperiodic task that is arriving to the system. Apart from schedulability of aperiodic tasks, the MTBS approach also focuses on reducing the response time of aperiodic tasks. The simulation studies of MTBS were carried out to find the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and it is also compared with the existing strategies.
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Dubler, Joshua, and Vincent W. Lloyd. "The Limits of Reformist Religion." In Break Every Yoke, 105–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949150.003.0004.
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How have American religious communities responded to the rapid growth of the prison? With ambivalence—as we show through case studies of Protestant responses. Protestant institutions consistently spoke out against the growing prison system, charging that it runs against a Christian sense of justice. But, from the 1960s, liberal Protestant elites no longer had the public’s ear. Evangelicals, led by Charles Colson, also spoke out about the prison system from the perspective of biblical justice, but their methods of engagement were too easily incorporated into the prison state. At the margins, meanwhile, Protestant institutions funded a variety of grassroots anti-prison organizations, which generated the restorative justice movement and the international prison abolition movement.
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Grosjean, François. "A life in danger." In A Journey in Languages and Cultures, 157–66. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754947.003.0015.
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In 2003 and 2004, the author developed an inflammatory disease and then had a heart attack. He reduced his workload and took some time off to find out about his parents’ life together in England in 1943–44. What he found is truly amazing: his father, Roger, worked for MI5 in the Double-Cross System. In addition, there is a lot of evidence that his mother, Sallie, was asked to surveil Roger by the same service. When Sallie became pregnant with the author, she wanted to have an abortion but was talked out of it by an American songwriter and composer, Jimmy Davis. The author recounts how he found all this out.
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Drutman, Lee. "All Politics Is Conflict; Not All Conflict Is Toxic." In Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop, 123–56. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913854.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses why the binary conflict over national identity is so destructive, and why it is so hard to escape from inside the two-party system. A conflict over identity leads to increasing inequality in a two-party system: because it crowds out economic voting, and makes it harder for voters to signal their dissatisfaction with economics separate from their cultural preferences. The chapter then explains why people cannot get rid of "identity politics"-group identities are the building blocks of political life. However, identity politics can be made less toxic by fostering a party system where important identities are cross-cutting instead of cumulative, and where people experience more uncertainty and complexity. A fully sorted two-party system collapses people’s thinking into dangerous binaries.
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Pepe-Victoriano, Renzo, Héctor Aravena-Ambrosetti, and Piera Pepe-Vargas. "Integrated Culture of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) in Pre-Cordilleran Sector under a Recirculation System in Northern Chile." In Salmon Aquaculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98920.
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An experience of integral farming of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) is carried out in Copaquilla, 90 kilometers inland from the city of Arica at 3,000 mamsl. The system used was the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), which had six ponds of 40 mt3 each, two decanters with a capacity of 3.5 mt3 and a biofilter of 3.5 mt3 with substrate for the fixation of ammonium and nitrite transforming bacteria. The three latter ponds were buried below the lowest level of the fattening ponds. Three pumps, two running and one 1.5 hp. backup, plus a 1 hp. blower, were the water and air equipment utilized in the system. Each pump had a flow capacity of 450 lt min−1. This water was sucked from the biofilter and transferred to the accumulator tank with a capacity of 10 mt3. From there it was distributed by gravity to the fattening ponds. In addition, the juvenile system had a particular SAR with a 0.5 hp. pump, a small 0.2 hp. blower and an 80 watt UV lamp. The grow-out SAR received 6,000 trout with an average weight of 15 grams. The group reached approximately 1,200 grams over a year. Thirty fish were selected for reproduction. Eggs were obtained, followed by fry, juveniles and adults. This initiative demonstrated the effectiveness of producing trout in the foothills of the interior city of Arica, Chile.
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O’Hara, Kieron. "Policy Question: How Can Quality Be Ensured in an Open System Like Wikipedia?" In Four Internets, 59–66. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197523681.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the policy question of how to assure quality in an open system, using the crowdsourced online encyclopaedia Wikipedia as a case study. The history of Wikipedia’s development out of another online encyclopaedia, Nupedia, is sketched, with a description of how wiki technology allowed collaborative authoring. Wikipedia compares favourably with expert-written reference books, and has helped populate the Linked Data Web via DBpedia. However, to produce good content, and minimize hoaxes and trolling controversies such as the GamerGate affair, it needs a hierarchical meritocratic management system. This has resulting in tensions, particularly along gender lines, and relatively small numbers of women participate. However, the system has if anything become more hierarchical during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it has worked hard to eliminate misinformation.
Conference papers on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Mou, J. Q., Q. D. Zhang, K. Sundaravadivelu, N. Y. Liu, and E. H. Ong. "Reduction of Flow Induced Vibration in Hard Disk Drive." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37649.
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In this paper, system level analysis is carried out for a functional HDD with two disks and four sliders operating at spindle speed of 15000 rpm. Full numerical models both for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and structural Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are developed. The flow induced vibrations of the sliders in all three directions, namely, off-track (X), down-track (Y) and out-of-plane direction (Z) are examined respectively. The numerical simulation results are compared and validated with the experimental results measured with a 3D laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Good agreements are observed for the vibrations in the three directions. The airflow patterns and characteristics of the flow induced vibration in HDD for three critical positions of the head gimbal assembly (HGA) parked at the disks identified as ID, MD and OD are investigated. The results reveal that the first slider from top has the highest flow induced vibrations in all the three directions due to the higher turbulent flow close to the top disk surface. Moreover, the results indicate that the slider vibration is interacted with the disk flutter in the HDD. Optimal designs of the HDD disk and air shroud are carried out to reduce the flow induced vibration of the slider, by suppressing the disk flutter and improving the turbulent flow in the HDD. It is demonstrated that significant reduction of flow induced slider vibration could be achieved with the optimal designs of the HDD.
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Leung, A. Y. T., B. Ravindra, A. K. Mallik, and C. W. Chan. "Chaotic Response of a Hard Duffing Type Vibration Isolator With Combined Coulomb and Viscous Damping." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0564.
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Abstract Numerical simulations of the response of a harmonically excited mass on an isolator with a cubic, hard, non-linear restoring force and combined Coulomb and viscous damping are presented. For a base-excited system, the inclusion of a Coulomb damper with a suitable break-loose frequency can suppress the secondary resonances and chaotic motion. However, for a force-excited system, the introduction of Coulomb damping does not alter the bifurcation structure. Transmissibility indices have been defined for the solution obtained by numerical integration and the role of the subharmonic resonances and chaotic motion on the performance of the system is pointed out.
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Keshavarz Panahi, Ali, Hossein Khoshkish, and Mostafa Rezaee Saraji. "Wear Resistance of Hard Coatings in Powder Injection Molding (PIM)." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24590.
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The degree of machine wear decisively determines the economic feasibility of powder injection molding. According to higher hardness of alumina powders (ca. 2000HV), manufacturing of ceramic components via PIM requires hard wear resistance equipments to overcome the wear phenomena. The wear test is based on the ASTM rubber wheel but the rubber wheel is replaced by a steel wheel of the same grade used in the barrel of an injection molding machine. The potential of hard coatings for wear protection in feedstock processing units is investigated in the present study. Model wear tests were carried out to demonstrate the tribological situation inside the screw/barrel system of extruders and injection molding machines. The substrate material was AISI 4140 steel which is used for PIM machine components. Hard coatings prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) offer a good opportunity for wear protection. Due to higher temperature of feedstock and compression, the amount of wear in the metering zone is higher in comparison with other zones. The wear behavior also was strongly influenced by the characteristics of the feedstock (e.g. amount, size, shape and hardness of ceramic particles).
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Lang, Minggang. "The ATWS Analysis of One Control Rod Withdrawal Out of the HTR-10GT Core Under the Loss of the System Pressure." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30015.
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The 10MW High Temperature Gas Cooled Test Reactor (HTR-10) has been built in Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) and has been operating successfully since the beginning of 2003. The core outlet temperature of HTR-10 is 700°C. To verify the technology of gas-turbine direct cycle, at first INET had a plan to increase its core outlet temperature to 750°C and to use a helium gas turbine instead of the steam generator (then the reactor is called HTR-10GT). Though HTR-10 has good intrinsic safety, the design basis accidents and beyond design basis accidents of HTR10-GT must be analyzed according to China’s nuclear regulations due to changed operation parameters. THERMIX code system is used to study the ATWS accident of one control rod withdrawal out of the core by a mistake under the loss of the system pressure. After a control rod in the side reflector was withdrawn out at a speed of 1 cm/s by a mistake, a positive reactivity was inserted. At the same time, the system pressure was supposed to lose by some reason. Thus the reactor power increased and the temperature of the core increased. And the protection system warns with two scram signal: too high of the negative varying rate of the system pressure and too high of the reactor power, which should induce the reactor to scram. It was supposed that all the control rods in the reflectors had been blocked and the reactor could not scram. Thus the accident went on and the core temperature and the system pressure continued to increase but the reactor shutdown at last because of its natural negative temperature reactivity feedback mechanism. The residual heat would be removed out of the core by the cavity cooling system. During the accident sequence the maximum fuel temperature was 1203.4°C. It was a little bit lower than 1230°C — the fuel temperature limitation of HTR-10 and there is no release of any radioactivity. So the HTR-10GT is safe during the ATWS of one control rod withdrawal out of the core. The paper also compares the analysis result of HTR10-GT to those of HTR-10. The results shows that the HTR-10GT is still safe during the accident though its operating temperature is higher than HTR-10.
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Zhao, Fei, Chunliang Wu, Fengyang Shen, and Chunxing Gu. "The Computer Measuring and Controlling System for Temperature Field of the Thermal-Shock Test at R1/R2 Test Section in ESPRESSO Loop." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15643.
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The temperature field at R1/R2 test section in ESPRESSO loop was usually built by the hand-tune way in the past. In this paper, a portable computer measuring and controlling system for temperature field was established to changing the traditional way. And the curves of temperature field, in the situation that the temperature difference were 80°C and 170°C simulate CEFR in-pile in sodium environment of R1/R2 test section, had been set up successfully through the system. Then a thermal shock test was carried out on this basis, and the test purposes were achieved through experiments, which provided necessary condition for subsequent measurement of shape and displacement in core components. It was proved that the system was under good performance by debugging and trial run.
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Nishida, Tatsuhiko, and Masao Hanya. "Experimental Study of Suspension and Slider Vibrations Measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometer." In ASME 2013 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2013-2920.
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The magnetic spacing of Hard Disk Drives (HDD) needs to be reduced for high recording density. On the other hand, it is necessary to prevent contact between the slider and disk for reliability of HDDs. Various research was carried out for the flying stability of the slider [1–3]. Furthermore, the magnetic track width also needs to be narrowed for high recording density. The Dual Stage Actuator (DSA) servo system is used for high positioning accuracy [4]. The DSA servo system uses a piezoelectric actuator on a suspension in addition to Voice Coil Motor (VCM). In this study, we measured vibrations to the slider and suspension caused by the PZT and VCM actuations. Two Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDV) were used for the measurement. Moreover, we performed a numerical analysis to estimate the roll moment of the Air Bearing Surface (ABS) of the slider caused by PZT actuation. As results, we confirmed that the ABS vibrated in vertical direction due to the suspension’s vibrations caused by PZT and VCM actuations.
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Liu, Shih-Wei, and Jen-Yuan (James) Chang. "Eye-in-Hand Robotic Gripper Vision Fusion for Object Recognition and Tracking." In ASME 2019 28th Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2019-7496.
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Abstract With the development of Automation industry, a new industrial model has been born, and traditional human resources have gradually been replaced by machines. The World Economic Forum (WEF) pointed out in “The Future of Jobs Report 2018” that the world is experiencing a “workplace revolution”, which means that machine will play a more important role in the future. In response to this situation, in this paper, techniques for object recognition and tracking on a conveyor using eye-in-hand gripper are presented, which are useful in production line for automatic object classification. The eye-in-hand configuration is the most suitable for camera and gripper application because the camera coordinate is the same as the gripper coordinate. The main advantages of eye-in-hand configuration are as follow: (1) occlusion avoidance (2) intuitive teleoperation (3) image from different angles (4) simple calibration. The main difference with eye-on-hand configuration is that it may be out of view sight when the camera is too close to the object. The experimental result is using the eye-in-hand robotic gripper to establish a tracking system to chase the target object. Preliminary results show that the speed of the conveyor can be calculated and the moving distance between the robot and the object is very close after a period of time. It means that the tracking system is successful.
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Gebhard, Susanne, Tanja Wobst, Dan Roth-Fagaraseanu, and Matthew Hancock. "Advanced Coating Systems for Future Shroudless Turbines." In ASME 2013 Turbine Blade Tip Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/tbts2013-2017.
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Shroudless turbine designs offer the advantages of weight reduction and lower mechanical loads on the one hand but bear challenges as high gap sensitivity and high temperatures of the static parts on the other hand. In the last years, a lot of work was carried out in order to develop a sealing system for a shroudless design consisting of an abrasive blade tip coating and an abradable segment coating addressing all the requirements defined. Aside from being abradable, the segment coatings have to be mechanically stable, withstand high thermo-mechanical loadings and have to work for thicknesses larger than 1 mm. Due to the limited temperature capability of the currently used segment coating material yttria-stabilised zirconia, which combines advantageously a suitable thermal conductivity with a high thermal expansion coefficient, new ceramic materials for the segment coating had to be developed. A very promising sealing system combines an abrasive blade tip coating with an yttria-stabilised zirconia / magnesia alumina spinel double-layer abradable coating system with a 3D interface structure between the bond coat and the ceramic coatings. The present work gives an overview of the development and the performance of this sealing system.
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Haghshenas-Jaryani, Mahdi, Caleb Nothnagle, Rita M. Patterson, Nicoleta Bugnariu, and Muthu B. J. Wijesundara. "Soft Robotic Rehabilitation Exoskeleton (REHAB Glove) for Hand Therapy." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68291.
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This paper presents the design, control, and validation of a soft robotic exoskeleton system, the REHAB Glove, for hand rehabilitation. The system is comprised of five hybrid soft-and-rigid robotic digits that apply controlled flexion and extension motion to fingers. The previous actuator design of the soft robotic digit was improved for kinematic compatibility with anatomical motions of the hand in relation to range of motion, center of rotation, and dorsal skin lengthening. The design was validated using motion capture and analysis. A position control algorithm, which controls finger angular trajectories (angular position and velocity), was developed based on motion sensor feedback. The operation of this algorithm was verified using a 90° digit tip trajectory with two angular velocities of 15°/sec and 30°/sec. A pilot study was carried out with five healthy individuals to evaluate the performance of the REHAB Glove in providing therapeutic schemes. The results show that the REHAB Glove is able to provide controlled motion compatible with the kinematics and dynamics of the human.
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Guo, Weidong, Mileta M. Tomovic, and Jiting Li. "Analysis of the Grasp Planning Method for Manipulation of BH-4 Dextrous Hand." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41683.
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The paper presents method for planning robotic dexterous hand grasping task using example of the Beihang University’s BH-4 dexterous hand. The grasping planning method is devised through modeling and simulation and experimentally verified using physical prototype. The paper presents the method for forward and inverse kinematic solutions of the BH-4 robot 4-DOF finger, including transformation matrix between the palm coordinate system and the finger base coordinate system. In addition, the method of the idiographic manipulation is presented using example of ball grasping. The simulation results and physical experiment verify that the inverse kinematic solution is correct, and kinematic grasping and operating planning is valid and feasible. Finally, the experiment with the complex system integrated robot arm with dexterous hand is carried out. Experimental result shows that the more complicated grasping task can be done by a dexterous hand integrated in the robot arm system.
Reports on the topic "Hard opt out-system"
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Perdigão, Rui A. P., and Julia Hall. Spatiotemporal Causality and Predictability Beyond Recurrence Collapse in Complex Coevolutionary Systems. Meteoceanics, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/201111.
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Causality and Predictability of Complex Systems pose fundamental challenges even under well-defined structural stochastic-dynamic conditions where the laws of motion and system symmetries are known. However, the edifice of complexity can be profoundly transformed by structural-functional coevolution and non-recurrent elusive mechanisms changing the very same invariants of motion that had been taken for granted. This leads to recurrence collapse and memory loss, precluding the ability of traditional stochastic-dynamic and information-theoretic metrics to provide reliable information about the non-recurrent emergence of fundamental new properties absent from the a priori kinematic geometric and statistical features. Unveiling causal mechanisms and eliciting system dynamic predictability under such challenging conditions is not only a fundamental problem in mathematical and statistical physics, but also one of critical importance to dynamic modelling, risk assessment and decision support e.g. regarding non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events. In order to address these challenges, generalized metrics in non-ergodic information physics are hereby introduced for unveiling elusive dynamics, causality and predictability of complex dynamical systems undergoing far-from-equilibrium structural-functional coevolution. With these methodological developments at hand, hidden dynamic information is hereby brought out and explicitly quantified even beyond post-critical regime collapse, long after statistical information is lost. The added causal insights and operational predictive value are further highlighted by evaluating the new information metrics among statistically independent variables, where traditional techniques therefore find no information links. Notwithstanding the factorability of the distributions associated to the aforementioned independent variables, synergistic and redundant information are found to emerge from microphysical, event-scale codependencies in far-from-equilibrium nonlinear statistical mechanics. The findings are illustrated to shed light onto fundamental causal mechanisms and unveil elusive dynamic predictability of non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events across multiscale hydro-climatic problems.
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Sheridan, Anne. Annual report on migration and asylum 2016: Ireland. ESRI, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat65.
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The Annual Report on Migration and Asylum 2016 provides an overview of trends, policy developments and significant debates in the area of asylum and migration during 2016 in Ireland. Some important developments in 2016 included: The International Protection Act 2015 was commenced throughout 2016. The single application procedure under the Act came into operation from 31 December 2016. The International Protection Office (IPO) replaced the Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner (ORAC) from 31 December 2016. The first instance appeals body, the International Protection Appeals Tribunal (IPAT), replacing the Refugee Appeals Tribunal (RAT), was established on 31 December 2016. An online appointments system for all registrations at the Registration Office in Dublin was introduced. An electronic Employment Permits Online System (EPOS) was introduced. The Irish Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme was extended for a further five years to October 2021. The Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking was published. 2016 was the first full year of implementation of the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP). A total of 240 persons were relocated to Ireland from Greece under the relocation strand of the programme and 356 persons were resettled to Ireland. Following an Oireachtas motion, the Government agreed to allocate up to 200 places to unaccompanied minors who had been living in the former migrant camp in Calais and who expressed a wish to come to Ireland. This figure is included in the overall total under the IRPP. Ireland and Jordan were appointed as co-facilitators in February 2016 to conduct preparatory negotiations for the UN high level Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration, of September 2016, sets out plans to start negotiations for a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and a global compact for refugees to be adopted in 2018. Key figures for 2016: There were approximately 115,000 non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in Ireland in 2016 compared to 114,000 at the end of 2015. Net inward migration for non-EU nationals is estimated to be 15,700. The number of newly arriving immigrants increased year-on-year to 84,600 at April 2017 from 82,300 at end April 2016. Non-EU nationals represented 34.8 per cent of this total at end April 2017. A total of 104,572 visas, both long stay and short stay, were issued in 2016. Approximately 4,127 persons were refused entry to Ireland at the external borders. Of these, 396 were subsequently admitted to pursue a protection application. 428 persons were returned from Ireland as part of forced return measures, with 187 availing of voluntary return, of which 143 were assisted by the International Organization for Migration Assisted Voluntary Return Programme. There were 532 permissions of leave to remain granted under section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999 during 2016. A total of 2,244 applications for refugee status were received in 2016, a drop of 32 per cent from 2015 (3,276). 641 subsidiary protection cases were processed and 431 new applications for subsidiary protection were submitted. 358 applications for family reunification in respect of recognised refugees were received. A total of 95 alleged trafficking victims were identified, compared with 78 in 2015.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor